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THE 



PROGRESS 



UNITED STATES OE AMERICA, 



FEOM THE EAELIEST PERIODS. 



GEOGRAPHICAL, STATISTICAL, AND HISTORICAL. 



COMPILED FROM OFFICIAL RETURNS, ETC., 



BY RICHARD SWAINSON FISHER, M.D,, 

AUTHOR OF THE " BOOK OF THE WORLD," THE " STATISTICAL GAZETTEER OF THE UmTED STATES OP 

AMERICA," LITERARY EDITOR OF COLTOn's " ATLAS OF THE WORLD," AND EDITOR 

OF THE "AMERICAN RAILWAY GUIDE," ETC., ETC. 




NEW YORK: 
PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON & COMPAJSTY, 

No. 172 WILLIAM STREET. 

1854. 






Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1854, by 

J. H. COLTON AND COMPANY, 

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of 

New York. 



N. Y. Stereotype Association, Pudney & Eussell, Printers, 

201 "WUliam Street. 79 John Street, N. Y. 



r^ 



.\ 



^K* 



9- 
CO 



ADVERTISEMENT. 



A FEW years posterior to the fonnclation of the constitutional government 
of the United States, a census of the population thereof was taken under 
the authority of Congress in accordance with a provision of the fundamental 
law; and subsequently at the end of each period of ten years, similar and 
successively more and more minute censuses have been instituted. These 
enumerations have also embraced inquiries into the social and industrial 
status of the country, and its resources and wealth for the time being, with 
such collaterate inquiries as were deemed important to the determination 
of the economic and political relations of the States constituting the Union. 

The first national census was taken in 1790, and the seventh and latest 
census in the year 1850. Intermediate to these decennial enumerations, 
the States individually have likewise made numerous statistical inquiries, 
which are still being continued at periods varying from two to ten years. 

These show the progress of the United States from the first years of their 
aggregate existence, and, in connection with the annual returns published 
by the State and general government, are the ground- work of the statistical 
portion of the present work. 

The "Pkogeess of the United States," however, is not confined alone to a 
statistical analysis of the development of the country. In. its pages will be 
found a complete description of its geography, both in relation to the States 
severally, and also to the Union. The general history of the rise of the 
colonies, their struggles in the cause of liberty, their transformation into 
independent governments, and their onward progi-ess are also summed up, 
and their present relative condition and position in the Union fully illus- 
trated. The subjects more particularly noticed are the mining, agriculture, 
commerce, and general industry of the States, their institutions of learning 
and education, their religious and moral institutions, and, in fact, all the 



ADVERTISEMENT. 



great interests which make and distinguish their social, industrial, and 
political existence. Such are the various subjects treated upon ; and cer- 
tainly none can be more interesting — none more useful to the inquiring 
citizen. Without entering into minute and controverted details, which 
would extend his work to many volumes, the author has endeavored to 
exhibit clearly and truthfully the history of events, their results, and the 
high destiny that awaits the future of a country already distinguished 
among nations for its enlightened civilization, and the successful achieve- 
ment of a position second to that of no other nation of ancient or modern 
times. 

The whole work has been arranged in alphabetical order, so as to be of 
easy reference, and is divided into three general divisions : 

1st. The descriptions, statistics, etc., of the United States. 

2d. The descriptions, statistics, etc., of the States and Territories. 

3d. The descriptions, statistics, etc., of principal cities, towns, etc., and 
these are followed by several general tables relative to railroads, canals, 
telegraphs, light-houses, etc., etc. This arrangement avoids the necessity 
of a general Index to the subjects treated upon. 



A STATISTICAL ACCOUNT 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. 



The United States, a confederacy of sovereign States, and the most influential republic of the 
■world, occupies the middle portion of North America. This confederation, consisting originally of 
thirteen States, but now of thirty-one States, the federal district, and several territorial append- 
ages, lies between the parallels of 24° and 49° north latitude, and the meridians of 10°east and 48° 
west from AVashington, or 67° and 125° from Greenwich, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific 
Ocean, and from the British colonies on the north, to the republic of Mexico and the great Gulf on 
the south. The whole extent of this boundary is now definitely settled by treaty.* The greatest 
width of this country, from east to west, is 2,900 miles, and the greatest depth, from north to south, 
1,730 miles. Its area may be estimated at 3,200,000 square miles, including California, Texas, etc. , 
recently acquired. It has a frontier of about 10,000 miles, of which 4,400 is sea-coast, and 1,500 
lake-coast. 

The territory of the United States is traversed by two principal chains of mountains, the AUe- 
ghanies on the east side, and the Rocky Mountains on the west. These divide the country into 
three distinct regions : the Atlantic slope, the valley of the Mississippi, and the declivity from the 
Rocky Mountains to the Pacific. 

The Alleghanies are less a chain of mountains than a long plateau, crested with several chains 
of mountains or hills, separated from each other by wide and elevated valleys. East of the Hudson 
the mountains are chiefly granitic, witli rounded summits, often covered at their tops with bogs and 
turf, and distributed in irregular groups without any marked direction. Some peaks of the Green 
Mountains, in Vermont, and the White Mountains, in New Hampshire, rise to the heiglit of 5,000 
to 6,400 feet above the sea. After passing the Hudson, the structure of the mountains seems to 
change. In Pennsylvania and Virginia they assume the form of long parallel ridges, varying in 
height from 2,500 to 4,000 feet and occupying a breadth of one hundred miles. In North Carolina, 
the highest culmination is 6,476 feet; but in the northern part of Georgia and Alabama, where 
they terminate, they again lose the form of continuous chains, and break into groups of isolated 
mountains, touching at their base, some of which attain a considerable elevation. 

The Rocky Mountains are on a much grander scale than the Alleghanies. Their base is 300 
miles in breadth, and their loftiest summits, covered witli everlasting snow, rise to the heiglit of 10 
to 14,000 feet. These vast chains may be considered as a continuation of the Cordilleras of Mexico. 
They are distant from the Pacific Ocean from 5 to 600 miles, but between them and the coast several 
minor ranges intersect the country, of which the Maritime Range is the most conspicuous. 

The immense valley included between these two ranges of mountains is intersected by the Mis- 
sissippi Rivei, which runs, from north to south, all througli the United States. The country west 
of the Mississippi, with little exception, is yet a wilderness, inhabited by roving bands of Indians, 
and beyond the limits of the organized States the whites have scarcely a settlement; but the 
country east of that river is thickly populated, and in the highest state of cultivation. The most 
remarkable feature in the face of the country is the low plain, from 50 to 100 miles wide, which 
extends along the Atlantic coast. Beyond this plain the land rises toward the interior till it ter- 
minates in the Alleghanies. The rest of the country east of the Mississippi is agreeably diversified 

♦ The treaties relative to these boundaries are, 1. Treaty of Paris, 1783. 2. Treaty of London, 1794. 3. Louisiana Treaty, 
1803. 4. Treaty of Ghent. 1814. 5. Convention of London, 1818 and 1828. 6. Florida Treaty, 1819. 7. Treaty with Mex- 
ico, 1828. 8. Treaty with Russia, 1824. 9. Ashburton Treaty, 1842. 10. Texas Annexation Kesolutions, 1S45. 11. Oregon 
Treaty, 1846. 12. Treaty of Guadalupe, 1843. 

6 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 



■with hills and valleys, plains and mountains. The soil of the low country, except on the banks of 
crocks and rivers, is sandy, and comparatively unproductive ; but the remainder has a strong, fertile 
Boil, capable of supporting a dense population. The Pacific section is a highly varied country, 
abounding in wild and majestic scenery, and traversed by magnificent rivers. Much, however, of 
its interior is desert, and will probably never be inhabited by civilized man. The great California 
desert, indeed, is one of the dreariest regions of the world, the solitude being relieved only by a 
few oases in the neighborhood of streams, or on the borders of its numerous lakes ; on these alone 
is there even an aboriginal population. 

The shores of the United States are washed by three seas : the Atlantic Ocean, on the east, the 
Gulf of Mexico, on the south, and the Pacific Ocean, on the west. The principal bays and sounds 
on the Atlantic border are Passamaquoddy Bay, which lies between the State of Maine and the 
British province of New Brunswick ; Massachusetts Bay, between Cape Ann and Cape Cod; Long 
Island Sound, between Long Island and the coast of Connecticut; Delaware Bay, which sets up 
between Cape May and Cape Henlopen, separating the States of New Jersey and Delaware ; Chesa- 
peake Bay, which communicates with the ocean between Cape Charles and Cape Henry, extending 
in a northern direction for 200 miles, through the States of Virginia and Maryland; Albemarle 
Sound, and Pamlico Sound, on the coast of North Carolina. There are no large bays or sounds on 
the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. On the Pacific coast, however, there are several excellent bays, 
but the principal and only one necessary to mention is the Bay of San Francisco, in the State of 
California. It is one of the finest bays in the world, and capable of containing the navies of all the 
European powers at one time. 

With the exception of Michigan and Champlain, none of the great lakes of North America lie 
wholly within the territory of the United States ; the rest are on the northern boundary, where they 
form a connected chain, extending through a distance of more than 1,200 miles. The first in the 
chain is Lake Superior, the largest body of fresh water on the globe. Few persons are really aware 
of the magnitude of these great lakes ; they are truly inland seas, and navigation is as dangerous, 
and subjected to all the vicissitudes which are connected with the navigation of the Baltic, the 
Black Sea, or the Mediterranean. The following is a tabular statement of the extent of these fresh- 
water seas, with the mean depth of their waters, and their elevation above the sea. 

Names. Mean Length. Mean Breadth. Area. Mean Depth. E lev. above the Sea, 

Lake Superior 400 miles SO miles 32,000 sq. m 900 feet 596 feet. 

" Michigan 320 " TO " 22,400 " 1.000 " 573 " 

" Huron 240 " SO " 20,400 " 1,000 " 5T3 " 

" Green Bay 100 " 20 " 2.000 •' 1,000 " 5T3 " 

" Erie 240 " 40 " 9,600 " 84 " 565 " 

" Ontario ISO " -35 " 6.3O0 " 5'>0 " 232 " 

" St. Clair 20 " 14 « 360 " 20 " 570 " 

Lake Champlain, lying between Vermont and New York, is 128 miles long, and from 1 to 16 miles 
wide, and discharges its waters through the Sorel into the St. Lawrence. It is computed that the 
lakes contain above 14,000 cubic miles of water — a quantity more than five-sevenths of all the fresh 
water on the earth. The extent of country drained by the lakes, from the north-western angle 
of Superior to the St. Lawrence, including also the area of the lakes themselves, is estimated at 
335,515 square miles. 

The principal rivers of the United States may be divided into four classes. First, the Mississippi 
and its wide-spread branches, which drain the waters of the whole country included between the 
Alleghany and Fiocky Mountains ; secund, the rivers east of the Alleghany Mountains, which, 
rising from their eastern declivity, water the Atlantic plain, and hence flow into the ocean ; third, 
the system of rivers flowing into the Gulf of Mexico, which may be subdivided into those flowing 
from the southern slope of the AUeghanies, and those having their source in the north-western 
highlands of Texas; and, fourth, those sti-eams on the west of the Fiocky Mountains, which flow 
into the Pacific Ocean. 

The Mississippi rises west of Lake Superior, in latitude 47° 47' north, amid lakes and swamps, 
dreary and desolate beyond description ; and after a south-east course of about 500 miles, reaches 
the Falls of the St. Anthony, where it descends perpendicularly IG feet, and where are numerous 
rapids. From these falls it pursues at fii'st a south-easterly, and then a southerly direction ; and, 
after forming the boundary between Iowa, Missouri, and Arkansas, on the west, and Wisconsin, 
Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mississippi, on the east, passes through Louisiana, and discharges 
itself through a delta of many mouths into the Gulf of Mexico. It is nearly 3,200 miles in length, 
and is navigable, with few obstructions, to the Falls of St. Anthony. 

Its principal tributaries from the east are — 1. The Wisconsin, which joins it between the paral- 
lels of 42° and 43° north latitude ; — 2. The Illinois, a navigable river, which joins it near latitude 

e 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 



880 40' north ;— 3. The Ohio, which is itself formed by the junction of the Alleghany and Monon- 
gahela rivers at Pittsburg. It flows in a south-westerly direction for 945 miles, separatino- the 
north-western States from Virginia and Kentucky, and falls into the Mississippi in 37° north°lati- 
tude. The chief tributaries of the Ohio are the Wabasli, the Cumberland, and the Tennessee, 
which last is formed of several streams from the western parts of Virginia and the Carolinas, which 
unite a little west of Knoxville, in the State of Tennessee, and runs at first south-west into Alabama, 
where it turns and runs north-west, through Tennessee into Kentucky, and joins the Ohio 10 miles 
below the mouth of the Cumberland ; and— 4. The Yazoo, which rises in the northern part of the 
State of Mississippi, and, running south-west, joins the Mississippi 100 miles above Natchez. 

The tributaries from the west are— 1. The Minnesota, or St. Peter's, which joins it about nine 
miles below the Falls of St, Anthony, after a south-east course of several hundred miles ;— 2. The 
Des Moines, which joins it near the parallel of 40° north latitude, after a south-easterly course of 
more than 800 miles ;— 3. The Missouri, which is formed by three branches, called Jefferson's, 
Madison's, and Gallatin's rivers, all of which rise and unite in the Rocky Mountains. The whole 
length, from the highest point of Jefferson's River, to the confluence with the Mississippi, is, by 
actual course, about 2,500 miles, and to the Gulf of Mexico nearly 4,000 miles ; during the whole 
of which distance there is no cataract or considerable impediment to the navigation, except at Great 
Falls, which are above 2,000 miles from the Mississippi. At these falls the river descends, in the 
distance of 18 miles, 362 feet. The principal tributaries of the Missouri are the Yellow Stone, which 
rises in the Rocky Mountains, and joins it after a north-easterly course of 600 miles ; the Nebraska, 
or Platte, which rises also in those mountains, and, after an easterly course of 800 miles, joins the 
Missouri in latitude 41° north; and the Kansas, which joins it near latitude 39° north, after an 
easterly course of more than 600 miles;— 4. The Arkansas, which rises in the Rocky Mountains, 
and pursuing a south-easterly course, forms, for some distance, the boundary between the Indian 
Territory and Texas; after which its course lies principally in the State of Arkansas, till it joins 
the Mississippi in 34° north latitude. Its length is more than 1,300 miles ;— 5. The Red River, 
which also rises in the Rocky Mountains, below Sante Fe, and, after a south-easterly course of 
more than 1,000 miles, falls into the Mississippi in latitude 31° north. 

The principal rivers east of the Alleghanies are— 1. The Connecticut, which rises in the highlands 
separating the United States from Canada, and running southerly, divides New Hampshire from 
Vermont, and passing through Massachusetts and Connecticut, falls into Long Island Sound. It is 
navigable for sloops for fifty miles to Hartford, and by means of canals and other improvements, 
has been rendered passable for boats 250 miles farther ;— 2. The Hudson, which rises west of Lake 
Champlain, and pursuing a southerly course of more than 300 miles, falls into the Bay of New- 
York, after receiving numerous affluents. It is navigable for ships to Hudson, 130 miles, and for 
sloops and steamboats to Troy, 40 miles farther. It is connected with Lakes Champlain, Erie, and 
Ontario by means of canals from Albany, and with the Delaware by a canal from Rondout ;— 
3. The Delaware, which rises in New York, and flowing southerly, separates Pennsylvania from New- 
York and New Jersey, and falls into Delaware Bay, after a course of 300 miles. It is navigable for 
ships of the line 40 miles, to Philadelphia, and for sloops 35 miles farther, to the head of the tide 
at Trenton Falls ;— 4. The Susquehanna, which also rises in New York, and, pursuing a southerly 
zig-zag course through Pennsylvania, falls into the head of Chesapeake Bay, near the north-east 
corner of Maryland. During the last 50 miles the navigation is obstructed by an almost continued 
series of rapids;— 5. The Potomac, which rises in the Alleghanies, and, after forming, during its 
whole course, the boundary between Maryland and Virginia, falls into Chesapeake" Bay. It is 
navigable for ships of the largest dimensions to Washington, the federal capital, about 200 miles 
from the ocean ; but in the upper part of its course there are numerous obstacles, many of which, 
however have been overcome by canals ;— 6. James River, which rises in the mountains^ and falls 
into the southern part of Chesapeake Bay; and— 7. The Savannah, which forms the dividing line 
between South Carolina and Georgia, and falls into the Atlantic in latitude 32° north. It is navi- 
gable for large vessels to Savannah, 17 miles ; and for boats to Augusta, 130 miles farther. 

The principal rivers which rise south of the Alleghanies, and foil into the Gulf of Mexico, are— 

1. The Appalachicola, which discharges itself into Apalachee Bay, in Florida. It is formed by the 
union of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers, the former of which rises in the northern part of 
Georgia, and flowing south, receives the Flint at the south-west extremity of the State. During the 
latter part of its course, the Chattahoochee forms the boundary between Georgia and Alabama ;— 

2. The Mobile, which discharges itself into Mobile Bay. It is formed by two large rivers, the Ala- 
bama and Tombigbee, which unite near latitude 31° north, after having pursued each a separate 
course of many hundred miles. There is another system of rivers flowing into the Gulf from the 

7 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



highlands of northern Texas, consisting of the Sabine, Trinity, Brazos, etc., which need only be 
mentioned here, as the geography of Texas will be minutely described elsewhere. 

The rivers flowing from the Kocky Mountains to the Pacific, consist of — 1. The Columbia, which 
rises near latitude 55° north, and running south-west, falls into the ocean in latitude iG° 15', after 
a course of 1 ,500 miles. Its principal tributaries are Clark's River, Lewis' River, and the Multno- 
mah or Willamette, all of whiCh join it on its left bank. This river was discovered in 1792, and 
settlements were made in the neighborhood by Americans in 1810. The mouth of the river is ob- 
structed by flats, but vessels of 300 tons can ascend to the distance of 125 miles, and large sloops 
farther; — 2. The Sacramento and San Joaquin, emptying into the Bay of San Francisco; — 3. The 
Buenaventura, rising in the coast range of the California Mountains, empties into Monterey Bay; 
— 4. The Colorado, and River Gila (which separates Mexico from the United States), flow from the 
mountains near Santa Fe, and would, if not received by the Gulf of California, empty into the 
Pacific ; they belong, however, to the same system of rivers. 



The government of the United States is a federal democratic republic. It is based on the consti- 
tution of 1787, and amendments thereto. 

The electors of the most numerous branch of the several State Legislatures are qualified electors 
in the States respectively for all elective officers of the general government. 

All legislative powers are vested in Congress, which consists of a Senate and House of Repre- 
sentatives. 

The " House of Representatives" is composed of members chosen every second year by the people 
of the several States, and in number in accordance with the population of each, and in order to 
ascertain the number each State is entitled to, a census is taken every ten years, excluding from 
the enumeration for this object two-thirds of the slaves, and all Indians not taxed. Each State is 
entitled to at least one representative. Vacancies are filled by intermediate elections. The House 
chooses its speaker and other officers. No person under twenty-five years of age, who has been 
less than seven years a citizen of the United States, and who is not a resident of the State electing 
him, is qualified for representative. 

The constitution provided for a specific number of representatives from each State to compose the 
House until the ascertainment of the population under the census of 1790; but since then legisla- 
tion has decennially fixed the number to be elected. From the 3d INIarch, 1793, the apportionment 
was one representative to every 33,000 of the representative population; after 1803, one to every 
33,000 also ; after 1813, one to every 35,000 ; after 1823, one to every 40,000 ; after 1833, one to every 
47,000; after 1843, one to every 70,680; and after 3d March, 1853, 233 representatives to be di- 
vided pro rata to the several States. The following table shows the number of representatives to 
which each State has been entitled since the establishment of the government : 



States. 1787. 


1793. 


1S03. 


1813. 


18-23. 


1833. 


1843. 


1853, 


States. 


17?7. 


17'.i3. 


1803. 


1813. 


1823. 


1833. 


18)3. 


1853. 


Maine — 


. — . 


. — . 


. — . 


. 7 . 


. 8 


. 7 


. 6 


Mississippi . . 


.. . — 


, — 


. — 


. — 


. 1 


. 2 


. 4 


. 5 


New Hampshire 3 


. 4 . 


. 5 . 


. 6 . 


. 6 . 


. 5 


. 4 


. 3 


Louisiana . . . 


. . . — 


. — 


. — 


. — 


. 3 


. 3 




. 4 


Massaohnselts.. . 8 


. 14 . 


. IT . 


. 20 . 


. 13 . 


. 12 . 


. 10 


. 11 


Tennessee... 


. . . — 


. — 


. 3 


. 6 


. 9 


. 13 


'. 11 


. 10 


Khode Island . . 1 


. 2 . 


. 2 . 


. 2 . 


. 2 . 


. 2 . 


. 2 


. 2 


Kentucliy . . . 


. . . — 


. 2 


. 6 


. 10 


. 12 . 


. 13 


. 10 


.10 


Connecticut 5 . 


. 7 . 


. T . 


. 7 . 


. 6 . 


. 6 . 


. 4 


. 4 


Ohio 


. . . — 


. — 


. — 


. 6 


. 14 


. 19 


21 


. 21 


Vermont — . 


. 2 . 


. 4 . 


. 6 . 


. 5 . 


. 5 . 


. 4 


. 3 


Indiana 


. . . — 


. — 


. — 


. — 


. 8 


. 7 


'. 10 


. 11 


New York 6 


. 10 . 


. 17 . 


. 27 . 


. 34 . 


. 40 . 


. 34 


. 33 


Illinois 


. . . — 


. — 


. — 


. — 


. 1 


. 3 




. 9 


New Jersey 4 . 


. 5 . 


. 6 . 


. 6 . 


. 6 . 


. 6 . 


. 5 


. 5 


Missouri 


. . . — 


. — 


. — 


. — 


. 1 


2 




. 7 


Pennsylvania. . . 8 . 


. 13. 


.18 . 


.23. 


. 26 . 


. 23 . 


. 24 


. 2.5 


Arkansas 


. . . — 


. — 


. — 


. — 


. — 


. — 




2 


Delaware 1 . 


. 1 . 


. 1 . 


. 2 . 


. 1 . 


. 1 . 


. 1 


. 1 


Michigan . . . 


. . . — 


. — 


. — 


. — 


. — 


. — 




'. 4 


Maryland 6 


. 8 . 


. 9 . 


. 9 . 


. 9 . 


. 8 . 


. 6 


. 6 


Florida 


. . . — 


. — 


. — 


. — 


. — 


. — 




. 1 


Virginia 10 


. 19 . 


. 22 . 


. 23 . 


. 22 . 


. 21 


. 15 


. 13 


Texas 


. . . — 


. — 


. — 


. — 


. — 


. — 


2 


. 2 


North Carolina.. 5 


. 10 . 


. 12 . 


. 13 . 


. 13 . 


. 13 . 


. 9 


. 8 


Iowa 


. . . — 


. — 


. — 


. — 


. — 


. — 


; 2 


• 2 


South Carolina. . 5 


. 6 . 


. 8 . 


. 9 . 


. 9 


. 9 


. 7 


. 6 


Wisconsin .. 


. . . — 


. . 


. — 


. — 


. — . 


. — 


. 3 




Georgia 3 


. 2 . 


. 4 . 


. 6 . 


. 7 . 


. 9 


. 8 


. 8 


California . . . 


— 


— 


. 


. — 


— 


_ 


. 2 


'. 2 


Alabama — . 


. — . 


. — . 


. — . 


. 8 . 


. 5 . 


. 7 


. 7 





















In addition to these representatives from States, the House admits a delegate from each organized 
Territory, who has the right to debate on subjects in which his Territory is interested, but can not 
vote. California has two members by a special act. 

The " Senate" consists of two members from each State, elected by the Legislatures thereof 
respectively for six years. One-third the whole body is renewed biennially, and if vacancies hap- 
pen, by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the executive 
of such State makes a temporary appointment until the next meeting of the Legislature, which 
fills such vacancy. Senators must be at least thirty years old, must have been citizens of the United 
States for nine years, and be residents of the State by which chosen. Each senator has one vote. 
The Vice-president of the United States is ex officio President of the Senate, but a president pro tern- 
pore is elected by and from among the Senators, who, in the absence of the president, acts in his stead. 
8 



UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. 



The constitutional government went into operation on the 4th March, 1789, but a quorum of the 
first Congress, which met at the city of New York, was not formed until the 6th April, nor was the 
first president of the United States inaugurated before the oOth April. The following is a complete 
list of sessions of Congress held up to the present time : 



Con- 
groBS. 

Ist-I 

2d-| 
Sdj 
4th I 

5th -j 
6th I 
7th I 
8th I 
9th I 
10th ■! 

llth-j 
12th j 
13th -^ 

14th .1 



Corrn 



lenced. Terminated. if„",-^^i„l 

1st 6 April, 1789 29 Sept., 1TS9 176 

2cl 4.Tan., 1790 12 Auc;., 1790 221 

8d 6 Dec, 1790 3 Mar., 1791 88 

1st 24 Oct., 1791 8 May, 1792 198 

2d 5 Nov., 1792 2 Mar., 1793 118 

1st 2 Dec, 1793 9 June, 1794 190 

2d 3 Nov., 1794 3 Mar., 1795 121 

l8t 7 Dec, 1795 IJime, 1796 178 

2d 5 " 1796 3Mar., 1797 89 

1st 15 May, 1797 10 July, 1797 57 

2d 13N0V., 1797 16 " 1798 246 

3d 3 Dec, 1793 3 Mar., 1799 91 

1st 2 " 1799 14May, 1800 165 

2d 17 Nov., 1800 3 Mar., 1801 107 

1st 7Dec, 1801 3 May, 1802 148 



2d 6 

1st 17 Oct., 



2d. 



1802 3 Mar., 1803. 

1803 27 " 1804. 



1st 2 Dec, 

2d 1 • 

1st 26 Oct., 



5 Nov., 1S04 3 



.163 
.119 



2d. 



1805 21 April, 1806 141 

1806 3 Mar., 1807 93 

1807 25 April, 1803 183 



7 Nov., 1808 3 Mar., 1809 117 



15th I 



;ist 22 May, 1809 28 June, 1809 33 

2d 27 Nov., 1809 1 May, 1810 156 

! 3d 3 Dec, 1810 3 Mar., 1811 91 

list 4Nov., 1811 6July, 1812 246 

2d 2 " 1812 3 Mar., 1813 122 

I 1st 24May, 1813 2 Aug., 1813 71 

2d 6 Dec 1813 IS April, 1814 134 

' 3(1 19 Sept., 1814 3 Mar., 1815 165 

1st 4 Dec, 1815 30 April, 1816 149 

: 2d 2 " 1816 3 Mar., 1817 92 

1st. 



Commenced. 

Dec, 1821 . 



Terminated. ^^V' o[ 
Duration, 

8 May, 1822 157 

1822 3 Mar., 1823 93 

1823 27 Mav, 1824 179 

1824 3 Mar., 1825 8S 

1825 23 May, 1826 169 

1826 3 Mar., 1827 90 

1827 26 May, 1828 176 

1823 3 Mar., 1829 93 

1829 31 May, 18.30 176 

18-30 3 Mar., 1831 88 

1831 14 July, 1832 223 

18.32 3 Mar., 1833 91 

1833 30 June, 18.34 211 

1834 3 Mar., 1835 93 

1835 4. July, 1836 211 

1836 3 Mar., 1S37 89 

:Sept., 1837 16 Oct, 1837 43 

Dec, 1837 9 July, 1838 218 

1838 3 Mar., 1839 91 

1839 21 July, 1840 233 

1840 3 Mar., 1811 87 

1841 13 Sept., 1841 106 

1 Dec, 1841 31 Aug., 1842 263 

1842 3 Mar., 1843 88 

1843 17 June, 1844 196 

1S44 3 Mar., 1845 91 

1845 10 Aug., 1846 253 

1846 3 Mar., 1847 87 

1847 14 Aug., 1848 252 

1848 3 Mar., 1849 69 

1849 30 Sept., 1850. 

1850 3 Mar., 1851. 



May, 



.31 Aug, 1852 274 

88 



1851. 

1852 3 Mar.', 1853. 

1853 1854. 

1854 3 Mar., 1855. 



.301 
91 



.1 " 1817 .30 April, 1818 151 

.16 Nov., 1818 3 Mar., 1819 108 

1<,,, (1st 6 Dec, 1819 15 May, 1820 162 

^'''"■j 2d 13 Nov., 1820 3 Mar., 1821 Ill 

Besides its ordinary legislative capacity, the Senate is vested with certain judicial functions, and 
its members constitute a High Court of Impeachment. No person can be convicted by this court 
unless on the finding of a majority of Senators, nor does judgment extend further than to removal 
from office and disqualification. Representatives have the sole power of impeachment. 

The Executive Power is vested in a President, who is elected by an Electoral College, chosen by 
popular vote, or by the Legislature of the State, the number of electors being equal to the number 
of Senators and Representatives from the States to Congress. His term of oflice is four years, but 
he is eligible for re-election indefinitely. The electors forming the college are themselves chosen 
in the manner prescribed by the laws of the several States. A majority of the aggregate number 
of votes given is necessary to the election of President and Vice-president, and if none of the can- 
didates has such a majority, then the election of President is determined by the House of Repre- 
sentatives, and that of the Vice-president by the Senate, from among the three candidates having 
the highest number of electoral votes, and in doing so, the vote is taken by States, the representa- 
tives of each State having only one vote, which must, of course, be determined by a majority of 
their number. No person can be President or Vice-president who is not a native-born citizen, of 
the age of thirty-five years, and who has been a resident of t*he United States for fourteen years. 
The President is commander-in-chief of the army and navy, and of the militia when in the service 
of the Union. With the concurrence of two-thirds of the Senate, he has the power to make treaties, 
appoint civil and military ofiicers, levy war, conclude peace, and do all that rightly belongs to the 
executive power. He has a veto on all laws passed by Congress, but so qualified, that notwithstand- 
ing his disapproval, any bill becomes a law on its being afterward approved of by two-thirds of 
both houses of Congress. The President has a salary of $25,000 per annum, and " the white 
house" at Washington for a residence during his official term. The Vice-president is ex-officio 
President of the Senate; and in case of the death, resignation, or other disability of the President, 
the powers and duties of that oflJce devolve upon him for the remainder of the term for which the 
President had been elected. This provision of the constitution, for the first time since the founda- 
tion of the government, came into operation in 1841, on the demise of the late lamented General 
Harrison, who died 4th April, just one month after his inauguration, when John Tyler, the Vice- 
president, succeeded. Vice-president Fillmore also succeeded President Taylor under this provi- 

9 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



sion. In case of tlie disability of the Vice-president, the President of the Senate pro tempore 
takes his place. The offices of President and Vice-president have been occupied by the following 
gentlemen since the adoption of the constitution : 

PresiJents. Vice presidents. Terms of Office. 

1. George Washington John Adams 80th April, 1789, to 4th March, 1793 

2. Do. do Do. do 4th March, 179-3, " " 1797 

3. John Adams Thomas Jefferson " 1797 " " 1801 

4. Thomas Jefferson Aaron IJiirr " ISol " " 1805 

5. Do. do George Clinton " 18(l5 " " 1809 

6. James Madison Do. do. (d. 20lh Apr., 1S12) " 1809" " 1813 

7. Do. do KIbr. Gerry (d. 23d November, 18U) " 1813" " 1S17 

8. James Monroe Daniel D. Tompkins " 1817 " " 1S21 

9. Do. do Do. do " 1821 " " 1825 

10. John Quincv Adams John C. Calhoun " 1825" " 1829 

11. Andrew Jaekson Do. do. " 1829" " 1833 

12. Do. do Martin Van Buren " 18:33" " 1S37 

IS. Martin Van Buren Richard M. Johnson " 1S37 " " 1841 

, . J William Henry Harrison lohn Tvler « 1841 " 4th April, 1841 

^*' I John Tyler (on the death of General Harrison) 4th April, 1841 " 4th March, 1845 

15. James K. Polk Grorirc M. Dallas 4th March, 1845 " " 1849 

-» J Zachary Taylor M ill;ird Fllhnore " 1349 " 9th July, 1850 

■'°- j Millard Fillmore (on the death of General Tavl. .r) 9th July, 1850 " 4th March, 1853 

17. Franklin Pierce Wra. Kutus King (d. IS Ap., 1853) . 4th March, 1853 " " 1857 

The administrative business of the nation is conducted by several officers, with the title of secre- 
taries, etc., vrho form what is termed the " Cabinet." These are the Secretary of State, the Secre- 
tary of War, the Secretary of the Navy, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Postmaster-general, 
the Secretary of the Interior, and the Attorney-general — the last being the official law authority 
for advisement in administrative aifairs. Each of these presides over a separate Department. 

The " Department of State" was created by an act of Congress of the 15th of September, 1789; 
by a previous act of the 27th of July, 1789, it was denominated the Department of Foreign Aifairs. 
It embraced, until the establishment of the Department of the Interior in 1849, what in some other 
governments are styled the Department of Foreign Affiiirs and Home Department; but the duties 
now being divided, it confines its operations almost entirely to foreign matters, and hence its original 
title might with propriety and convenience be restored. 

The Secretary of State conducts all treaties between the United States and foreign powers, and 
corresponds officially with the public ministers of. the government at foreign courts, and with min- 
isters of foreign powers, resident in the United States. He is intrusted with the publication of all 
treaties with foreign powers, preserves the originals of all treaties and of the public correspondence 
growing out of international intercourse ; grants passports to American citizens visiting foreign 
states, etc. He has charge of the Great Seal of the United States, but can not affix it to any com- 
mission until signed by the President, nor to any instrument without authority of the President. 

Secretaries of State — Salary SG,000 per Annum. 



Thomas Jefferson, Va... 26 Sept., 1789 
Edmund Uan(l..lph,r(;.. 2 Jan., 1794 
Timotliv Pickering, ra.. 4 Feb., 1795 

John Marshall, Vit 13 Mav, ISOO 

James Madison. Va 5 Mar., ISdl 

Kobert Siiijlh, J/./ 6 " 1809 

James Monroe, Vd 25 Nov., 1811 

J. Q. Adams, Mass 5 Mar., 1817 



Henry Clay, Ky 8 Mar., 1825 

M. Van Buren, N. Y..... 6 " 1829 

Ed. P. Livingslon, La... 1831 

Li .uis M-Lane, Del 7 Mar., 1S33 

John Forsyth, Ga 1S34 

D. Webster, M<iss 5 Mar., 1841 

H. S. Legare, S. C. 9 May, l'^43 

A. P. Upshur, Va 24 June, 1S43 



John Nelson, Md. 29 Feb., 1844 

J. C. Calhoun, 8.0. 6 Mar., 1S44 

J. Buchanan, I'd 5 " 1845 

J. M. Clavlon, /J,?; 6 " 1849 

D. W.'lisfvr, J/<f.v.v 20 July, 1850 

Edw;ird Everett 1852 

William L. Marcy, N. Y. 5 Mar., 1853 



This department has subject to it the Diplomatic Bureau, and the Consular Bureau. The United 
States are represented by Ministers Plenipotentiary at the Courts of Great Britain, France, Rus- 
sia, Prussia, Spain, Mexico, Central America, Brazil, and Chili; by Commissioners at the court of 
Pekin, China, and at the Sandwich Islands; by a Minister Resident at the Sublime Porte, and to 
the Swiss Confederation, and at other courts by Charges des Aifaires ; and United States' Consuls 
are stationed at all the important commercial ports in the world. Foreign Ministers accredited to 
the government of the United States are, Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary 
from Great Britain, Russia, the Argentine Republic, France, Spain, Chili, New Grenada, Brazil, 
Mexico, and Peru; Ministers Resident from Portugal, Prussia, and Belgium; and Charges dea 
Affairs from Denmark, Austria, Holland, Sweden, Naples, Sardinia, Venezuela, and Nicaragua. 
Foreign Consuls from all commercial nations reside in the several Collection Districts of the Union. 

The " Department of the Interior" was established by an act of Congress of the 30th of March, 
1849. The Secretary of the Interior is intrusted with the supervision and management of all 
matters connected with the public domain, Indian affairs, pensions, patents, public buildings, the 
census, the penitentiary of the District of Columbia, the expenditures of the Federal Judiciary, 
etc. Each of these interests is managed in a separate bureau or office, the immediate head of which 
is styled Commissioner, Superintendent, or Warden, as the case may be. 
10 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



Secretaries of the Interior— S alar 2j $6,000 per Annum. 



Thomas H. Ewing, Ohio 6 Uslt., 1849 I T. M.T. M'Kfiinon (dpc > S An.r lo^n i t>, k -f m<r.i n ^ „. , 

James A.Pearee(cleclM) 20 July,' 1850 j Alex. U. H sS, K<f.'\o Sepi:', liS | ^"' M'Olelland, Mich., 5 Mar., 1853 

,-Jq^ " f'^r^"'"''* °^?' Treasury" was created by aa act of Congress of the 2d of September 
1/89. The Secreiaryoftke Treasury superintends all the fiscal concerns of the governofer and 
upon his own responsibility recomnaends to Congress measures for improving the conditio i of the 
revenue Al public accounts are finally settled at this department; and for this purpose i is 
divided into the office of the Secretary, who has the general superintendence, the officeT f' he two 
Controllers, the offices of the Six Auditors, tlie office of the Commissioner of Customs, the l^-eas- 
urers office, the Registrar's office, the Solicitor's office, and the office of the Coast Surv y As' si 



Alex. Hamilton, JflY.... 12 Sept., irS9 

Oliver Wolcott, Ct. 4 Feb., 1795 

Samuel Uexter, Muss 81 Jai)., 1802 

Albert Gallatin, Pa 26 Jan., 1802 

George W. Campbell, Ct. 9 Feb., 1814 

Alex. J. Dallas, I ""« 6 Oct., 1814 

Wm. H.Crawford, Ga.. 5 Mar., 1817 



Secretaries of the Treasury— Salary 



Richard Rush, P<i r Mar., 1S'>5 

Samuel D. liigham. Pa.. 6 " 1S29 

Louis M-Laiie, JJel. is.31 

William J. Duaue, Pa. . . isgg 

Roger B. Taney, 3/d... . 1,333 

Levi Woodbury, A'. //"... 7 Mar. 1833 
Thomas Ewing, Wtio 5 " ' 1841 



,000 per Annum. 

Walter Forward, Pa 13 Sept., 1841 

J. C. Spencer, A^ Y..... 3 Mar., 1S43 
George M. Bibb, Ay 15 June, 1844 

w iLf^?"''''i'- 5''^' 5 Mar., 1S45 

W. M. Meredith, P(f 6 ■• 1849 

Thos. Corwin, Ohio 2ii .July isoo 

James Guthrie, Ay 5 Mar.', 1853 



The Department of War" was created by an act of Congress of the 7th of August, 1789 and at 
first embraced not only military, but also naval affiiirs. The Secretary of War superin ends every 
branch of military affairs and has under his immediate direction the AcUutant-generll's Ic he 
Quartermaster-general's Bureau, the Paymaster's Bureau, the Subsistence Bureau he Medical 
Bureau, the Engineer Bureau, the Topographical Bureau, the Ordnance Bureau tc and the 
department has the superintendence of the erection of fortifications, of making publ c sur;eTs and 
other important services. b F^wiio burvej.&, ana 

Secretaries of War—Salary $6,000 per Annum. 



S«fy .Knox, Mass 12 Sept., 1789 , Isaac Shelley, Ay 5 Mar 1817 

Tmi. Pickering, Pa 2 Jan.. 1795 J. C. Calhoun, K C. .... .16 Dec.",' 1817 



James M'Henrv, Md 27 " ' 1796 

Saml. Kexter, M.iss 13 May, 1800 

Roger GriswoUl, Ct..... 3 Feb., 1801 
Henry Dearborn, Mass.. 5 Mar., ISOl 
William Euslis "• ..7 •' I8u9 

John Armstrong, A^ K.. 13 .Jan., 1813 



James Barbour, Fhf. '. '. 
Peter B. Porter, y. V. . . 
J. H. Katon, 7>im. . .. 

Lewis Cass, 3/ich 

Joel K. Poinsett, 5. 0. 
John liell. 7'en)i. 



7 Mar., 1825 
26 May, 1828 
9 Mar., 1S29 
1831 
7 " 1837 
5 " 1841 



James Monroe, Va 27 Sept., 1814 John M'Lean Ohi^ 1 ? slant 1 aTi 

Wm.H. Crawford. Ga... 2 Mir.; 1815 I J. C. b>ncer:^ K :::;ll Set' isll 



James W". Porter, Pa. .. 8 Mar., 1843 
William Wilkins,P,f.... 15 Feb 1844 
Wm.L Marcy,A^ F..... 5 Mar. 1845 
Geo. W. Crawford, (P(f.. 6 " 1849 
Edm Bates (declined) ..20 July, 1S50 
Charles M. Conrad, La... 8 Aug, 1850 
Jefferson Davis, 3riss.. . . 5 Mar., 1853 



The Department of the Navy" was created by an act of Congress of the 30th of April 1798 

era 1 lu\ "{ T '^"Z''''''' '" "''^^ '' "" "^^'^^^ ^-'-'^ ^-^ superintends naval alts gen 
eraly. Attached the Department are-a Bureau of Docks and Navy Yards, a Bureau of 
Ordnance and Hydrography, a Bureau of Construction, Equipment, and Repairs a Ba eau of 
Provisions and Clothing, a Bureau of Medical and Surgical IiiLum;nts, etc • nd th^N Honal 
Observatory a Washington is under the control of the Navy Department. The minist rial dXs 
of these several Bureaux were formerly exercised by a Board of Navy Commissioners! 

Secretaries of the Navy— Salary ,^6,000 per Annum. 

George Cabot, iJ/?7M. . . 3 May, 1798 I S. L. Southard, K J 9 Dec 192-? 

Beniamin Slodd.nrrL ;1/r/ 91 " itoq t .1,.. r,- „ ,',.-.' J J-'ec, l^J-i 



Benjamin Stoddard, J/tf. 21 "" 1798 

Robert Smith. Md 26 Jan., 1802 

J. Crowningshield. Mass. 2 Mar., 1805 

Paul Hamiltim, & C. 7 " 1S09 

William Jones, /"(( 12 Jan., 1S13 

B.W. Crownings'd, 3fa.ss.l9 Dec, 1814 
Smith Thompson, J^. r..30 Nov., ISIS 



John Bran.li, ^f. c. 9 Mar.! 1829 

Levi \\ oodbury, A\ H... i%9,\ 

Mahlon Diokei-son, N. J. 1S34 

'^- \ P-iul'lifg. N. Y.... .30 June, 1838 

G. P. Badger, A-: C. 5 Mar., 1841 

Abel P. Upshur, Ff/ 13 Sept.. 1841 

David Heiishaw, i/(/«s...24 July, 1S43 



T. W. Gdmer, Va 15 Feb., 1844 

John X . Mason, Va 14 Mar 1844 

George Bancroft, J/itos'.. 10 " 1845 

John Y. Mason. Va 1346 

William B. Preston, Va.. 6 Mar., 1849 
Wm. A. Graham, N. C. .20 July, 1850 
J. C. Dobbin, N. C. 5 Mar., 1863 



The "Department of he Post-office" was established under the authority of the Old Congress 
Tr^^Postmaser-seneral has the chief direction of all postal arrangements with foreign st°"i as 

Z':^^:^o^'' '''''''''-'' ''-' ''' ''^'-'' ^^-- ^'^ ^p^°^— «^-' -^ the 

Postmasters- general— Salary $6,000 per Annum. 



Samuel Osgood, Mass...<i(S Sept., 17S9 I William J. Barry, Kv 9 Mar IS'Q 
T.moth.v Piokermg, Pa. . 7 Nov., 1791 Amos Kendall, k,' ' ' 1 Mav' 183? 



Jacob Collamer, Vt. 6 Mar 1S49 

Nathan K. Hall. AT K. .20 .Tune, 18,50 
James Campbell, Tenn.. 5 JIar., 1853 



11 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



The " Attorneys-general," who are considered as forming a part of the Cabinet, and who are the 
constitutional advisers and defendants of the government, are generally men of the greatest acquire- 
ments in their profession. The gentlemen who have held this oiSce are enumerated in the annex- 
ed list : 

Altorneys- general — Salary $4,000 per Annum. 

John T. Mason, Ya 5 Mar., 1845 

Nathan Clifford 184T 

Isaac Touoey, Ct. 1848 

Keverdv Johnson, Md... 6 Mar., 1S49 

J. J. Critti-nden, K>j 20 Julv, 1S50 

Caleb Gushing, Mass... . 5 Mar., 1863 



Edmund Randolph, Fff.. 26 Sept., 1T80 
William Bradford, Prt... 27 .Tan.. 1794 

Charles Lee, Va 10 Dec, 179.5 

Levi Lineoln, i)/(/«« 5 Mar., ISOl 

Robert Smith. Md 2 " 1S05 

John Breokenridgc, A>.2.3 Dec, 1S06 
Ca>sar A. Rodney. Del...'i\ Jan., lSii7 
William Pinekney, j1W..11 Dec., ISll 
Richard Rush, Fa 10 Feb., 1S14 



William Wirt, Md 16 Dec, 1817 

John MTh. Berrien, Ga. 9 Mar., 1829 
Roser B. Taney, Md. .... 1831 

Benj. F. Butler, iV; K. . . .25 Dec, 18-35 

Felix Grundy, Tenn 1 Sept., 1S3S 

Henry D. Gilpin, />«.. ..11 Jan., 1840 
John J. Crittenden, Ky. . 5 Mar., 1841 
Hugh S. Leg.ar6, S.C....\Z Sept., 1841 
Jolin Nelson, Md 1 July, 1843 



The judicial powers of the United States are vested in a Supreme Court, and in such other infe- 
rior courts as Congress may from time to time establish. The present judicial establishment con- 
sists of a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, and District Courts. 

The " Supreme Court," the highest judicial tribunal of the Union, is composed of a Chief- Justice 
and eight Associate Justices, the Attorney-general, a Reporter, and Clerk. This court is held ia 
■Washington, and has one session annually, commencing on the first Monday in December. 

The Supi-eme Court has exclusive jurisdiction in all controversies of a civil nature where a State 
is a party, except between a State and its citizens, and except, also, between a State and citizens 
of other States or aliens — in which latter case it has original but not exclusive jurisdiction. It 
has exclusively all such jurisdiction of suits and proceedings against ambassadors or other public 
ministers, or their domestics or domestic servants, as a court of law can have or exercise consist- 
ently with the law of nations ; and original, but not exclusive jurisdiction of all suits brought by 
ambassadors or other public ministers, in which a consul or a vice-consul is a party. It has 
appellate jurisdiction from final decrees and judgments of the circuit courts in cases where the 
matter in dispute, exclusive of costs, exceeds the sum or value of 2,000 dollars, and from final 
decrees and judgments of the highest courts of the several States in certain cases. It has power to 
issue writs of prohibition to the District Courts, when proceeding as Courts of Admiralty and 
maritime jurisdiction ; and writs of mandamus in cases warranted by the principles and usages of 
law to any courts appointed or persons holding office under the authority of the United States. 
The trial of issues in fact in the Supreme Court in all actions at law against citizens of the United 
States is by jury, 

A final judgment or decree in any suit, in the highest court of law or equity of a State in which 
a decision in the suit could be had, where is drawn in question the validity of a treaty or statute 
of, or any authority exercised under the United States, and the decision is against their validity ; 
or where is drawn in question the validity of a statute of, or an authority exercised under any 
State, on the ground of their being repugnant to the constitution, treaties, or laws of the United 
States, and the decision is in favor of their validity ; or where is drawn in question the construction 
of any clause of the constitution, or of a treaty or statute of, or commission held under the United 
States, and the decision is against the title, right, privilege, or exemption, specially set up or 
claimed by either party, under such clause of the constitution, treaty, statute, or commission, 
may be re-examined, and reversed or affirmed, in the Supreme Court of the United States, upon a 
writ of error, the citation being signed by the Chief Justice, or Judge, or Chancellor of the court 
rendering or passing the judgment or decree complained of, or by a Justice of the Supreme Court 
of the United States, in the same manner, and under the same regulations, and the writ has the 
same effect, as if the judgment or decree complained of had been rendered or passed in a Circuit 
Court ; and the proceeding upon the reversal is also the same, except that the Supreme Court, in- 
stead of remanding the cause for a final decision, may, at their discretion, if the cause shall have 
been once remanded before, proceed to a final decision of the same, and award execution. But no 
other error can be assigned or regarded as a ground of reversal in any such case, than such as 
appears on the face of the record, and immediately respect the before-mentioned questions of valid- 
ity or construction of the said constitution, treaties, statutes, commissions, or authorities, in 
dispute. 

Chief-Justices of the Sujneme Court— Salary 5?5,000 per Anmun. 

John Jay, 27^. Y. 26 Sept., 1789 I Oliver Ellsworth, Ct 4 Mar., 1796 

John Rutledgo, .S. C... 1 July, 1795 John Jay, JV": Y... 19 Dec, ISOO 



Roger B. Taney, Md 28 Dec, 1335 



■William Gushing, J/a-ss.. 27 Jan., 179G | John Marshall, I'rt 27 Jan., ISOl 

The " Circuit Courts" are held by a Justice of the Supreme Court assigned to the Circuit and by 
the Judge of the District in which the Court sits conjointly. The United States is divided into 
12 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 



^Jf''^ '""'''' '" '"' '' whi^iTT Court is held twice a year. The Circuits are as 

^ir: VcronrcltX^Tanr^\tT;i"^ ^- '''''"'- J,f ^-th Carolina So.,,,, Carolina, and Georgia. 

III. New Jersey and Pennsylvania. TrVfT" Yr : ''"'''^"a, Illinois, and Michigan. 

IV. Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia ty ^^P.'"':'^)'! Tennessee, and Missouri. 
V. Alabama, Louisiana, and Kentucky. Mississippi and Arliansas. 

th JtSrsLt'of 'allt'it^'l'fl' '-I" !"^' ''''''''''' ''''''''^'' ^°— -^^ -^^ ^^« courts of 

dispute :i"rei:" eT:it:;;:f rr:;:aLTr5o:;^:;.Lr r^r: fsrr ^^ 

plaintiffs or petitioners, or an alien is a party or the su t is 1,;/!!. .• . .'^ ^*'*'' '""" 

the suit is brought and a citizen of another StlVh.! T '' "''" '^ '^' ^*"*^ ^^^^^ 

and offenses cog'ni.able under the auth^-yo;! Un^ed slaVer/r'^^l'^^r °' ""'' ^""^^ 

of said courts, against an inhabitan of he ?^^^^^^^^^ -it can be brought, before either 

district than that whereof he isTnl^nh.bMnfo ^f^*f ' ^^f^^ ^^^S^^al process, in any other 
the writ; and no Dist • ct or Si^uit Coxu- hi " V'''' '" '"'^"^^ '' *^^ *'^^ «f «^"-S 

any promissory note, or other r. \n ion in f^oHf^a^ f" '"'' '^i"""^ *'^ ^"^^^^^^^ °^ 
been prosecuted in such court to recover he Lid Z^^^^ "" ''''' ^'s^* ^^^« 

cept in cases of foreign bills of exchange ' '' °° assignment had been made, ex- 

courrs,';r:n iTefwh^r rtterii-:"? ''•"" rv^"-^^^ ^'^^ ^^^^^-^^^ °^ ^'^^ ^-^-^t 

itime jurisdiction is byTury' " ' ""'* *'°" '' '''''''' ^"' °^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^-^ --- 

Pennsylvania, VirginrGe^or^ia Florida M • r "'"' ^^'^^ *^' '^''^'^''^ '^ New York, 

of which is divided ?ntoZ!7sMri^^^^^^^ Lomsaana, Arkansas, and California, each 

divided into three districts. The are besides tt^^^^^ ^Tn'' '"' ''"'' ^^"^^ °' ^^^^^ ^^« 

lose that character whenever a rrrl.J'fcome/rSta^^^^^^^ '°"'^^' "'^^' ^" *^-^'°^^^^' ^^ 

pofnrerb;tete -dtfoVX^l-t^^^^^^^^^^ ' ^T^^-'' °^ ^^'"^^ --p- 

by the courts severally ' ^''^ *^' exception of the clerks, who are appointed 

cog'ntnifofan ::^:l?oSs thir '^^^^'.^-!--^^ °^ ^^e courts of the several States. 
coLitted within the^^pect: SSs or;rtt^^^^^^^^ "^^ T'''''' °^ '""^ ^^^^^^ «^^*-' 
whipping, not exceeding thirty stripe a fine 2 P.t%^ '''\ T' "' °"^'' Punishment than 
prisonment not exceeding six LnZ i's to b rnflioS T r'^"'^^'' "''''''^ '' ^ ^erm of im- 
of all civil causes of admLalty and mk tL :;S tn ^ ^"^"^^^^^^^^ 

impost, navigation, or trade of the UnitlT^ .Tf i^clud ng all seizures under the laws of 

are navigable from the sea by *esse^!?f . ' '^' ''''''''' ""'' made on waters which 

tricts as^well as uponTh^gV^ ^^ir;: sXs T aH casTs' rithtj a^^^^^^^^^^ f " 

forfeitures incurred, u^deV^lar rth^UnLtZar ' Tncl 'th^' al: ha^""^ ''' ''''''''' '''' 
rent with the courts of the several SfatP« o. +w ^^^- ^°'' ^^^^ ^^^o have cognizance, concur- 
where an alien sues for l/J only in v L on of tL^irof"";-''* " ''^ ^"^ "^^ ''' °' ^" ^^^^ 
They also have cognizance concuLenlt al r ! ""f "'''' °' ^ *''"'^ °^ *^« ^^^^^^ States. 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



The trial of issues in fact, in the District Courts, in all causes, except civil causes of admiralty and 
maritime jurisdiction, is by jury. 

An act of the 18th of December, 1812, requires the district and territorial judges of the United 
States to reside within the districts and territories, respectively, for which they are appointed; 
and makes it unlawful for any judge, appointed under the autliority of the United States, to exer- 
cise the profession or employment of counsel or attorney, or to be engaged in the practice of the 
law. And any person oifending against the injunction or prohibition of this act. shall be deemed 
guilty of misdemeanor. 

Appeals are allowed from the District to the Circuit Courts in cases where the matter in dispute, 
exclusive of costs, exceeds the sum in value of .f 50, and from the Circuit Courts to the Supreme 
Court in cases where the matter in dispute exceeds the sum or value of $2,000 ; and in some cases 
■where the inconvenience of attending a court by a justice of the j'upreme Court is very great, the 
District Courts are invested with Circuit Court powers. 

The apjwintment of all judges of the United States is made by the President, by and with the 
advice of the Senate ; and the judges hold their several oifices during good behavior, and can be 
removed only on impeachment. Their compensation is fixed by law, and can not be diminished 
during their period of of&ce. 



GENERAL STATISTICS OP THE UNITED STATES. 



I. STATISTICS OF POPULATION, ETC., ETC. 

1. Statement of the Extent, Population, Industry, and Wealth of each State and of the 
United States, on the 1st June, 1850. 



states and Territories. 

Alabiuna 

Arkansas 

California 

Columbia District . 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Indian Ter 

Iowa 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Mai7ie 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota Ter. . . . 

jAIississippi 

^Missouri 

Nebraska Ter 

New llampshiro .. 

New .Ter.s<-y 

Ni,-\v Mexico Ter. . . 

N(^w York 

North Carolina 

North-West Ter. . . 

Ohio 

Oregon Ter 

PenFisylvania 

lihode Island 

South Carolina 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah Ter 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washingt<in 7'er. . . 

"Wisconsin 

14 



Area in 




Popu 


ation. 




Populat'n 
to Square 

Miles. 


Manufac 
turing Es 


Farms in 
Cultiva- 


Wlute 


C.ilc 


red. 




50,V22 


Person?. 


Free. 


-Slave. 

342.S92 




tablish'ta. 


tion. 


426,480 


2,293 


771.671 


15.2 


1,022 


41,964 


52.198 


102.189 


608 


47,100 


2119,897 


4.0 


271 


17,758 


188,981 


272,306 


83,201 


— 


3118,507 










60 


38,027 


9,973 


8,687 


51,687 


S61.4 


427 


204 


4,6T4 


363,099 


7,693 


— 


870,792 


79.3 


8,913 


22,445 


2,130 


71,169 


18,073 


2,290 


91,532 


43.6 


513 


6,003 


59,268 


47,211 


924 


39,309 


87,444 


1.4 


121 


4.304 


5s,000 


521.572 


2,931 


381,082 


906,1S5 


1.5.6 


1,407 


51,7,59 


55,405 


846.035 


5,435 


— 


851.470 


15.3 


8,090 


70,208 


33,809 


977,628 


10,788 


— 


988,416 


29.2 


4.326 


93,896 


1S7.1T1 

















50,914 


191,879 


885 


— 


192,214 


8.7 


482 


14,805 


.37,CsO 


761,417 


10,007 


210.981 


982.405 


26.0 


8,471 


74,777 


46,481 


255,491 


17,462 


241,609 


517.702 


11.0 


1,021 


13,422 


30,000 


581,813 


1.856 


— 


583,169 


19.4 


8,682 


46,760 


9.356 


417,943 


74,723 


90,368 


583,034 


62.3 


3,863 


21,860 


7,300 


985,450 


9,064 


— 


994,514 


126.1 


9,637 


84,23.5 


50,243 


395.U97 


2,557 


— 


397.654 


T.O 


1,979 


34,089 


8;!,(i00 


6.(13^ 


39 


— 


6,077 


.0 


5 


157 


47,1.56 


295.718 


930 


809,878 


606.526 


12.8 


866 


33,960 


07,380 


592,004 


2,618 


87,422 


682,044 


10.1 


3,030 


54,458 


136,7110 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


9,280 


317.456 


520 


— 


817,976 


84.2 


8,801 


29.229 


8,320 


465.513 


23,820 


222 


489,555 


60.0 


4,374 


23,905 


210,744 


61,530 


17 


— 


61,547 


.2 


— 


— 


4('),0iill 


3,048,825 


49,069 


— 


3,097,394 


67.6 


23,823 


170,021 


45,000 


563,028 


27,463 


288,543 


869,039 


19.3 


2,523 


56,916 


587,564 








— 





— 





— 


89,904 


1,9.55,108 


25,319 


— 


1,9811,427 


49.5 


10,550 


143,887 


341,463 


1-3,188 


200 


— 


13.294 


.0 


51 


1,164 


40.000 


2,258,463 


53.323 


— 


2,311,7*6 


50.2 


22,036 


127,577 


1.300 


143,875 


3,67u 


— 


147,545 


108.0 


1,144 


5,385 


24,500 


274,567 


8,056 


384,984 


668.507 


27.2 


1,473 


29,969 


45.000 


756,753 


6,401 


239,460 


1,002,014 


21.9 


2,7S9 


72,710 


237,321 


154,0.34 


397 


58,101 


212,592 


.8 


307 


12,198 


187,923 


11,3.30 


24 


26 


11.3S0 


.0 


16 


926 


10,212 


813,402 


718 


— 


314,120 


80.0 


1,835 


29,687 


61,352 


894,800 


54,333 


472,528 


1,421,061 


23.1 


4,433 


77,013 


53,924 


804,758 


633 


— 


305,.391 


5.6 


1,273 


20,177 



Censua 
Valuation. 



.$228.204,.332 

39,&11.025 

22.161,872 

14.018,874 

155,707,980 

21,062,556 

22,862.270 

354,425,714 

156,265,006 

202,650,264 

23.714,638 
301.628.456 
233.998.764 
122.777,571 
219,217.864 
573,342,286 

59,787,255 

228,951,130 
137,247,707 

103,652.885 

200,0(10,000 

5,174.471 

1,080,209.216 
226,800,472 



,726,120 
,063,474 
486.120 
,508,794 
257.694 
,246,686 
740,473 
986,088 
,205,049 
701,082 



42.056,595 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



2. Progressive Movement of Population. 



Colored Persona. 



Decennial Increase, 



White 



Free. 



White. 



Slave. Total Pop. 

1790^ 3,1T2,464 59.466 697,897 3.929,827.. 

1800 4,304,489 108,895 893,057 5,305,941 . . 

1810 5,862,004 186,446 1,191,364 7,239,814.. 

1820 7,866,569 233,524 1.538,098 9,638,191.. 

1830 10,532,060 319.599 2,009,043 12,866,020 33.9 

1840 14,189,705 386,292 2,487,356 17,069,453 34.7 

1850 19,630,738 428,661 3,204,089 23,263,483 38.3 



35.7. 
36.2. 
34.2. 



82.2. 
92.2. 
25.2. 
36.8. 
20.8. 
10.9. 



laves. 


Total. 


27.9... 


...35.00 


33.4... 


...36.45 


29.1... 


...33.12 


30.6... 


...33.48 


23.8... 


...32.67 


28.8... 


. . .36.23 



Place of Origin. Pop. 

Maine 584,310 

New Hampshire 871 ,469 

Vermont 377,741 

Massachusetta 894,818 

Ehode Island 145,941 

Connecticut 447,544 

New York 2,698,414 

New Jersey 518,810 

Pennsylvania 2,266,727 

Delaware 104,316 

Maryland 528,393 



Origin of the Free Population of 1850. 
A. — Native Population. 



England 278,675 

Ireland 961,719 

Scotland 70,550 

Wales 29,868 

Germany 573,225 

France 54,069 

Spain 
Portugal 



Place of Origin Pop. 

Dist. of Colnmbia.. 32,236 

Virginia 1,260,982 

North Carolina 839,825 

South Carolina 44S,639 

Georgia 525,620 

Florida 25,297 

Alabama 820,930 

Mississippi 172,473 

Louisiana 160,253 

Texas 51,641 

Arkansas 74,122 

£. — Foreign Population. 



Place ol Origin. Pop. 

Tennessee 826,690 

Kentucky 859,407 

Ohio 1,514,885 

Michigan 153,057 

Indiana 633,117 

Illinois 389,507 

Missouri 815,428 

Iowa 56,738 

Wisconsin 66,790 

California 6,698 

Minnesota 1,334 



Place of Origin. Pop. 

Oregon 8,175 

Utah 1,881 

New Mexico 58,421 

Natives of the Ter- 
ritories, but resid- 
ing in other parts 
of the Union 949 



Total 17,737,578 



Belgium 1,313 



Holland 9,843 

Turkey 106 

Italy 3,645 

Austria 946 

Switzerland 13,358 

Russia 1,414 

3,113 I Norway 12,678 

1,274 Denmark 1,838 



Sweden 

Prussia 

Sardinia 

Greece 

China 

Asia 

Africa 

British America. 



8,559 

10,549 

84 

86 

758 

877 

551 

147,711 



Mexico 18,317 

Central America ... 

South America 

West Indies 

Sandwich Islands . . 
Other countries .... 



141 
1,543 
5,772 

588 
8,214 



Total 2,210,839 



(7.— Origin Unknown. Total 89,154. 

4. Deaf and Dumb, Blind, Insane, and Idiotic, 1850. 

^.—Absolute Number of each Class. 

Colored Persons. 



White Persons. 



Male. fern. Male. 

Deaf and Dumb 5,027 4,058 78. 

Blind 4,519 3,478 239. 

Insane 7,697 7,459 144. 

Idiotic 8,276 5,954 234. 



Free 



Fem. 

65. 

255. 

177. 
, 202. 



Male. 

, 276. 

. 562. 

, 117. 

. 585. 



Slave. 



Aggregate of 
each Class, 
9,717 



Fem. 
213 

'. 649!'.! 9,702 

. 174 15,768 

. 455 15,706 



B. — Katio of each Class to the aggregate Population. 



Deaf and Dumb. 



Total Ratio of Ratio 
number. one to p. e. 



Number. One to p. c. Number. One to p. c. Number, one to p. c. 

9,091... 2,151... 0.04.... 143... 3,082... 0.03... 489... 6,652... 0.01... 9,723.. 2.885.. 0.04 



Blind 7,997... 2,445... 0.04.... 494... 877. .. 0.11... 1,211. .. 2,645... 0.03... 9,702.. 2.390.. 0.04 

321... 1,350... 0.01... 291... 11,010... — ... 15,768.. 1,470.. 0.06 



Insane 15.156... 1,290... 0.07. 

IdioUc 14,230... 1,374... 0.07. 



436.. 



994... 0.10... 1,040... 3,080... 0.03... 15,706.. 1,476.. 0.0 



Total 46,474 



420 



0.22 1,394 311 0.32 8,031 1,057 0.09 50,8 



455 0.21 



5. Pauperism, 1850. 

Number of paupers ■who received support within the year ending June 1st, 1850 — native 66,434, 
and foreign 68,538— total 134,972. 

Number of paupers who were receiving support on the 1st June, 1850 — native 13,473, and 
foreign 13,437— total 50,353. 

Total cost of pauper support within the year specified — $2,954,806. 

The following exhibit shows the number and cost of paupers to each of the States, within the 
year 1850 : 

Cost. 

$232,133 
17.730 
71,668 
151.722 
60,085 
48,337 
27,820 
937 



Btatea. 


Paupers. 


Cost. 


States. Paupers. 


Maine . . . 


5,503. 


$151,664 


Penn 11,551.. 


N. Hamp. 


8,600. 


157,351 


Delaware. 697.. 


Verm. . . . 


3.654. 


120,463 


Maryland . 4,494. . 


Mass 


15,777. 


392,715 


Virginia.. 5,113.. 


Eh. Island 


2,560. 


45,837 


N.Carolina 1,931.. 


Conn 


2,337. 


95,624 


S.Carolina 1,642.. 


N. York . 


59,855. 


817,336 


Georgia .. 1,036 . 


N. Jersey 


2,892. 


98,110 


Florida... 76.. 



States. 


Paupers. 


Cost. 


States. 


Paupers. 


Cost. 


Alabama.. 


363.. 


$17,559 


Michigan. 


1,190.. 


$27,556 


Miss 


260.. 


18,132 


Indiana .. 


1,182.. 


57,560 


La 


423.. 


39,806 


Illinois . . . 


797.. 


45,213 


Texas .... 


7.. 


488 


Missouri . . 


2,977.. 


53,243 


Arkansas . 


105.. 


6,838 


Iowa 


135.. 


5,353 


Tennessee 


1,005.. 


80,980 


Wisconsin 


666.. 


14,743 


Kentucky. 


1,126.. 


57,543 








Ohio 


2,513.. 


95,250 









6. Criminal Statistics. 

Whole number of persons convicted of crime within the year ending June 1, 1850 — native 18,000, 
and foreign 14,000— total 27,000. 

Whole number in prison on the 1st June of the same year — native 4,300, and foreign 2,460—? 
total 6,700. 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



II.— STATISTICS OF RELIGION. 
1 . Statistics of Churches. 



States. 


No. of 

Ch'8. 


Accommo- 

dfttion. 


Value of Oh. 
Property. 


States. 


Ko. of 

Cll'9. 


Accommo- 
dtition. 


Value of CU, 
I'roperty. 




851 

602 

564 

1,430 

221 

719 

4,084 

807 

8,509 

180 

909 

2,330 

1,678 

1.168 

1,723 

152 

1,235 


804,477 
233,892 
226,444 
682,908 

98.736 

805,249 

1,896,229 

344.933 

1,566.413 

55,741 
890,265 
884,691 
658,204 
453,930 
612,892 

41,170 
888,605 


$1,712,152 
1,401,5^6 
1,21.3.126 

10,205.284 
1,252,900 
8,554.894 

21.132,707 
8,540,436 

11,551,885 

340.345 

3,947,884 

2,849,176 

889,393 

2.140,346 

1,269,159 

165,400 

1,182,076 




910 

278 

164 

185 

1,939 

1,818 

3,890 

862 

1,947 

1,167 

773 

148 

244 

23 

86,011 


275,979 

104,080 

54,495 

89,930 

606.695 

673.033 

1,447,632 

118,892 

689,830 

479,078 

241.139 

S7,7.=.9 

78,455 

9,600 


754,542 






1,782,470 




Texas 


200,585 






89,315 




Tennessee 


1,208,876 


Connecticut 


Kentucky 

Ohio 

Michigan 


2.260,095 
5,765,149 




728,200 






1.512,485 


Delaware 


Illinois 

Missouri 


1,476,885 
1,558,590 






177,400 


North Carolina 


Wisconsin 

California 

Total 


8.50,600 
258,300 


Georgia 




13,849,896 


86,416,639 


Alabama 







2 


. Statist 


'cs of Religious Denominations. 








Denominations. 


No. of 
Churclies. 


Accommoda- 
tions. 


Value of 
Property. 


Denominations. 


No. of 
Churches. 


Accommoda- 
tions. 


Value of 
Property. 




8,791 

812 

1,674 

324 

1,422 

861 

714 

827 

31 

1,203 

110 

12,467 


3,130,873 
296,050 
795,177 
181.986 
625,213 
108,605 
282,823 
156,932 
16,575 
531,100 
29,900 

4,209,333 


$10,931,882 

845.810 

7,973,962 

4,096,730 

11,261,970 

252,255 

1,709.867 

965,880 

871,600 

2,867,836 

94,245 

14.636,671 


Moravian 


331 

4,584 

1,112 

15 

52 

619 

243 

494 

825 


$112,184 

2,040,316 
620.950 
5,070 
85,075 
218,552 
187,367 
205,462 
115,347 


$443,347 






14.369,389 






8,973,883 






108,100 




Tunker 


46,025 


Free 


Union 


690,065 






8,268.122 






1,767,015 






741,980 




Total 






36,011 


13,849,896 


86,416,639 


Methodist 







N. B. The above tables do not include the church statistics of the District of Columbia and the Territories. 

III.— AGKICULTUKAL STATISTICS. 

1. A Statement showing the number of Acres of improved and unimproved Land, in Farms, the 

cash value thereof, and the average cash value per Acre, in each State and Territory 



states and Territories. 





Acres of unim- 




Cash yal. of land 


Average 
cash value 




proved land in 


Total. 


improved and 




farms. 




unimproved. 


per acre. 


2,039,596 


2,515,797 


4.555.393 


$54,861,743 


$12 04 


2.251,488 


1.140.9'26 


8,392.414 


55,245,997 


16 28 


2.601.409 


1,524,413 


4,125,822 


63.367,227 


15 86 


2,133.436 


1,222,576 


3 356,012 


109,076,.>47 


82 50 


856,487 


197,451 


553,938 


17,070,802 


30 82 


1,768,178 


615,701 


2,38.3,879 


72,726,422 


80 50 


12,408.968 


6,710,120 


19,119,088 


5.54,546.642 


29 00 


1,767,991 


984.9.'>5 


2,752.946 


120.237,511 


43 67 


8,628,619 


6,294,723 


14,923,347 


407,876,099 


27 83 


580,862 


375,282 


956,144 


18,880,031 


19 76 


2,797,905 


1,836,445 


4,634..350 


87,178.545 


18 81 


16,267 


11,187 


27,454 


1,730,460 


63 03 


10,360.135 


15,792.176 


26,1.52,311 


216,401,441 


8 27 


6,4.'i3,977 


15,543,010 


20,996.937 


67,801.766 


8 23 


4,072.651 


12,145,049 


16,217,700 


82,431,684 


6 OS 


6,378.479 


16.442.9(10 


22,821,379 


95,753,445 


4 19 


849.049 


1,236,240 


1,585.239 


6,828,109 


8 99 


4.4.35,614 


7,702,067 


12,187,631 


64,323,224 


5 80 


3,444,358 


7,046,061 


10.490.419 


54,738634 


5 22 


1,590,025 


8.9.39,018 


5,529,048 


75,814,393 


18 71 


639,107 


14,4.54,669 


15.093,776 


16,893,747 


1 09 


T81.531 


1.816,6^4 


2.598,215 


15.265,245 


5 S3 


5,175.173 


13,808,849 


18.934,022 


97.851.212 


6 16 


11,368.270 


10.972,478 


22,840,748 


154.330.262 


6 91 


9,851,493 


8,146,000 


17,997,493 


858,758.603 


19 93 


1,929,110 


2,454,780 


4..383.S90 


51.872,446 


11 83 


5,046.543 


7,746,879 


12,798.422 


136,385.173 


10 66 


5,039.545 


6.997,867 


12,037,412 


96.1.33.290 


7 99 


2,938,425 


6.794,245 


9,732.670 


63,225.543 


6 60 


824,682 


1,911,382 


2.786.064 


16,657,567 


C 09 


1,045,499 


1,931.159 


2.976,653 


28,528,563 


9 58 


62,324 


8,881.571 


3,893,895 


8,874,041 


99 


5,035 


23.846 


28,881 


161,918 


6 61 


182,a57 


299,951 


4:32,808 


2,349,170 


6 58 


16.833 


80,516 


46,849 


811,7'.'9 


6 66 


166,201 


124,370 


290,571 


1,653,952 


5 69 


118,457,622 1 


184,621,843 


803,073,970 


3,270,7:'3.ofi8 1 


av.l0 79 



Maine 

New Hampshire . . . 

Vermont 

Massachusetts 

Ehode Island 

Connecticut 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Delaware 

Maryland 

District of Columbia 

Virginia , 

North Carolina 

South Carolina 

Georgia 

Florida 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Louisiana 

Texas 

Arkansas 

Tennessee 

Kenlucky 

Ohio 

Michigan , 

Indiana , 

Illinois 

Missouri 

Iowa 

Wisconsin 

California 

Minnesota Territory 
Orc'son do. 

Utah do. 

New Mexico do. 

Aggregate . . . 

16 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 



2. Statement of the Food Crops for the Year ending 1st June, 1850. 



Maine 

New Hampshire. 

Vermonl 

Massachusetts .. 
Khode Island. .. 

Connecticut 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania . . . 

Delaware 

Maryland 

Dis. of Columbia. 

Virginia 

North Carolina.. 
South Carolina. . 

Georgia 

Florida 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Louisiana 

Texas 

Arkansas 

Tennessee 

Kentucky 

Ohio 

Michigan 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Missouri 

Iowa 

Wisconsin 

Califiirriia 

Minn. Territory. 
Oregon Territory 
Utah Territory.. 
New Mex. Ter. . 

Aggregate 



296.259 

185.G5S 

5:35,955 

31,211 

49 

41,762 

13,121.49 

1,601,190 

15,367.691 

482.51 1 

4,494,680 

17,370 

11,2.32,016 

2,130,102 

1,066,277 

1,0SS,5.34 

1,027 

294.044 

137.990 

'417 

41,689 

199,639 

1,619.881 

2,140,822 

14,487,851 

4,925,889 

6.214,4.58 

9,414,575 

2.951.652 

1.530,581 

4,286,131 

17,328 

1.401 

211.493 

107.702 

190,516 



102,910 

183,117 

176,23.3 

481.021 

26,409 

600.893 

4,148.182 

1,255,578 

4,805,160 

S,06f 

226,014 

5.509 

458.930 

229.563 

43.790 

58.75t 

i;i52 

17.201 

9,000 

47 

3.108 

8.047 

89.103 

415,073 

425,718 

105. STl 

73.792 

83.304 

44,208 

19.910 

81,253 

125 
106 
210 



1,750.056 

1,573.670 

2,032,396 

2,345,490 

5-39.201 

1,935,043 

17,853,400 

8,759.704 

19,,8.35,214 

8,145,542 

11.104,631 

65,230 

35,254,319 

27,941,051 

16,271,4,54 

30,080,f)99 

1,996,809 

28,754.048 

22,440,552 

10,266.373 

5,926,011 

8,893,939 

52,270,223 

58,675.591 

59,078.095 

5,641,420 

52,964,363 

57,040.984 

36,214,537 

8,0,56.799 

1,988,979 

12,236 

10,725 

2,918 

9,899 

305,411 



2.181,037 

973,381 

2,307,734 

1,105,146 

215,232 

1.2.53.738 

26,5.52,814 

3,378,003 

21,53S.156 

604,518 

2,242,151 

8,134 

10,179,045 

4,052,078 

2,-322,155 

3,820.044 

66,586 

2,905.697 

1,503,28 

89,037 

178,883 

650,183 

7,703,086 

8,201,311 

13,472,742 

2,866,056 

5,655,014 

10,087,241 

5,278,079 

1.. 524,345 

3,414,672 

30,582 

65,140 

10,900 

5 



151,731 

70,256 

42,150 

112,385 

18,875 

19,099 

3,585,059 

6,492 

165,584 

50 

745 

75 

25.43 

2,735 

4,583 

11,501 

3,958 
229 

4,776 

177 

2,737 

95..348 

854,358 

75,249 

45,483 

110,795 

9,031 

25.093 

209,69 

9,712 

1,210 

1,799 
5 



104,.523 

65,205 

209.819 

105,895 

1,245 

229.297 

3,183,9,55 

878,9.34 

2,193,692 

8,015 

103,671 

378 

214,89^ 

16,704 

2,83 

2.50 

55 

848 

1,121 

3 

59 

175 

19,427 

16.097 

638,004 

472.917 

149,740 

184,504 

23,641 

52,516 

79,878 

515 

332 
100 



Kic-eV 
pounds. 



17 

5,465. 

159,930 

38,950 

1,075, 

2,-311 

2,719, 

4,425, 

87. 

63, 

258 

5, 



700 
500 



Peap and 
lieans, 
bushels. 



205.541 

70,856 

104,649 

43,709 

6,846 

19,090 

741,636 

14,174 

55,231 

4,120 

12,816 

7,754 

521,581 

1,534,252 

1,020,900 

1,142,011 

135,359 

892.701 

1,072,757 

101,7.32 

179,332 

285,738 

309,321 

202,574 

60,108 

74,254 

35,773 

82.814 

46,017 

4,775 

20,65' 

2,292 

lt).002 

0,506 

289 

15,088 



100..503.,899 14.188,539 592,.326,012 146.567.879 5.167.016 ,8,956.910 215,312 710 9,219.975 05,796,793 38,259,196 



liu,«liela 



3.436,040 

4,304,919 

4,951.014 

3.585,-384 

651,029 

2,689,725 

15,398,302 

3,207,236 

5,930,7.32 

240,542 

764,93'.t 

28,292 

1,310.933 

020,31 s 

130,494 

227.379 

7,82S 

240,001 

261,432 

95,632 

93,.548 

193.832 

1,067,844 

1,492,487 

5,057,769 

2,359,897 

2,083,-337 

2,514.801 

939,006 

276,1211 

1,402.077 

9,292 

21,145 

91.326 

48,968 

3 



80 
5,623 

508.015 

52:173 

65,443 

208,993 

3,497 

1,813,071 

5,095,709 

4,:i37.469 

6 986,428 

757,226 

5,175,204 

4,741,795 

1,428,453 

1,-323,170 

788,149 

2,777,716 

998,184 

187,991 

1,177 

201,711 

157,433 

335,505 

6,243 

879 

1,000 

200 

60 



3. Statement of Live-StocJc in the several States, for the year ending 1st June, 1850. 



St.ites and Territories. 



Maine 

New Hampshire 

Vermont 

Massachusetts 

Khode Island 

Connecticut 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Delaware 

Maryland 

District of Columbia. . 

Virginia 

North Carolina 

South Carolina 

Georgia 

Florida 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Louisiana 

Texas 

Arkansas 

Tennessee 

Kentucky 

Ohio 

Michigan 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Missouri 

Iowa 

Wisconsin 

California 

Minnesota Territory . . 

Oregon Territory 

Utah Territory 

New Mexico Territory 



41, 
84, 
61, 
42 
0, 
20, 

447, 
63, 

350, 
1.3, 



272, 

14S, 

97, 

1.51, 

10: 

128, 

115: 

89, 

75, 

60, 

270, 

315: 

403, 

58, 

814, 

267, 

225, 

38, 

80, 

21, 



4,335,35,S 



55 

19 

218 

34 

1 

49 

903 

4,089 

2,259 

791 

5,044 

57 

21,480 

25,259 

37,483 

57,379 

5,002 

59,895 

54,547 

44,849 

12,304 

11,559 

75,303 

65,609 

3,423 

70 

6,599 

10,573 

41,667 

754 

150 

1,060 

14 

420 

825 

8,054 



559,229 



133,.556 

94,277 

146,128 

130,099 

2S,69S 

85,461 

931,-324 

118,7-30 

630,224 

19,248 

80,859 

813 

317,019 

221,799 

193.244 

334.223 

72,876 

227,791 

214,231 

105,,576 

214,758 

93,151 

250,456 

247,475 

544,499 

99,076 

284,554 

294,671 

230,169 

45,704 

64,339 

4.280 

607 

9,427 

4.861 

10,635 



83,893 
59,027 
48,577 
46,011 

8.189 

40,988 

178,909 

12,070 

61,527 

9,797 
34,135 
104 
89,513 
87,309 
20.507 
73,286 

5,794 
66,901 
83,435 
54,908 
49,982 
34,239 
80,255 
62,074 
05,381 
55.350 
40,221 
76,156 
112,108 
21,892 
42,801 

4,780 
055 

8,114 

5,206 
12,257 



0,392,044 1.099,241 
B 



other cattle.' Sheep. 



125,890 
114,606 
154.143 

83,284 
9,375 

80,226 
767.400 

80,455 
562,195 

24,106 

98,595 
123 
669,137 
434,402 
563,935 
690,019 
182,415 
4.33,263 
436,254 
414,798 
636,805 
165.820 
414.051 
442,703 
749,067 
119,471 
389,891 
541,209 
449,173 

69,025 

76.293 

253,599 

740 

24,188 
2,489 

10,085 



451,577 

384,756 

1,014,122 

188.651 

44,296 

174,181 

8,453,241 

100,4S8 

1,822,-357 

27,503 

177.902 

150 

1,310,004 

595.249 

285,551 

500,435 

23,311 

371,880 

304,929 

110,-333 

99,093 

91,256 

811.591 

1,102.121 

3,943,929 

746,435 

1,122,493 

894,043 

762.511 

149,960 

124,892 

17,574 

80 

15,382 

3,262 

877,271 



54,598 

63,487 

66.296 

81,119 

19,509 

76,472 

1,018,252 

250,370 

1,040,366 

56.261 

352,911 

1,635 

1,830.743 

1,812,813 

1,065,503 

2,168,617 

209,453 

1,904,540 

1,582,734 

597,301 

683.514 

836,727 

3,104,800 

2,861,103 

1,964,770 

205,847 

2.253,776 

1,915.910 

1,702,625 

323.247 

159,276 

2,776 

784 

30,2-35 

914 

7,314 



$9,705,726 

8,871,901 

12,643,223 

9,647,710 

1,5-32,637 

7,467,490 

73,570,499 

10,679,291 

41,500,053 

1,849,281 

7,997,034 

71,043 

3.5,650,659 

17,717,647 

15.060,015 

25,728,416 

2,880,058 

21.090,112 

19,403,062 

11,152,275 

10,206,880 

6,647,969 

29,978,016 

29,591,387 

44,121,741 

8,008,734 

22,478,555 

24.209,258 

19.892,580 

3.6^9,275 

4,897,-385 

3,351,058 

92,859 

1,876,189 

546,968 

1,494,629 



10,268,856 21, 721.814 30.-316,61)8 543.960.420 
17 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 



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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



5. Statement of the Products of Animals for the year ending 1st June, 1850. 



Maine 

N. Hampshire 

Vei'mont 

Massachusetts 
Rhode Island 
Connecticut .- 
New York.... 
New Jersey. . - 
Pennsylvania 

Delaware 

Maryland . . . . 
Dist. of Colum. 
Virginia . . 
N. Carolina 
S. Carolina 
Georgia ... 
Florida . .. 
Alabama . . 
Mississippi 



poun 



1,364.031 

1,108,476 

3,40U,7J7 

855,136 

129,692 

497,454 

10,071,301 

375,396 

4,481,570 

57,768 

480,226 

525 

2,860,765 

970,738 

487,233 

990,019 

23,247 

6.57.118 

559,619 



9,243,811 
6,977,0.56 

12.137.980 

8,071,370 

995 670 

5.498,119 

79.766,094 
9,487.210 

39,878,418 

1,055,308 

3,806,160 

14.872 

11.089,351 
4,146.290 
2.981.8.50 
4.640.559 
371.498 
4.008.811 
4,346,234 



Cheese, 
poundd. 



2.434,454 
3.196.563 

8,720,834 

7,088 142 

316,508 

5,363,277 

49,741.413 

365,756 

2,505,034 

3,187 

3,975 

1,500 

436,298 

95,921 

4,970 

46,976 

18,015 

31,412 

21,191 



$1,646,773 
1,552.673 
1,861.336 
2,500,924 

667,486 
2.202,266 
13573,983 
2,638,552 
8,219,484 

373,665 
1,954,800 
9.038 
7,503,006 
5.767,8.56 
1,302,637 
6,339,76S 

514,685 
4 823.485 
3,636,582 



Louisiana . 

Texas 

Arkansas 

'IVnnessee . . . 

Kentucky 

Ohio 

Michigan 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Missouri 

Iowa 

Wisconsin . . . 

California 

Minn. Ter 

Oregon Terr. . 
Utah Territory 
New Mex.Ter, 



pounds. 



Butter, 
pounds. 



109,897 


683,069 


131,374 


2,326,.5.56 


182,595 


1,854,239 


1,364,378 


8,139,585 


2,297,403 


9,887,523 


10,196.371 


34.449,379 


2,043,283 


7,065,878 


2,610,287 


12,881,535 


2,150,113 


12.526,513 


1,627.164 


7,834,359 


373,898 


2,171,188 


253,963 


3,633,750 


5,520 


705 


85 


1,100 


29.686 


211,464 


9 222 


83,309 


32,901 


111 



A ggregate. - 52.789.174 313.266.962 105..535.219 109.48.5,757 



Cheese, 
Dda. 



poi 



1,9.57 

94,619 

30,088 

177.681 

213.954 

20,819,542 

1,011.492 

624,564 

1,278.225 

203 572 

209,810 

400,283 

150 

36.980 

30,998 

5. 




6. Absolute and Relative Movement of Stock, Products, etc., 1840 and 1850. 



Stock, products, etc. 

Horses 

As.ses and mules 

Milch cows 

Working; oxen 

Other cattle 

Sheep 

Swine 

Wool 

Wheat 

Kye 

Indian corn 

Oats 

Barley 

Buckwheat 

Rice 

Tobacco 

Cotton 

Sugar — cane 

" mapio 

Hemp — dew-rotted . 

" water-rotted 

Flax 

Hay 

Hops 

Potatoes — Irish 

" sweet 

Wine 

Silk cocoons 

Value of home-made 

maQufaclures 



t 4,335,669 head 



• 14,971,586 " 

19.311,374 « 

26.301.293 " 

85.802.114 pounds , 

84.823.272 bushels . 

18.645.567 " 

377.531.875 " 

123.071.341 " 

4.161.504 " 

7,201.743 " 

80.841.422 pounds 
219,163,319 " 
790,479,275 " 



1 155,110,809 






95,252 tons 

10.248.108 " 
1.238,502 pounds . 

■ 108,298,060 bushels . 

124.734 srallons 
61,552 pounds . 

■ 29,023,880 dollars . 



18.W. 

4,R35,S5S head* . 
5.59,229 " * . 
6.392.044 " 
1,690,241 " 
10,268,S,56 " 
21.721.814 " 
30.316,6(18 " 
52,789,174 pounds . 
100,503.809 bushe'8 . 
14.18S 639 " 
592,326.612 " 
146.567,879 « 
5,lfi7."16 " 
8,956.916 " 
215.312,710 pounds . 
199.752.646 " 
987.449.600 " 
34.249,886 " 
247,5Sl.n00 " 
33.294 tons 
1.799 " 
7.715.961 pounds . 
13.83^,579 tons 
3,400,029 pounds . 
65,790,703 bushels . 
3S,2,59.196 '• 
221.240 gallons , 
10,843 pounds . 

27,481,399 dollars . 



::( 



Decennial Mttvement. 

558,918 head or 12.9 per cent. 



inor. 8,888,555 



or 22.6 



tncr. 
iner. 
incr. 
inar. 
dear, 
incr. 
incr. 
incr. 
incr. 
incr. 
deer, 
incr. 



2,410,440 " or 12.4 

4,015.315 " or 15.3 

16,9S7,060 pounds or 47.4 

15,680,627 bushels or 18.5 



4,456,928 

214,794,737 

23,496,.538 

1,005,512 

1.665,173 



or 23.9 

or 56.9 

or 19.9 

or 24.1 

or 22.8 



134.471,288 pounds or 166.3 
19,410,673 " or 8.9 
196,970,325 " or 24.9 

tncr. 126,720,077 " or 81.6 
deer. 56,301 tons or 58.1 



tncr, 
incr. 

deer. 

incr. 
deer. 



3.590,471 " or 35.3 
2,257.527 pounds or 182.2 

4,242,071 bushels or 3.9 
96.506 gallons or 77.3 
50,709 pounds or 82.3 

1,541,981 dollars or 5.3 



IV. STATISTICS OP MANUFACTURES. 
1. General Statistics. 



The entire capital invested in the various manufactures in the United States on the 
1st June, 1850— not including any establishments producing less than the annual 

value of $-500 — amounted in round numbers to $530,000 ,000 

Value of raw material, fuel, etc., used during the preceding year f550,000,000 

Number of persons employed " " I,0o0,000 

Aggregate cost of labor " " $240,000,000 

Value of articles consumed " " $1,020,300,000 

The total capital invested in manufactures in 1840, was $267,726,579, and hence the manufac- 
turing capital of the Union has duplicated in the succeeding decade. 

* In the census of 1850, all horses, asses, and mules in cities are omitted, and those only or mainly employed in agri- 
culture enumerated. 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



2. Statistics of the Principal Manufactures. 



Maine 

New Hampshire 

Vermont 

Massachusetts 

Rhode Island 

Connecticut 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Delaware 

Maryland 

Virginia 

North Carolina 

South Carolina 

Georgia 

Florida 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Louisiana 

Texas 

Arkansas 

Tennessee 

Kentucky 

Ohio 

Michigan 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Missouri 

Iowa 

Wisconsin 

Calil'omia 

District of Columbia 

Total 



COTTON GOODS. 



12 

44 

9 

213 

158 

128 

86 

21 

208 

12 

24 

27 

28 

18 

35 

12 
2 



1,094 



,329,700 
9ri0,500 
20■-^500 
455,630 
,675,000 
,219,100 
176,920 
,483.500 
528.925 
460.100 
,2.36,000 
,908,900 
,058,800 
857,200 
,736,156 

80,000 
651,900 

38,000 



16,500 
669,600 
239,000 
297,000 

43,000 

102,000 



$1,573,110 

4,839,429 

114,415 

11,289,309 

3,484,-579 

2,500,06; 

1,985,973 

666,645 

3,152,530 

312,068 

1,165,579 

828,375 

531,903 

295,9 

900,419 

30,000 

237,081 

21,500 



8,975 
297,500 
180,90' 
237,060 

28,220 

86,446 



67,000 
34,835.0.56 



3,739 

12,122 

241 

28,730 

10,875 

6,186 

6,320 

1,712 

7,663 

838 

3,022 

2,963 

1,619 

1,019 

2,272 

95 

715 

36 



95 
155 



*2, 



596.356 
,830,619 
196,100 
,712,461 
,447,120 
,257,522 
,591,989 
,109,524 
,322,262 
538,439 
,120,504 
,486,384 
831,342 
748,3.38 
,135,044 

49,920 
382,260 

30,500 



16.637 
510,624 
273,439 
394,700 

44,200 

142,900 



144 100,000 



92,286 61,869,184 



WOOLEN GOODS. 



36 

61 

72 
119 

45 
149 
249 

41 
380 

e 

38 

121 

1 



4 

25 

130 

15 

33 

16 

1 

1 

9 



$467,600 

2,437,700 

886,300 

9,089.342 

L013,000 

3,773,950 

4,4.59,370 

494,274 

3,005,064 

148,500 

244,000 

392,640 

18,000 

68,000 



8,000 

10,900 
249,820 
870,220 

94,000 
171.545 
154,500 

20,000 

10.000 

31,2; 

700 



l,559i28,118,650 



$495,940 

1,267,329 

830,684 

8,071,671 

1,463,900 

3.325,709 

3,838,292 

548,367 

3,282,718 

204.172 

165,568 

488,899 

13,950 

30,392 



10,000 

1,675 

205,287 

578,423 

43,402 

120,486 

115,36' 

16,000 

3.500 

32,630 

1,630 



25,755,988 



624 

2 127 

1,393 

11,130 

1,758 

5,488 

6,674 

898 

5,726 

140 

36£ 

668 

30 

78 



1 

318 
1,201 
129 
246 
178 
25 



39,252 



753,300 
127,745 
.579,161 
770,565 
381,825 
,465,216 
030,604 
,164,446 
,321,866 
251,010 
295,140 
841,013 
23,750 

88,750 



15,000 

6,310 

318,819 

1,111,027 

90,242 

205.802 

206,.572 

56,000 

13,000 

87,992 

2,400 



43,207,555 



MALT AND SPIRITUOUS LIQTUORS. 



Capital in- 



Maine 

Vermont 

Massachusetts 

Rhode Island 

Connecticut 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Maryland 

Virginia 

North Carolina 

South Carolina 

Georgia 

Alabama 

Louisiana 

Kentucky 

Tennessee 

Missouri 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Michigan 

Iowa 

Wisconsin 

New Mexico Ter. . 
Utah Ti^rritury . . 
Dist. of Columbia 



Quantities and kinds of grain, etc., consumed. 



Bnsliels of 
barley 



$17,000 

7,000 

457,.''>00 

17.000 

15,500 

2,585,900 

409,6.->5 

1,719,960 

247,100 

100,915 

21,9311 

3.47") 

7,1. "id 

500 

8,500 

168 

66.125 

298,900 

1262.974 

334,950 

303,400 

139,425 

19,500 

98.7IK) 

7.311(1 

3,000 

■ 12,000 



Bushels of Bushels of, Busliels BusI 



of oats, 'of apples, inula 



.o^ 



Total.. 
20 



2,500 
80,000 
12,500 

,062,2.50 

103,700 

5,")0,105 

70,900 

20,000 



10,000 
65,650 
3,000 
124,440 
330,950 
118,1.50 
98,000 
32,030 

91,020 

1,000 
5,000 



19,400 20.600 



20,000| 

1,647,266, 

254,000l 

1,483,5.55 

166,100 

250,700 

64,650 

18,100 

20,150 



551,350 

258,400 

309,200 

3,.588,140 

l,417,990j 

703,.500 

212,300 

51,150 

29,9'!0 

2,000' 



20,000 
990,067 

.58,400 
517,180, 24,790 

54,,300l 460 

62,680 
4,700 

2,500 1,500 



6,707 



450 



30,520 — 

5,480 — 

24,900| — 

281,750,19,500 

48,700, 1,000 

48,700 2,200 

19,150 — 

7,200 — 

9,200 — 

12,900, — 



— 1 55,130 

— I 10 
60,940 24,500 

409,700 — 
51,200 10 



5,000 



iii 1.2.14 3,767,195 11,067,671 2,143,927 56,517 526,840 61,675 1,294 5.487 1,177.924 42.133,955!6,500,500 



hops. 



1 

29 
6 
o 

581 



10 
18 

31 

178 
18 
30 
16 



131 

9 

20 

1,380 

197 

911 

126 

123 

75 

33 

15 



274 

159 

179 

1,033 

287 

274 

98 

19 

98 

21 

3 

5 



Quantities of liquor produced. 



, , r Gallons ol 
Jarrels of , ■ ,. 
alp pfp .whisky am 
ale, etc. -^ . simes. 

I 



800 

25,800 

3,900 

044,700 9, 
34,750! 1, 

189,581 6, 

26,380 

5,500 



3,000 
19,500 



120,000 

130,000 

231,700 
250,530 
548,810 
787,400 
879,440 
153,030 
4:!. 900 
60.450 



220,000 
3,786,000 



1,200 

!,488,800 



1,500 



44,850 
96,94311. 
11,005, 4, 
27,925 2 
10,320 

31,320 

300 
1,350 



491,745 
657,000 
939,400 
,865,150 
,639,900 
,315,000 
690,900 
100,600 
127,000 
42,000 



3,000 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



Statistics of the Principal Manufactures — {continued). 





PIG IRON. 


CAST IRON. 


WROUGHT IRON, 


STATES. 


■§■=• 
z = 


13 

1 

a 
c. 
o 




Is 
11 

> 


II 


1 


"s .-8 

t> E 




z-H 


1 

> 

5 


II 
> 1 




Maine 

New Hampshire 

Vermont 

Massachusetts . . 
Rhode Island . . 

Connecticut 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania. . . 

Delaware 

Maryland 

Virginia 

North Carolina . 
South Carolina . 

Georgii. 

Florida 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Louisiana 

Texas 

Arkansas 

Tennessee 

Kentucky 

Ohio 

Michigan 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Missouri 

Iowa 

Wisconsin 

California 

D. of Columbia 


1 

1 

3 
6 

13 

18 
10 
ISO 

IS 
29 
2 

3 

3 

23 
21 
35 
1 
2 
2 
5 

1 


$214,000 

2,000 

62,500 

469,000 

225,600 

605,000 

967,000 

8,570,425 

1,420,000 

513,800 

25,000 

26,000 

11,000 

1,021,400 
924,700 
1,503,000 
15,000 
72,000 
65.000 
619,000 

15,000 


$14,939 

4,900 

40,175 

185,741 

289,225 

821,027 

332,707 

3,732,427 

560,725 
158,-307 
27,900 

25,840 

6,770 

254,900 
260,1.52 
630,037 
14,000 
24,400 
15,500 
97,367 

8,250 


$36,616 

6,000 

68,000 

295,128 

415,600 

597,920 

560,544 

6,071,513 

1,056,400 
521,924 

12,500 

57,300 
22,500 

676,100 
604,037 
1,255.350 
21.000 
53.000 
70,200 
814,600 

27,000 


25 
26 
26 
63 
20 
60 
323 
45 
320 
13 
16 
54 
5 
6 
4 

10 

8 
8 
2 

16 

20 

183 

63 

14 

29 

6 

3 

15 

1 

2 


$150,100 
232,700 
290,720 

1,499,050 
423,800 
580,800 

4,622,482 
593,250 

3,422,924 
373,500 
359,100 
471,160 
11,500 
185,7(10 
35,000 

216,625 
100,000 
255,000 
16,000 

139,500 

502,200 

2,063,650 

195,450 

82,900 

260,400 

137,000 

5,500 

116,350 

6,000 

14,000 


$112,570 

177,060 

160,603 

1,057,904 

258,267 

851,369 

2,893,768 

391,048 

2,372.467 

153,852 

259,190 

297,014 

8,341 

29,128 

11,950 

102,085 

50,870 

75.300 

8,400 

90,035 

295.533 

1,199.790 

91,865 

66.918 

172,330 

138,114 

2.524 

86,930 

3,530 

18,100 


$265,000 

371,710 

460,831 

2,235,635 

728,705 

931,400 

5.921.980 

'686,480 

5,354,881 

267,462 

685,000, 

674,416 

12,867 

87,683 

46,200 

271,120 

117,400 

312,500 

55,000 

264,325 

744,316 

3,069,350 

279,697 

149, '80 

441,185 

886,495 

8,500 

216,195 

29,740 

41,696 


2 

8 

6 

1 

IS 

60 

53 

131 

2 

17 

39 

19 

8 

1 

42 
4 
11 

8 

2 


$4,000 

62,700 

610,300 

208,000 

529,600 

1,181,800 

1,016,843 

7,620,066 

15.000 

780,650 

791.211 

103,000 

9,200 

2,500 

755,050 
176,000 
620,800 

17,000 

42,100 


$5,600 
66,194 

221,194 
111,760 
358,780 
838,314 
320,950 
5,438,391 

19,500 
439,611 
591,448 

28.114 

5,986 

3,000 

385,616 
180,800 
604,493 

4,425 

24,509 


$10,400 

163,986 
423,320 
222.400 
667,560 

1,423,963 
629,273 

8,902,907 
55,090 
771,431 

1,264,995 
66,980 

15,334 

7,500 

670,618 

299,700 

1,076,192 

11,760 

63,700 


Total 


877 


17,346,425 7,005,289, 


12,743,777 


1,391 


17,416,361 


10,346,35525,103,155 


422 


14,496,220!9,693,109 


16,747,074 



V. INTERNAL IMPE VEMENT3. — R AILR O A D S , ETC. 

In no other particular can the prosperity of a country be more strikingly manifested than by the 
perfection of its rosds and other means of internal communication. The system of railroads, ca- 
nals, plank-roads, post-routes, river navigation, and telegraphs possessed by the United States, 
presents an indication of its advancement in power and civilization more wonderful than any other 
feature of its progress. In truth, the country in this respect occupies the first place among the 
nations of the world. 

The primary -design of nearly all the great lines of railway in the United States has been to con- 
nect the sea-coast with the distant interior ; to effect which object it was necessary to cross the 
Alleghanies, which intersect every line of travel diverging to the West from the great commercial 
cities of the sea-board. 

The following are some of the vast enterprises which have been undertaken to accomplish this 
great purpose, which have either been finished or are in such a state of progress as leaves no doubt 
of their being brought to a successful issue within a few years : 

First. The railroads connecting Portland, the commercial capital of Maine, with the British 
provinces, and through their public works, the St. Lawrence River and the lakes, with the West- 
ern States of the Union. 

Second. The railroads from Boston westward, connecting at Albany with the roads of Central 
New York, and, by the more northern route, traversing New Hampshire and Vermont, continuing 
toward the West by the Ogdensburg Railroad, and bringing Montreal, the chief commercial city 
of Upper Canada, into communication with the capital of New England. 

Third. The New York and Erie Railroad, extending from New York city to L.ake Erie, and 
intended to form a part of a continuous line from the Hudson to the Mississippi — a project likely 
to be effected within the ensuing ten years. 

Fourth. The Pennsylvania Central Railroad, from Philadelphia to Pittsburg-, with numerous 
diverging branches, to points north and south of the general direction. This great route will 
reach St. Louis by a nearly due west course through Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. The Pennsyl- 
vania section will be completed about the end of 1853. 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



Fyth. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, one of the most magnificent works of the day, 
passes from Baltimore, through Maryland and Virginia, to Wheeling, on the Ohio. At the latter 
point it will form a connection with the system of roads traversing the West and North-west. 

Sixth. The roads proposed to be constructed under authority of Virginia, and already com- 
menced, intended to establish communication between tide-water and the interior, and south- 
western parts of that State, and to continue the same through Tennessee to the Mississippi. 

Seventh. The several lines of railroad from Charleston and Savannah, penetrating South Caro- 
lina and Georgia, concentrating in north-eastern Alabama, and reaching the level region of the 
Mississippi by the valley of the Tennessee River. These roads, by their veestern continuation, 
■will intersect lines running to every important point between the mountains and the Mississippi 
River. 

Eighth. The Mobile and Ohio Railroad, from the Mexican gulf to the mouth of the Ohio, and 
the Illinois Central Railroad to the lakes, a distance in a straight line of about 1,100 miles. 

It will be seen at a glance that the leading idea in all these vast enterprises was to overcome the 
barrier presented by this chain of mountains, to a direct and unrestricted intercourse between the 
sea-board and the West, and to supply the want of those natural channels of commerce, navigable 
rivers, extending into the section we desire to reach. The enormous aggregate of expense of the 
numerous works specified above, undertaken with this one object, and their importance as public 
improvements, may be estimated from the following brief notice of the New York and Erie Rail- 
road, which occupies the third place in our preceding enumeration : The longest continuous line 
of railroad in the world, and that in the construction of which the greatest natural obstacles have 
been overcome, is that which extends from the Hudson River, through the southern counties of 
New York, to Lake Erie. Its length is 469 miles, and it has branches of an additional length of 
68 miles. Nearly its whole course is through a region of mountains. The bridges by which it is 
carried over the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers, and other streams, and the viaducts upon 
which it crosses the valleys that intercept its route, are among the noblest monuments of power 
and skill to be found in our country. The most of these works are of heavy masonry ; but one of 
them is a wooden bridge, 187 feet in height, with one arch, the span of which is 275 feet. One of 
the viaducts is 1,200 feet long, and 110 feet high. The aggregate cost of this important work was 
f23 ,580,000, and the expense of construction was $42,333 per mile. 

The following table presents, in a convenient form, some of the principal facts connected with 
railroads in the United States on the 1st January, 1852 and 1853. 



Miles of raiU 
St.ites, etc. ri>Ei(i com- 

pleted, 

Maine 315 

New Hampshire . . 4S9 

Vermont 3S0 

Ma-ssachuselts 1,0S9 

Khode Island 50 

Connecticut 547 

New York 1.S2B 

New .Jersey 226 . 

Pennsylvania 1,146. 

Delaware 45. 

Marvliind 376 . 



Miles of r 
road in coi 
of conntrui 
... 127. 



47 

59 

67 

32 

261 

745 

Ill 

774 1,920 

11 56 

125 501 

Virginia 47S SIS.'!.'.' !."!!! !."!l,296 



Total. 

. 442 
. 536 
. 439 
.1.156 
. 82 
. 808 
.2,.571 
. 3:37 



North Carolina.... 249 335 

South Carolina.... 840 298. 

Georgia 754 229. 

Florida — — . 

Alabama 121 190. 

Mississippi 93 273. 

Louisiana 63 — . 

Texas — 32.. 

Tennessee 112 748.. 

Kentucky 93 414.. 

Ohio 82S 1,892. 

Michigan 427 — . 

Indiana 600 915., 

Illinois 176 1,409. . 

Missouri — 515.. 

Wisconsin 20 421.. 



6.34 
. 638 
. 983 

'. 311 
. 366 
. &3 
. 32 
. 860 
. 507 
.2,720 
. 427 
.1,515 
.1.535 
. 515 
. 441 



10,843 



10,893 



21,741 



States. N 


0. of miles in 
operation, 

. .394 


No. of miles in 
progress. 

Ill 


Total. 
605 


New Hampshire. 
Vermont 


. 500 

, 427 

.1,140 


42 

...... 66!!!..'! 


.... 542 

.... 42T 
....1,206 
.... 82 
... 825 


Rhode Island 


. 50 

. 627 

.2,123 

. 254 

.1,244 

. 16 

. 521 

. 624 

. 249 

. 599 

. 857 

. 23 


32 

198 


New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Delaware 

Maryland 


924 

85 

903 

11 

!!!!!! 6io!!!!!!! 

248 

296 

C91 


....3,047 
.... 339 
....2,147 
.... 27 
.... 521 
....1,234 


North Carolina . . 
South Carolina. .. 

Georgia 

Florida 


.... 497 

.... S95 

....1,548 

28 


Alabama 

Mississippi 


. 236 

. 95 

63 


728 

875 

200 


.... 964 

.... 970 
... 263 


Texas 


. 32 

185 


! 509! ! 


.... 82 
694 


Kentucky 


. 94 

1 385 


661 

1,755 


.... 755 
... 3,140 




. 755 


979 


....1,784 


Michigan 

Illinois 


. 427 

. 296 

'. 50!!!!!! 


!!!!!!i.772!!!!!!!! 
515 

470 


.... 427 
....2,068 
.... 515 


Wisconsin 


.... 520 



Total . 



.13,266 12,631. 



.25,947 



Measures are in progress for establishing railroads in California, with the object of connecting 
San Francisco with some of the principal towns of the State ; and no doubt, ere the lapse of many 
years, that important division of the Union will be in possession of as large a proportion of these 
facilities for travel and business as her population and resources require. 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



From the brief sketch of American railroads should not be excluded some mention of several 
projects which are not only closely connected with the interests of the United States, but possess 
Bomething of national importance. The first of these, in point of vastness of design, is the enter- 
prise of building a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. The routes proposed 
in this great work are almost as numerous as the persons who claim the merit of having first sug- 
gested and brought forward the scheme of thus completing the chain of railroad connection between 
the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the Union. No scientific survey of any route west of the fron- 
tier of Missouri has been made, but it is not probable that any could be found that would bring 
the line of travel between the Mississippi and the ocean within the limit of 1,600 miles. 

The natural obstacles to be overcome are the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, the 
deserts between the Missouri and the former chain, and those of the great basin, the flying sands, 
and the want of timber. Further explorations may lead to the discovery of means to overcomo 
these difficulties. Should the cost not exceed the average of Western roads, it would form no ob- 
jection to the enterprise, since it would be only about l9''32,000,000, or only twenty-five per cent, 
more than has been expended upon the Erie Railroad — less than fifty per cent, greater than the 
aggregate expenditure upon the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and not two-thirds of that incurred 
by the State of Massachusetts on her railroads. The only question, then, affecting the probabil- 
ity of the construction of the Pacific Railroad is that of practicability. 

This can only be determined by thorough surveys of some or all of the routes proposed, from 
the valley of the Rio Grande, the Arkansas, the Missouri, and the Upper Mississippi. If this 
road were completed, and the route continued westward by steamship to Calcutta, it would reduce 
the time required for the circuit of the globe, by the American overland route, to 93 days, as 
follows : from New York to San Francisco, 4 days ; to Hang-Kong, 25 days ; to Calcutta, 6 days ; 
to Bombay, 13 days ; to England, 35 days ; to New York, 10 days. Total, 93 days. 

Another project for connecting, by the means of cheap and rapid conveyance, the two coasts of 
our confederacy, which deserves, as it has received, very great attention, is the proposition to 
build a railroad across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, in Mexico. Its feasibility is established. 
The length of the road, according to the report of the surveyors, will be 166 miles from sea to 
eea ; but only about 80 miles from the head of navigable water on either side. 

The cost of the road, with all the necessary equipments, station-houses, etc., is estimated at 
$7,848,000. The time expected to be required for its construction is three years. With this 
connecting link of communication completed, the voyage from New Orleans to San Francisco will 
be performed in eight or nine days. 

For the purpose of comparison, the subjoined statement has been prepared, showing the number 
of miles of railroads, with their costs, according to the most generally received authorities in all 
the countries of Europe in which those improvements have been introduced : 



COUNTRIES. 



Great Britain and Ireland 

German States, including Prussia and Austria 

France 

Belgium 

Eussia 

Italy 



Miles. 


Aggregate cost. 


Coat p. mite 


6,S90 


$1,213,000,000 


$177,000 


5,3.32 


325,875,000 


61,000 


1,018 


2.38,905,000 


254,000 


532 


46.288,000 


49,000 


200 


15,000,000 


75,000 


ITO 


15,000,000 


88,000 


14,142 


1,859,068,000 


131,300 



By these statistics it is made to appear that the average cost of European railroads was .f 131,300 
per mile. The average cost of American railroads completed previous to the commencement of the 
present year was $34,307 per mile. The excess of expenditure, therefore, in the construction of 
European roads over those in the United States, is .^95,993 per mile, or about 280 per cent. ; but 
it may be remarked that the average cost of consti-uction in the United States of all the roads does 
not exceed ,'}{;27,300 per mile ; so that the actual excess is $'103,000 per mile. 

The foregoing statements develop the striking fact that the United States possess an extent of 
railroad nearly equal to that of the rest of the world combined ; and, at our present rate of pro- 
gression, we are likely, in a few years, far to exceed it. 

23 



UNITED STATES OP AMERICA, 



VI. — COMMERCIAL STATISTICS. 

1. Statistical Fieiv of the Commerce of the United States, exhibiting the Value of Exports to 
and Imports from each Foreign Country, and the Tonnage of American and Foreign Vessels 
arriving from and departing to each foreign country, during the year ending June 30, 1850. 



COUNTRIES. 



COMMERCE. 



VALrE OF EXPORTS. 



Domestic 
produce. 



Value of im- 
pjrts. 



NAVIGATION. 



AMERICAN TONNAGE. FOREIGN TONNAGE. 



Cleared 
from tlie 
U. States. 



Russia 

Prussia 

Sweden and Norway. 
Swedisli West Indies. 

Denmark 

Danish West Indies. . 

Ilanse Towns 

Hanover 

Holland 

Dutch East Indies . . . 
Dutch West Indies. . . 

Dutch Guiana 

Belgium 

England 

Scotland 

IreUind 

Gil-rallar 

Malta 



British East Indies 

Cape of Good Hope 

Mauritius 

Honduras 

British Guiana 

British West Indies 

Canada 

Newfoundland 

Falkland Islands 

British American Colonies 

Other British possessions , 

France on the Atlantic 

France on the Mediterranean . . 

French West Indies 

Miquelon and French Fisheries 

French Guiana 

Bourlion 

French possessions in Africa. . . 

Spain on the Atlantic 

Spain on the Mediterranean . . . 
Teneritfe and other Canaries. . . 
Manilla and Philippine Islands. 

Cuba 

Other Spanish West Indies 

Portugal 

Madeira 



Fayal and other Azores 

Cape de Verde 

Italy 

Sicily 

Sardinia 

Tuscany 

Ionian Islands 

Trieste and other Austrian ports 

Turkey 

Hayti , 

Mexico 

Central America 

New Grenada 

Venezuela 

Bolivia 

Brazil 

Argentine Republic 

Cisalpine Republic 

Chili 

Peru 

China , 

Liberia 

West Indies generally 

South America generally 

Europe generally 

Asia generally , 

Afric.-i generally 

Soul h Sea Islands 

Equailnr 

Sandwich Islands 

All other places 



1666,4-35 

70,645 

608,580 

98,1T6 

165,874 

867,140 

4,320,780 

2.188,101 

180,533 

364,335 

97,014 

2,168,357 

64,666.959 

3,021.740 

1.025,031 

186.307 

75,329 

502,613 

143,219 

171,984 

502.776 

8,612,802 

4,641,451 



8,116,840 

16,934,791 

1,015,486 

269,377 

2,.517 

4:3.405 

12,575 

605,659 

3,256,362 

20,524 

16,817 

4,530,256 

816.062 

172.978 

136,874 

14.421 

47.04;3 

1,567.166 

50.577 

170,764 

45,664 

1,179.893 

2ti4.397 

1,211,007 

1,498,791 

57,225 

970,019 

678,462 

2,723,767 
718,331 
60.024 

1,297,13.3 
258,939 

1,485.961 

67.934 
22,256 

315,463 

730.9.32 

169,025 

24,414 



$198,506 

27,991 

51.610 

1,166 

20,706 
114.818 
885,742 

416,564 

262,952 

56,683 

5,425 

375.4113 
4,210,271 

183,679 
42.693 
60,482 
39,051 

156,&46 



16,551 
22,663 

178,644 
1,289,370 



501,374 

1,724,915 
15S.155 
18,291 

1,382 
2,200 

2S..558 

90.855 

5,065 

1.450 

460,041 

93,591 

5,236 

6,527 

2,152 

2,167 

239,904 

13,024 

86,136 

23,468 

312.111 
.5:?,:J44 
139,181 
514,036 
12,967 
28.5,600 
840,008 

473.347 
&16.311 
1,518 
125,588 
16,789 
119,256 



50,442 

13.321 

28..3:B4 
20,837 
10,511 



$864,941 

98,636 

720,190 

99.342 

180,580 

981,958 

5,206,522 

2,604,065 
443,485 
421,018 
102,4-39 

2.5*3,760 
68,897,2.30 

3,205,419 

1,067,724 
246,789 
114,380 
659.459 
143,219 

188,535 

525,439 

3.791,446 

5,930,821 



3,618,214 

18,659,706 

1,173,&41 

287,668 

2,517 

44,787 

14,775 

634,217 

3,353,217 

25,589 

18.267 

4,990.297 

909,053 

173,214 

14?.4(n 

16.573 

49.210 

1.807,070 

■ 63.601 

256,900 

69,132 

1,492,004 
257,741 
1,350.183 
2,012,827 
70,192 
1,2.56,219 
1,018,470 

8,197,114 

1,064,642 

61.542 

1,422.721 

275,728 
1,605,217 

67.9.34 
72,698 

823.784 
7.59,2()6 
1S9.S02 
34.925 



$1,511,572 

27.469 

1,032.117 

2.193 

527 

267,459 

8,787,874 

1,686,967 

444,404 

530,146 

71,048 

2,404,954 

72,118.971 

2,746.670 

293,783 

44,269 

11354 

2,865,016 

72,206 

178,690 

14.591 

1.126,968 

4,235,470 



1,358,992 

497 

25,835,170 

1,702.855 
75,684 

12,551 
10,005 

880.181 

1,702,214 

85,228 

1,336,866 

10,292,398 

2,007,360 

339,763 

114,729 

10,328 

2,105,077 

822,029 

205 



407,001 

801,023 

1,544,771 

2,135,306 

261,459 

.591,992 

1,920,247 

9,324429 
2,653,877 

1.796,877 

170,753 

6,593,462 

9.417 
86,659 

402,599 
524,722 

4.018 

64.474 

20 



12,877 

240 

8,.391 

449 

396 

12,940 

23,381 

2,751 

17,884 

8,089 

22,964 

8,892 

23,1133 

439.839 

18.900 

10,022 

2,3-34 

168 

23,537 

773 

4386 

2,738 

69,302 

889,755 

122 

55,465 
1,223 
106,-307 
8,560 
2,859 
618 
1,224 

359 

17.533 

12,827 
2,173 

10,259 
249,307 

41,768 
2,708 
1,580 
1,050 



31,417 

1.833 

6,701 

803 

4,398 

0,070 

44,090 

22,585 

3,549 

104,176 

11,536 

846 

62,965 

18,930 

90 

14,510 

5,100 

21.909 

993 



945 
8..531 
1,101 

331 

9.267 

89,065 



5,048 

049 
2,454 

502 
19,375 
21,156 

14968 

4.070 

9,283 

4,932 

21,428 

440.582 

15,759 

10,014 

7,650 

2,665 

29,389 

1,912 

841 

4.225 

11.642 

93,883 

919,515 

4.187 

2,157 

75,293 

917 

114,589 

14,158 

11,227 

905 

1,834 



13,706 

9,867 

647 

8,165 

254,018 

80,744 

2,976 

4,132 

908 

1,886 

8.3-26 
7,791 
2,537 

5,908 

2,689 

47,981 

20,518 

8,290 

101,753 

8,509 

887 

53,113 

16,107 

867 

41,279 

10,832 

17,830 

1,039 

3,843 

1,365 

6,213 

8,492 

2,642 

299 

81,62;3 

83,787 



2,121 

23,554 

45 

592 

956 

65,664 

3,978 

11,967 

8,248 

123 

5,756 

421,530 

55,026 

77,607 

290 

2-36 



615 

904 

49,230 

447,872 

1,695 

17,434 

333,426 

82,637 

"10,215 

4,627 

98 
266 

4,779 
22,894 
1,215 
1,176 
88,030 
8,074 
5,013 
336 
1,717 



9,511 
7,399 
7,871 

2,205 

429 

6,289 

86,039 
653 
5,295 
2,708 
1,280 
9,363 

13,081 
1,185 

18,369 
1,808 
7,445 



2,5S6 



884 
1,891 

828 
4,195 

458 



3,990 

1,88T 

9,822 

882 

8,232 

2,690 

68,016 

200 

22,753 

3,320 

161 

864 

4,068 

269,078 

17,276 

22,972 

806 

456 

2,138 



1,932 

2,537 

39,071 

456,527 

12,420 

8,793 

521,112 

428 

17,616 

8,676 

211 

1,008 

98 

762 

180 

10,583 

34,29T 

1,376 

2,592 , 

29,703 

3,103 

7,581 

1,379 

161 

611 

1,6.33 

6,800 

960 

6,889 

8,127 
80,104 
1,722 
6,237 
2,697 
370 
8,569 
9,200 
1,107 
25,383 
7,340 
8,106 

- 849 
549 



Total 186,940.912 I 14,951,808 151,898.720 

24 



178.188.318 2.573,016 



2,632,788 11,775,623 '1,728,214 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



2. Statement of the Commerce of each State, from July 1, 1849, to June 30, 1850. 





VALUE OF EXPORTS. 


VALUE OF IMPORTS. 


STATES. 


DOMESTIC PKODUOB. 


FOEEIGN PKODUCE. 


Total of 


In American 


In Foreign 


















Total. 




In American 

vessels. 


[n Foreign 
vessels. 


Total. 


In Ameri 

can 
vessels. 


In Foreign 
vessels. 


Total. 


foreign 
produce. 


vessels. 


vessels. 


Maine 


$1,135,998 


$400,820 


$1,536,818 


$14,564 


$5,530 


$20,094 


$1,556,912 


$609,155 


$247,256 


$856,411 


N. Ilanip. . . . 


2,835 


5,887 


8.722 


— 


205 


205 


8,927 


19,962 


29,117 


49,079 


Vermont .... 


404,749 


— 


404,749 


26,157 


— 


26,157 


43,906 


463,092 





463,092 


Mass;ichu8'ls. 


7,000.103 


1,253,370 


8,253.473 


1,898,497 


529,793 


2,428,290 


10,680,703 


22,106,011 


8,268,673 


30.374,684 


Rhode Island 


205.969 


330 


206.299 


9,966 


— 


9,966 


215.265 


251,708 


6,595 


258,303 


Connecticut. . 


241,262 


— 


241,262 


668 


— 


668 


241,9.30 


311,927 


60.463 


372,390 


Newlork. . . 


33,934,409 


7,568,391 


41.502,800 


7,086,687 


4,123,302 


11,209,989 


52,712.789 


88,147,721 


22,975,803111,123,524 


New Jersey . 


— 


1,655 


1,655 


— 


— 


— 


1,655 


— 


1,494 


1,494 


Pennsylvania 


3,428,150 


621,314 


4,049,464 


363,225 


88,917 


452,142 


4,501,606 


10,795,462 


1,270,692 


12,066,154 


Delaware . . . 
































Maryland . . . 


4,657,185 


1,932,296 


6,589,481 


250,861 


127,011 


377,872 


6,967,353 


5,529,682 


594,519 


6,124,201 


Dist.of Col... 


72,175 


8.213 


80,388 


200 


— 


200 


80.583 


59.219 


600 


59,819 


Virginia 

N. Carolina.. 


2,365,241 


1,047,917 


3,413,158 


2,488 


— 


2,488 


3,415.646 


172,878 


253,721 


426,599 


259.616 


156.885 


416,501 


— 


— 


— 


416501 


179,249 


144,443 


323,692 


S. Carolina . . 


6,467,201 


4,979.691 


11.446,892 


400 


508 


908 


11.447,800 


1,313,658 


620.127 


1.933.785 


Georgia 


2.622,1.52 


4.929,791 


7.551,943 


— 


— 


— 


7,551,943 


306,883 


330,081 


636,964 


Florida 


1,113,978 


1.493.990 


2.607,968 


15,656 


— 


15,656 


2,623.624 


30.241 


65,468 


95,709 


Alabama 


4.601.515 


5,943,:M;3 


10.544.858 


— 


— 


— 


10.544,858 


10.3,1-34 


757,228 


865,362 


Louisiana . . . 


20,927,751 


16,770,526 


37,698,277 


328,9.30 


78.143 


407,073 


38,105,350 


8,107,929 


2,652,570 


10,760,499 


Mississippi. . . 


— 


... 


— 


— 


— 





— 











Tennessee... 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


27.966 





27,966 


Missouri 


— 


— 





— 


— 


— 


— 


359,643 





859,643 


Ohio 


117,989 


99,543 


217,532 


— 


100 


100 


217,632 


398.999 


183,505 


582,504 


Kentucky . .. 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


190.987 


— 


190,987 


Michigan 


57,232 


74.813 


132,045 


— 


— 


— 


132,045 


144.102 


— 


144,102 


Illinois 


1,232 


16,437 


17.649 


— 


— 


— 


17,699 


7,783 


7,922 


15,705 


Te.xas 


— 


24,958 


24,958 


— 


— 


— 


24,958 


14,652 


10,993 


25,650 


California . . . 


— 


— 


— 


— 




















Oregon 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


Total.... 


89,616,742 


47,330,170 


136,946,912 


9.998,299 


4.953.509 


14,951,808151,898,720' 


1.39,657,043 


38,481,275 


178,138,310 



3. Staleynent of the Navigation of each Stale. 



STATES. 


TONNAGE ENTERED UNITED STATES. 


TONNAGE CLEARED FROM U. STATES. 




AirERICAN. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


A.MBRICAN. 


Foreign. 


Total. 




No. 


Tons. 


No. 


Tons. 


No. 


Tons. 


No. 


Tons, 


No. 


Tons. 


No, 


Tons. 




253 

9 

330 

1,345 

100 

109 

4,187 

352 

295 
T 
69 

140 

163 
47 
56 
40 

524 

178 

~97 

18 

3 

140 


53,309 
3,572 

86.828 

339.508 

17,847 

22.580 

1,502,290 

100,009 

70,427 

1,260 

12.190 

19,185 

52,711 

11,883 

7,518 

11.914 

175,969 

21,628 

7,254 

6.690 

494 

47,950 


1.040 

101 

174 

2,732 

19 

79 

8,832 

17 

185 

143 

2 

88 

38 

142 
71 
39 

112 

374 

136 

394 

4 

13 

355 


89.877 

7,472 

12.607 

271,941 

2.075 

11, .572 

775.4;30 

1,601 

32,361 

29,161 

154 

18,775 

9,115 

44,205 

45,1.34 

10,462 

84.106 

174,684 

18,243 

49.709 

648 

3.177 

82,914 


1,293 
110 

504 
4,077 

119 

188 

7,969 

17 

537 

438 

9 

157 

188 
305 

lis 

95 
152 

898 

814 

491 
22 
16 

495 


143.186 

11.044 

99,435 

611.449 

19,922 

34,1.')2 

2,277.720 

1,601 

132,870 

99,588 
1.414 
80.965 
28,300 
96,916 
57.017 
17,980 
96.020 
850,863 

39,871 

56.963 

7,338' 

8,671| 

130,8641 


585 
5 

322 

1,149 

94 

87 

3,610 

1 

809 

359 
8 
187 
212 
205 
58 
60 
76 
493 

137 

112 
4 
8 

303 


111,123 

682 
81,073 
272,278 
16,770 
17.515 
1,411,557 
150 
81,276 

89.296 
1,520 
42,091 
30,739 
72,222 
21,039 
10,022 
32,268 
211,800 

15,485 

7,982 

1,043 

591 

104,266 


1,046 

102 

20 

2,757 

16 

69 

3,693 

10 

170 

162 
2 

98 

62 

170 

83 

42 

106 

350 

131 

390 

5 

12 

320 


91.014 

7,531 

1,783 

274.674 

1,705 

9,802 

737,539 

981 

30,342 

87,523 
200 
23,367 
11.493 
52.830 
51,524 
12,134 
80,717 
153,137 

18,322 

46,719 

998 

3.017 

75,862 


1.631 
107 
342 

3,906 
IK 
156 

7,303 

11 

479 

521 
10 
285 
274 
375 
141 
102 
182 
843 

263 

502 

9 

15 

623 


202,137 

8,213 

82,856 

546,952 

18,475 

27,317 

2,149,096 

1,131 

111,618 

126,819 
1,720 

65,458 
42,232 
125,052 
72,563 
22,156 


New Hampshire . . 

Vermont 

Massachusetts. . . . 

Rhode Island 

Connecticut 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Delaware 

Maryland 

D. of Columbia... 
Virginia 


North Carolina. . . . 

South Carolina 

Georgia 






112 985 


Louisiana 

Mississippi 

Tennessee 

Missouri 

Ohio 


869,937 

• 38,807 

54,701 

2,041 

3,608 

180,128 


Kentucky 

Michigan 


Texas -. 


California 

Oregon 


Total 


8,412 


2,573,016 


10,1001,775,623! 18,512| 4.348,639! 


8,379 


2,6-32,788 


9,816 


1,728,214 


18,195 


4,361,002 



25 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



4. Statement exhibiting 



a condensed view of the Tonnage of the several Districts of the 
United Slates on the 30th of June, 1850. 



DISTK1CT3. 



Passamaq'y Me. 

Machias ... " 

Fr'man's B. " 

Penobscot.. " 

Beltiist " 

Bangor .... " 

Wakloboro'. " 

WiSL'asset .. " 

Bath " 

Portland... " 

Saco " 

Kennebunk " 

York " 

Porisniouth. N. 11. 
Burlinston . Verm. 
Ne« biiryp'U Mass. 

Ipswich " 

Gloucester . " 

Salem " 

Beverly.... " 

Marblehead. " 

Bojlnn " 

Plvm.Hitl\ .. " 

Fall IMver. . " 

N. Be. 1 lord. " 

BarnslaWe . " 

Kdgartown. " 

Nantucket . " 

Providence. E. I. 

Bristol " 

Newport ... " 

Middletown. Conn. 

N. London . " 

StoniiiiTlon.. " 

N. Haven . . " 

Fairfield ... " 

Chaniplain . N. Y. 

Sackelt's H'r. " 

Oswego .... " 

Niagara " 

Genesee.... " 

Oswegatehie " 

Buffalo Cr. . " 

Sag Harbor. " 

Greenport. . " 

New York . . " 

C. Vincent.. " 

Cold Spring. " 

Perth Amboy N. J. 

Bridgetown. '• 

Burlington.. " 

Camden .... " 

Newark " 

L. El's liar. " 

G. Egg liar. " 

Philadeliihia Penn. 

Presque Isle " 

Pittsburg ... " 

Wilmington. Del. 

New Oaslle.. " 

Baltimore. .. M'yl'd 

Oxford " 



Knn.lled and i Total tnnnagt 



M,> 



10.530 73 
2.267 6,5 
l.()4:3 21 
5.713 40 

13.S69 79 
9,362 31 

38,483 13 
6.024 41 

76,6uS 65 

6il,3o4 43 
1.570 00 
9,101 34 

14,978 92 

16,213 57 

2,873 OS 
20,316 74 

1,349 11 

270.510 (19 

3.966 S8 

2.251 08 

119.026 45 

5.520 32 

5,464 26 

25,'37 SO 

9.177 14 

11.247 12 

5,644 3:3 

95 55 

23.364 23 

13.1S3 47 

4,994 65 

86S 35 



10,953 68 

4,236 29 

441,336 76 

2.376 40 
133 69 



77 58 

64,205 10 

1,651 63 
90,669 82 



9.454 73 

19.050 67 

30.525 27 

31.237 38 

31.725 48 

15.9 ;6 49 

57.847 25 

12.217 08 

27.1 d 7 25 

26,197 S6 

1,153 .30 

2,247 82 

1,361 45 

8,117 41 

4,530 32 

7,048 29 

578 39 

19.601 00 

8,599 34 

3.173 04 
5,493 31 

50.177 17 

6,755 81 

10,S5o 76 

8.933 69 
85..^S1 67 

2,145 28 

3.174 S3 
7 534 64 
1.951 27 

4.934 21 
12.033 72 
17,120 62 

6.724 03 

10.736 70 

13,960 27 

2,745 74 

8,123 57 

22,404 78 

732 73 

1,036 74 

1.9S5 34 

39.679 00 

4,211 69 

4319 46 

394.230 SO 

2,496 92 

1,478 90 

21,9.50 S2 

14.472 ^4 

7.578 67 

9,569 32 

6..551 05 

6.1. S2 75 

14.0.84 14 

142,292 72 

7,870 31 

44571 30 

7,808 70 

7,259 14 

5S,-349 51 

12.343 46 



19,985 51 
21,318 37 
32.168 48 
86.950 78 
45,595 32 
25,268 80 
96.:3.30 38 
18,241 49 
103 625 90 
86502 34 

2.723 30 
11. .349 21 

1361 45 
23.096 38 

4 530 32 
23.2(;i 86 
578 39 
22.474 08 
28.916 13 

3.173 04 

6.842 42 

321.687 26 

111.722 24 

13.101 81 
127.960 09 

91.102 (14 
7.609 54 

29.012 6s 

16,711 78 

13.198 39 

10.57S 54 

12.129 32 

40.484 85 

19.912 .50 

15.731 40 

24,828 62 

2,745 74 

8.123 57 

22,404 78 

732 73 

1,036 74 

1.985 34 

89,679 00 

15,165 42 

8.555 75 

835,867 61 

2,496 92 

3,355 35 

22.084 56 

14.472 24 

7,578 67 

9.569 32 

6,628 63 

6,1.82 75 

14,084 14 

206,497 82 

7.870 31 

44.571 30 

9.460 *3 

7,2.59 14 

149,019 38 

12,343 46 



DISTRICTS. 



Vienna M'yl'd 

SnowIIill... " 
St. Mary's.. . " 
Town Creek " 
Annapolis . . " 
Georgetown D.ofC. 
Alexandria . Virg. 

Norfolk " 

Petersburg.. " 
Richmond.. " 
Yorktown .. " 
Tappahan'k . " 
Accotnac c.h. " 
East Kiver . . " 
Yeocomico.. " 
Cherrystone. " 
Wheeling .. " 
Wilmington. N.Car. 

Newbern " 

Washington. *' 

Edenton " 

Camden " 

Beaufort " 

Plymouth ... " 

(.)eraeoke " 

Charleston . . S.Car. 
Georgetown. " 

Beaufort " 

Savannah .. . Geor. 

Suiibury " 

Brunswick . . " 
Hanhvick .. . " 
.St. Mary's ... " 
Pcnsacola . . . Flor. 
St. Augustine " 
St. Mark's... " 
St. John's ... " 
Apalachicola " 
Key West ... " 

Mobile Ala. 

Pearl Kiver.. Mi.ss. 
Vicksbiirg ... " 
New Orleans. La. 

Teche " 

Nashville . . . Tenn. 
Louisville . . . Ky. 

St. Louis Miss. 

Chicago 111. 

Cuyahoga . . . Ohio 
Sandusky ... " 
Cincinnati... " 

Miami " 

Detroit Mich. 

Michilim'kinac " 
Galveston . . Tex. 

Saluria " 

Astoria •^reg. 

San Francisco Calif. 
Point Isabel. Tex. 



Registered 
tonnage. 



Enrolled and Total tonna 
licensed of eacli 

district. 



2,796 19 

2,887 31 

10,542 10 

948 76 

8,160 80 

503 26 



9.123 51 
1,518 32 
1,097 61 

127 07 
1,269 11 

613 69 
1,183 88 

15.377 48 
1,749 19 

10,4;37 16 



491 43 
1,221 11 



4,415 46 
7,403 67 



83,668 55 



415 92 

1,063 43 

15,2S5 12 

401 35 



15.478 01 


15,473 01 


9,511 51 


9,511 51 


2,184 91 


2,184 91 


2,226 81 


2,226 81 


2,323 17 


2,323 17 


14,214 42 


17,010 61 


5,850 -19 


8,737 80 


13,592 79 


24,134 89 


1,759 27 


2,703 08 


5,297 40 


8,453 25 


4,806 70 


4,806 70 


5,320 93 


5,324 24 


4,082 75 


4,082 75 


4,868 61 


4,863 61 


3,283 90 


3,283 90 


1,232 03 


1,232 03 


5,933 70 


5,933 70 


6,074 76 


15,198 .82 


8,689 25 


5,207 57 


4,605 49 


5,703 15 


1,018 09 


1,145 16 


10,678 88 


11,943 04 


1,645 79 


2,2.59 53 


1,144 54 


2,-328 47 


1.423 15 


1,458 15 


17,915 10 


33.292 53 


1,030 31 


2,779 50 


9,293 67 


19,7.30 8.3 


533 81 


533 SI 


9-33 87 


1.425 40 


572 63 


1,793 74 


353 07 


353 07 


309^2 


309 72 


5,050 36 


2,050 36 


2,350 09 


6.765 55 


16,753 88 


24,157 60 


1,367 34 


1,367 34 


460 28 


460 23 


165,040 49 


248,709 09 


1.380 71 


1,-380 71 


3,776 05 


3,776 05 


14,820 19 


14.820 19 


28,907 47 


28,907 47 


21,242 17 


21.242 17 


35,315 84 


.35,315 S4 


7,32S 49 


7,328 49 


17,1>8 80 


17,183 SO 


2.629 20 


2,629 20 


36,893 89 


36,893 59 


1,250 55 


1,250 55 


2,892 88 


8,308 S5 


588 52 


588 52 


— 


1,063 43 


2,306 65 


17..591 77 


274 28 


'675 63 


1,949,743 01 


3,535,454 23 



6. The general Statement of Tonnage Accounts from June 30, 1849, to June 30, 1850. 



1850. 
To amount of tonnage sold to foreigners 

in the year ending" 30th June, 1850. . . . 
To amount of tonnage condemned as un- 

seaworthy in tlie year 

To amount of tonnage lost at sea in the 

year ending 3oth June, 1850 

30th June. 

To balance, as appears by general state- 
ment of tonnage (marked A) 

To this difference in the enrolled ton- 
nage, which is presumed arises from 
transfer to the account of registered . . . 



Register'd A» 

tonnage 



13,467 

4,666 
23,724 

1,585,711 



18,467 

6,753 
34,748 

3,535,454 



1,627,5703,640,599 



JuneS0th,lSi9. 

By balance of tonnage, per statement, 

rendered for the year ending 30th 

June, 1349 



June 90th, 1S50. 
By amount of tonnage built, registered, 

enrolled, and licensed in the year 18.50 
By this amount, being an increase of the 

registered tonnage 

By this araoiml, being an increase of the 

licensed tonnage under 20 tons 



1,483,941 

157,612 
81,016 



3,334,015 

272,218 
31,016 
3.349 



1,627,570 3,610,599 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



6. A comparative View of the registered and enrolled Tonnage of the United States, showing 
the Tonnage employed in the Whale Fishery ; also, the proportion of the enrolled and licensed 
Tonnage employed in the Coasting Trade, Cod Fishery, Mackerel Fishery, and Whale Fish- 
ery, from 1815 to 1S50, inclusive. 





Registered ton- 
nase. 








Proportion oft 


le enrolled and licensed tonnage employed in the— 


Years. 


censed tonnage. 


Total tonnage. 


ill whale li.-liVv 


Coasting trade. 


Cod fishery. 


Mack'l fish'y. 


1 Whale 
1 fishery. 




■Ions and 9,ith3. 


1815.... 


854,294 74 


513.833 04 


1,-368,127 78 


1 — 


4-35.066 87 


26,570 33 


_ 


1,229 92 


1816.... 


8110.759 (53 


571,458 85 


1,.372.21S 53 


1 — 


479,979 U 


37,869 80 


— 


1,168 00 


181T.... 


81I9.724 70 


590,186 66 


1.399,912 4] 


4,874 41 


481,457 92 


53,990 26 


— 


349 92 


1818.... 


606.0^8 64 


619,095*51 


1.225,154 2(. 


16,134 77 


503,140 37 


58,551 72 


— 


614 63 


1819.... 


612,930 4^ 


647,821 17 


1,260.751 61 


31,700 40 


523.556 20 


65,044 92 


— 


686 35 


1S20.... 


619,047 53 


661,118 66 


1.280,166 24 


85,391 44 


539,080 46 


60,842 55 


, — 


1,053 66 


1821.... 


619,896 4( 


679,062 30 


1,298,958 79 


26,070 83 


559.435 57 


51,851 49 


— 


1,924 40 


1822.... 


628.150 41 


696.548 71 


1,324,699 17 


45,449 42 


573.080 02 


58,405 35 


— 


3,133 50 


1S2.3.... 


639.920 76 


696,644 87 


1,336,565 68 


39,918 13 


566,408 88 


67,621 14 


— 


585 37 


1824.... 


669.972 6C 


719,190 87 


1,889,163 02 


33,165 70 


589.233 01 


68,419 00 


— 


180 08 


1825.... 


70(1,787 OS 


722,323 69 


1,423,110 77 


35,379 24 


687,273 07 


70.626 02 


— 





1826.... 


T37.978 15 


796.210 68 


1,5.34,189 S3 


41,757 32 


666,420 44 


63,761 42 





226 83 


182T.... 


747,170 44 


873.437 84 


1,620.607 78 


45,653 21 


732.937 65 


74.048 81 


— 


328 94 


1828.... 


812,019 .34 


928,772 52 


1,741,.391 87 


54,621 08 


758,922 12 


74,947 74 


— 


180 M 


1829.... 


6,50,142 88 


610,654 8S 


1.260,797 SI 


67.284 38 


508,858 10 


101,796 78 







1830.... 


576,675 33 


615,311 10 


1,191,776 43 


38.911 82 


516,978 18 


61.554 57 


85,973 .33 


T92 87 


18.31.... 


620,451 92 


647,394 32 


1,267,846 29 


82.315 79 


539,723 74 


60,977 81 


46,210 80 


481 82 


1832.... 


686.989 77 


752,460 39 


1,439,450 21 


72.868 84 


649.627 40 


54,027 70 


47,427 72 


877 47 


1833.... 


750.126 72 


856,123 22 


1,606,149 94 


101.158 17 


744,198 60 


62,720 70 


48,725 43 


478 89 


1834.... 


857.433 42 


901,468 67 


1,758.907 14 


103,060 14 


783.618 65 


56,403 70 


61,082 11 


364 16 


1835.... 


SS5.S21 60 


939,118 49 


1,824,940 14 


97,640 00 


792.301 20 


72,-374 18 


64,443 11 


— 


1836.... 


897,774 51 


984,328 14 


1,882.102 65 


144,680 50 


873,023 21 


63,307 .37 


64,424 25 


1,573 26 


1837.... 


81(1,447 29 


1,0S6,238 40 


1,896,685 69 


127,241 81 


956,980 60 


80,551 89 


46.810 90 


1,894 86 


1888.... 


822,591 .^6 


1,173.047 89 


1,995,639 Si> 


119,629 89 


1,041.105 18 


70,064 00 


56.649 16 


5,229 55 


1839.... 


834.244 54 


1,262,234 27 


2,096,473 81 


131.845 25 


1,153,551 80 


72,258 68 


35,983 87 


439 69 


1840.... 


899,764 T4 


1,280,999 35 


2,180,764 16 


1.36,926 64 


1,176,694 46 


76,035 65 


28,269 19 




1841 .... 


845,803 42 


1,184,940 90 


2,1.30,744 ,37 


157,405 17 


1,107,067 88 


66,551 84 


11,321 13 





1842.... 


975,:^53 74 


1.117,031 90 


2,090,390 69 


151,612 74 


1,045,7.53 39 


54,804 02 


16,096 S3 


377 31 


1843.... 


l.(i(t9..305 01 


1,149,297 92 


2.158,601 93 


152.374 89 


1,076,155 59 


61,224 25 


11,775 70 


142 33 


1844.... 


1,068,704 91 


1,211.3.30 11 


2,280,095 07 


168.293 63 


1,109.614 44 


85,224 77 


16,170 66 


820 14 


1845.... 


1,095,172 44 


1,321,829 57 


2,417,002 06 


190,695 65 


1.190,898 27 


69,825 66 


21,413 16 


206 92 


1846.... 


1.1.31,286 49 


1,431.798 32 


2,562.084 81 


186,980 16 


1,289,870 89 


72,516 17 


36,463 16 


439 53 


184T.... 


1.241,312 92 


1.597,732 80 2,839,045 77 


193.858 72 


1,452,623 35 


70,177 52 


31,451 13 


— 


1848.... 


1.360,886 85 


1,793,155 00 3,154.041 85 


192,176 90 


1.620,988 16 


82,651 82 


43,558 78 


432 75 


1849.... 


1 4.38.941 53 


1,895.073 Tl 3,334,015 29 


180,186 29 


1,730.410 8t 


42.970 19 


73,853 78 




1850.... 


l/.s.^.7n 22 


1,949,743 01 


3,535,454 23 


146,016 71 


1,755,796 42 


85,646 30 


58,111 94 


— 



7. A Statement of the Number of Vessels built in the several States, and the Aggregate Ton- 
nage of each for the year ending 30th June, 1850. 



Maine 

New Hampshire 

Vermont 

Massachusetts 

Ehode Island 

Connecticut 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Delaware 

Marj'land 

District of Columbia, 

Virginia 

North Carolina 

South Carolina 

Georgia 

Florida 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Louisiana 

Tennessee 

Kentuclvy 

Missouri 

Illinois 

Ohio 

Michigan 

Texas 

Oregon 

Total 



CLASS OF VESSELS. 



Ships. 



Brigs. 



115 
2 

46 

5 
27 
50 
35 
39 
12 
125 

27 
23 



16 



3 
3 
9 

112 

17 

107 

3 



159 



826 
10 
1 

121 
14 
47 

224 
57 

185 
16 

150 

8 

34 



34 
5 
13 
31 
14 
1 
2 



1,360 



91,211 73 

6,914 82 

77 41 

85,836 14 
3,587 15 
4,819 79 

53,.342 73 
6,201 68 

21,409 93 
1,84,8 82 

15,964 80 

288 17 

3,534 09 

2,651 59 

683 82 

79 75 

113 66 

1,592 38 

6,460 69 
1,353 82 
1,691 21 
5,214 62 
2,061 63 
105 5t 
122 42 



272,218 64 
27 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



8. Statement sliowing the Number and Class of Vessels built, and the Tonnage thereof, in the 
several States and Territories of the United Stales from 1815 to 1850 inclusive. 



1815. 

1&16. 

ISIT. 

1818. 

1819. 

1820. 

1821. 

1822. 

1823. 

1824. 

1825. 

1826. 

1827. 

1828. 

1829. 

1830. 

1831. 

1832 

1833. 

1834., 

1835. 

1836.. 

188T., 

1838.. 

1839., 

1840.. 

1841.. 

1842., 

1843.. 

1844.. 

1845.. 

1846., 

1847.. 

1848.. 

1849.. 

1850.. 



CLASS OP VESSELS, 



Ships. 


Brigs. 


SclKtoners. 


136 


224 


680 


76 


122 


781 


34 


86 


559 


53 


85 


428 


63 


82 


473 


21 


60 


301 


43 


89 


248 


64 


131 


260 


55 


127 


260 


56 


156 


377 


56 


197 


538 


71 


187 


482 


58 


133 


464 


73 


108 


474 


44 


68 


485 


25 


56 


403 


72 


95 


416 


1.32 


143 


568 


144 


169 


625 


98 


94 


406 


25 


50 


302 


93 


65 


444 


67 


73 


507 


66 


79 


501 


83 


89 


439 


97 


109 


878 


114 


101 


310 


116 


91 


273 


53 


34 


138 


73 


47 


204 


124 


87 


322 


100 


164 


576 


151 


168 


689 


254 


174 


701 


198 


148 


62;3 


247 


117 


547 



274 
424 
394 
332 
242 
152 
127 
168 
165 
166 
168 
227 
241 
196 
145 
116 
94 
122 
185 
ISO 
100 
164 
168 
153 
122 
224 
157 
404 
173 
279 
.«,42 
355 
392 
547 
370 
290 











Steamers. 


•5 




H 





1,314 


— 


1,403 


— 


1.073 


— 


698 


— 


650 





5.34 





507 


— 


623 


15 


622 


26 


781 


35 


994 


46 


1,012 


88 


934 


33 


884 


43 


785 


87 


637 


84 


711 


100 


1,065 


65 


1,1SS 


68 


937 


30 


507 


124 


690 


185 


949 


90 


898 


125 


858 


64 


872 


78 


782 


137 


1,021 


79 


482 


163 


766 


163 


1,038 


225 


1.420 


198 


1,598 


175 


1,851 


208 


1.547 


159 


1,360 






154,624 39 

131.668 04 

86.393 37 

82.421 20 

79.817 86 

47.784 01 

55.856 01 

75.346 93 

75.007 57 

90 9.39 00 

114.997 25 

120 4.38 35 

104.342 67 

98.375 58 

77,098 65 

58,094 24 

85.962 68 

144,539 16 

161.626 86 
11 8,-330 37 

46.2.38 52 

113.627 49 
122.987 22 
113.135 44 
120,983 34 
118.309 23 
118.893 71 
129,083 64 

63.617 77 
103.537 29 
146,018 02 
18-^,203 93 
243,732 67 
318.075 54 
256.577 47 
272,218 54 



VII. 



STATEMENT OF THE DUTIES, REVENUES, AND PUBLIC EXPENDITURES DURING THE 
TEARS ENDING 30th JUNE, 1849 AND 1S50. 



From customs $28,346,738 82 

From sales of public lands. 1,688,959 55 
From miscellaneous sources 1,038,649 18 



Total receipts $31,074,347 50 

Avails of stocks, treasury 

notes, etc., issued $28,588,750 00 

Balance in treasury 1st July, 

1848 & 1849 153,534 60 



lS.iO. 

$.39,668,686 42 
1,859,894 25 
1,847,218 33 



$43,375,798 90 

$4,045,950 00 

2,189,964 28 



Total means $59,816,632 10 $49,606,713 18 



Civil list $2,865,615 88 $3,042,770 OT 

Foreign intercourse 7,972,^32 01 4,i^3'^,,594 76 

Miscellaneous 3,179,192 66 6,958,360 24 

Interior department — 3.400,524 87 

War department 17,290,936 68 9,-101,239 16 

Navv department 9,869,818 20 7,923,313 18 

Public debt 16,453,272 39 7,437,366 41 

Total expenditures $57,631,667 82 $43,002,168 69 



Balances 1st July '49 & '50 $2,184,964 28 



$6,604,544 49 



VIII. 6TATEMENT OF THE PUBLIC DEBT 30th NOVEMBER, 1850. 



DENOMINATION OF DEBT. 



Principal and interest of old funded and unfunded debt. Treasury notes of 181: 

and Yazoo scrip 

Debt of the cities of the District of Columbia, assumed per act SOtli May, I'iSO 
Outstanding tre.isury notes issued previous to 22d July, 1346, payable or fuudaliU 
Outstanding treasury notes i.ssuod under act 26tli June, 1846, p.ayable or fundabU 
Outstanding treasury notes issued under ant 2Sth Jan. 1847, payable or fundabk 

Stock issued for treasury notes 1887-1843, under act 28th Jan. 1847 

Loan of 15th April, 1842 

" 3d March, 1843 

" 22d July, 1846 

" 28lh Jan., 1847 

" 31st March, 1S48 

■Mexican indemnity stock 



When redeemable. 



On presentation 
$60,000 per annum 
On presentation 
On presentation 
On presentation 
1st January, 1868 
31st Dec. 1862 
Ist July, 1853 
121h Nov., 1856 
1st Jan., 1868 
1st July, 1868 
9th Aug., 1851 



$119,585 98 

900,000 00 

139,011 64 

25,850 00 

44,700 00 

154..328 00 

8,198,686 03 

6,468,231 85 

4,999.149 46 

27.135,122 00 

15,740.000 00 

303,578 92 



28 



Total debt per statement lat December, 1850 $64,228,238 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



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29 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



X. STATISTICS OF COINAGE. 



1. Deposits for Coinage, at the 
Mint of the United States and its 
Brandies, in the Year 1850. 



GOLD. 

Coins of U. S., old stand. 

Foreign Coins 

Uuilc'il Slates Bullion . . 

Foreign IJulliou 

Tolal of Gold 

KILVKK. 

United Slales Bullion. . 

Foreign Bullion 

Foreign Coins. 

Total of Silver 



Total . 



1,303: 

36.938 
113 



$269, 

143, 

1,526, 



$38,365,160 



1,939,041 



$40,304,201 



2. Coinage of the Mint of the United 
Stales and its Branches, in the 
Year 1850. 



Denominations., Pieces 



GOLD. 

Doub. Eagles 1,311.261 '$26,225,220 00 



Eagles 
Half Eagles.. 
Quar. Eagles 
Dollars 



Total Gold . 

COrPKE. 

Cents 

Half Cents , 



348,951 
172,1132 
358,219 
511,-301 



3,489,510 00 

860,160 (10 

895,542 5ii 

511,301 00 



2,701,764 $31,981,733 50 



4,426,844 
39,812 



44,263 44 
199 56 



Total Copper 4,566,656 1 $44,467 50 



Denominations. 



Gold & Copper 
Coins 

SILVER. 

Dollars 

Half Dollars. 
Quar. Dollars 

Dimes 

Half Dimes . 

Total 



7,268,420 



47,.500 

2.6S3,(iii( 

6(12,8111) 

2,411 ,.5111 

1,645,000 



14,588,220 



$32,026,200 



47,500 
,941.500 
15(1,700 
244,150 

82,280 



$33,892,301 



3. Coinage of the Mint of the United Stales, from 1792, including the Coinage of the Branch 
Mints, from the Commencement of their Operations, in 1838. 



Years. 


Gold. 


Silver. 


Copper. 


WHOLE COINAGE. 




JSO. ol PleCM, 


Viilue. 


1793-95 


$71,4S5 00 
102,727 50 
103,422 50 
2(15.610 00 
213.285 00 
317,760 00 
422,570 00 
423,310 00 
258,377 50 
258,642 50 
17U.367 50 
324,505 00 

4:37,495 00 

284,665 00 
169,375 00 
501.435 00 
497,905 00 
290.4:35 00 
477,140 00 
77,270 00 
3,175 00 

242,94t) 00 

258,615 00 

1,819,(.):30 00 

189,325 00 

68,980 00 

72,425 00 

93,200 00 

150,385 00 

92,245 00 

131,565 00 

14(J,145 (lO 

295,717 50 

64:3,1(15 00 

714,270 00 

798,435 00 

978,55(1 00 

8,954,270 00 

2,1-16,175 00 

4,1:35,700 00 

1,148,3(15 00 
1,8(19,595 00 
1.355,8^5 00 
1,675,:302 50 
1,091,597 50 
1,834,170 50 
8,108,797 50 
2.280 00 
3,756,447 50 
4.034,177 00 

20,221,385 00 
3,775,512 50 
9,007.761 50 

81,981,7:33 50 


$370,683 SO 

79,077 50 

12,591 45 

330.291 00 

423,515 00 

224,296 00 

74.75S 00 

58.34:3 00 

87,118 00 

100.340 50 

149,388 50 

471.319 00 

597.448 75 

684.300 00 

707.376 00 

638,773 50 

608,340 00 

814,029 50 

620,951 50 

561,687 50 

17,308 00 

28,575 75 

007,783 50 

1,070,454 50 

1,140,000 00 

501,680 70 

825,762 45 

S05,S06 50 

895,550 00 

1,752.477 00 

1.564,583 00 

2,002,090 00 

2,869,200 00 

1.575,600 00 

1,994,578 00 

2,495,400 00 

3.175.600 00 

2.579,000 00 

2,769,000 00 

3.415.002 00 

3.443.003 00 
3.6(16.100 00 
2.096,010 00 
2,3;3;3,213 00 
2,189,296 00 
1,726.703 00 
1.1:32,750 00 
2.332.750 00 
3,834,750 00 
2,2:55.550 00 
1,873.200 00 
2,558,5^0 00 
2,374,450 00 
2,040.050 00 
2,114,950 00 
1,866,100 00 


$11,373 00 

10,324 40 

9.510 34 

9,797 00 

9,106 68 

29.279 40 

13,628 37 

34.422 S3 

25,2U3 03 

12,844 94 

13.483 48 
5,260 00 
9,652 21 

13,090 00 
8,001 53 

15,660 00 
2,495 95 

10,755 00 
4,180 00 
3,578 80 

28,21(9 82 

39.484 00 
31,670 00 
26,710 00 
44,075 50 

3,890 00 
20,723 39 

12,020 00 
14,926 00 
16,344 25 
23,557 32 
25,636 24 
16,580 00 
17,115 00 
33,603 60 
23,620 00 
28,160 00 
19,151 00 
39,4s9 00 
2:3.100 00 
55.583 00 
53,702 00 
31.2^6 61 
24,627 00 
15,973 67 
23,833 90 
24,2,83 20 
23,987 52 
88,948 04 
41,208 00 
61,836 69 
64.1.57 99 
41,9S4 32 
44,467 50 


1,834,420 

1,219.370 

1,095,165 

1,868.241 

1,365,681 

8,.337,972 

1.571,390 

3.615.869 

2,780.830 

2.046.839 

2,260.301 

1,815.409 

2.731,345 - 

2,935.888 

2,861,834 

3.056.418 

1,049,570 

2,761,646 

1.755,:331 

l,S33,s59 

69,S67 

2,888,185 

5,163,967 

5,537,084 

5,(174,723 

6.492,509 

8.139,249 

3.m:3.78S 

2,16(;.485 

4.7-6,8!)4 

5.17-.760 

5,774.434 

9,(197,845 

6.196,S.V3 

7,674,501 

8,357.191 

11.792.284 

9.128.:387 

10,:3o7.790 

11,637,643 

15.996 342 

13.719.33:3 

]3.(ill).721 

15,780.311 

11,811,594 

10,558,240 

8,811.963 

11,743,153 

4,640,582 

9.051,834 

1.806,196 

10,133,515 

15,:392,344 

12.649.790 

12,066.6.J9 

14,5>8,220 


$+53,541 80 


1796 


192,129 40 


179T 


125,.524 29 


1798 


545.693 00 


1799 


645.900 68 


1800 


571,335 40 


1801 

1802 


510,H56 37 
510,075 83 


1803 


370,098 53 


1804 


371.>27 94 


1805 


3:33,2:39 48 


1806 


801. 0S4 00 


1807 


1,044.595 96 


1808 


982,055 00 


1S((9 


884,752 53 


1810 


1,155.868 50 


1811 


1.1(13,740 95 


1812 


1,116.219 50 


1813 


1,102,275 60 


1814 


642,535 80 


1815 


2(1.483 00 


1816 


56.785 57 


1817 


647,267 50 


1818 


l.:34o,064 50 


1819 


1,425,:325 00 


1820 


1.364.786 20 


1821 


l.OlS.977 45 


1822 


915.51(9 89 


1823 


967,975 00 


1824 


1,858,297 00 


1825 


1,7:.-!5,S94 00 


1826 


2,ll(i,(i79 25 


1827 


3.(i24,:342 82 


1828 


1,741.381 24 


1829 


2,:3((6.875 50 


1830 


3,155,620 00 


1831 


3,923.478 60 


1832 


8.401.(55 00 


1883 


3.765.710 00 


1834 


7,3^8423 00 


1835 


5.6(;8,607 00 


1836 


7.764.900 00 


1887 


3.299.898 00 


1838 


4.2(10.540 00 


1839 


3.570.467 61 


1840 


3.420.682 50 


1841 


2.2 4(i.:32l 17 


1842 


4.19(1.754 40 


1843 


11.907.830 70 


1844 


7.687.767 52 


1845 


5.608,595 54 


1846 


6.6:33.965 00 


1847 


22.6.57,071 69 


1843 


5,879.720 49 


1849 


11.104.095 82 


1850 


33,892,301 00 






Total 


$117,330,935 00 


$77,447,504 90 


$1,296,21 102 


370,536,129 1 


$195,074,710 92 



80 



UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. 



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^=« 
H 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



The progress of the United States has been as rapid as astonishing. The exhibits of the fore- 
going tables incontrovcrtibly attest the fact in every department of industry and economy. The 
mind, indeed, becomes bewildered in contemplating the subject. The States composing the Amer- 
ican Union on the ratification of its independence were thirteen in number, viz. : Massachusetts, 
New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Penn.'sylvania, 
Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. These States, the whole in- 
habited territory of which, with the exception of a few small settlements, was confined to the 
region extending between the Alleghany Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean, were those which 
existed at the period, they became an acknowledged separate and independent federal sovereign 
power. The thirteen stripes of the national standard continue to represent this number — the 
stars have increased to thirty-one, in accordance with the increase of additional sovereignties. 
The land area of these thirteen original States comprehended a superficies of 825,400 square miles. 
The United States as existing at the present time cover an area of about 3,260,000 square miles. 
The population at the first census in 1790 and that of 1850, compares as follows : 

Increase in 60 years. 

Classes. Census Census 



1790. 1850. Abaolute. Per cent. 

White persons 3,172,464 19,630,733 16,458,274 518.73 

Colored " —free 59,466 428,661 869,195 620.85 

" " —slave 697,897 3,204,089 2,506,192 359.10 

" " —total 757,363 3,632,750 2,875,387 379.65 

Total population 3,929,827 23,263,488 19,333,661 491.97 

— with such expansion of territory and augmentation of population may not the republican citizen 
indulge a feeling of satisfaction and gratitude. It presents the true test of the condition of a 
people, and the soundness and beneficence of the institutions under which such extraordinary 
results have accrued. 

The first accession of territory to the old Union was Louisiana, a territory extending from the 
British possessions in the north to the Gulf of Mexico (Texas excepted) on the south, and from 
the Mississippi on the cast to the Rocky Mountains on the west. The area within these limits is 
about 1,200,000 square miles. This vast territory is now occupied by the Stat^ of Louisiana, 
Arkansas, Missouri, and Iowa, the Indian and Nebraska Territories, Minnesota Territory, and the 
extensive territory yet unsettled, extending westward of Iowa and Minnesota and north of the 
43d parallel. Louisiana was purchased from the French in the year 1803. By the terms of the 
cession of this country, the United States also acquired the French claim to the territory west of 
the mountains. 

Florida was purchased from Spain in 1819. It contains an area of 59,300 square miles, and is 
now one of the organized States of the Union. The act of cession secured to the United States 
not only the actual territory of Florida, but also the Spanish claim to all the territory between 
the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains north of 42° latitude north. That portion of Florida 
now comprised in the States of Alabama and Mississippi was taken possession of by the United 
States as early as 1811. 

Texas was admitted into the Union in 1845, and added to the federal limits an area of 237,300 
square miles. 

The line of demarkation between the British possessions and the United States west of the Rocky 
Mountains, which had remained in doubt for many years, was settled in 1846; and a positive pos- 
session of a country extending over a space of 341,500 square miles was thus secured to the 
Union. The right of the United States to this territory dates from 1792, and was based on the 
discovery of the Columbia River by an American citizen (and had been strengthened by the cession 
of the French and Spanish claims) ; but until the period above named it could not be said to form 
an integr.al part of the federal territory. This acquisition is now divided into the Territories of 
Oregon and Washington. 

California Alta and New Mexico became parts of the Union by the terms of the treaty of Gua- 
dalupe Hidalgo, in 1848. The area of these Territories extends over about 596,500 square miles, 
and is now occupied by the State of California and the Territories of Utah and New Mexico. 

Are the present limits of the Union the ultimatum of its expansion, or if not, where is to be the 
line of our nationality .' Some there are whose ambitious views embrace the whole of North America 
and the Antilles in the American federation ; others do not confine themselves to so limited an ac- 
quisition, but already, with prophetic eye, see the star-spangled banner floating over the whole 
western hemisphere, and embracing in its ample folds the isles of the Pacific, and claiming sov- 
ereignty over the oceans on both its sides ; and again others foresee in the Union a palladium which 
32 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



shall cover the earth and gather all nations into one great brotherhood. The future will unveil 
wonderful events. " Manifest destiny," indeed, points to an unlimited extension of the Union. 
Already the popular mind is made up on the propriety or policy of annexing Mexico, Cuba, and 
the Canadas, which in the course of time and favoring events will most certainly become States of, 
or States under the protection of, the United States. As the greater body attracts the lesser, so 
the more liberal government attracts a more despotic ; and thus on a principle of nature the 
amalgamation will be consummated. But if the old world is too distant for annexation, there is 
some satisfaction in knowing that its people are willing to mingle their destiny with ours within 
our own territories, which are large enough to harbor and provide for the whole human family. 
The swelling tide of immigration to our shores bears witness to the superior attraction of our in- 
stitutions to the millions on whom the iron heel of despotism presses hardest. " Excelsior !" 

A few historical facts connected with the formation of the original Union, and the admission of 
new States, will not be out of place in this connection. On Monday, the 5th September, 1774, 
there was assembled at Carpenters' Hall, in the City of Philadelphia, a number of men who had 
been chosen and appointed by the several Colonies in North America, to hold a Congress for the 
purpose of discussing certain grievances imputed against the mother country. This Congress re- 
solved on the next day that each colony should have one vote only. On Tuesday, the 2d July, 
1776, the Congress resolved, " That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be. Free and 
Independent States," etc., etc. ; and on Thursday, the 4th July, the whole Declaration of Indepen- 
dence having been agreed upon, it was publicly read to the people. Shortly after, on the 9th Sep- 
tember, it was resolved that the words " United Colonies" should be no longer used, and that the 
" United States" should thenceforward be the style and title of the Union. On Saturday, the 15th 
November, 1777, " Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union of the United States of Amer- 
ica" were agreed to by tl^ State delegates, subject to the ratification of the State legislatures 
severally. Eight of the States ratified these articles on the 9th July, 1778 ; one on the 21st July ; 
one on the 24th July, and one on the 2Gtli November of the same year ; one on the 22d February, 
1779, and the last one on the 1st March, 1781. Here was a bond of union between thirteen inde- 
pendent States, whose delegates in Congress legislated for the general welfare, and executed cer- 
tain powers, so far as they were permitted by the articles aforesaid. On the 4th March, 1789, 
the present Constitution, which had been adopted by a convention and ratified by the requisite 
number of States, went into operation, and thus a more perfect union for the general good was 
formed. The dates at which the State legislatures severally ratified this instrument are given in 
the annexed table : 



Original States, Date of Ratification. 

Delaware 7th December, 17S7 

Pennsylvania 12tli " 17ST 

Kew Jersey ISth " 1787 

Georgia 2d January, 178S 

Connecticut 9th " 1788 

Massachusetts 2d February, 1788 

Maryland 28th AprU, 1788 



Original State3. Date of Ratification. 

South Carolina 23d May, 178S 

New Hampshire 21st June, 17SS 

Virginia 26th " 1788 

New York 26th July, 1788 

North Carolina 2l8t March, 1789 

and 

Khode Island 29th May, 1790 



The privilege of becoming members of the Union by ratifying the Constitution was confined to 
those States that were parties to the confederation by which the Constitution had been framed. 
The Constitution had been adopted by the convejition on the 17tli day of September, 1787. It re- 
quired that nine States should ratify it before its provisions could go into effect. Congress, on the 
13th September, 1788, determined that as a sufficient number of States had ratified it — eleven hav- 
ing done so — that it should become operative on the first Wednesday (the 4th) March, 1789. North 
Carolina and Pihode Island had not yet given it sanction ; but as soon as they acceded to its pro- 
visions, they were admitted to a participation of its blessings. 

The usual practice observed on the admission of new States is first to form a certain part of the 
country into a sort of colonial appendage, with a governor and other executive and judicial oflScers 
appointed by the President. When the population of such organized Territory becomes equal to 
the ratio which entitles a State to one member in the United States House of Representatives, the 
people are authorized to petition Congress for leave to frame a State Constitution, and this done, 
the admission of the State is only a matter of form. The ratio on which a Territory is entitled 
to claim admission is altered after each general census. At first it was about 40,000 ; but as 233 
is now the maximum number of members allowed for the lower branch of the federal legislature, 
and as the population is about 23,300,000, the ratio is not far from 96,000. The petition is sel- 
dom questioned, except, perhaps, at times when sectional feelings prevail, and even then the usages 
of the country eventually enforce its demands. The only interference by Congress being as re- 

88 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



Bpects boundaries, and that any constitution that may be framed by the new State shall be repub- 
lican in its form and not discordant with that of the United States. All the Western and Southern 
States have been admitted on these principles ; but in the case of Texas and California other prin- 
ciples have been necessarily adopted. 

Eighteen new States have been admitted into the Union since the confederation of the original 
thirteen colonies, as follows : 

1. Vermont, which formed a part of the territory of New York and New Hampshire, was admit- 
ted on the 4th March, 1791. 

2. Kentucky, which was formerly a part of Virginia, was admitted on the 1st June, 1792. 

3. Tennessee, formed from the territory ceded to the United States by North Carolina, and 
which afterward was known as the " Territory south of the Ohio River," was admitted on the 1st 
June, 1796. 

4. Ohio, the first State formed from the " Territory north-west of the Ohio River" — a territory 
which had been ceded to the United States by Virginia and other claimants, and which was erected 
into a government as early as 1787, was admitted on the 29th November, 1802. 

5. Louisiana, a part of the vast territory of the same name, purchased of France by the United 
States in 1803, and subsequently known as the Territory of Orleans, was admitted on the 8th 
April, 1812. 

6. Indiana, the second State formed to the north-west of the Ohio, was admitted within its 
present limits on the 11th December, 181G. 

7. Mississippi, which was formed from the territory ceded to the United States by South Caro- 
lina and Georgia, was admitted on the 10th December, 1817. 

8. Illinois, the third of the North-western States, was admitted on the 3d December, 1818. 

9. Alabama, the second State formed from the South Carolina and Georgia cessions, was admit- 
ted on the 14th December, 1819. 

10. Maine, originally a province of Massachusetts, but having been permitted to frame a State 
government by that State, was admitted on the 15tli March, 1820. 

11. Missouri, the second State formed from the French purchase, vras admitted on the 10th 
August, 1821. 

12. Arkansas, the third State formed from the Louisiana cession, was admitted on the 15th 
June, 1836. 

13. Michigan, the fourth State formed from the Territory north-west of the Ohio River, was 
admitted on the 26th June, 1837. 

14. Florida, -which has the same limits as when ceded by Spain, was admitted on the 3d March, 
1845. 

15. Texas, which had been an independent Republic for the ten preceding years, was admitted 
by a joint resolution of both Houses of Congress on the 29th December, 1845. 

16. Iowa, the fourth State formed from the Territory of Louisiana, was admitted on the 28th 
December, 1846. 

17. Wisconsin, the fifth State formed from the Territory north-west of the Ohio River, was ad- 
mitted on the 29th May, 1848. 

And 18. California, having been governed as a State for upward of a year, was admitted on 
the 9th December, 1850 ; and though the last, it is by no means the least important of the mem- 
bers of the great confederacy. 

Besides these thirty-one States which send representatives to Congress, in number according to 
their population, there are several local and dependent goverments, which are styled "Territories 
of the United States." Such are the Territories of Oregon, Washington, Utah, New Mexico, and 
Minnesota. The Territory of Nebraska is not yet organized, nor has the vast territory set apart 
for the Indians any aggregate existence, but each nation, within its own limits, is governed by its 
own laws. 

1. Oregon was erected into a Territory on the 14th August, 1848 ; 

2. Minnesota, on the 3d March, 1849 ; ^ 

3. Utah, and 

4. JVew Mexico, on the 9th September, 1850; and 

5 Washington, originally a part of Oregon, was formed into a separate Territory at the session 
Of 1852-53. 

The only Territory now remaining without local government is that portion of the United 
States embraced in the Nebraska country, and the vast domain extending beyond Minnesota and 
Iowa westward to the Rocky Mountains and north of the 43d parallel of north latitude. 
84 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



The District of Columbia, or Federal District, is under the immediate government of Congress, 
and is not represented in that body. 

The statistics of population of the old colonies were obscure and uncertain at the commencement 
of the Revolution ; but the population at that time could not have been far from 3,000,000, more 
or less. Since the peace a census has been taken at decennial periods. 

In 1790 the number of inhabitants in the States amounted to 3,929,827, of which number 
3,172,464 were white persons, 59,466 free colored persons, and 697,897 slaves. 

In 1800 the population had increased to 5,305,941, of which number 4,304,489 were whites, 
108,395 free colored, and 893,057 slaves. 

In 1810 the population amounted to 7,239,814, viz. : 5,862,004 whites, 186,446 free colored, and 
1,191,364 slaves. 

In 1820 the whole number amounted to 9,038,191, viz. : 7,866,569 whites, 233,524 free colored, 
and 1,538,098 slaves. 

In 1830 the population had increased to 12,866,020, of which 10,532,060 were whites, 319,599 
free colored, and 2,009,043 slaves. In the aggregate of this census are included 5,318 seamen in 
the United States service. 

In 1810 the census returned 17,069,453 inhabitants, viz. : 14,189,705 whites, 386,292 free color- 
ed, and 2,487,356 slaves. Included in the aggregate are 6,100 seamen in the United States service. 

The census of 1850 gave the whole population at 23,263,488, of which number 19,630,738 were 
white persons, 428,661 free colored, and 3,204,089 slaves. 

The per centum increase of the several classes, from one decennial period to another, was a3 
exhibited herewith : 



Classes. 


ngn.isoo. 


1?00-10. 


1810-20, 


1820-30. 


1?30-(0. 


1840-61 


"White persons 


85.7 .... 


. . . . 36.2 . . . . 


.... 84.2 . . . . 


.... 38.9 .... 


.... 84.7 .... 


.... 88.3 


Colored " —free 


S2.2 .... 


. . . . 72.2 . . . . 


.... 25.2 .... 


.... 86.8 .... 


.... 20.8 .... 


.... 10.9 


" " — slave . . . 


27.9 .... 


.... 33.4 .... 


.... 29.1 .... 


.... 80.6 .... 


.... 28.8 .... 


.... 28.8 


" " —total.... 


S2.2 


. . . . 37.6 .... 


. . . . 28.6 .... 


.... 31.4 .... 


.... 23.4 .... 


.... 26.4 


Total population 


36.0 .... 


. . . . 86.4 . . . . 


.... 3-3.1 .... 


.... 8.3.4 .... 


.... 32.6 ... 


. . . . 86.3 



The above sums are independent of the Indian population, the enumerations of which have ever 
been uncertain, but what at the present time may probably amount to about half a million. 

Sixty years since, says the census report of December, 1851, the proportion between the whites 
and blacks, bond and free, was 4.18 to 1. In 1850 it was 5.4 to 1, and the ratio in favor of the 
former race is increasing. Had the blacks increased as fast as the whites during these sixty years, 
their number, on the 1st June, would have been 4,686,410 ; so that, in comparison with the whites, 
they have lost in this period 1,053,660. 

This disparity is much more than accounted for by European emigration to the United States. 
Dr. Chickering, in an essay upon emigration, published at Boston, in 1848 — distinguished for great 
elaborateness of research — estimates the gain of the white population from this source at 3,922,152 
No reliable record was kept of the number of immigrants into the United States until 1820, when, 
by the law of March, 1819, the collectors were required to make quarterly returns of foreign pas- 
sengers arriving in their districts. For the iirst ten years, the returns under the law aiford 
materials for only an approximation to a true state of the facts involved in this inquiry. 

-Dr. Chickering assumes, as a result of his investigations, that of 6,431,088 inhabitants of the 
United States in 1820, 1,430,906 were foreigners, arriving subsequent to 1790, or the descendants 
of such. According to Dr. Seybert, an earlier writer upon statistics, the number of foreign pas- 
sengers from 1790 to 1810, was, as nearly as could be ascertained, 120,000 ; and from the estimates 
of Dr. Seybert, and other evidence, Hon. George Tucker, author of a valuable work on the Census 
of 1840, supposes the number, from 1810 to 1820, to have been 114,000. These estimates make for 
the thirty years preceding 1820, 234,000. 

If we reckon the increase of these emigrants at the average rate of the whole body of the white 
population during these three decades, they and their descendants, in 1820, would amount to about 
360,000. From 1820 to 1830, there arrived, according to the returns of the custom-houses, 135,986 
foreign passengers, and from 1830 to 1840, 579,370, making for the twenty years, 715,356. During 
this period, a large number of emigrants from England, Scotland, and Ireland came into the United 
States through Canada. Dr. Chickering estimates the number of such from 1820 to 1830 at 67,993 , 
and from 1830 to 1840 at 199,130— for the twenty years together, 267,123. During the same time 
a considerable number are supposed to have landed at New York with the purpose of pursuing 
their route to Canada ; but it is probable that the number of these was balanced by the omissions 
in the official returns. 

85 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



From 1840 to 1850, the arrivals of foreign passengers in the ports of the United States hare 
been as follows : 



1842 . . . 

1843 ... 

1844 ... 



88,504 


1S45 . 


101,107 


1S46* 


75,159 


1S47 . 


74,607 


1S43 . 



102,415 
202,157 
234,750 
226,524 



1S49 296,610 

lS50t 173,011 



Total 1,509,85') 



Within the last ten years there has probably been comparatively little immigration of foreigners 
into the United States over the Canada frontier ; the disposition to take the route by Quebec hav- 
ing yielded to the increased facilities for direct passenger transportation to the cities of the Union ; 
■what there has been, may, perhaps, be considered as equaled by the number of foreigners passing 
into Canada, after landing at New York, many having been drawn thitlier by the opportunities 
of employment afforded by the public works of the province. As the heaviest portion of this 
great influx of immigration took place in the latter half of the decade, it will probably be fair to 
estimate the natural increase during the term at twelve per cent., being about one-third of that 
of the white population of the country at its commencement. 

Investigations instituted since the date of this report lead to the conclusion that the immigration 
through Canada virtually ceased with the ten years ending in 1840, and that during the decennial 
term from 1840 to 1850, at least 48,000 foreign immigrants passed from the United States into 
Canada in excess of the number which passed from that province into the States of the Union. 
This correction does not materially alter the table of immigration up to 1840, but slightly reduces 
the aggregate for the sixty years. 

Taking for granted the substantial correctness of the above estimates, and the accuracy of the 
returns during the last ten years, the following statement will show the accessions to our popula- 
tion from immigration from 1790 to 1850 : 

Number of foreigners arriving from 1790 to ISIO 120,000 

Natural increase, reckoned in periods of ten years 47,560 

Number of foreigners arriving from ISIO to 1S20 114,000 

Increase of the above to 1S20 19,000 

Increase from 1810 to 1S20 of those arriving previous to ISIO 53,450 

Total number of immigrants and descendants of immigrants iu 1S20 359.010 

Number of immigrants arriving from 1S20 to 1830 203,979 

Increase of the above 35.723 

Increase from 1820 to 1830 of immigrants and descendants of immigrants in the country in 1820 134.130 

Total number of immigrants and descendants of immigrants in the United States in 1S30 732,847 

Number of immigrants arriving from 1830 to 1840 762,.369 

Increase of the above 129,602 

Increase from ISSO to 1840 of immigrants and descendants of immigrants in the United States in 1830 254,445 

Total number of immigrants and dcscemlants of immigrants in the United States in 1840 1,379,263 

Number of immigrants arriving from 1S4U to 1860 1,521,850 

Increase of the above at twelve per cent 183,942 

Increase from 1840 to 1850 of immigrants and descendants of immigrants in the United States in 1840 719,361 

Total number of immigrants into the United States since 1790, living in 1850, together with descendants of im- 
migrants 4,304,416 

Should the population increase in the average ratio (say 33J per cent, decennially) it has main- 
tained for the past sixty years, the United States will contain in 18G0, 31,018,000 ; 1870, 41,358,000 ; 
in 1880, 55,144,000; in 1890, 73,525,000; in 1900, 98,034,000; in 1910, 130,712,000; in 1920, 
174,293,000; in 1930, 232,391,000; in 1940, 309,855,000 : and in 1950, 413,139.000. Thus in one 
hundred years hence the United States may equal in its population that of China — a nation, the 
age of which reaches beyond the dawn of history. 

That the mission of the United States is one of a high destiny, who can doubt. Its progress in 
the past and its prospects for the future are alike incomparable, for no other nation of the world 
has been so blessed with increase, nor has any ever adopted so mild, yet potent influences to guard 
its welfare. Of the past, present, and future of our country, Mr. Everett, one of America's great- 
est statesmen, thus speaks: "We live at an era as eventful, in my judgment, as that of '76, 
though in a difi'erent waj'. We have no foreign yoke to throw ofi", but in the discharge of the duty 
devolved upon us by Providence, we have to carry the republican independence which our fathers 
achieved, with all the organized institutions of an enlightened community, institutions of religion, 

" This return includes fifteen montlis. from July 1, 1S4.';, to TOtli September, 1846. 

t Tlie report fn.m the St«te Department for this year gives .ll'^.SSS as the total number of passengers arriTing in the Dnited States, but of 
liese, 30.023 wre citizens of tlie Atlantic States |>roreeding to California by sea. and 6,320 natives of the country returning from visits abroad 
A deduction of 11.16,870 ia miule from Iho baliinie lor that portion of the year from June 1 to September 30. 

86 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



law, education, charity, art, and all the thousand graces of the highest culture, beyond the Mis- 
souri, beyond the Sierra Nevada! — perhaps in time around the circuit of the Antilles — perhaps to 
the archipelagoes of the central Pacific ! The pioneers are on the way — who can tell how far and 
how fast they will travel ? Who that compares the North America of 1753, but a century ago, 
and numbering but a little over a million of souls of European origin ; or, still more, the North 
America of 1653, when there was certainly not a fifth part of that number; — who that compares 
this with the North America of 1853 — its twenty-two millions of European origin, and its thirty- 
one States, will venture to assign limits to our growth — will dare to compute the time-table of our 
railway progress, or lift so much as a corner of the curtain that hides the crowded events of the 
coming century ? This only we can plainly see — the old world is rocking to its foundations. 
From the Gulf of Finland to the Yellow Sea, every thing is shaken. The spirit of the age has 
gone forth to hold his great review, and the kings of the earth are moved to meet him at his com- 
ing. The band which holds the great powers of Europe together in one political league, is strained 
to its utmost tension. The catastrophe may for a while be staved off, but to all appearance they 
are hurrying to the verge of one of those conflicts which, like those of Pharsalia and Actium, 
affect the condition of states for twice ten centuries. The Turkish Empire, encamped but for four 
centuries on the frontiers of Europe, and the Chinese Monarchy, cotemporary with David and 
Solomon, are alike crumbling. AVhile these events are passing in the Old World, a tide of emi- 
gration which has no parallel in history, is pouring Westward across the Atlantic, and Eastward 
across the Pacific, to our shores. The real political vitality of the world seems moving to the new 
hemisphere, whose condition and fortune it devolves upon us and our children to mould and regu- 
late. It is a grand, a solemn thought, well calculated to still the passions of the day, and to 
elevate us above the paltry strife of parties. It teaches us we are called to the highest, and I do 
verily believe, to the most momentous trust that ever devolved upon one generation of men. 
Let us meet it with a corresponding temper and purpose — with the wisdom of a well-instructed 
experience ; with the foresight and preparation of a glorious future — not only on the narrow plat- 
forms of party policy and temporary expediency, but in the broad and comprehensive spirit of 76." 

87 



GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF STATES, ETC. 



States 


Are.i 

eq. miles. 

lTes : 

. . 30,000 .... 

9.2S0 

.. 10,212 .... 

T.S'iO.... 
1.360 . . . 
4,674 .... 


Population in 18R0 




Territoriea. 

New England Stj 


Wliitea. Free Uolorea. 

.... 531,813.... 1,356.... 
. . . . 317,456 .... .520 . . . . 
.... 318.402 ... 718 .... 
985,450 .... 9,064 . . . . 
. . . . 143.875 .... 8,G70 . . . . 
.... 363,099.... 7,693.... 


Slaves. 


Kew Hampshire . . 

Verraout 

Massachusetts .... 

Ehoile Island 

Connecticut 


— 



Total. 



63,326 



2,705,095 .... 23,021 . . 



II. Middle Atlantic States : 

New Turk 46,000 8,048,825 

New Jersey 8,320 465.51 3 

Pennsylvania 46,()00 2,258,463 , 

Delaware 2.120 71,169 

Maryland 9,356 417,943 



Total 111,796 6,261,413, 

III. District of Columbia 60 88,027 

IV. Southern Atlantic States: 

Virsinia 61,852 894,800. 

North Carolina 45,000 553.028 . 

South Canlina 24,500 274,567 . 

Georgia 58,(i00 521..572 . 

Florida 59,2CS 47,211. 



Total. 



248,120 2,291,178 



V. Central Slave States, etc. : 

Alabama 50.722 

Mississippi 47.156 

Tennessee 45,600 

Kentucky 37.6^0 

Louisiana 46,431 

Texas 237 ,.321 

Arkansas 52,198 

Missouri 67,380 . 

Indian Ter 187,171 



426,486 
295,718 
756,753 
761,417 
255,491 
1,54,034 
162,169 
592,004 . 



Total. 



771,659 8,404,092 



VI. Central Free States, etc. : 

Ohio 89.964 1,955,103 

Indiana 33,809 977,628 

Michigan 56,243 395.097 



Illinois. 
Wisconsin .... 

Iowa 

Minnesota Ter. 
North-West Ter. 



Nebraska Ter 136,700 



5,5.4u5 846,0.35 , 

53.924 304,758 

511,914 191,879 

83,000 6,033 

587,564 



Total. 



1,097,523 4,676,543 



VII. Pacific States, etc. : 

California 188,981 ... 

New Mexico Tei'.. . . 210.7^4 . . . 

Ut.ih Ter 187.923 ... 

Oregon Ter I oii -p,., 

Washington Ter. . f -^i^^^'^ •• • 

Total 929,111 . . . 



49.069 . 
23,^20 , 
53,323 . 
18,073 . 
74,723 . 

219,003 . 

, 9,973 



54,333 

27,463 

8.956 

2,931 . 

924 . 

94,607 



2,293 

930 

6,401 

10,007 

17,462 

397 

608 

2,613 , 



45,106 



Grand Total .... 8,221,595 19,553,928 



91,632 . . 

61,530 . . 
11,330 .. 

13,083 . . 


965 
17 
24 

206 


177,580 . . 
19,553,928 . . 


. . 1,212 
. . 433,643 




1,567,051 



842.892 

309,878 
239.460 

210,981 
244,809 
58,161 
47,100 
87,422 . 



40,716 .... 1,540,703 



25,319 

10,783 

2,557 

5.435 

533 

&35 



26 



Pop. 



583.169 19,4 

317.976 34,2 

314,120 30.1 

994,514 126.1 

147,.545 108.0 

870.792 79.8 

2,728,116 43.1 



3,097.304 67,6 1 

489,5.55 60.0 

2,311,786 50.2 

91,532 43.6 

5S3,0ai 62.3 ' 



3,952,836 15.9 



771,671 15.2 

606,526 12.8 

1,002,014 21.9 

9^2,405 26,0 

517.762 11.1 

212..592 0.9 

209,897 4.0 

682,044 10.1 



4,985,511 8.6* 



1,980,427 49.5 

9SS,416 29.2 

397,654 7.0 

851.470 15,3 

305,391 5,6 

192,214 .3.7 

6,077 0,1 



4,721,649 21.5* 



92,.597t 0.5 

61..547 0.2 

11,330 0.1 

13,294 0.1 



178.818 



0.1 



23,191,673 1.4 



• In calculating these ratios, the area of the uninhabited and Indian territory h omitted, 

f Tliis is the United States Census asceruinment. The census taken by the State authorities in 1853 allows a population ol 351,436. 

as 



120 
177 
273 
144 
349 



194 

184 

285 

70 

138 



6,573,301 57.3 

51,687 861.4 1 60 




163 
263 

108 
116 
269 
46 
163 
102 



221 

94 

152 

87 
293 
103 
159 
220 
176 



61 

190 
276 
[281 
I 296 



THE STATE OF ALABAMA. 



Alabama, is bounded on the north by Tennessee, on the east by Georgia and Florida, on the south by Florida and the 
Gulf of Mexico, and on the west by Mississippi, and extends generally between latitudes 31° and 850 north, and longi- 
tudes 85° 10' and 88° 31' west from Greenwich, or 8° 08' and 11° 29' from Washington; a narrow strip, however, extends 
south beyond the main body of the State between Florida and Mississippi, reaching the Gulf of Mexico, which it strikes in 
about 30° 10'. Its length from north to south, excluding the strip of land above mentioned, is 228 miles, and its breadth 
varies from 1-16 miles on the north line to 210 on the south line ; and the area of the State is 50,722 square miles. 

The north-eastern part of Alabama, being traversed by several riiiges of the Allcghanies, which terminate in this State, 
is decidedly mountainous, but presents nowhere any considerable elevations. South of this mountain region the surface 
has a general declivity toward the Gulf of Mexico, first descending gradually from mountains to high bills, and then 
sinking to a vast plain, scarcely broken except by gentle swells; and the more southern portion is a dead level, but little 
above the water surface of the ocean. The southern half of (he State consists ofextensive prairies and pine-barrens, 
interspersed with alluvial river bottoms of great fertility; and the lands of the centre and north are generally covered 
■with a good if not a very rich and productive soil. In the valley of the Tennessee, which occupies so large an area in 
the northern part of the State, alluvion is the prevailing formation ; and the rich bottom-lands of this region are extensive, 
and form one of the best agricultural districts within the limits of the State. 

With the exception of the Tennessee, which takes a circular sweep through Northern Alabama, but receives no con' 
slderable tributary on its southern side, all the rivers flow into the Gulf of Mexico ; nearly the whole surface, indeed, is 
drained into one single channel, the Mobile Eiver, which by several large arms gathers up the waters of the whole south- 
ern slope, except those of a comparatively small tract in the south-east. The Chattahoochee, although a large stream, and 
■washing the eastern border fur more than a hundred miles, receives only a few inconsiderable streams from this State; 
and the Choetawhatchee, Conecuh, and Perdido are, in point of size, secondary rivers. The Mobile, the great river of 
Alabama, is formed by the junction of two large rivers, the Alabama and Tombigbee, 50 miles above Mobile Bay. A 
few miles below its junction it gives out a large branch, called the Tensaw, which receives also an arm from the Alabama, 
and reaches Mobile Cay at Blakely. The Tombigbee, or Western Branch of the Mobile, is formed by the confluence of 
two large streams, the Tombigbee Proper from Mississippi, and the Black Warrior from Northern Alabama. It admits 
vessels drawing flve or six feet of water to St. Stephens, 93 miles from the bay, and steamboats to Tuscaloosa, on the 
Black Warrior, 285 miles, and to Columbus, on the Tombigbee Proper, in Mississippi, about 300 miles. The length of 
this river, by its tortuous channel, is about 450 miles, and it is boatable almost to its sources. The Alabama, or Eastern 
Branch, is navigable for vessels of six feet draft to Claiborne, 60 miles above its junction with the Tombigbee; 150 miles 
farther, to the mouth of the Cahawba, it has four or five feet of water, and to the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa, 
of which it is formed, it has in the shallowest parts three feet of water. Steamboats ascend it to Montgomery, .300 miles 
by the course of the river, and even to Wetumpka, on the Coosa, several miles above. The Coosa and Tallapoosa both 
have their rise in Georgia. The navigation of all these rivers, however, is interrupted during the season of low water in 
the summer months, and at best afibrds only a precarious means of transport for merchandise. 

The sea-coast of Alabama extends only from the Perdido to the western line of the State, a distance of some 60 miles, 
but it contains Mobile Bay, one of the largest and deepest basins on the Gulf, and the great outlet of the navigable 
•waters of the Slate. This fine sheet of water is about 80 miles long, and from three to 18 miles broad, and the main 
entrance has 15 feet of water at low tide, but vessels of more than eight or nine feet draft can not approach nearer than 
10 or 11 miles from Mobile city, except at high water. Smaller vessels may go hence to New Orleans by an inland chan- 
nel through Pascagoula Sound, a long, narrow lagoon, lying between a range of low sand-islands and the mainland. 
Perdido Bay, on the south-eastern edge of the State, is of little consequence to commerce, and is, moreover, ditflcult of 
access, on account of the sand-bars and islands which block its entrance to the sea. 

Alabama has great mineral resources. The whole central region is underlaid with vast beds of iron ore, or occupied 
by coal measures of great thickness and extent. The coal found here is of a highly bituminous character, and well 
adapted for steamboats and factories, and being in juxtaposition with the iron ores, will greatly facilitate the progress of 
mining industry. The country in this region is also well wooded, fertile, and easily attained from all directions, and in 
the succession of events must eventually become of great importance to the whole South. Bloomeries and rolling mills, 
with other establishments for manufacturing iron, have already been erected, and the products of these have become 
both extensive and valuable. The principal seats of these operations are on the Cahawba and Coosa rivers. Besides 
coal and iron, Alabama yields lead ore, manganese, several descriptions of ochres, limestone, and marbles, and in the 
north-eastern section gold in considerable quantities has been collected. Lead ore, or galena, is found in the limestone 
formation, chiefly in Benton County: it is a pure sulphuret and granular, closely attached to the rock, and passes it in 
irregular bunches. The carbonate is also found, and in its neighborhood there are veins of calx spar and sulphate of 
barytes. Manganese occurs also in the limestone region, ami has been used in the manufacture of chloride of lime. The 
ochres occur chiefly near Bucksville, and the rod ochre found here is sufficiently rich to be used as an ore of iron. The 
marbles found in this State occur most plentifully on the Cahawba, and many of the beds afford specimens of great 
beauty: some are gray, with red veins; others are red and yellow, and specimens with greenish veins are not uncom- 
mon. There is also a bufi'-colored maAle, filled with organic remains, and beds of white crystalline marble, clouded 
with red, occur. Black marble is also abundant. The compactness and thickufss of these formations are such as to 
elicit a favorable opinion of their value, and cause them to be looked upon with great interest in connection with tha 

89 



THE STATE OF ALABAMA. 



industrial resources of tlie State. The resources of Alabama, however, have never been thoroughly examined ; but 
there can be little doubt, taking the present knowledge of its mineral deposits as an index, that the researches now being 
instituted, will result in further and more valuable disclosures of a vast wealth of miueral within its borders, and be the 
means of placing the State in the first rank of mineral-producing districts. 

The soil, climate, and vegetation of Alabama vary with the position and elevation of its several parts. In the north, 
where mountain is the prevailing feature, the soil is but moderately fertile, but in the iutervales there is much that can not 
be excelled. The climate is here moderate, and the vegetation hardy : it is the region of the cereals, and a fine grazing 
country. The central pans of tliis State, less elevated and undulating, are well watered, and in the river-bottoms the 
land is extremely rich and productive. The valley of the Alabama is one of the most fertile regions of the Union. In 
the south the climate is very warm, the soils rich, but with great exceptions, and the principal growths of a tropical 
character. The sugar-cane has been found to succeed well in the extreme southern strip between Florida and Mississippi, 
and indigo was formerly raised in considerable quantities ; rice, also, grows well in the alluvial bottoms near the Gulf ; 
but cotton, which thrives throughout the State, is the great agricultural staple. The natural growths and animals are in 
no way different from those of the neighbormg States on the Gulf of Mexico. The most common of animals is the deer, 
and the country abounds in turkeys, partridges, geese, ducks, and various other species of smaller game ; and fish in 
abundance may be taken in the rivers and bays. 

Alabama is divided into 52 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1850, were as follows : 



NoKiTiERN Alabama — IS counties. 



Counties. Dwell. 

Benton 2,1SS. 

Blount 1,12T.. 

Cherokee 2,039.. 

DeKalb 1,251.. 

Fayette 1,40S. 

Franklin 1,955.. 

Hancock 251 . 

Jackson 2,000.. 

Jefferson 1,140.. 



Autauga 1,114. 

Baldwin 39T. 

Barbour 2,306. 

Bibb 1,153., 

Butler 1,210. 

Chambers 2,1 3S. 

Choctaw 760. 

Clarke 873. 

Coffee 893 

Conecuh 847. 

Coosa 1,725. 

Covington 503. 

Dale 928. 

Dallas 1,375. 

Green 1,730. 

Henry 1,142. 

Lowndes 1,354. 



Pop. 


Farms 
ncult. 


'^^: <^='^-'^'^- 1 


Counties, 


Dwell. 


Pop. 


Farms Manuf. p..;,,i, 
in cult. Estab. Capitals. 


.17,163. 


.1,227. 


.31. 


.Jacksonville 


Lauderdale. . . . 


1,868. 


.17,172. 


.1,180. 


.32. 


. Florence 


. 7,367. 


. 753. 


. 9. 


.Blountsville 


Lawrence 


1,469. 


.15,258. 


. 930. 


.24. 


.Moulton 


.18,*34. 


.1,126. 


.15. 


. Centre 


Limestone 


1,429. 


.16,483. 


. 649. 


.28. 


.Athens 


. 8,245. 


. 616. 


. S. 


.Lebanon 


Madison 


2,046. 


.26,427. 


.1,080 


.92 


.Uuntsville 


. 9,6S1. 


.1,065 


.24. 


. Fayette 


Marion 


1,108. 


. 7,833. 


. 573. 


. 5. 


.Pikeville 


.19,610 


. 913 


.28 


.Kussellville 


Marshall 


. 1,801 


. 8,846. 


. 5S6. 


.12. 


.Warrenton 


. 1,542. 


. 144 


. 1 


.Hancock C. H. 


Morgan 


1,103. 


.10,125. 


. 584. 


.13. 


.Somervillo 


.14,088 


. 856 


. 4 


. Belletbnte 


St. Clair 


. 944 


. 6,829. 


. 573 


.— . 


.Ashville 


. 8,9S9. 


. 752 


. 4 


.Ely ton 

SOUTHKRN ALAB 


Walker 

AMA — 34 counties 


. 799 


. 5,124 


. 909 


.11 


.Jasper 


Pop. 


Farms M.inuf 
ncult. Estab 


• Capitals. 


Counties. 


Dwell. 


Pop. 


Farms 
ncult. 


^r,!- capitals. 


15,023. 


711. 


.61. 


.Kingston 


Macon 


1,849. 


.26,898. 


.1,203. 


.19. 


.Tuskegee 


. 4,414. 


. 121. 


.38. 


.Blakely 


Marengo 


1,353. 


.27,831. 


. 818. 


. 4. 


.Linden 


22.632. 


1,325. 


.39. 


Clayton 


Mobile 


8,027. 


.27,600. 


. 249. 


.61. 


.Mobile 


9,969. 


654. 


.13. 


. Ceutreville 


Monroe 


1,005. 


12,013. 


692. 


23. 


Claiborne 


.10,830. 


553. 


.14. 


.Greenville 


Montgomery . . 


1,SS1. 


.29,795. 


962. 


. 6. 


MONTGOMEKT 


23,960. 
. 3,737. 


1,342. 
. 445. 


56 




Perrv 


1,8.32. 


.22,285. 


.1,006. 
.1,438. 


?1 


. Marion 




. Butler 


Pickens 


1.896. 


.21,512. 


.84. 


. Carroll ton 


. y,7S6. 


. 456. 


.16. 


. Clarkesville 


Pike 


1.973. 


.15,920. 


1,533. 


. 5. 


-Troy 


. 5,940. 


. 604. 


. 9. 


. Wellborn 


Randolph 


1.904. 


.11,581. 


. 969. 


.23. 


. Weedowee 


. 9,322. 


. 498. 


.12. 


.Sparta 


Eussell 


1.411. 


.19,548. 


.1,049. 


. 4. 


.Crawford 


.14,.543. 


.1,130. 


.13. 


.Kockford 


Shelby 


1,170. 


. 9,536. 


. 693. 


. 9. 


. Columbiana 


. 3.645. 


. 138. 


. 6. 


. Andalusia 


Sumter 


1,842. 


.22,250. 


. C6S. 


.12. 


.Livingston 


. 6,346. 


. 697. 


_ 


.Newton 


Talladega 


1,861. 


.18,624. 


998. 


.21. 


.Talladega 


.29,737. 


. 749. 


.82. 


. Cahawba 


Tallapoosa . . . 


2,037. 


.15.584. 


.1,270. 


.18. 


. Dadcville 


.31,441. 


.1,310. 


.71. 


.Eutaw 


Tuscaloosa 


1,914. 


.18,056. 


.1,115. 


.82. 


.Tuscaloosa 


. 9,019. 


. 671. 


._. 


.Abbeville 


Wilcox 


983. 


.17,352. 


. 666 


. 6. 


.Camden 


.21,915. 


. 874. 


. 2. 


.Haynesville 


Washington . . 


. 258 


. 2,713. 


. 141 


•— ■ 


.Old Washington 



The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 73,070; of families, 78,786; and of iuhabitants, 
771 671; viz., whites 426,507— males 219,728, and females 206,779 ; fr. col. 2,272— males 1,047, and females 1,225, and si. 342,892. 
Of 'the' whole population there were, deaf and dimib—y/h. 157, fr. col. 1, si. 28— total 186; blind— v,h. 164, fr. col. 3, 
b1. 141— total 808 ; insane— y/h. 208, fr. col. 2, si. 35— total 245 ; and idiotic— v/h. 863, fr. col. 0, si. 142— total 405. The 




Ga. 58,997, Flor. 1,060, Alabama 237,542, Miss. 2,852, La. 628, Tex. 55, Ark. 91, Tenn. 22,541, Ky. 2,994, Ohio 276, Mich. 
18 Ind 93, 111. 114, Mo. 158, la. 7, Wis. 3; and the foreign population was composed of persons from— England 941, 
Ireland 3.639, Scotland 584, Wales 67, Germany 1,068, France 503, Spain 163, Portugal 89, Belgium 4, Holland 1, 
Turkey 1, Italy 90, Austria 33, Switzerland 113, Eussia 10, Denmark 18, Norway 3, Sweden 51, Prussia 45, Greece 7, 
Africa IS, British America 49, Mexico 89, Central America 3, South America 2, West Indies 28, Sandwich Islands 3, and 

Other countries, 116. , , c. . . i i tt. 

The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the Srst census of the State, taken by the 

United States authorities: 

Colored Persons. Dece nnial Increase. 

„ TtTl ,ia. ■ . * — , T0t:il ' ' 

Census pgrll.ns free. Slave. Total. Population. Numerical. Percent. 

1820 85.451 571.' 41,S79 42,450 127,901 - - 

183o"' 190406 ....1,572 117.549 118,121 ..,309.527 181,626 142.0 

1840 335'ls5' 2,039 253.532 255,571 590,756 281,229 90.3 

1850"..."....426',507 2,272 842,892 345,104 771,671 180,915 30.6 

40 . 



THE STATE OF ALABAMA. 



deer. 


34,T4T 


" 


or 63.1 


iiicr. 


2,499,543 


(t 


or 11.9 


incr. 


96,935 


" 


or 6.9 


deer. 


3,734 


a 


or 4S.5 


incr. 


290 


'< 


or 500.0 



The general statistics of the resources, products, manufixetures, wealth, and institutions of the State, according to the 
census of 1S50, and other official documents referring to the same period, arc as exhibited in the following summary: 

Occupied Lands, etc. — Farm lands, improved 4,43.5,614 acres, and unimproved 7,702,(167 acres. Cash value of farms 
$64,323,224. The whole number of farms under cultivation on the 1st June, was 41,964— in Northern Alabama 14,216, 
and in Southern Alabama 27,748. Value of tiirming implements and machinery, it5,125,663. 

Live-Siocl:—}IoTses, 128,001 ; asses and mules, 59,395 ; milch cows, 227,791 ; working oxen, 66,961 ; other cattle, 433,263 ; 
sheep, 371,880; and swine, 1,904,540. The live-stock of 1840, compared with the live-stock of 1850, exhibits the 
following results : 

Description. 1840. ISM. Increase. 

J^"''-:---; I 143,147head i 128,001 head I 44,749 head, or 31.3 per cent. 

Asses and mules ) I 59,895 " ) 

Milch cows J , 227,791 " j 

Working oxen l 668,018 " -J 60,961 " t 57,997 " or 8.9 " 

Other cattle. ) I 488,263 " i 

Sheep '. 163,243 " 371,880 " 208,537 " or 127.9 " 

Swine 1,423,873 " 1,904,540 " 480,667 " or 33.8 « 

—in 1850, the value of live-stock was estimated at $21,690,112. 

Products of Animtds. — Wool, 657,118 pounds; butter, 4,008,811 pounds; cheese, 31,412 pounds; and the valuo of 
animals slaughtered during the year had been $4,823,485. The wool crop, represented in the census of 1840, 
amounted to 220,353 pounds, and lience the increase of the crop in 1850 was 486,765 pounds, or in the ratio of 198.2 per 
centum. In 1840, the average clip per fleece was 21.6 ounces, and in 1850, 2S.3 ounces — making an increase per fleece 
amounting to 6.7 ounces, or 12.4 per centum — a fact which is sufliciently Indicative of the surprising success of sheep- 
farming in the extreme Southern States. A similar increase is apparent in Mississippi and Louisiana. 

Grain CV(>p«.— Wheat, 294,044 bushels ; rye, 16,261 bushels; Indian corn, 22,446,552 bushels; oats, 1,503,288 b.ishels ; 
barley, 3,953 bushels ; and buckwheat, 343 bushels. These crops compared with those of 1840, give the following results : 

Crops. 1S<0. I8,i0. Movement. 

Wheat 828,052 bushels 294,044 bushels deer. 534,003 bushels, or 64.4 per cent. 

Eye 51,008 " 16,261 " 

Indian corn 20,947,004 " 22,446,552 " 

Oats 1,406,353 " 1,503,233 " 

Barley 7,692 " 3,953 " 

Buckwheat 53 " 343 " 

Other Food O-ops.—Eice, 2,311,252 pounds; peas and beans, 892,701 bushels; and potatoes — Irish 246,001 bushels, 
and sweet 5,475,204 bushels. The rice crop of 1840 was only 149,019 pounds. The potato crop of the same year 
amounted to 1,708,356 bushels. 

Miscellaneous Crojjs. — Tobacco, 164,990 pounds; ginned cotton, 564,429 bales of 400 pounds; hay, 32,635 tons; clover- 
seed, 138 bushels ; other grass seed, 547 bushels; hops, 276 pounds; flax, 3,921 pounds; flax-seed, 69 bushels; silk 
cocoons, 167 pounds; sugar — maple 643 pounds, and cane 8,242,000 pounds; molasses, 83,428 gallons; beeswax and 
honey, 897,021 pounds; wine, 220 gallons, etc. The principal of these, compared with the crops returned in the census 
of 1840 exhibit the following movement: 

Crops. lS-(0. 18.nO. Movement. 

Tobacco 273,302 pounds 164,990 pounds deer. 108,312 pounds, or 39.6 per cent 

Cotton 117,138,823 " 225,771,600 " .... incr. 108,532,777 " or 92.6 » 

Hay 12,718 tons 32,685 tons .... incr. 19,967 tons or 156.9 " 

Sugar-maple ) 10,143 pounds ■} „ 643 pounds .... I .,^^^_ 8,232,500 pounds, or - « 

" cane ) ^ ( 8,242,000 " ....) .if . 

Wine 177 gallons 220 gallons i)icr. 43 gallons, or 24.3 " 

— the value of orchard products in 1850 was $15,408, and of market-garden products $84,821. 

Home-^nade manufactures for the year ending 1st June, 1850, were produced to the value of $1,934,120. The same 
description of goods returned in the census of 1840 were valued at $1,656,119. 

Mantifactai-es. — Aggregate capital invested on Ist June, 1350, $0,000,000 ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed 
in the year then ending, $0,000,000 ; average number of hands employed 00,000 — male 0,000, and female 0,000 ; monthly 
cost of labor $000,000— male 000,000, and female $00,000; value of manufactures produced in the year, $4,464,006. The 
•whole number of manufacturing establishments in operation on the 1st June, 1850, and producing to the annual value of 
$500, was 1,022 — in the Northern District 341, and in the Southern District 631, and these were distributed to the counties 
as shown in the general table. Of the whole number 12 were cotton factories ; 14 iron works — 3 making pig iron, 10 
making castings, and one making wrought iron; and 149 were tanneries. The total capital invested in manufactures, in 
1840, amounted to $2,130,064. 

The condition of the iron manufacture is exhibited in the annexed summary: 

Specifications. Tig Iron. Ca.st Iron. Wrought Iron. Total. ' 

Capital invested dollars. . . . 11,000 216,625 2,500 230,125 

Ore used to7is 1,838 — — 1,838 

Pig iron used " — 2,848 120 2,468 

Coke and charcoal used lushels.. . .145,000 31,300 80,000 206,800 

Value of r.iw material, etc dollars 6,770 102,085 8,000 111,855 

Hands employed number.... 40 212 14 266 

Monthly cost of labor dollars. ... 700 77,447 3,360 81,50T 

Iron produced tons 522 1,915 100 2,58T 

Value of year's products dollars. . . . 22,500 271,126 7,500 801,126 

—in 1340, Alabama had in operation 1 furnace, producmg annually 30 tons, and 5 forges producing 75 tons, and the total 
capital invested in the manufacture was $9,500. 

41 



THE STATE OF ALABAMA. 



Capital invested in cotton manufactures, $051,900; value of all raw material, etc., consumed, $237,031 ; cotton con- 
Bumed, 5,208 bales ; hands employed, 715— males 346, and females 369 ; average monthly cost of labor, .$6,999— male 
|4,05.3, and female $2,946; products of tlie year— sheelina:, etc., 3,081,000 yards, and yarn 790,000 pounds; entire value 
of products $.382,260. The total capital invested in the cotton manufacture, in 1S40, amounted to $35,575. 

Capital invested in tanneries $200,570; value of raw material, etc., used, $158,247; hands employed 462 — males 46T, 
and females 5; average monthly cost of labor $7,745 — male $7,700, and female $45; sides of leather tanned during the 
year 153,066, and skins tanneil 13,922; value of annual products $335,911. According to the census of 1S40, there were 
in the Slate, 142 tanneries; sides of sole leather produced 86,705, and sides of upper leather 42,777; hands employed, 
800; capital invested $147,463. 

In the manufacture of spirituous ligtiors, a capital of $500 was invested ; 2 hands employed ; 25 hogsheads of molasses 
used, and 3,000 gallons of rum produced. In 1840 there were in the State, 188 distilleries producing annually 127,230 
gallons spirits; and 7 breweries, producing 200 gallons ale, etc. ; hands employed 220, capital invested .$34,212. 

The manutiictures, others than the above specified, consist chiefly of such as are f<jund in all agricultural countries ; 
but at some of the large towns there are machine shops, and a variety of other manuliicturi'S. 

Foreign commerce, and nuvigation. — Mobile is the only port of Alabama open to the foreign trade. For the year 
ending 30lh June, 1850, the commercial movement was as follows: value ofexporU (all domestic produce) $10,544,858 — 
in American vessels $4,601,515, and In foreign vessels $5,94.3,343; and value of imports $865,302— in American vessels 
$108,134, and in foreign vessels $757,228. The shipping employed in the carrying trade was as follows : 

Entered. Cleared. Total. 



Nationality of / • 

Eliippins- Vessels. Tons. Crews. 

American 40 11,914 444. 

Foreign 112 84.106 4,057. 



. 76. 

.106. 



Tons. Crews. Vessels. Tons. Crews. 

82.268 974 116 44,182 1,413 

80,717 3,896 218 164,823 7,953 



Total. 



.152 96,020 4,501 182 112,985 4,870 334 209,005 .... 9,371 



The shipping owned in the State at the date referred to, amounted to 24,157 tons, of which shipping amounting to 
7,403 tons was registered— 1,405 tons " permanent," and 5,993 tons " temporary ;" to 16,003 tons was enrolled and licensed 
"permanent," and 751 tons was " licensed under 20 tons." Of the aggregate 12,028 tons were navigated by steam-power, 
and chiefly employed on the rivers. During the year, three schooners (113 tons) were built. The following table will 
exhibit the movement of foreign commerce in this State, from 1818 to 1850 inclusive : 



Tears. 

1818 . 

1819 - 
1820 

1821 . 

1822 , 
1823 
1824 
1825 
1826 
1827 
1823 



E-Tpoits. Imports. 

$96,857 $ 

50,906 

96,636 

103,960 

209,748 86,421 

200,387 125,770 

400,727 91,004 

692,635 113,411 

1,527,112 179,554 

1,376,364 201,909 

1,182,559 171,909 



Years, Exports. Imports. 

1S29 $1,098.953 $233,720 

1880 2,294,954 144,823 

1831 2,413,894 224,485 

1S32 2,786,.38T 107,787 

1833 2,527,961 205,918 

18-34 5,670,797 895,361 

1885 7,574,692 525,955 

1836 11,184,166 651.618 

1837 9,071,401 009,385 

1883 9,668,244 524,548 



Years. Exports. Imports. 

1840 $12,854,694 $574,651 

1841 10,981,271 530,819 

1342 9,965,075 863,871 

1843 11.157,460 360,655 

1844 9,907,654 442,813 

1845 10,538,228 473,491 

1846 5,260,317 2.59,607 

1847 9,054,580 390,161 

1S43 11,927,749 419,396 

1349 12,823,725 657,147 

1850 10,544,858 865,362 



Internal Trade and Communication.— The greater part of Alabama as yet depends on wagons over common earth 
roads, for the transportation of its productions and supplies; and those places distant from the rivers and railroads are 
consequently almost isolated from the commercial world. The river navigation, however, is extensive, in its various 
courses measuring at least 2,000 miles. The great body of the products of the State find their way to Mobile, the commer- 
cial emporium ; some are shipped by the Chattahoochee, for Apalachicola, and some — but in a smaller degree— by Ten- 
nessee River, to the Ohio, whence they are conveyed to New Orleans by the Mississippi, or by way of the Illinois Canal 
and the great lakes to a northern market. The cotton crop, passing in these various channels, may be estimated at one 
seventh the whole by the Chattahoochee, one sixteenth by the Tennessee, and the remainder by the system of rivers 
centering at Mobile Bay. The progress of the State in building railroads is as yet limited; the great line from Mobile to 
the Ohio River is completed williiii Alabani.a, and is progressing in Mississi]>pi; the Tuseumbia and Decatur Railroad, 
now merged into the Charleston and Memphis railroad, crosses the St.ate in the north ; the Alabama and Tennessee 
Biver Railroad, 209 miles long, extends from Selma to GuntersviUe ; the Montgomery .ind West Point Railroad is 86 
miles long, and there are several other important lines chartered, and some in progress ; these have been of comparatively 
small benefit as yet, but when opened for commerce, and their exterior connections built, the effect they will have in 
Stimulating production and consumption will be felt in every direction— the latent mineral wealth of the Stale will bo 
disentombed, the fine cotton lands on the rivers will be entered and cultivated, mechanic trades will be demanded every- 
where, and the whole country will experience a beneficial change in its material welfare. Besides these avenues of 
commerce, Alab.ama has two canals, the "Muscle Shoal Canal," and the '-Huntsville Canal;" the former .35i nnles l.mg 
from Florence, along the north bank of the Tennessee, and designeil to overcome the obstruction caused by the shoals ; 
and the latter exteniling from Triana on the Tennessee, 16 miles, to Huntsville. 

Banks.— In January, 1850, there was one bank in the State— the Bank of the State of Alabama— with branches at 
the principal points. Its aggregate condition, as published in the General Bank returns by the Federal Government, 
ia exhibited in the following figures: Assets— \ovi.m and discounts, $2,110,.591; stocks, $71,013; real estate, $1,^.2,001; 
other investments, $1,229,201 ; duo by other banks, $928,209 ; notes of other banks, $10,029, and specie, $1,307,392 ; and 
lldbilitie.s—ctq>\{&\, $1,500,000; circulation, $2,558,368; deposits, $1,216,319; due other banks, $20,740; and other 
liabilities, $395,124. 

Gwernment—The Constitution provides that every white male citizen of the United States, twenty-one years of age, 
a resident of the State one year, and in the county, city, or town three months next preceding, may vole for the election 
of all constitutional officers. 
42 



THE STATE OF ALABAMA. 



The executive power is vcsteJ in a Governor, who is chosen by a pUirality of votes for two years; he must be at least 
thirty years of age, a citizen of Ihe United States, and have resided in the State four years. 

The General Assembly consists of a Senate and House of Representatives : the Senate of S3 members, elected for four 
years, cue half biennially, and the House of 100 members, elected for two years. The qualifications extend only to 
age and residence. The Assembly meets in Montgomery on the second Monday in November, every second year, 
commencing 1S2T. 

The Judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, with a Chief Justice, and two associate -Justices, a Reporter, Attorney 
General, and Clerk ; a Coiu-t of Chancery, with separate chancellors for the three districts of the State ; Circuit Courts, 
each with a Judge, Solicitor, etc. ; County, or Probate Courts, etc. The judges of the Supreme and Chancery Courts are 
elected by joint vote of both Houses of the Legislature for six years. The Supremo Court has appellate jurisdiction only, 
and holds its sessions at the capital, annually, on the first Monday of January and June, for the hearing and determining 
points of law taken by appeal or writ of error from the Chancery, Circuit, and Probate Courts. The volumes of reported 
decisions are 37 in number. For chancery legislation the State is divided Into 3 Divisions and 37 Districts, in each of 
•which at least one court is held annually. Circuit courts have jurisdiction in all civil and criminal cases in the State, and 
hold two sessions (spring and fall) in each county annually. The State is divided into nine Circuits. In Mobile County, 
criminal jurisdiction has been transferred to the Special City court of Mobile, which holds three terms each year, and has 
concurrent jurisdiction with the Circuit Courts, except in real actions. The judges of probate are also clerks of the court 
and registers of deeds for their respective counties. Circuit judges, the judge of the City court of Mobile, and judges of 
Probate, are elected by the people for six years. 

Alabama, under the law regulating the distribution of Representatives to Congress, has a delegation of «<5»«t 
members. 

Finances.— On the 31st December, 1S50, the foreign debt of the State amounted to $6,693,SS8 93, and the domestic debt 
to $1,845,220 99— total debt $8,539,109 97. The annual liabilities of the Slate are— interest on debt .$418,627 70, and the 
estimated current expenses of the government $97,678— total .*516,.305 70. The immediate means of the treasury on the 
Ist Nov., 1849, were— balance from former dates $538,792 44, taxes for 1850 .$487,987 48, and interest on |1,100,000 U. S. 
6 per cent, stock owned by the State $66,000— total $1,092,779 92, from which deduct annual disbursements, and the 
balance will be $596,474 22, of which .$438,016 is the amount of notes of the State bank in the treasury. The real balance 
then is $178,458 22, which sum is moreover liable for $60,000, appropriated for the rebuilding of the State House, burnt 
in December, 1849. The State has resources besides the United States Stock, and the treasury balance above alluded 
to, amounting to $1,766,907 64, its interest in the State bank, etc., all which may be applied to the discharge of the 
public debt. 

The militia force of the State, according to the returns of 1850, consisted of an aggregate of 58,048 men of all arms, of 
•which number 2,387 were commissioned officers, and 55,661 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. 
Of the commissioned officers 32 were general officers, 170 general staff-officers, 760 field-officers, etc., and 1,425 company 
officers. Every white male citizen, between 18 and 45 years of age, unless disabled or excused by law, is subject to 
military duty. 

Provision was made by the Legislature of 1851 and 1852, for establishing a State institution called the Alabama Insane 
Hospital, the selection of the site of which was intrusted to the Governor. The same Legislature also appropriated $5,000 
for organizing and sustaining an Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. 

Education. — The means of education in Alabama are ample; nor have the people been unmindful of its importance. 
Throughout the State are schools for the poor, and in all the cities and towns, academies and schools of a higher class are 
numerous. As a State formed from the territorial lands of the Union, it enjoys the benefit of the Congressional grant of 
school lands, which are becoming every day more valuable ; and with increased means the several beneficiary schools 
become more efficient. Besides its schools and academies, however, there are several colleges of a high grade, at the 
head of which stands the University of Alabama, an institution second to none in the South. The following is a list of the 
most important of these institutions, with their statistics to 1850 : 

Colleges, etc. Location. Founded. Professora. Alumni. Students. Vols, in libr. 

University of Alabama Tuscaloosa 1831 9 197 91 T,123 

La Grange College (Meth.) La Grange 1830 6 Ill 70 8,T00 

Spring Hill CoUege(U. C.) Spring Hill 1830 12 — 70 4,000 

Howard College (Bapt.) Marion 1841 5 17 70 2,050 

Howard Theol. Inst. (Bapt.) Marion 1843 2 — 10 1,000 

Law Dept. Univ. of Ala Tuscaloosa — 1 — — — 

— all of which are in a flourishing condition both as respects their systems and the patronage they receive from 
the citizens. 

PuUic Libraries. — One State library 3,000 volumes ; 1 social — 1,454 volumes ; 4 college — 13,000 volumes ; 2 students' — 
2,623 volumes ; 30 public school — 1,000 volumes. Total — 37 libraries, 18,077 volumes.- ^epoz-i of Libr. of Smithsonian 
Institution, 1851. 

Periodical Press.— The whole number of periodicals and newspapers published in Alabama on the 1st June, 1850, was 
60, of which the political principles of 16 were whig, of 22 democratic, and of 6 neutral and independent — total political 
papers 44 ; and there were 2 devoted to literature, 1 to religious subjects, and the attributes of 13 were not specified. 
Of the whole number 6 were issued daily, 4 tri-weekly, 1 semi-weekly, 48 weekly, and 1 semi-monthly. The aggregate 

circulation of the dailies was 9,177 copies at each issue ; of the tri-weeklies, 550 copies , of the semi-weekly, copies ; 

of the weeklies, 24,120 copies; and of the semi-monthly, 750 copies — making in the aggregate about four million and a 
quarter copies annually. The counties, etc., in which published are as follows: Barbour, 3 weekly; Benton, Butler, 
Choctaw, and Cherokee, each 1 weekly; Coosa, 1 weekly and 1 tri-weekly; Clarke and Chambers, each 1 weekly; 
Dallas and FrankUn, each 2 weekly ; Greene, 3 weekly ; Henry, Jackson, Lawrence, Lowndes, Limestone, and 
Lauderdale, each 1 weekly ; Montgomery, 8 daily, 3 tri-weekly, and 3 weekly ; Madison, 3 -weekly ; Marshall, 

1 -weekly ; Macon, 2 weekly and 1 semi-monthly ; Marengo, 2 weekly ; Moljile, 3 daily, 1 semi-weekly, and 

2 weekly ; Morgan, 1 weekly ; Perry, Pickens, Sumpter, and Talladega, each 2 weekly ; and Tuscaloosa, 8 weekly. 

48 



THE STATE OF ALABAMA. 



lieligious Denominations.— Tho stiilUtics of the several religious denomiuatioiis in Alabama are as exhibited in the 
annexed table : 



Dennm^na- No. of Cliurc-h Value of 

ti'Tis. Cliurclies. accom Pin|iert.v, 

Baptist 505 . . ISS.SSO . . $227,297 

Christian 13.. 8,550.. 6,1C5 

Congregational. — . . — .. — 

Dutch Kef. — .. — .. — 

Episcopal 16.. 6,220.. 76,300 

Free 5.. 1,S00.. 2,300 

Friends — . . — . . — 



Denoinlna No. of 

ti.uis. Clmrclies. 

German lief — . 

Jewish — . 

Lutheran .' 1 , 

Monnonito — . 

Methodist 531 . 

Moravian — . 

Presbyterian . . .150 . 



Church Value of 
aocom. Property. 

- .. $ - 



200.. 



250 



.150,675.. 276,939 
. 5S,705.. 222,776 



Denomina- 
tions. 

Roman Catholic. 5 , 
Swedcnborgian . . — 

Tunker — 

Union 4 , 

Unitarian 1 , 

Univcrsalist 1 , 

Minor Sects 8 . 



5,200 . 



. 1,125 , 
. 1,000 , 
. 250 . 
. 1,000 . 



Value ol 
Property, 

$300,000 



1,650 

6,000 

400 

12.000 



—making an aggregate of 1.235 churches, with accommodation for 383,605 persons, and valued as property at $1,132,076. 
Alabama is a I'rotestaat Episcopal Diocese of the same name, and with West Florida constitutes the Eoman Catholic 
Diocese of Mobile. 

Pauperism and Crime. — Whole number of paupers who received support within the year ending 1st June, 1850, 363 — 
352 natives, and 11 foreigners ; and whole number of paupers at date above specified 315—306 natives, and 9 foreigners. 
Annual cost of support $17,559. The whole number of convicts in the Alabama Penitentiary at Wetumpka, 1st Oct., 1S51, 
was 156, of which number 153 were white persons — 149 males, and 4 females ; and 3 were free persons of color. Offenses 
against the person 55, and against property 101. Ages— under 20 years, 15 ; from 20 to 80, 69 ; from 30 to 40, 35 ; from 
40 to 50, 20 ; from 50 to 6'1, 12 ; over 60, 2 ; luiknown 2, 

Historical (SXr^fc/i,— The thrilling and romantic, yet terribly fatal adventures of De Solo, Introduced the European for 
the first time to the wilds of Alabama. After a long and disastrous march through Florida and Alabama, the cavalcade 
of this heroic chieftain arrived by the waters of the beautiful Coosa. The province of this name extended over 300 miles, 
and embraced the present counties of Cherokee, Benton, Talladega, and Coosa. From Coosa, the expedition advanced 
toward Tallapoosa, and eventually to the town of Tallassee. Crossing the Tallapoosa, they were received by the chief 
of the country with apparent hospitality. The expedition reached soon after the banks of the Alabama. At Maubilia 
(he savages precipitated themselves on the strangers in one of the most terrible battles recorded in the annala of 
history. In this battle, which lasted nine hours, 82 Spaniards were slain, and 45 horses perished, an irreparable loss in 
tlwjir condition. All their equipage and supplies were consumed in the flames of the burning town. The Mobilians 
were almost annihilated, 11,000 having been destroyed, among whom was probably the chief Tuscaloosa. 

De Soto had been expecting the vessels of Maldonado to arri^'e at Pensacola, and learned at Maubilia that they had 
actually arrived. Notwithstanding this, and a knowledge of a conspiracy in his camp, he came to the desperate resolu* 
tion to turn his back on the shipping and plunge again into the forests of the north. Crossing the Warrior, and inter- 
rupted by daily savage attacks, the expedition reached the Tombigbee. Quarrels growing out of the cruel oppressions of 
the Spaniards soon led to a general outbreak and an engagement, scarcely less sanguinary than that of Maubilia. The 
subsequent fate of De S<ito may be briefly told. After the battle, which was on the Yazoo Eiver, he crossed the Missis- 
sippi, spent a year in Arkansas, and returning to the great river, death ended his fortunes. He sleeps beneath its waters, 
which had never before been disturbed by civilized man, but whicli have since ministered to the wants of millions and 
millions of a race more hardy, energetic, and adventurous than even the Spaniard himself 

At the time of De Soto, Alabama was inhabited by the Coosas, Tallassees, Mobilians, and Choctaws. Being nearly 
destroyed by his invasion, their places were filled by the Muscogees and Alabamas, who were of Mexican origin, and 
■were driven out of that country by Cortez. Wandering a long time in the wilderness, the Muscogees reached at last, 
and settled upon, the banks of the Ohio, almost to the Wabash. They had previously met and vanquished the Alabamas, 
driving them to the Yazoo, whence they again drove them to the Alabama, near the confluence of the Coosa and Talla- 
poosa. Further pressed by the warlike Muscogees, the unfortunate Alabamas were dispersed a third time and sought 
an asylum among the Choctaws and other tribes, while the Muscogees overspread Georgia to the banks of the Sa\annah. 
Eeceiving at last into their tribe the relics of the Alabamas, the Tookahatches, the Tuskegees (who were allowed to 
occupy the forks of the Coosa and Tallapoosa), the Ozeallies, the Uchees, and fugitives of the Natchez, after the terrible 
massacre of the French, the Muscogee confederacy increased in strength and power, until it became the most formidable 
in the country, receiving the name of " Creek" from the number of beautiful streams meandering through its limits. 

Various relics of the aborigines .stili exist in Alabama. The mounds found in this State are by some attributed to a 
period anterior to the Indians; but it is known that the Natchez constructed such as late as 1730. In Alabama they are 
found upon the Tennessee, Coosa, Tallapoosa, Alabama, Cahaba, Warrior, and Tombigbee rivers, and upon being 
opened are found to contain bones, stone ornaments, pottery, and sometimes gold and silver ornaments, layers of char- 
coal, ashes, etc. The ditches which have been discovered at Cahaba, at the falls of Little Eiver, and at Talladega Springs 
are attributed to Indian origin, and are thought to have been built for the purposes of defense. At Little Eiver are four 
or five caves, which have been called "De Soto's Eock Houses," from the fact of their exhibiting the marks of intelli- 
gent occupation. Their walls have been smoothed by the hands of man. The cuttings upon rocks in various parts of 
the State are also attributed to the Indians, who used the pieces for the fabrication of pipes, mortars, bowls, etc. These 
cuttings are especially noticeable near the Tallapoosa Eiver, and at Elyton, in Jefferson County. 

We now come to the period when the French began to occupy Alabama. Bienville, the governor of Louisiana, sailed 
up the Bay of Mobile, and at the mouth of Dog Eiver commenced to build a fort, etc. This was in 1702, and seventeen 
years before the founding of New Orleans. The site of Mobile, however, was removed, nine years later, to the mouth 
of Mobile Eiver, its present position. Besides the numerous Indian wars of the colonists and their contests with the 
Spaniards, their .ippears to be little in the history of the French period to attract notice. The traders from Carolina and 
Virginia had also caused great annoyance. To stop their expeditious. Bienville located a fort upon the Alabama at Tus- 
kegee. In 1721 three French war ships loaded with African slaves arrived at Mobile. Ultimately the disasters of the 
colonists forced the abandonment of both Mobile and Biloxi. 

At the conclusion of the long and bloody wars of Europe, and with the adoption of the pacification of Paris in 1763, 

France had divested herself of her whole North American interests. The western bank of the Mississippi from it;3 source 

to its mouth, but including the island of New Orleans on the other bank, passed into the hands of Spain ; while Great 

Britain succeeded to Canada, aU the territories east of the Mississippi as far south as the Bayou Iberville and the whole of 

44 



THE STATE OF ALABAMA. 



Florida. The whole of Alabama and Mississippi, and that portion of Louisiana north of n line drawn through the Eayou 
Iberville, the Amite, Lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain to the sea and east of the Mississippi lliver, became thus a 
British possession, known until 17S1 as West Florida, and the province of Illinois. Alabama was divided on the parallel 
of 320 2S' between West Florida and Illinois in nearly equal divisions; and Montgomery and Wetumpka, which are but 
fifteen miles apart, were in different jurisdictions. The Florida portion only was then in European occupation, having 
Pensacola as its seat of government. 

George Johnson, the first English governor, organized the government, garrisoned the fort at Mobile, and that of Toulouse 
up the Coosa. The government was purely military. Its earliest history was marked by great sufferings among the 
English inhabitants of Mobile who died in great numbers from habits of Intemperance, exposure, and a contagious disease 
introduced by one of the regiments. The exports of Mobile in 1772 were indigo, raw hides, corn, cattle, tallow, rice, 
pitch, bear's oil, tar, tobacco, timber, shingles, cured fish, etc. Cotton was cultivated in small quantities. 

The charter of Georgia granted to that colony the right to all lands lying westward to the Mississippi, and that State 
considering its title perfect to all the lands wilhin these limits, proceeded to grant them to companies for the purpose of 
settlement. There were two sets of these grants known as the "Yazoo grants," both of which have acquired a celebrity 
in history. By the first, 5,000,000 acres in Mississippi were granted to the South Carolina Yazoo Company, and 7,000,000 
to the Virginia Yazoo Company, and 8,500,000 acres in Alabama to the Tennessee Company — the first paying $00,000, the 
the second $93,000, and the last $46,000. The United States authorities opposed these grants, and this combined with 
the opposition of the Indians prevented their immediate settlement; and the several companies having failed to meet 
the instalments upon their purchases, the grants were eventually rescinded by Georgia herself. Several years afterward 
other and more considerable grants were made by Georgia. For the sum of $250,000 tlie Georgia company received a 
tract embracing parts of many of the present wealthiest counties of Alabama and Mississippi — 18 in Alabama and 21 in 
Mississippi; for $150,000 the Georgia Mississippi Company received a tract embracing parts or the whole of two or three 
of the present counties of Alabama and 31 counties of Mississippi ; for $-35,000 the Upper Mississippi Company received 
that part of Mississippi now embraced in the counties of De Soto, Marshall, Tippah, Tishomingo, and part of Tunica; 
and for $60,000 the Tennessee Company received a tract in North Alabama, embracing most of the present counties of 
Lauderdale, Limestone, Madison, .Jackson, De Kalb, Cherokee, Marshall, Morgan, Lawrence, Franklin, Marion, Walker, 
and Blount. This second Yazoo sale was followed by a storm throughout the country. It was denounced in the mes- 
sage of General Washington, and Congress instructed the attorney-general to investigate the titles of Georgia to the 
territory; but the legislature of that State being convened again, and all the adherents and supporters of the grants 
having been defeated before the people upon the allegation of bribery and corruption on the terms of the sales, they 
were declared null and void, and even the papers upon which they were written were committed to the flames, and con- 
sumed by fire drawn direct, as it were, from heaven, through a sun-glass. 

At this period Alabama was almost entirely in the occupation of the natives. There was a garrison of Spanish troops 
at Mobile and also at St. Stephens, on the Tombigbee, with trading posts upon the Oconee, and on other points in the 
south and west. The whole country beyond the present limits of Georgia was now purchased by the United States, and 
the Mississippi Territory established, with Winthrop Sargent as its first governor. This territory extended from the 
Chattahoochee to the Mississippi, and from 31° to 32° 2S' north lat. Fort Stoddard was erected near the confluence of 
the Alabama and Tombigbee, and the county of Washington laid out, embracing a space out of which twenty counties 
in Alabama and twelve in Mississippi have been subsequently carved. Claiborne succeeded as governor. 

Louisiana having been ceded by Spain to France and re-ceded to the United States, a great controversy arose as to 
whether it included the country south of 31° and between the Mississippi and Pearl River, known as the Baton Rouge 
District, and that south of the same parallel, between the Pearl and the Perdido, known as the Mobile District. The 
Spaniards claimed these as West Florida, and only gave them up after long struggles and negotiations. In ISll the 
United States seized upon these districts, and thus secured to the present States of Alabama and Mississippi and the 
eastern portion of Louisiana outlets on the Gulf of Mexico. After this event there followed a series of terrible and 
blcHidy Indian wars upon the soil of Alabama, and the war with England, in which Gencr.il Jackson figured so glo- 
riously, might add a briglit page to the liistory of this State. The British having been defeated at New Orleans repaired 
to Fort Boyer, near Mobile Point. Twenty-five vessels anchored within a distance of five miles, thirteen ships ap- 
proached within three miles, and 5,000 men landed and encamped. The Americans capitulated to a force of twenty 
times their own. This was the last act of the war, as the news of the treaty of peace had reached the Territory. 

Alabama began now its career of rapid progress. Settlers flocked to the Tombigbee, over which and the Black War- 
rior (acquired from the Chickasaws) the jurisdiction of the Mississippi Territory was extended. In 1S16 a cession was 
received from the Indians of all the territory from the head waters of the Coosa westward to Cotton Gin Point, and to a 
line running from thence to Caney Creek, on the Tennessee. The Americans continued to press into the territory. The 
following year the limits of the present Slate of Mississippi were defined and the territorial government of Alabama 
established. The seat of government was fixed at St, Stephen's. William W. Bibb was appointed governor, and the 
first legislature was convened in ISIS. " The flood-gates of Virginia, the two Carolinas, Tennessee, Kentucky, and 
Georgia were now hoisted, and the mighty streams of emigration poured through them, spreading over the whole ter- 
ritory of Alabama. The axe resounded from side to side and from corner to corner. The stately and magnificent forests 
fell. Log cabins sprang as if by magic into sight. Never before nor since has a country been so rapidly peopled." — 
Pickett. The time had now come when, from the rapid increase of population, Alabama might take her place among 
the States of the confederation. By the act of Congress of the 2d March, 1S19, it was admitted into the LTnion as a 
sovereign State, and at the present time occupies an enviable position among its neighbors in reference alike to its 
resources, industry, and general wealth. 

Suecessian of Governors. — Territorial Goveknoes: William W. Bibb, 1S17; and Constitutional Govebnoes: 
William W. Bibb, 1S19 ; Israel Pickens, 1S21 ; I!^rael Pickens, 1S28; John Murphy, 1825; John Murphy, 1827 ; Gabriel 
Moore, 1829 ; John Gale, 1831 ; John Gale, 1833 ; Clement C. Clay, 1835 ; Arthur P. Bagby, 1837 ; Arthur P. Bagby, 1S39 ; 
Benjamin Fitzpatrick, 1841 ; Benjamin Fitzpatrick, 1843; Joshua L. Martin, 1845; Keuben Chapman, 1847; Henry W. 
Collier, 1849 ; Henry W. Collier, 1851. 
MoHTGOiiEEY; on the Alabama Kiver, is the political capital of the State. 

45 



THE STATE OF ARKANSAS. 



Arkansas is bounded on the north by Missouri, on the east by Tennessee and Mississippi, on the south by Louisiana, 
and on the west by the Indian Territory and Texas ; and extends generally between the latitudes 33° and 36° 30' north, 
and the longitudes 89° 80' and 94° 30' west from Greenwich, or 12° 28' and 17° 28' west from Washington. Its length 
from north to south is 242 miles, and its breadth from east to west varies from 170 miles on the south line to 258 miles on 
the SCth parallel, where it is widest. The area of the State is 52,198 square miles. 

The surface of Arkansas presents great variations in its configuration. Along the Mississippi River, which demarks ita 
boundary on the east, and for 30 to 50 miles inland, the country is low and widely interspersed with lakes and swamps, 
and, with ineonsiderable exceptions, is annually overflowed by the floods of the Mississippi, Arkansas, and St. Francis. 

In regard to the country west of the Mississippi, says Col. Long, it is proper to observe, that the broad valley of the 
Lower Mississippi, which is terminated to the north by the hilly country, connected with a continuous rocky bar, or reef, 
traversing the beds both of the Mississippi and the Ohio, about 12 miles above their junction, and denominated the Grand 
Chain of those rivers respectively, and which stretches southward, interrupted by a single hill, or ridge, elevatcil more 
than a few feet above the reach of the highest floods; that this entire valley region, once probably an arm or estuary of 
the ocean, and inhabited by the monsters of the deep, but long since reclaimed by the immense alluvion precipitated 
over the Grand Chain, in cataracts incomparably more grand and stupendous than that of Niagara, and borne thither 
on the backs of countless floods, is one continued and almost boundless flat, broken only by a multiplicity of water- 
courses, lagoons, and bayous, some of them tributary to the Mississippi, and others supplied from it, and exhibits an 
aspect variegated rather than embellished by the inequalities just mentioned, together with countless swamps, slashes 
stagnant pools, etc. Across this valley there are as yet no passes by land secure from frequent and protracted interrup- 
tions, occasioned by overflows from the rivers by which it is traversed, nor Is there any encouraging prospect that roads 
can be hereafter constructed to any tolerable advantage, except in a very few instances. 

The country through which the St. Francis River passes is one continuous swamp. The surface presents, in ordinary 
times, an alternating appearance of lakes, bayous, cypress lands, and marshy ground ; the lakes free from any growth of 
timber, except of cypress, growing in the water close to the banks, and the bayous, also free from timber, but frequently 
lying in broad and deep valleys, wooded not less thickly than the high ground, and containing compar.itively little 
undergrowth. The valleys are in many cases Inundated to the depth of 15 or 20 feet, or even more. The ponds are 
mostly filled with very large cypress trees, growing in the water, where its depth does not exceed 8 or 4 feet, except in 
time of overflow. The marshy ground is filled with trees of immense size, principally gum and sycamore, in the lower 
places, and white oak and hickory in those that are a little higher and dryer, having occasionally brakes of cane very 
thickly set, and frequently rising to the height of 20 and 30 feet, and of proportionate diameter. 

Farther west the surface rises, and toward the centre of the State becomes moderately hilly, and farther west still it 
rises into the Ozark Mountains. There are numerous and extensive prairies interspersed throughout, but much of the 
land is well wooded, and in many places it is covered with a heavy forest. 

Of the highlands that have been called the Ozark or Masseme Mountains, our knowledge is very imperfect. They 
consist of several low ridges, irregular in their direction, and seldom rising to an elevation of more than 1.500 or 2,000 
feet. They appear to be composed chiefly of secondary rocks, limestone, clay slates, and sandstones, traversed in many 
places by dykes of greenstone, granite, and sienite. Those portions of this region which have been examined are 
found to be rich in metallic minerals, of which iron and lead, copper and zinc exist in great profusion. Coal and salt 
also abound ; and there are valuable thermal and sulphurous springs. The Hot Springs of the Washita are remarkable 
for their high temperature, but are not powerfully impregnated with any mineral substances ; they burst forth in great 
numbers and volume in a small valley lying between two lofty ridges of sandstone, and vary in temperature from lOoO 
to 151 Fithr. There are said to be more than seventy of these springs, several rising from the bed of a small stream 
which flows through the valley, and others issuing from the bounding ridges, at various heights. The Washita oilstones, 
or novaculites, so much esteemed, are found in this region. 

The climate of Arkansas is temperate, but subject to sudden and frequent variations; and the whole country is ex- 
posed to tlie efiect of the cold north winds which render the central portions of the United States so cheerless in the 
winter season. The same winds tra\erse southward to the equator, and are known in the Gulf of Mexico as the '' north- 
ers," the terror of seamen navigating that sea. Yet in the spring, summer, and fall the seasons are highly propitious to 
agriculture, and here cotton, Indian corn, and, in fact, all the great staples of the country find the climate highly con- 
genial. The soils vary from the most sterile to the most fertile, and on the margins of all the rivers the productiveness 
is unbounded. On most of these the soil is a rich alluvion deposited from the washings of the floods, deep and wide, 
covering millions of acres. Back from the rivers the soil becomes more and more sterile, and in many parts it is unfit for 
culture, either from scarcity of water or from met;illic impregnation. The principal growths are pines, cypresses, syca- 
mores, and oaks, according to the formation, and on the prairies, which are extensive, is that rank grass for which this 
description of land is so famous. On the whole, Arkansas has many advantages for agriculture, and it has many dis- 
advaniages. Where the latter exist, however, they are fully con)pensated for by the abundance of its minerals. It is 
also Well stocked with wild animals, as the buffalo, deer, elk, beaver, otter, rabbit, raccoon, wild cat, catamount, wolf, 
bear, etc., which are valuable for their skins, and there is also a plentiful supply of wild turkeys, geese, quails, and other 
species of birds. 
46 



THE STATE OF ARKANSAS. 



The State is traversed or washed by several of the largest rivers in America. The Mississippi bathes its eastern front for 
more than 350 miles by its windings, but affords no sites suitable for large towns in the present condition of the country. 
The Arkansas, one of the largest tributaries of the Mississippi, traverses the whole breadth of the State through its centre 
by a very tortuous course of about 1,530 miles, and is navigable during the greater part of the year far above its western 
limits. The Ked Kiver flows through the south-western corner, which is thus rendered accessible to steamboats. All the 
other rivers, some of which are of great magnitude, empty themselves into these three, affording navigable facilities to 
almost every quarter of the State. The St. Francis is a large and full river, rising in the eastern highlands of Missouri. 
Its channel, however, is much obstructed by numerous rafts or jams of fallen trees, and above and below the northern 
boundary its waters are dispersed in such a manner as to render the navigation intricate and difficult. The >' Spread," 
as it is called by the inhabitants, extends for the space of about 50 miles, with a width in some parts of 20 miles, and is 
attributed to the earthquake of 1811, at which time a large tract of country sunk considerably below the former level, 
and the waters of the rivers were dissipated in numerous lakes and branches. The White River has its sources in the 
south-westerly part of the State, and passes into Missouri, whence it soon returns, reaching the Mississippi in a general 
south-easterly course. Its length is not less than 600 miles ; and although at present it is choked up in many places by 
accumulations of drift-wood, steamboats ascend it as far as Balerville, 260 miles, and on the removal of these obstructions 
will be able to ascend it 200 miles farther. The White Eiver receives several large tributaries from Missouri, of which 
the Big Black, a navigable stream, is the principal; the Cache and Little Ked Kiver have their courses wholly within 
this State. The Arkansas receives no considerable tributary. The Washita, a noble river running through a fertile and 
beautiful region, drains nearly the whole soutlieru part of the State ; rising near the western border, it flows nearly 
parallel with the White Kiver and the Arkansas, first east, and then south-east, and is navigable upward of 350 miles 
from its mouth. The Little Missouri, the Saline, the Bayou Bartholomew, the Bayou BceulT, and the Bayou Magon, are 
its principal tributaries. 

Arkansas is divided into 51 counties, the general statistics of which and the capitals of each in 1850, were as follows: 



Counties. 


Dwell. 


Pop. 


in cut. Estab. Car.tal. 


Arkansas 


. 328 . 


3,245 . 


. 153 . . 


Arkansas Post 


Ashley 


269 .. 


2,058 . 


. 173 .. 


Hamburg 


Benton 


. 5T2 . 


3,710 . 


. 295 . 


5 Bentonville 


Bradley 


. 440 . 


3,829 . 


. 303 e 


1 Warren 


Calhoun 


(erected since 1850) 


Hampton 


Carroll 


. 686 . 
. 226 . 


4,614 . 
5,115 . 


. 541 . 
. 142 . 


1 Carrollton 


Chicot 


Columbia 


Clark 


. 53T . 


3,995 . 


. 362 . 


2 Arkadclphia 


Conway 


. 595 . 


, 3,5S3 


. 3S7 . 


3 Lewisburg 


Crawford 


. 1,24T . 


7,960 


.499 . 


10 Van Buren 


Crittenden 


. 360 . 


2,643 


. 192 . 


Marion 


Dallas 


. 740 . 
. 350 . 


6,877 . 
2,900 . 


. 399 . . 

. 118 . 


9 Princeton 


Desha 


2 Napoleon 


Drew 


. 430 . 


3,275 . 


. 277 . 


9 Monticello 


Franklin 


. 617 . 


8,929 . 


. 454 . 


3 Ozark 


Fulton 


. 288 . 


1,819 . 


. 222 . 


Salem 


Greene 


. 436 . 


2,593 . 


. 845 . 


Gainesville 


Hempstead. ... 


. 855 . 


7,672 . 


. 550 . 


8 Washington 


Hot Springs . . . 


. 579 . 


8,609 . 


. 320 . 


10 Hot Springs 


Independence . 


. 1,159 . 


7,767 . 


. 694 . 


10 Batesville 


Izard 


. 496 . 


8,213 . 


. 332 . . 


7 Athens 


Jackson 


. 447 . 


8,086 . 


. 232 . 


4 Elizabeth 


Jefferson 


. 595 . 


5,884 . 


. 317 . 


9 Pine Bluff 


Johnson 


. 777 . 


5,227 . 


. 526 . 


24 Clarkesville 


Lafayette 


. 849 . 


5.220 . 


. 177 .. 


2 Lewisvillo 


Lawrence 


. 800 . 


5,274 . 


. 601 . 


Smithsville 


Madison 


. 843 . 


4,828 . 


. 660 . 


12 Huntsville 



Counties. Dwell. 

Marion 361 . . 

Mississippi 284 . . 

Monroe 310 . . 

Montgomery 319 .. 

Newton 288 . . 

Perry 154 . . 

Phillips 809 . . 

Pike 306.. 

Poinsett 850 . . 

Polk 139 . . 

Pope 695 .. 

Prairie 328 . . 

Pulaski 808 . . 

Randolph 538 . . 

St. Francis 643 . . 

Saline 621 .. 

Scott 514 . . 

Searcy 322 . . 



Pop. 
2,302 . 
2,368 . 
2,049 . 
1,958 . 
1,758 . 
978 . 
6,935 . 
1,861 . 



Capital. 



255 
. 170 
. 1S3 
. 215 
. 230 
. 752 
. 409 
. 207 



2,808 . . 264 . 
1,263 . . 155 . 
4,710 . . 534 , 



2,097 
5.658 
8,275 
4,479 
3,901 



Sebastian 

Sevier 500 

Union 964 

Van Buren 448 

Washington 1,430 

Washita 1,122 

White 455 

Yell 473 



3,0S3 . . 865 . . 

1,979 . . 246 . . 

(erected since 1850) 



4,240 . 
10,298 . 
2,864 . 
9,849 . 
9,591 . 
2,619 . 
3,341 . 



Farms Manuf, 
in cut. ^tab. 

2 Yellville 
2 Osceola 
Lawrenceville 
6 Montgomery 
Jasper 
2 Perryville 

13 Helena 
2 Murfreesboro' 

Bolivar 

1 Dallas 
16 Dover 

Brownsville 

14 Little Rock 

2 Pocahontas 
Mt. Vernon 

16 Benton 
10 Winfield 
Lebanon 

Greenwood 
4 Paraclifla 
El Dorado 

Clinton 
27 Fayetteville 

1 Camdeu 

2 Searcy 
20 DanviUe 



. 155 . 
. 306 . 
. 396 . 
. 348 . 
. 405 . 



326 , 

679 

380 

850 

697 , 

307 

830 



The whole number of dwellings in the State at the above date was 28,252, of families 28,416, and of inhabitants 209,689, 
viz. : whites 162,068— males 85,699, and females 76,369; fr. col. 589— males 318, and females 271, and si. 46,982. Of the 
whole population there were (leaf and dumb — wh. 83, fr. col. 0, si. 6 — total S9 ; Mind—wh. 75, fr. col. 1, si. 5— total 81 ; 
insane — wh. 60, fr. col. 0, si. 3 — total 63; and idiotic — wh. 91, fr. col. 2, si. 9— tot,iI 102. The number of free persons 
born in the United States was 160,315, the number of foreign birtl* 1,628, and of birth unknown 824. The native popu- 
lation originated as follows: Maine 80, N. Hamp. 49, Verm. 82, Mass 174, R. I. 36, Conn. 121, N. Y. 537, N. Jer. IIT, 
Penn. 702, Del. 51, Md. 1,.S26, Dist. of Col. 49, Virg. 4,737, N. Car. 8,772, 8. Car. 4,587, Ga. 6,367, Flor. 88, Ala. 11,250, 
Miss. 4,463, La. 1,096, Tex. 336, ArkansaH 63,206, Tenn. 38,807, Ky. 7,428, Ohio 1,051, Mich. 17, Ind. 2,128, 111. 3,276, Mo. 
5,328, la. 106, Wise. 13, Calif. 6, Territories 9; and \h6 foreign population was composed of persons from — England 196, 
Ireland 514, Scotland 71, Wales 11, Germany 516. France 77, Spain 3, Portugal 3, Belgium 2, Holland 2, Italy 15, Austria 
0, Switzerland 12, Russia 6, Denmark 7, Norway 1, Sweden 1, Prussia 24, Sardinia 0, Greece 0, China 0, Asia 0, Africa 1, 
British America 41, Mexico, 68, Central America 0, South America 0, West Indies 7, Sandwich Islands 0, and other 
countries 50. The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State 
taken by the United States authorities : 

Colored Persons. 



Decennial Increase, 



Census 



Nun 



1820. 
1830. 
1840. 
1850. 



Persons. Free Slave. Total. 

12,579 77 1,617 1,694... 

25,671 141 4,576 4,717 30,333 16,115 112.9 

77,174 465 19,935 20,400 97,574 67,186 221.1 

162,068 589 46,952 47,571 209,639 112,065 114.8 

47 



Total 
Pop. 

14,273 — 

30,333 16,115 



Per cent. 



THE STATE OF ARKANSAS. 



Arkansas is almost wholly oociii)ieJ in agricullural pursuits; its manufactures are merely in their inception, nor has it 
the advantages of a seaward commerce. Nevertheless it has increased in population and material weiillh within the 
decade preceding 1850, at a rate surpassed only by Iowa and Wisconsin among Its sister States. The following statistics 
exhibit its condition at the latter date: 

Occupied Lands, etc. — Improved lands 781,531 acres, and nnimproved lands 1,816,684 acres — together valued at 
$15,265,245. Value of farming implements and machinery $1,601,296. Farms in cultivation 17,753. 

Livestock.— Rorses, C0,107 ; asses and mules, 11,559; milch cows, 93,151 ; working oxen, .34,239 ; other cattle, 165,320; 
sheep, 91,256 ; and swine, 836,727. These numbers, compared with the live-stock of 1840, give the following results: 

Live stock. 18-10. IS-W. Increase. 

Horses ) , ( 60,197 head I 

Asses and Mules f ^^'^'^ ^'""^ \ 11,559 " I 20>2S4 head, or 39.8 per cent 

Milch Cows 1 I 9.3,151 " » 

"Working Oxen [-188,786 " < 34,239 " [-103,924 « or 55.0 " 

OtherCattle ' 1 165,320 " J 

Bheep 42,151 " 91,256 " 49,105 " or 116.5 " 

Swine 393,058 " 836,727 " 443,669 " or 112.8 " 



incr. 


1,828 


" 


or 129.4 


incr. 


4,047,307 


" 


or 83.5 


tncr. 


466,630 


(1 


or 246.2 


deer. 


5S3 


" 


or 76.7 


incr. 


87 


(1 


or 99.S 



—in 1850 the total value of live-stock is set down at $6,647,969. 

Products of Animals. — Wool, 182,595 pounds; butter, 1,854,239 pounds; and cheese, 30,083 pounds. In the year 
1840 the wool crop amounted to 64,943 pounds, and hence the increase of that of 1850 is 181.2 per centum. The clip of 
1840 averaged 24.6 ounces per fleece, and that of 1850, 32.0 ounces— increase, 7.4 ounces to the fleece, or 80.1 per centum. 
The value of animals slaughtered during the year preceding 1st June, 1850, $1,162,91.3. 

Grain Crops.— yv heal, 199,6-39 bushels; rye, 8,047 bushels; Indian corn, 8,893,939 bushels; oats, 656,183 bushels; 
barley, 177 bushels; and buckwheat, 175 bushels. Comparison of the crops returned in the censuses of 1840 and 1350, 
gives the followinf results : 

Crops. 1810. ISfiO. Movement. 

Wheat 105,878 bushels 199,639 bushels incr. 9-3,761 bushels, or 88.5 per cent. 

Rye 6,219 " 8.047 

Indian corn 4,&46,632 " 8,893,939 

Oats 189,553 " 656,183 

Barley 760 •' 177 

Buckwheat 88 " 175 

Otft^r Food Crops. — Eice, 63,179 pounds ; peas and beans, 285,738 bushels ; potatoes — Irish, 193,832 bushels, and sweet, 
788,149 bushels. The rice crop returned in the census of 1840, was 5,454 pounds, and the potato crop of that period 
amounted to 293,608 bushels ; and hence the increase in the crops of 1850 appears to be — rice 57,725 pounds, or 1,058.3 
per centum, and — potatoes 668,373 bushels, or 2-34.4 per centum. 

Stapl^} a7td Mli-ceUanemis Cropts. — Tobacco, 218,936 pounds ; ginned cotton, 65,346 bales of 400 pounds ; hay, 3,9T7 tons ; 
clover-seed, 90 bushels, and other grass-seed, 486 bushels; hops, 157 pounds; hemp — water-rottod, 15 tons; flax, 12,291 
poimds; flax-seed, 321 bushels; silk cocoons, 88 pounds; maple-sugar, 9,330 pounds ; molasses, 18 gallons ; beeswax and 
honey, 192,338 pounds ; wine, 35 gallons, etc. Value of orchard products $40,141, and of market-garden products S17,150. 
The most important of the above crops compare with the like crops returned in 1840 as follows: 

Crops. ■ 18<0. 1850. 

Tobacco 148,4.39 pounds 218,936 pounds incr. 

Cotton 6,028,642 « 26,138,409 " 

Hay 568 tons 3,977 tftns 

Hemp » jogg, „ ( 15 " 

Flax ) ( 12,291 pounds 

Silk cocoons 95 pounds 88 " 

Home'inade Manufactures produced in the year ending 1st June, 1850, were valued at $638,217. The same description 
of goods returned in the census of 1S40 were valued at $489,750. 

Manufactures. — Capital invested in manufactures on the 1st day of June, 1850, $338,154; value of all raw material, 
fuel, etc., consumed in the year then ending, $280,899 ; average number of hands employed 0,000 — males 0,000, and 
females 000; monthly cost of labor $00,000— male $00,000, and female $0,000; value of products for the year $668,815. 
The whole number of manufacturing establishments, producing to the value of $500 and ujiward annually, was at the 
date specified 271, of which 3 were cotton factories (aggregate capital $16,500), and the remainder of various ch;iracter, 
but chiefly such as are immediately necessary to the wants of an agricultural country, as saw mills, distiUcnes, carriage 
factories, blacksmith shops, wheelwright shops, tanneries, etc. ; of the latter there were 51 (92 according to the tax list), 
with an aggregate capital of $42,100. The distribution of manufactures in Arkansas is very unequal: of the counties 15 
have no manufactures, 17 have less than five establishments, 7 have five and less than ten, 7 have ten and less than fifteen, 
2 have fifteen and less than twenty, and 3 have twenty and upw.ard. The distribution are noted in the general table. 

C(/>nmerce, Intcrnid Communication, etc. — Arkansas has no direct intercourse with foreign countries. Its export 
staples, cotton, hemp and flax, corn, pork, beef, etc., are carried to New Orleans for shipment, and the great bulk of its 
supplies, dry-goods, groceries, etc., are drawn from the same quarter. On all the great rivers steamboats ply regularly, 
and in sufficient numbers for the present wants of the population. A large share of the produce of the country is also 
brought down in flat and keel boats, and other primitive ways. Few of the roads are good, being chiefly earth tracks, 
almost impassable in wet weather. No railroad exists throughout the State; but there arc several projected, and the 
spirit of eiiterjirise on the subject, appears to have become vitalized. The several conventions at New Orleans and 
Memphis have favorably reported on the prospects, and according to appearances, no long time can elapse before one or 
more of the great projects recommended are realized. The initial point of the system projected is Helena on the Missis- 



Movement, 

incr. 70.497 pounds 


, or 47.9 per cent. 


incr. 24,109,758 « 


or 399.7 " 


incr. 3,391 tons 


or 579.3 " 


\d-ecr.* 2,035,709 " 


or 98.1 " 


deer. 57 « 


or 60.0 " 



48 



See BOT> on tliis raiitter of liemp and flax, under the head of the " State of Ohio.' 



THE STATE OF ARKANSAS. 



sippi, wbere connection will be made with the roads eastward to the Atlantic ports. From this point a direct line will be 
built to Little Rock, the capital, with one extension from that place to the Ked Kiver to meet the Texas roads pointing 
east, and another extension by way of "Van Buren and Fort Smith to be ultimately carried into the Indian Territory, this 
latter being a part and parcel of tlie Great Southern Pacific Kailroad. From these trunk lines branches will be built, 
tapping the principal valleys, and giving to each section of the State facilities of direct railroad communication with the 
Mississippi Eiver and New Orleans, the natural outlet of Arkansas products. A railroad is also projected from the main 
trunlr, west of White Eiver, northward through the flue agricultural and mineral regions of Northern Arkansas and 
Southern Missouri. 

5«;i/i«.—" No bank or banking institution shall be hereafter (1S47) incorporated or established in this State." None 
are now in operation, and the old "State Bank" has for some time been in liquidation. 

Government. — In accordance with the State Constitution, adopted 4th January, 1930, every free white male citizen of 
the United States, 21 years old, and a citizen of Arkansas for six months next before the election, may vote in the district 
or county in which he resides. 

The Legislature consists of a Senate of 25 members, and a House of Representativet of 75 members. Senators must be 
at least 30 years of age, inhabitants of the State for one year before the election, and of the district at the time, and are 
ohosen for four years. Repre8entati\'es must be at least 25 years of age, resident in their counties, and are chosen for 
two years. The Legislature meets at the capital biennially. 

The governor is elected by a plurality of votes; he must be 80 years of age, a native-bom citizen of the United States, 
and have resided in the State four years, and is chosen for four years (but is not eligible more than eight in any twelve 
years). His veto to any bill passed is negatived by a subsequent majority vote of each house. In case of his disability 
or death, first, the President of the Senate, and after him the Speaker of the Representatives, becomes governor to the 
end of the term. The Secretary of the State, auditor, and treasurer, are elected by joint vote of the two houses. 

The judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, which has a chief and two associate justices, an attorney, clerk, and reporter ; 
six circuit courts, each with a judge and attorney, and county courts, etc. The Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction 
only, except in particular cases pointed out by the Constitution. It holds two terms annually, in April and October, at 
the seat of government. The justices are elected by the General Assembly, by joint ballot, for eight years. Circuit courts 
have original jurisdiction over all criminal cases not expressly provided for otherwise by law, and exclusive original 
jurisdiction of all crimes amounting to felony at common law; and original jurisdiction of all civil cases which are not 
cognizable before justices of Uie peace ; and in all matters of contract where the sum in controversy is over $100. Two 
terms are held annually in each circuit. The judges and prosecuting attorneys are elected by the people, the former for 
four years, and the latter for two years. The justices of the peace in each county form a county court, and have exclusive 
jurisdiction in civil cases below $100. The justices are elected in towns for two years. 

Arkansas, under the law regulating the distribution of Representatives to Congress, has a delegation of two members. 

Fiwuices, State Debt, etc. — The specie receipts into the treasury from all sources from October 1st, 1S4S, to September 
30tb, ISoO, amounted to $S9,9S8, which with $12,632 in the treasury at the former date makes the total specie resources 
for the biennial period $102,670. Specie expenditures for the same period $44,054. Balance in the treasury 1st October, 
1S50, $5S,616. Of this balance there was due— to the 500,000 acres fund $41,524, to the seminary fund $14;351, to the 
school fund $G3, and to counties $5S9. Balance of specie applicable to the redemption of Treasurer's "Warrants $2,289, 
Amount "f Treasurer's "S^^arrants outstanding on the Ist October, 1S50, $16,362. Amount of funds to the credit of the 
State in the Bank of the State of Arkansas at the above date $74,726, and Arkansas bank paper in the treasury $2,001. 
The taxable property* in the State in 1849 and 1850 was as follows: 

Specifications. Number. 



— .. 


..15,702,190 


9,341 . . 


.. 1,239.530 


82,399 . . 


. .13,455,976 


144. 


. . 93,130 


93 . 


28,130 


33. 


2,680 


— . 


39,660 


293 .. 


.. 36,566 


45,916 . . 


.. 1,716,780 


7,230.. 


.. 358,809 



Jacks and jennies over two years old 333 . . 
Neat cattle " « 149,383 . . 

Merchandise 

Money at interest, beyond that for which in- 
terest is paid 

Capital in steamboats, ferries, and toll-bridges. 

"Watches and jewelry 

Capital invested in manufactures 



Value. 
$84,580 
954,766 
905,384 

157,751 
23,433 

51,788 
19,683 



Specillcations. Number. 

Polls 26,727 

Acres of land 4,987,919 

Land and implements 

Town and city lots 

Slaves over 5 and under 60 years. . 

Saw-mills 

Tan-yard 

Distilleries 

Household furniture 

Pleasure carriages 

Horses and marcs over 2 years old. 
Mules " " 

The whole revenue for the biennial period ending 30th September, 1850, amounted to $829,615, and the whole amount 
received from all sources $495,195. Total paid out $4.33,975. Balance of various accounts in treasury, 1st October, 1850, 
$61,219 76. The value of the taxable property and the amount of taxes levied in a series of years has been as follows : 

Year. 

1339. 

1840. 
1341. 



Total value of taxable property $34,995,835 

Total tax 98,540 



Property. Taxes. 

.$23,233,691... $30,446 
. 22.011,433... 31,095 
. 24,119,122... 81,956 



Year. Property. 

1S43... $22,302,990.. 
1843... 21,090,267.. 
1844... 19,940,343.. 



Tear. Property. Taxes. 

1845. . .$20,765,514. . .$.30,154 
1846... 21,159,357... 28,860 
1847t.. 27,178,875... 70,498 



Year. Property. Taxes. 

134St. .$23,904,,596. . .$75,174 
1349t.. 83,406,613... 87,936 
1850t.. 34,995,886... 93,540 



Taxes. 

$30,402 
81,040 
26,752 

The public debt bonds unredeemed 1st October, 1850, are thus stated : 

For the State Bank. Principal. Payable. Interest. 

89 five per cent, bonds $39,000 1st Jan. 1887 $17,062 

936 six per cent, bonds 936,000 « 1868 519,480 1,455,480 



Aggregate. 



Total $975,000 $536,542 , 

—on which the annual accruing interest is $2,808 12, and $87,323 80— total $90,181 92. 



$1,511,542 



"■ Tins tax list will ser^e to show how extremely inaccurate are the census returns of 1850. The census, for instance, returns the land in farms 
at 2,593,215 acres, instead of $4,987,919 acres, _Tlie State returns are undoubtedly correct, as any inaccuracies would be attacked by those having 
laxes to pay, •} Under new Revenue law. 

D 49 



THE STATE OF ARKANSAS. 



Softools and Edvcation. — Although Arkansas has ha<i advantages to foster education equal to any others of the new 
States, her improvident legislators have not improved them. There are but few common schot>l3 in the State. In each 
township ihe ICth section is given by Congress for the support of schools, and the revenue arising from leases of salt 
springs, and from estrays sold, forms part of the school fund. There are academies and high schools in Little Kock, 
Fayelteville, Washington, Camden, and some other i>lace6. There is no State College, although Congress granted to the 
State seventy-two sections of lami for the purpose of founding an institution of learning ; this, by a law of the Legislatnro 
of 1849, and in utter defiance of the intentions of Congress, was distributed among the counties. The only effort to 
establish a college has been made by the Roman Catholics. In 1S50 the Legislature granted them a charter for the 
College of St. Andrews, near Fort Smith, in Crawford County. The college has a president and five professors, and its 
course of studies embraces all the branches taught in the best institutions. The Ecclesiastical Seminary is located on the 
college grounds, and is considered one of the finest edifices in the Union. St. Mary's Academy, for young ladies, at Little 
Bock, is also a Catholic institution. 

Public Libraries. — One State library ; one social library — 1,000 volumes, etc. 

Periodical Press. — In all the State there are but 14 periodicals — 13 are issued weekly, and one monthly. The aggre- 
gate circulation of the weekly papers is only 7,250 copies, or 377,000 copies annually. Of the whole number of papers, 
three are Whig in politics, and five Democratic, the remaining six being devoted to literature, religion, and various 
other subjects. Many single counties in New Tork and Ohio contribute more to literature than the whole of this State. 
There are published in Crawford County, 2 w. ; in Hempstead, 1 w. ; in Independence, 2 w. ; in Johnson and Jefferson, 
each 1 w. ; in Pulaski, 2 w. ; in Phillipps, 2 w. and 1 m. ; in Union and Washita, each 1 weekly. 

Peligious Denominations. — The statistics of the several religious denominations in Arkansas according to the census 
of 1850 are as follows : 



Bennniina- No. of 


Clmrch 


Value of 


"Denonuiia- 


No. of 


Church 


Value of 


Denomiiia- No. of 


Church 


Value of 


tions. Cburclies 


accum. 


Property. 


lions. CI 


urchea 


. accom. 


Property. 


tioiie. Churches 


accom. 


Property 


Baptist 73 . 


8,075 . 


. $19,790 


German Eef. .. 


. — . 


. — . 


. $- 


Eoman Catholic. 6. 


1,400 . 


. $6,650 


Christian — . 


— . 


— 


Jewish 


. — . 


. — . 


— 


Swedenborgian. — . 


— . 


— 


Congregational. . — . 


— . 


— 


Lutheran 


. — . 


. — . 


— 


Tunker — . 


— . 


— 


Dutch Eeformed.— . 


— . 


— 


Mennonite 


. — . 


. — . 


— 


Union 5 . 


1,800 . 


. 1,000 


Episcopal 2 . 


850. 


. 4,250 


Methodist 


. 73. 


.14,250 . 


. 27,070 


Unitarian — . 


— . 


— 


Free 1 . . 


200 . 


200 


Moravian 


. — . 


. — . 


— 


Universalist — . 


— . 


— 


Friends — . . 


— . 


— 


Presbyterian... 


.25. 


. 7,200 . 


. 28,275 


Minor Sects — . 


— . 


— 



—making a total of 185 churches, having accommodation for 89,930 persons, and valued as property at $89,315. 
Arkansas is a Missionary Diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and is comprised in the Koman Catholic Diocese 
of Little Rock. 

Pauperi.'im and Crim<>. — The whole number of paupers who received support or relief within the year ending 
Ist June, 1850, was 105, of which number 97 were native born, and 8 foreigners ; and the whole number of paupers re- 
ceiving support at that date was 67, all native born. Total cost of support $6,8SS. The State Prison at Little Eock waa 
consumed by fire 28th March, 1850. At that date it had 32 inmates, all men, and chiefiy convicted of larceny and 
counterfeiting. 

Historical Sketch. — Arkansas, originally a portion of the Louisiana purchase, and more recently in connection with 
Missouri, a part of the territory of the latter name became a separate Territory on the admission of Missouri into the 
Union in 1820. In 1836 it was admitted within its present limits as an independent State. In ISOO the whole territory 
contained only 1,052 Inhabitants, chiefly settled near the mouth of the Arkansas Elver, and consisting of Frenchmen, whose 
progenitors settled Arkansas Port, the oldest white settlement of the country. The early history of the State will be found 
Intermingled with that of Louisiana and Missouri. 

" Arkansas, with all that nature has done for her, is far behind her neighbors in improvements, population, and general 
prosperity. It is a source of humiliation to make these acknowledgments ; but the truth should be told, though the 
heavens falV Such was the language of the Committee on Arkansas Railroads at the New Orleans Convention iu 
1851, and such must be the response of every intelligent resident of the State. With her increase of population and 
reviving prosperity, however, it is to be hoped that so magnificent a State, one so richly endowed and so blessed with a 
propitious climate and soil, will take heed and redeem itself from the just opprobrium of the enlightened among them- 
selves, and of the world that is observant of its progress. 

Succession of Governors.— Tt^rkitoi'.HlI. Govkknors: James Miller, 1819; George Izard, 1825; John Pope, 1829; 
William S. Fulton, 1835; and — Constitutional Governoks: James 8. Conway, 1886; Archibald Yell, 1840; Samuel 
Adams (acting), 1844; Thomas S. Drew, 1844; Thomas 9. Drew, 1848 ; John Selden Roane, 14th March, 1849; Elias 8. 
Conway, 1852. 

Little Rock, on the south side of the Arkansas, is the seat of government. It is 300 miles ftom the mouth of that 
river, and astronomically situate in lat. 34° 40' N., and long. 92° 12' W. from Greenwich. 
60 



THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. 



CALrroRNiA occupies all that portion of California Alta* westward of the following line, to wit — beginning at the 
intersection of 42° north latitude, and 120° longitude west from Greenwich, or 42° 5S' from Washington ; thence south 
in a direct course to 39° north latitude; thence south-east to where the Rio Colorado intersects the parallel of 35° north 
latitude, and thence down the mid channel of that river to the boundary between the United States and Mexico. Within 
those limits the surface measures ISS.DSl square miles, or 120,947,840 acres. 

This grand division of California (the only part, indeed, to which the name properly applies) is traversed from north 
to south by two principal ranges of mountains, called respectively Sierra Nevada, which divides the region from the 
greiit basin, and the Coant Range, running almost parallel to, and at a short distance from, the Pacific coast. The main 
feature of this region is the long, low, broad valley of the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers — the two valleys forming 
one — 500 miles long and 50 miles broad. Lateral ranges, parallel with the Sierra, make the structure of the country, 
and break it into a surface of valleys and mountains — the valleys a few hundreds, and the mountains 2,000 to 4,000 feet 
above the sea. These form greater masses and become more elevated in the north, where some peaks, as the Shast6, 
enter the regions of pcrpetu.Tl snows. The great valley is discriminated only by the names of the rivers that traverse it. 
It is a single geographical formation, Iving between the two ranges, and stretching across the head of the Bay of San 
Francisco, with which a delta of 25 miles connects it. The two rivers rise at opposite ends of this long valley, receive 
numerous affluents — many of them bold rivers, becoming themselves navigable rivers — flow toward each other, meet 
half way, and enter the bay together in the region of tide water; making a continuous water line from one end to tho 
other. The resources of this valk-y, mineral and agricultural, are immense, and perhaps no part of the world affords 
greater facilities for easy development Gold and quicksilver are the most valuable of its mineral products. The soil 
and climate, though varying much with locality, are generally well suited for agriculture. Westward of the rivers, the 
soil is chiefly dry and unproductive ; but on the east side the country is well watered and luxuriantly fertile, being inter- 
sected by numerous fine streams, forming large and beautiful bottoms of rich land, wooded principally with white oaks. 
The foot hills of the Sierra, which limit the valley, make a woodland country, diversified with undulating grounds and 
pretty vales. Near the Tulare lakes, and on the margins of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, the surface is com- 
posed of level plains, gradually changing into undulating, and rolling toward the mountains. The region west of the 
Coast Range to the Pacific — the only portion inhabited before the discovery of gold — has long been the seat of numerous 
misjions; and around these, generally situated in the must lovely vales, agriculture has converted the country into a 
perfect garden. All the cereals of temperate regions are cultivated, and the olive and grape thrive luxuriantly. Wheat 
is the first product of the north. The moisture of the coast seems particularly suited to the cultivation of roots, a;id to 
vegetables used for culinary purposes, which, in fact, grow to an extraordinary size. Few localities, indeed, can produce 
in such perfection so great a variety of grains and fruits. 

The coasts of California are generally precipitous and rugged ; and in relation to their extent present few good harbors. 
The bays of San Diego, Monterey, and San Francisco are the finest, and their capacities extensive. San Francisctf 
Bay is one of the most important in the world, not merely as a harbor, hut also and mainly from the accessory advant- 
ages which belong to it — fertile and picturesque dependent country, general mildness of climate, connection with the 
great central valley, etc. When these advantages are taken into account, with its geographical position on the line of 
communication with Asia, its importance rises superior to all contingencies. Its latitudinal position is that of Lisbon* 
its climate that of Italy ; bold shores and mountains give it grandeur ; the extent and resources of its dependent country 
are the cynosure of the world. The bay is separated from the sea by low mountain ranges, and only a narrow gate, 
about a mile wide, affords an entrance. It is land-locked in every sense of the word, and protected on all sides from 
the weather. Passing through this narrow entrance, the bay opens to the right and left, extending in each direction 
about 35 miles, having a total length of 70 and a coast of 275 miles. It is divided by projecting points and straits into 
three separate compartments, of which the northern two are called San Pablo and Suisson bays. The surface is much 
broken by numerous islands — some mere rocks, and others grass-covered, rising to the height of 300 to 800 feet. Directly 
fronting the entrance, mountains, a few miles from the shore, rise about 2,000 feet above the water, crowned by forests 
of lofty cypress, which are visible from the sea, and make a conspicuous landmark for vessels entering the bay. Behind, 
the rugged peak of Mt. Diavolo, 3,770 feet high, overlooks the surrounding country of the bay and the San Joaquin. 

The shore presents a varied character of rugged and broken hills, rolling and undulating land, and rich alluvial tracts, 
backed by fertile and wooded ranges, suitable for towns, villages, and farms, with which it is beginning to be over- 

* California Alta in its full extent, as acquired of Mexico, lies between 3-2" and 42" N. lat.. and 106' and 124" W. long , and is hounded N. by 
Oregon. E. b.v the crest of the Rocky Mountains, S. by the Rio Gila and California Baja, and W. by tlie Pacific Ocean, on which it has a front 
of SOO m. The area included wit liin these limits 13 448,691 sq, m. This extensive territory is now divided into the State of Ualitornia, Utah 
Territory, and (in part) the Territory of New Mexico. 

51 



THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. 



spread. Such is the bay and proximate country and shore of San Francisco. It is not a mere indentation of the coast, 
but a little sea to itself, connected with the ocean by a defensible gate. The head of the bay is about 40 miles distant 
from the sea, and there commences its connection with the noble valley of the San Joaquin and Sacramento. 

The climate of California is so remarkable in its periodical changes, and for the long continuance of the wet and dry 
seasons, dividing as they do the year iiito-about two equal parts, which have a most peculiar influence on the labor ap- 
plied to agriculture and the products of the soil, and, in fact, connect tlieraselves so inseparably with all the interests of 
the country, that it is deemed proper briefly to mention the causes which produce these changes, and which, it will be 
seen, must exercise an important and controlling influence on the commercial prosperity and resources of the country. 
It is a well-established theory, that the currents of the air under which the earth passes in its diurnal revolutions, follow 
the line of the sun's greatest attraction. These currents of air are drawn toward this line from great distances on each 
Bide of it, and, as the earth revolves from west to east, they blow from north-east and south-east, meeting, and, of course, 
causing a calm on the line. Thus, when the sun is directly, in common parlance, over the equator, in the month 
of March, these currents of air blow from some distance north of the Tropic of Cancer and south of the Tropic of 
Capricorn in an oblique direction toward this line of the sun's greatest attraction, and form what are known as the north- 
east and south-east trade-winds. As the earth in its path round the sun gradually brings the line uf attraction north in 
summer, these currents of air are carried tclth it; so that about the middle of May the current from the north-east has 
extended as far as the 8Sth or 39th degree of north latitude, and by the 20th June, the period of the sun's greatest 
northern inclination, to the northern portions of Calilornia and the southern section of Oregon. These north-east winds, 
in their progress across the continent toward the Pacific Ocean, pass over the snow-capped ridges of the Eocky Mount- 
ains and the Sierra Nevada, and are, of course, deprived of all the moisture which can be extracted from them by the 
low temperature of those regions of eternal snow; and consequently no moisture can be precipitated from Ihem, in 
the form of dew or rain, in a higher temperatuie than that to which they have been subjected. They therefore pass 
over the hills and plains of California, where the temperature is very high in summer, in a very dry state; and, so 
far from being charged with moisture, they absorb, like a sponge, all that the atmosphere and surface of the earth can 
yield, until both become apparently perfectly dry. This process commences when the line of the sun's greatest attrac- 
tion comes norOi in summer, bringing with it these vast atmospheric movements, which on their approach produce the 
dry season in California, which, governed by these laws, continues until some time after the sun repat-ses the equator in 
September; when, about the middle of November, the climate being relieved from these north-east currents of air, the 
south-west winds set in from the ocean, charged with moisture, the rains commence, and continue to fall — not c<mstantly, 
as some persons have represented, but with sufficient frequency to designate the period of their continuance — from about 
the middle of November until the middle of May, In the latitude of San Francisco — as the wet season. It follows, as a 
matter of course, that the dry season commences first and continues longest in the southern portions of the State, and 
that the climate of the northern part is influenced in a much less degree by the causes heretofore mentioned than 
any other section of the country. Consequently, we find, that as low down as latitude 89^, rains are suflflcienily frequent 
in summer to render irrigation quite unnecessary to the perfect maturity of any crop which is suited to the soil and 
climate. There is an extensive ocean-current of cold water which comes from the northern regions of the Pacific, or, 
perhaps, from the Arctic, and flows along the coast of California. It comes charged with, and emits in its progress, cold 
air, which appears in the form of fog when it comes in contact with a higher temperature on the American coast — as 
the gulf stream of the Atlantic exhales vapor when it meets in any part of its progress a lower temperature. This cur- 
rent has not been surveyed, and, therefore, its source, temperature, velocity, width, and course, have not been accurately 
ascertained. It is believed by Lieutenant Maury, on what he considers sufficient evidence — and no higher authority can 
be cited — that this current comes from the coasts of China and Japan, flows northwardly to the peninsula of Kamts- 
chatka, and, making a circuit to the eastward, strikes the American coast in about latitude 41° or 42°, it passes thence 
southwardly, and finally loses itself in the tropics. Below latitude 89°, and west of the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, 
the forests of California are limited to some scattering groves of oak in the valleys and along the borders of the streams, 
and of red-wood on the ridges and on the gorges of the hills — sometimes extending into the plains. Some of the hills 
are covered with dwarf shrubs, which may be used as fuel. "With these exceptions, the whole State presents a surface 
without trees or shrubbery. It is covered, however, with various species of grass, and, for many miles from the coast, 
with wild oats, which in the valleys grow most luxuriantly. These grasses and oats mature and ripen early in the dry 
season, and soon cease to protect the s(jil from the scorching rays of the sun. As the summer advances, the moisture in 
the atmosphere and the earth, to a considerable depth, soon becomes exhausted, and the radiation of heat from the 
extensive naked plains and hill-sides is very great. The cold, dry currents of air from the north-east, after passing the 
Kocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, descend to the Pacific, and absorb the moisture of the atmosphere to a great 
distance from the land. The cold air from the mountains and that which accompanies the great ocean-current from 
the north-west thus become united, and vast banks of fog are gcner.nted, which, when driven by the wind, have a pene- 
trating or cutting efl'ect on the human skin, much more uncomfortable than would be felt in the humid atmosphere of 
the Atlantic at a much lower temperature. As the sun rises from day to day, week after week, and month after month, 
In unclouded brightness during the dry season, and pours down its broken rays on the dry, unprotected surface of tho 
country, the heat becomes so much greater inland than It is on the ocean, that an under-current of cold air, bringing the 
fog with it, rushes over the coast range of hills, and through their numerous passes, toward the interior. Every day, as 
the heat inland attains a sufficient temperature, the cold, dry wind from the ocean commences to blow. This is usually 
from 11 to 1 o'clock ; and, as the day advances, the wind increases and continues to blow till late at night. When the 
vacuum is filled, or the equilibrium of the atmosphere restored, the wind ceases ; a perfect calm prevails until about the 
same hour the following day, when the same process commences and progresses as before. And these phenomena are 
of daily occurrence, with few exceptions, throughout the dry season. These cold winds and fogs render the climate at 
San Francisco, and all along tlie coast of California, except the extreme southern portion of it, probably more uncom- 
fortable to those not accustomed to it in summer than in winter. A few miles inland, where the heat of the sun modifies 
and softens the wind from the ocean, the climate is moderate and delightful. The heat, in the middle of the day, is 
not so great as to retard labor or render exercise in tlie open air uncomfortable. The nights are cool and pleasant 
This description of climate prevails in all the valleys along the coast range, and extends throughout the country, north 
and south, as far eastward as the valley of the Sacramento and San Joaquin. In this vast plain, the sea-breeze loses 
its influence, and the degree of heat in the middle of the day, during the summer months, is much greater than is known 
ou the Atlantic coast in the same latitudes. It is dry, liowever, and probably not more oppressive. On the foot-hills of 
52 



THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. 



the Sierra Nevada, and especially in the deep ravines of the streams, the thermometer frequently ranges from 110° to 
1150 in the shade, during three or four hours of the day, say from 11 to 3 o'clock. In the evening, as the sun declines, 
the radiation of heat ceases. The cool, dry atmosphere from the mountains spreads over the whole country, and renders 
the nights cool and invigorating. 

The valleys which are situated parallel to the coast range, and those ■which extend eastwardly in all directions among 
the hills toward the great plain of the S.icramento, are of surpassing fertility. They have a deep, black, alluvial soil, 
which h.is the appearance of having been deposited when they were covered with water. This idea is strengthened by 
the fad, that Ihe rising grounds on the borders of these valleys, and many hills of moderate elevation, have a soil pre- 
cisely like that of the adjoining plains. This soil is so porous that it remains perfectly unbroken by gullies, notwithstand- 
ing the great quantity of water which falls in it annually daring the wet season. The land in the northern part of the 
State, on the Trinity andx)ther rivers, and on the borders of Clear Lake, as far as it has been examined, is said to be re- 
markably fertile. The great valley of the Sacramento and Sau Joaquin has evidently been at some remote period the 
bed of a lake; and those rivers which drain it present the appearance of having cut their channels through the alluvial 
deposit after it h.id been formed. In fact, it is not possible that they could have been instrumental in forming the plain 
through which they pass. Their head-waters come from the extreme ends of the valley, north and south ; and were it 
not for the supply of water received from the streams which flow into them from the Sierra Nevada, their beds would be 
almost, if not quite dry in the summer months. The soil is very rich, and, with a proper system of drainage and embank- 
ment, would undoubtedly be capable of producing any crop, except sugar-cane, now cultivated in the Atlantic States of 
the Union. There are many beautiful valleys and rich hill-sides among the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, which, when 
the profits of labor in mining shall be reduced so as to cause its application to agriculture, will probably support a largo 
population. There is said to be a rich belt of well-timbered and watered country extending the whole length of tho 
gold region between it aud the Sierra Nevada, some twenty miles in width. There is no information sufficiently accu- 
rate respecting the eastern slope of the great snowy range, to enable us to form any opinion of its general character or 
soil. Some of ils valleys have been visited by miners, who represent them as equal to any portion of the country to the 
westward of it. The great valley of the Colorado, situated between the Sierra Madre and the Sierra Nevada, is but 
little known. It is inhabited by numerous tribes of savages, who manifest the most decided hostility toward the whites, 
and have hitherto prevented any explorations of their country, and do not permit emigrants to pass through it. There- 
fore parties from Santa Fe, on their way to California, are compelled to make a circuit of near a thousand miles north- 
ward to the Salt Lake, or about the same distance southward by the route of the Gila. Although this valley is little known, 
there are Indications that it is fertile and valuable. The name of the river " Colorado" is descriptive of its waters; they 
are as deeply colored as those of the Missouri or Red Kiver, while those of the Gila, which we know flows through 
barren lands, are clear. It would seem impossible for a large river to collect sediment enough in a sandy, barren soil, 
to color its waters so deeply as to give it a name among those who first discovered and have since visited its shores. 
The probability, therefore, is, that this river flows through an alluvial valley of great fertility, which has never been 
explored. This conjecture is strengthened by the fact that the Indians who inhabit it are hostile, and oppose, as far as 
they can, all persons who attempt to enter or explore it. This has been their uniform course of conduct respecting all 
portions of the continent which have been fertile, abounding in game and the spontaneous productions of the earth. As 
this valley is situated in the direct route from Santa Fe to California, its thorough exploration becomes a matter of very 
great importance, especially as it is highly probable that the elevated regions to the north of it, covered with snow during 
most of the year, will force the line of the great national railway to the Pacific through some portion of it. The soil 
situated west of the Sierra Nevada, and embracing the plain of the Sacramento and San Joaquin, covers an area, as nearly 
as can be estimated, of between fifty and sixty thousand square miles, and would, under a proper system of cultivation, 
be capable of supporting d population equal to that of Ohio or New York at Ihe present time. 

As already stated, the forests of California south of latitude 39°, and west of the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, are limited 
to detatched, scattering groves of oak in the valleys, and of red-wood on the ridges and on the gorges of the hills. It 
can be of no practical use to speculate on the causes which have denuded so large an extent of country, further than to 
ascertain whether the soil is or is not favorable to the growth of forest trees. When the dry season sets in, the entire 
surface is covered with a luxuriant growth of gfass and oats, which, as the summer advances, becomes perfectly dry. The 
remains of all dead trees and shrubs also become dry. These materials, therefore, are very combustible, and usually 
take fire in the latter part of summer and beginning of autumn, which commonly passes over the whole country, destroy- 
ing in its course the young shrubs and trees. In fact, it seems to be the same process which has destroyed or prevented 
the growth of forest trees on the prairies of the Western States, and not any quality in the soil unfriendly to their growth. 
The absence of timber and the continuance of the dry season are apt to be regarded by farmers, on first going into the 
country, as irremediable defects, and as presenting obstacles almost insurmountable to the successful progress of 
agriculture. A little experience will modify these opinions. It is soon ascertained that the soil will produce abundantly 
without manure; that flocks and herds sustain themselves through the winter without being fed at the farm-yard, and 
consequently no labor is necessary to provide forage for them; that ditches are easily dug, which present very good 
barriers for the protection of crops until live fences can be planted and have time to grow. Forest trees may be planted 
with little labor, and in very few years attain a sufficient size for building and fencing purposes. Time may be usefully 
employed in sowing various grain and root crops during the wet or winter season. There is no weather cold enough to 
destroy root crops, and therefore it is not necessary to gather them. They can be used or sold from the field where they 
grow. The labor, therefore, required in most of the old States to fell the forests, clear the land of rubbish, and prepare it 
for seed, may here be applied to other objects. All these things, together with the x^erfect security of all crops in 
harvest-time from injury Vy wet weather, are probably sufficient to meet any expense which may be incurred in irriga- 
tion, or caused for a time by a scanty supply of timber. In the northern part of the State, above latitude 39°, and on the 
hills which rise from the great plain of the Sacramento and San Joaquin to tho foot of the Sierra Nevada, the forests of 
timber are beautiful and extensive, and would, if brought into use, be sufficiently productive to supply the wants of the 
southern and western portions of the State. 

The extent and value of the public lands suitable for agricultural purposes in California can not be ascertained with 
any degree of accuracy until some very important preliminary questions shall have been settled. It is not known 
whether the Jesuits, who founded the missions, or their successors, the Franciscans, ever did, or do now, hold any title 
from the Spanish crown to the lands which they occupied. Nor has any investigation been made to ascertain how far 
those titles, if they ever existed, have been invalidated by the acts of the priests or the decrees of the Mexican govem- 

53 



THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. 



ment. A superficial view of the matter would be very apt to lead to the snpposition that the Jesuits, so celebrated for 
wisdom and foresight, would not fail to secure that which, at that time, would probably have been obtained by merely 
asking for it — a royal decree, granting to them all tlie lands they might require in that remote country for ecclesiastical 
purposes. There have been some intimations to that effect, but nothing is distinctly known. These missions embrace 
within their limits some of the most valuable lands in the State, and it is very important that it should be ascertained 
whether they belong to the government or may be justly claimed by individuals. Mobt of the land fit for cultivation 
south of latitude 99°, and west of the valley of the Sacramento and San Joaquin, is claimed under what purport to be 
grants from the Mexican govemment. On most of these grants the minerals and metals are reserved to the government ; 
conditions were coupled with many of them which have not been complied with ; in others, the boundaries described 
embrace two or three times as much land as the grant conveys. The Mexican law required all grants made by the 
provincial government, with few exceptions, to be confirmed by the supreme government. The great distance which 
separate them, and the unfrequent or diflicult means of commnnication, made a compliance with the law so expensive 
nnd tardy that it came to be almost disregarded. There were other causes which led to this neglect. I'revious to the 
treaty with Mexico and the immigration of American citizens to that country, laud was not regarded as of much value, 
except for grazing jiurposes. There was room enough for all. Therefore, the claimants or proprietors did not molest 
one another, or inquire into the viflidity of titles. These extensive grants are described by natural boundaries, such aa 
mountains, bays, and promontories, which, in many instances, might allow of a variation of several miles in the 
establishment of a corner with chain and comjinss. By the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the United States purchased 
all the rights and interests of Me.vico to and in California. This purchase not only embraced all the lands which had 
not been granted by Mexico, but all the reserved minerals and metals, and also reversionary rights which might accrue 
to Mexico from a want of compliance on the part of the grantees with the conditions of their grants, or a want ofperfeo- 
tian in the grants. The lands in the northern part of the State, above 39°, have not been explored or granted. They 
are supposed to embrace an area of about twenty millions of acres, a large portion of which is doubtless valuable for its 
timber and soil. Comparatively few grants have been obtained in the great valley of the Sacramento and San Joaquin. 
This vast tract, therefore, containing, as is estimated, from twelve to fifteen millions of acres, belongs mostly to the 
government. South of this valley and west of the Colorado, within the limits of California, as indicated in her constitu- 
tion, there are said to be extensive tracts of valuable uiiappropriated land ; and, on investigation, it will probably appear 
that there are many of them in detached bodies which have not been granted. 

The gold region of California is between 400 and 500 miles long, and from 40 to 50 miles broad, following the line 
of the Sierra Nevada. Further discoveries may, and probably will, increase the area. It embraces within its limits 
Uioso extensive ranges of hills which rise on the eastern border of the plain of the Sacramento and San Joaquin 
and, extending eastwardly from 50 to 60 miles, they attain an elevation of about 4,000 feet, and terminate at the base 
of the main ridge of the Sierra Nevada. There are numerous streams which have their sources in the springs of the 
Sierra, and receive the water from its melting snows, and that which falls in rain during the wet season. These 
streams form rivers, which have cut their channels through the ranges of foot-hills westwardly to the plain, and disem- 
bogue into the Sacramento and San Joaquin. These rivers are from 10 to 15, and probably some of (hem 20 miles 
apart. The principal formation, or substratum, in these hills, is talcose slate; the superstratum, sometimes penetrating 
to a great depth, is quartz ; this, however, does not cover the entire face of the country, but extends in large bodies 
in various directions — is found in masses and small fragments on the surface, and seen along the ravines, and in the 
mountains overhanging the rivers, and in the hill-sides in its original beds. It crops out in the valleys and on the 
tops of the hills, and forms a striking feature of the entire country over wliich it extends. Froni innumerable evi- 
• dences and indications, it has come to be the univers.illy-admitted opinion, among the miners and intelligent men 
who have examined this region, that the gold, wliMier in detached particles and pieces, or in veins, was created in 
comVination irith ths quartz. Gold is not found on the surface of the country, presenting the appearance of having 
been thrown up and scattered in all directions by volcanic action. It is only found in particular localities, and attended 
by peculiar circumstances and indications. It is found in the bars and shoals of the rivers, in ravines, and in what 
are called the " dry diggings." The rivers, in forming their channels, or breaking their way through the hills, have 
come in contact with the quartz containing the gold veins, and by constant attrition cut the gold into fine flakes and 
dust ; and it is found among the sand and gravel of their beds at those places where the swiftness of the current 
reduces it, in the dry season, to the narrowest possible limits, and where a wide margin is consequently left on each 
side, over which the water rushes, during the wet season, with great force. As the velocity of some streams is greater 
than that of others, so is the gold found in fine or coarse particles, apparently correspon<ling to the degree of attritiou 
to which it has been exposed. The water from the hills and upper valleys, in finding its w,iy to the rivers, has cut 
deep ravines, and, wherever it has come in contact with the quartz, has dissolved or crumbled it in pieces. In the 
dry season, these channels are mostly without water, and gold is found in the beds and margins of many of them iu 
large quantities, but in a much coarser state than in the rivers, owing, undoubtedly, to the moderate flow and tempo- 
rary continuance of the current, which has reduced it to smooth shapes, not unlike pebbles, but has not had sufficient 
force to cut it into flakes or dust. The dry diggings are places where quartz containing gold has cropped out, and been 
disintegrated, crumbled to fragments, pebbles, and dust by the action of water and the atmosphere. The gold has been 
left as it was made, in all imaginable shapes — in pieces of all sizes, fl*om one grain to several pounds in weight. The 
evidences that it was created in combination with quartz, are too numerous and striking to admit of doubt or cavil ; they 
arefoxi/nd in combination in large quantitie,i. 

A very largo proportion of the pieces of gold found in these situations have more or less quartz adhering t(5"thcm. In 
many specimens, they are so combined they cannot be separated without reducing the whole mass to pow<ier, and sub- 
jecting it to the action of quicksilver. This gold, not having been exposed to the attrition of a strong current of water 
retains in a great degree its origin.il conformation. These diggings, in some places, spread over valleys of considerable 
extent, which have the appearance of an alluvion, formed by washings from the adjoining hills, of decomposed quartz 
and slate earth and vegetable matter. In addition to these facts, it is beyond doubt true that several vein-mines have 
been discovered in the quartz, IVom which numerous specimens have been taken, showing the minute connection 
between the gold and the rock, and indicating a value hitherto unknown in gold mining. These veins do not present 
the appearance of i>laccs where gold may have been lodged by some violent eruption. It is combined with the quartz 
in all imaginable forms and degrees of richness. The rivers present very striking, and it would seem, conclusive 
evidence respecting the quantity of gold remaining undiscovered in the quartz vems. It is not probable that the gold 



THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA, 



in the dry digginga and that in the rivers — the former in lumps, the latter in dust — were created by different processes. 
That which is found in the rivers has undoubtedly been cut or worn from the veins in the rock, with which their currents 
have come in contact. All of them appear to be equally rich. This is shown by the fact that a laboring man may 
collect nearly as much in one river as he can in another. They intersect and cut through the gold region, running 
from east to west, at irregular distances of fifteen to twenty, and perhaps some of them thirty miles apart. Hence it 
appears that Uie gold veins are equally rich in all parts of that most remarkable section of country. Were it wanting, 
there are further proofs of this in the ravines and dry diggings, which uniformly confirm what nature so plainly shows 
in the rivers. 

The quicksilver mines of California are believed to be numerous, extensive, and valuable. Hitherto this metal, so 
useful in the arts and mining, has been chiefly derived from Spain and Mexico, and its production been a monopoly. 
The best known mine in California is that near San Jos6, which is claimed by Mr. Forbes, of Tepie, in Mexico. The 
cinnabar ore which produce the mineral lies near the surface, is easily procured, and the mine is believed to have been 
remarkably productive. Discoveries of other like mines are reported in other parts of the State, but little is publicly 
known respecting them, the belief being, however, that quicksilver will be eventually found in sulBcient quantities for 
all purposes of extensive mining operations, if not for export. It is, undoubtedly, a fortunate circumstance, that nature, 
in bestowing on this State such vast metallic wealth, has thus provided, almost in its immediate neighborhood, inex- 
liaustible stores of the only agent by which gold can be successfully separated from its matrices. It is also believed that 
California is rich in silver, copper, iron, and coal. A silver mine has been discovered a short distance from Monterey, 
•which affords a very rich ore, and has been productive in comparison to the labor bestowed in operating it. In the 
neighborhood of San Francisco bituminous coal is abundant, and the indications noted in many other sections leave no 
doubt of the great extent of coal formation in the State. With regard to other metals, time and circumstances are 
required to develop our knowledge of them ; but there can be but one opinion on the subject, that California is, in one 
part or other of its territory, bounteously supplied with all the more useful as well as the precious metals. 

California offers a very interesting and but partially explored field of research to the botanist. Almost every variety 
of vegetation, from the liuxuriant pro<iuctions of the tropics, to the stinted and scanty growth of the frozen regions, may 
be found in this country. The labors of Douglas and others have made known to the world many of the most valuable 
and remarkable species. Of these it is possible here to mention only a few. Of the pine and oak, there are several noljle 
and useful varieties in different parts of the country. One of these, />«'»(« Douglasii, first described by Douglas, is jjrobably 
the grandest of the whole vegetable kingdom. It is found on the mountains alwut the Bay of San Francisco, and in 
Bome other sections of California, generally on elevated localities. Specimens of this tree occur of the height of 240 feet, 
the base of whose trunks have a circumference of nearly 60 feet. The trunk is quite destitute of branches, until above 
more than half the altitude, when they grow outward and upward in such a manner as to give the top the form of an 
inverted pyramid. From the ends of the branches hang the cones or seed-vessels, from 12 to 15 inches in length, and 
egg-shaped. The seeds are as large as a good sized bean, and furnish a common article of food to the Indians, who 
collect large quantities of them in the autumn, and pound them into a kind of cake, which is baked on heated stones. 
The wood is very fine-grained, and contains a great quantity of resin. The pimis SahinU, p. Lcunhevtuma, p. iwt/ilis, 
and p. resinosa, are also fine species, though less in size than their gigantic relative. The former is, however, a large 
tree, being often found 110 feet high, and IVom 10 to 12 in diameter. Among the elevated plains of Upper California it 
grows quite plentifully, as also on the low hills, near the coast, where it attains a larger size. The natives frequently 
build their fires against these trees to save the trouble of collecting fuel ; by this means, also, a sweet gum is made to 
exude from the trunk, which serves them for sugar. The white oak grows on the low and level parts of the country. It 
is not generally a large tree, being from 40 to 50 feet high, and from 2 to 3 feet in diameter at the base. The top la 
extremely thick and leafy, forming an almost impenetrable mass of boughs. It is in some places very abundant. The 
gv^roiis navalia occupies the prairies, river banks, and lower hills, and is 4 or 5 feet In diameter, with branches of 
corresponding dimensions, extending horizontally i^-om the trunk. The live oak {q. mrens) grows only on the highlands. 
It is from 2 to 5 feet in thickness, and from 60 to 70 in height. The maple, the ash, the beech, the chestnut, in several 
varieties, compose large portions of the forests. It is impossible to give a full description of the flowering shrubs and 
plants of California, so great is their variety and beauty. A species of raspberry (^nles speciosimi) is one of the most 
elegant flowering shrubs of the country. It is exceedingly abundant in some localities, and, with its long crimson 
stamens, and its deep green leaves, presents an appearance truly lovely. The flowers bloom early in spring. 
In many places are found several species of mimulus, one of which is from 3 to 4 feet in height, and is a very 
Bhowy plant. This country also has numerous species of phlox and lieuchera, and innumerable quantities of epilo- 
iiumi, mnothera, or primrose, penUtemon, papci'ver, or poppy, delphinium, and salvia. A species of lily also grows 
here, the roots of which are eaten by the natives. The Seilla esciilenta grows along the whole coast ; this is called by 
the natives " quama-sh," and the root forms a very common article of food. To prepare this for eating, a hole is made in 
the ground, and a number of stones placed in it, on which a fire is kindled and kept burning until they are made hot, 
when the fire is extinguished, and the roots, wrapped in straw, leaves, and moss, arc placed upon them. They are well 
roasted in a few hours, and are then taken off and hung up to dry. This root is also sometimes pounded and made into 
cakes, which are preserved for future use ; the taste is sweet, and rather agreeable, but if eaten too freely they are apt to 
produce diarrhea. This plant is most abundant on the banks of rivers and on lowlands by the margins of forests, in 
which localities are also found several species oi pyrola, caprifoliunn and hipdmu^, which sometimes cover an immense 
extent of land. The arh^ctua is also abundant in similar situations. The larg« species («. procera), is a fine shrub 
frequently attaining a growth which entitles it to be called a tree. The a. wa iirsi is found in almost every part of the 
colder sections of the country, and its berries are frequently eaten by the natives, and even by travelers. A very useful 
plant to the native-S is the heloniaa tenaa-; the flbres of which are stronger than any hemp. Cords made of this are used 
by the Indians for the purpose of snaring deer and other animals, and one the thickness of the little finger is so strong as 
not to be broken by the largest elk. The gooseberry grows in California, and bears plentiftilly. The sand-hills and 
moors are covered with a great variety of syngenesious plants, and on the more fertile and humid soU grows a gaudy- 
flowered currant-bush, and a pretty species of honeysuckle. Perhaps the most remarkable shnib here is the ysdra, a 
poisonous plant, which, however, affects some particular constitutions only. By contact with the skin, it produces 
tumors and violent inflammation. It is a slender shrub, preferring cool and shady places, and bearing a trefoil 
crenated leaf. Two roots— the plants of which are very beautiful— are used by the natives for soap; these are called 
amolo and samate. On the rocky const of Monterey are immense collections of sea»weed, /«cws pprifornis, which 

55 



THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. 



are said to have gathered there in such abundance aa to have saved several vessels from splitting on the rocks, when 
driven on them by the tempest 

Tlie animal kiiigilom in California is made up of most of the zoological varieties found east of the Uocky Mountains, 
and of some few species peculiar to the region itself. The black bear {ursus Ainerioaiius) is an inhabitant of many 
districts, and in its habits and appearance differs little from its congener of the north ; the barren-groun<l bear (^ursus 
arctu-'i) is of a lighter color, but in every other respect similar to the black bear; the grizzly bear (urmsferosp) is also a 
denizen, and is the most formidable wild animal of the country. The Polar bear {ursus mai'ithnuH) is sometimes seen 
on the northern coast, but is evidently a stranger, borne down on floating ice from the higher latitudes. The raccoon 
{prooyon lotor), the American badger (7?m'Z«8 salradoh-a), the glutton or wolverine {gulo lusom), the common weasel 
(jmistela vulgarU), the ermine (in. erminea), the mink, martin, and skunk, are found in various parts, and are valuable 
for their furs. In many jjarts wolves are very numerous. The species mostly seen are the common wolf (lupun Ani^ri- 
cwmts), the gray wolf (J,, gnseiis), the dusky wolf (?. nnbilU), the black wolf {I. ater), and the prairie wolf {canis latrans). 
Foxes are common, and of these two species exist, the red fox {canis fulvm) and the gray fox (c. oinereo-argentutm). 
Of the cat tribe there are several species, as the cougar or puma {felia concolor), the northern lynx (/. canadensis), tho 
banded lynx (f.fasciata), and the red l}iix (/. rufa). These inhabit mostly the dense forests and thickly-wooded sides 
of the mountains, preying on deer and other animals. In the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, as well as on many 
parts of the coast, the common hair seal {j^hoca vitellina) ia abundant, and follows the track of the salmon. The beaver 
\cast(yr Jiher) and the musk rat (Jiher sebethicus) are also common, especially at the confluence of the Sacramento with 
the Bay. The quality of the fur of these latter animals, however, is inferior to that obtained more to the north. The 
moose {cei'i^us alee-i) is found in all the woody and mountain regions, and near the coast, and the elk {ce>-vus canaden- 
eis) roams through the valleys in immense herds. There are many other species of deer found in various parts, as tho 
black-tailed deer {c. macrotis), the long-tailed or jumping deer (c. leuounis), etc. ; and the prong-horned antelope (a. 
fwcifer) is found in considerable numbers. The mountain sheep, or argali (pvi-i montana), inhabits the loftiest and 
coldest mountains ; in its general appearance it resembles the largo domestic sheep, but has horns out of all proportion 
to its body, and is covered with a coarse short hair, of a dingy brown color, which can scarcely be called wool. The 
Dison {hos AmeHoanus) is seldom seen, but ia not altogether unknown to the hunter. The sea otter {Intra marina) is 
abundant along the coast, and at the mouths of rivers, and the land otter (/. Brazilien-^is) is found in many parts of the 
country. Of rats, mice, marmots, hares, rabbits, and squirrels, there are numerous species in all parts of the country. 

Among the feathered tribes of California, the first worthy of notice is the great vulture {mrcoramphos Cali/ornianns), 
second only to the huge condor of South America, and closely allied to it in many respects. It is met with along the 
whole coast ; it is solitary in its habits, rapacious, of enormous size, and singular in conlbrmation and appearance, and 
seems to hold the same position in the scenery of this country as its European congener, the lammergeyer, in that of the 
Alps. It builds in the highest trees of the mountain forests, and only approaches the valleys in search of its carrion food. 
When full grown, it measures about 4 feet 8 inches fVom beak to end of the tail, and from 9 to 10 feet from tip to tip of its 
•wings. Its color is brownish black, the bill and legs yellow, and its quills are much esteemed by the hunter for making 
tubes for his pipe. The turkey buzzard {cat}M)ix« aura) is also found here, but is not common, but the black vulture 
(cathart^^s atratus) is found in every part. The golden eagle {aqidUt cJiryfsotm), the bald eagle {aquila leiioocephala), 
the ospreyor fish-hawk {aquila halloa), the black hawk or peregrine Mcon {fahv peregrinus), tht^ ier-falcon ifalco 
islandimi-i), and several others of kindred species, but of lesser note, are found here, as the sparrow-hawk, the jjigeon- 
hawk, and the gos-hawk— the latter identical with the European species so celebrated in the royal sport of falconry. 
Owls of various species are found throughout the country ; and among the birds common to the temperate region of the 
ConUnent may be mentioned the shrike, the robin, the cat-bird, the thrush, the lark, the red-wing, the cross-bill, the raven, 
the magpie, the jay, tho wood-pecker in numerous varieties and species. In some parts of the south the humming-bird 
is quite numerous, and swallows of every description— barn, cliff, and bank swallows— are as common as in any other 
section of the Union. There is probably no other country which produces so many varieties of grouse, or in so great 
numbers. The bays, inlets, and rivers are alive with water-fowl, and the low lands near the outlets of some of the streams 
in the Pacific coast actually swarm with geese, ducks, widgeons, teal, cranes, curlews, snipes, and various other waders 
and swimmers. The swan {ei/gmis buccinator) is the largest swimming bird of the country, and seems to differ nothing 
from the same species elsewhere. The white pelican {p. onocrotaius) is found on the coast, and large numbers frequent 
the bays and harbors. Off the coast, too, may be seen the mighty albatross ; specimens of enormous size are sometimes 
seen, measuring 4 feet in length and 10 or 12 across the wings. 

The waters of California are replete with fish of every size and variety. The seas swarm densely, and the bays and 
rivers .iro alive with their peculiar denizens. The California Gulf produces great numbers of edible shell-fish. The 
oyster, tho pearl-shell, the muscle, several species of haliotis, all afford either food or articles of trade and ornament to 
the inhabitants. In California fish are generally little sought after, the productions of the earth being so numerous 
and plentiftd ; but in the colder regions of the north they afTord the common, and sometimes the sole subsistence of the 
natives. In the Columbia, as well as in the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers, and in almost every water-course 
having its outlet in the sea, the number of {salino) salmon are almost incredible. On some of these rivers from two to 
three thousand are sometimes taken in a single day. The Indians sometimes capture them with a kind of wicker basket 
similar to that used by the fishermen on the Atlantic coast for taking lobsters. This is done in the spring, when the fish 
are on Uieir passage up the stream. They are also taken with the spear, which consists of a sharp piece of bone fastened 
to the end of a shaft of wood 12 or 15 feet in length, and which the Indians use with great dexterity, frequently securing 
salmon of from 20 to 80 pounds in weight. The fish are dried or salted, and preserved for future use. They are also 
Bomelimea taken with only a small scoop net, fastened to the end of a pole. Douglas speaks of an individual measured 
by him which was 3 feet 5 inches long, and 10 inches broad, weighing 35 poun<ls. This size is not exaggerated, 
specimens nearly or quite as large having often been seen. Some of the streams also abound with \ery fine 
ealmon-trout, and with a small trout nearly resembling the one which affords so much sport to the anglers of the 
older States. The sturgeon {accipeyi.ier trai)m)iontaniis) sometimes attains great size in the large rivers, being 
from 8 to 10 feet in length, and weighing neariy 500 pounds. In general, however, this fish is of much smaller dimen- 
sions. It is principally found not far from the mouths of the rivers. In the Hay of Monterey is a species of mackerel 
{scomber colia-s) in great plenty, and easily taken. Here, as well as in most other parts of the coast, also swim schools 
of a small fish resembling, if not identical with, the s.ardine of Italy, familiar to epicures. These are sonietimcii .seen in 
such immense numbers that the surface of the water for a great distance around resembles a Uving mass, being kept in 
50 



THE STATE OP CALIFORNIA. 



Donstaut commotion by their fins. Forjjoises are very numerous in nimost every bay on the whole coast, and in foul 
weather may always be seen playing their pranks on the waves, while far in the offing appears the spouting of the huge 
whale. The halibut, pilchard, skate, turbot, bonito, and many other species, are found in various parts of the sea-eoasL 
The shell-fish are numerous and valuable, particularly in the gulf. Of these may be mentioned, oysters, which are often 
of large size and excellent flavor ; muscles, several species of haliotis, patella, cardium, and turbo, besides the peat! • 
oyster (mi/a margaritlfera), the product of which, as an article of commerce, is well known. The pearls produced by 
these shell-fish are in this country of very fine water, though rather irregular in figure. 

The estimates and ascertainments by census, of the population, resources, and productions of California have hitherto 
been very incomplete, and in reference to the population returned by the federal census of 1S50, it can scarcely be con- 
sidered as an approximation. The estimate made by General Douglass, of the State Senate, in the fall of the year 1S50, 
is perhaps more nearly accurate, and is given below for what it is worth. The population by the census of 1S50 is that 
returned to the Legislature by the census agent. The returns of 1S52 are those of a census instituted by the State author- 
ities, and those which will be adopted by the U. S. census department in the official exhibit of the condition of the State. 
The following are the population returns referred to : 

Names of Census Drmslass' Census | Names of Census DoURlnss' Census 

Counties. ISfiO. Estimate. 18S2. Counties. la=.0. Estimate. 18.=i2. 



Butte 4,6S6 14,000 8,5T2 

Calaveras 16,834 16,000 20,192 

Colusi 115 ...(with Trinity).., 612 

Contra Costa 722 600 2,745 

El Dorado 20,985 22,000 estim. 40,000 

Klamath (from Trinity) 530 

Los Angeles no returns . . . 6,000 7,831 

Marin 323 500 1,036 

Mariposa 4,400 4,500 8,969 

Mendocino 56 400 416 

Monterey 1,872 2,000 2,728 

Napa 414 1,600 2,116 

Nevada (from Tuba) 21,365 

Placer (from EI Dorado) 10,784 

Sacramento 11,000 12,000 12.589 

Ban Diego no returns... 2,000 2,932 

Ban Joaquin 4,000 5,000 5,029 

Ban Francisco 21,000 25,000 36,151 



San Louis Obispo 1.336 500 934 

Santa Barbara 1,185 2,500 2,131 

Santa Clara 8,502 5,0U0 6,664 

Santa Cruz 674 1,000 1,219 

ShastS 878 ...(with Trinity).... 4,050 

Sierra (from Tuba) 4,855 

Siskiyou (from Trinity, Shast6, & Klamath) 2,240 

Solano 580 1,600 2,835 

Sonoma 561 1,600 2,337 

Sutter 3,030 3,000 1,207 

Trinity 659 10,200 1,764 

Tuolumne no returns 20,000 17,657 

Tulare (from Mariposa) 8,575 

Tolo 1,003 1,000 1,307 

Tuba 19,032 22,000 22,005 



Total 117,533 130,000 264,435 



— Humbolt County, from Trinity, and San Bernardino County, from Los Angeles, are counties erected since 1852. 

The following summary of tlie census of the State in 1852, is abstracted from the report of W. Van Voorhies, Secretary 
of State, to the governor, and dated 25th January, 1853 : " Immediately after the adjournment of the last Legislature 
active measures were commenced, which have been prosecuted up to the present time, for the purpose of making a 
correct and complete exhibit of the population and resources of the State. This object, however, has been but imper- 
fectly accomplished, in consequence, in some degree, of the intrinsic difficulties of so complicated and extensive an 
undertaking in a new and comparatively unknown country, but mainly owing to the mixed, unsettled, and fluctuating 
character of our population, the difficulty of thoroughly exploring the mountain counties, the hostile tribes of Indians 
infesting some sections, and the mistaken supposition on the part of many that the business of the census agent was in 
some way connected with taxation. Believing that the occasion of taking this census afforded an opportunity which 
might not be again soon enjoyed, of procuring interesting geographical, geological, mineralogical, and other information 
pertaining to the natural curiosities and features of the State, 1 embraced it, and instructed each of the census agents to 
collect whatever of notable objects might come within their observation. These instructions not having been received 
by some of them xmtil they were far advanced in their labor, were only carried out in a portion of the counties. A 
number of the counties, however, are represented in this jiarticular and much useful and interesting intelligence collected 
on these subjects. Even from the imperfect showing which is thereby made, it will be seen that our State contains 
within her borders almost every variety of minerals and many most inviting fields of investigation to the natural 
philosoplicr, the antiquary, and the statesman. 

" A large number of the most important counties having failed to furnish any information on these subjects, we are left 
to conclude that much of the most useful and interesting matter in this branch remains yet to be developed. 

'■'■Population. — It will be observed that the county of El Dorado has not been as yet returned, either as respects 
population or productions. This is admitted to be one of the most populous and productive counties of the State. The 
vote cast in this county at the late general election was, as appears from the returns on file in this office, 11,252 ; and 
judging from the relation generally obtaining in this State between the vote and population, it should contain 40,000 
inhabitants. This county cast a vote of 2,844 greater than any other county in the State. The county of San Francisco, 
with a population of 36,151, casts 8,40S votes. The county of Tuba, with a population of 20,005, casts a vote of 4,276. 
The county of Nevada, with a population of 21,365, casts a vote of 5,474. The county of Calaveras, with a population 
of 20,192, easts a vote of 5,132. The county of El Dorado, therefore, which cast a vote of 11,252, I set down as containing 
a population of 40,000; which is, in fact, an under estimate, preserving the parallel exhibited in other counties between 
the number of votes and inhabitants. Estimating the population of El Dorado at 40,000, makes the entire population 
of the State 264,435. This appears from the actual returns of the census, with the exception of El Dorado County, and 
the data upon which I have based the estimate of that coimty are given above. There can be no doubt, however, that in 
consequence ol the difficulties previously mentioned, not more than five-sixths of the whole population of the State has 
been taken. The reports of all the census agents who have made returns, set forth the fact of their inability to obtain 
the whcile population of their respective counties ; adding then one-sixth to the population returned and that estimated 
for El Dorado County, gives the population of the State at 308,507, which is believed to be about correct. Our entu:« 
popular vole at the late general election was 76,890, acconling to the election returns on file in this office, estimating the 
population Qi ibur limes the amount of the popular vote, which is below the ratio usually obtaining throughout this State, 
and Cir below that obtaining in other States of the Union, places our population at 807,560, This exhibit shows an 

57 



THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. 



increase in tlie course of two years, taking the actual returns of the census, of 99,435, au annual increase of 49,717, and 
an increase of 3ii per cent, per aniuim; of the increase per cent, per annum, the United States, according to the late 
census, was 34, showing a difference of increase between the State of California and the other States of the Union of 
26J per cent, per annum. Taking, however, the estimated and more probable census of the State, namely, 308.507, and 
it gives an annual positive increase of 71,753, an increase of 43 per cent, per annum, and a difference of increase per 
cent, between California and other States of 39^. 



'' This population is composed as follows : 

"White inhabitants, male 151,115 

" " female 29,741 

Citizens over 21 years of age 93,344 

Negroes, male 1,637 

" female 253 

" over 21 years of age 1,259 

Mulattoes, male 424 

" female 98 

over 21 years of age 407 



Indians over 21 years of age 15,866 

Foreign residents, male 50,631 

" " female 4,860 

" over 21 years of age 39,444 

TOTAL. 

Whites 130,850 

Citizens over 21 years of age 93,344 

Negroes 1,890 

Mulattoes 522 



Indians (domesticated), male 19,675 Indians (domesticated) 82.539 

" " female 12,864 I Foreign residents 54,991 

" In this estimate the county of EI Dorado is not included, wliich will probably add to the -whites 80,000 ; to the cilizens 
of the United States over 21 years of ago 12,000 ; to the negroes 200 ; to the mulattoes 50 ; to the Indians 1,000 ; and to 
the foreign residents 5,000— making a final total of whites, 210,853 ; citizens over 21 years of age, 105,344 ; negroes, 2,090; 
mulattoes, 572 : Indians (domesticated). 33..i39 ; foreign residents, 59,991. 

"The counties of Nevada, Placer, and Tuba have reported 9,809 Chinese. The other counties have embraced them 
without discrimination under the general head of foreign residents, the number is believed to approximate 25,000. 

" Prodiictiom and Ciipital.—Vnder this head, I regret to state, that not only the county of El Dorado, entire, but that 
of Calaveras, also, in part, two of the most wealthy and productive of the State, have to be omitted, not having as yot 
been returned. 

"A few of the counties have reported on the subjects of horticulture, manufactures, milling, farming, and farming 
Utensils, separately, while the others have combined tlieni under the general head of ' capital employed for other purposes.' 

"The following items are not included under the general head above mentioned : 

Capital employed in stock, farming, and gardening $1,857,502 00 

" " fVuits and orchards 366,910 00 

" " improvements and real estate 6,343.346 00 

" " farming utensils 125,940 00 

" " milling 240,850 00 

—making the total capital employed for purposes other than those specified under general heads $49,800,931. Estimate 
of El Dorado and Calaveras counties, 10,000,000— making $59,800,981. 

" The articles of sheep, hogs, and poultry, although not specifically required by law, have been reported upon from 
twenty counties, and are as follows : sheep, 82,867, at $12 each— $994.404 ; hogs, 88,976, at $10 each— 339,760 ; poultry, 
96,230, at $2 each— 192,460 ; total value, $1,576,624. 

" For the number of horses, mules, cows, beef cattle, work oxen, bushels of barley, oats, wheat, potatoes, corn, acres 
of land in cultivation, quartz-mills, capital invested in quartz mining, capital invested in Placer mining, capital invested 
In other mining, and capital employed for other purposes, reference Is made to the statistics of different counties respectively. 

"The following is the estimated value of the live-stock and agricultural products. These prices are given at an aver- 
age much below the market value : 



LJTe-Btock, 

Horses at $30 $1,943,190 00 

Mules at 50 823 900 00 

Cows at 50 5,216,950 00 

Beef cattle., at 25 7,884,800 00 

"Work oxen, at 50 1,453,250 00 



$17,327,090 00 



Agricultural Products, 

Barley at $1 40 per bushel $8,163,227 00 

Oats at 100 " 100.497 00 

Wheat at 2 40 " 652,23100 

Potatoes at 1 50 " 2,0S9,755 00 

Corn at 2 50 » 156,330 00 



$6,162,040 09 



The counties of Sonoma, Santa Cruz, Santa Clara, Sacramento, Napa, Mendocino, Los Angeles, and Contra 

Costa have reported 5,553,655 pounds onions, valued at |1S6 OOO 

The counties of Yolo, Sierra, Santa r>arbara, Santa Cruz, Santa Clara, and Monterey have reported 2,359,250 

cabbages, valued at gO •^■j'^ 

The counties of Sonoma, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, and Monterey liave reported 80,271 bush, of beans, value 72,492 

The county <if Santa Barbara has reported 1,370 barrels olives, valued at 27,400 

The counties of Santa Barbara .ind Santa Clara have reported 26,811 grape vines, valued at 2C,S11 

The counties of Yolo, Sonoma, Sierra, S.icramento, and Mendocino have reported 490,990 lbs. turnips, valued . . 14.927 

The county of Sacramento has reported 1,039,800 pounds tomatoes, valued at 82,403 

The counties of Santa Clara and Sacramento have reported 1,107,500 pounds of carrots, valued at 33,225 

Tae county of Sacramento h.os reported 3.58 acres of melons, valued at 17,900 

The county of Sacramento has reported 460.000 pumpkins, valued at 46^000 

The county of Santa Clara h.is reporte<1 508,000 bricks, valued at '. 10,160 

The county of Marin has reported 1,500,000 bricks per month, valued at (per annum) 860,000 

The counties of Santa Barbara and Los Angeles have reported 78,462 gallons wine, value 146,924 

And 73,056 gallons brandy jq9 534 

The counties of Santa Cruz and Nevada have reported capital invested in manufactures ' 6300 

53 



THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. 



" Showing total capital and productions of the Slate as follows : 



Horticulture, manufactures, etc , $1,150,000 

Quartz mining , ,..., 5,S71,405 

Placer " 4,174,419 

Other « 8,851,623 

Estimate for El Dorado mining 2,500,000 



Total capital employed for purposes other than 
those specified Under general heads, includ- 
ing estimates for El Dorado and Calaveras. . $59,800,000 

Live-stock 18,903,714 

Agricultural products 6,162,040 

Land in cultivation 1,107,480 

Estimate for El Dorado and Calaveras 5,000,000 $108,520,681 

" In the above estimate it will be observed that the value of no land except that in actual cultivation is included. 

" With these facta now before us, it may not be uninteresting or devoid of utility to take a comparative view of oui 
position in reference to the other States of the Union. 

" Horses. — In these we are in advance of fifteen of the States. Mules. — In these we are in advance of twenty-six of 
the States. Milch Coivs. — In these we are in advance of twelve of the States. Work Oven. — In these we are in advance 
of eight of the States. Sheep. — In these, although having returns from only twenty counties, we are in advance of four 
States. Swine. — In these, although only twenty counties have reported, we are in advance of three States. Value of 
Live-stocJc. — In this we surpass twenty-two of the States. Barley. — In this we are only equaled by one Slate, Now York. 
"We raise more than one-half as much of this article as is produced in the whole Union besides. Potatoes. — In this 
agaiu we stand next to New York, and raise one-fifth the quantity produced by the balance of the Union. Wheat. — In 
this we surpass ten of the States. Oats. — In this we cultivate more than three-fourths of our sister States. Indian Com. 
— We produce less of this than any State of the Union. Beans. — In this we surpass nine of the States, notwithstanding 
only five counties have reported the quantity produced. Hay. — In this, though not returned from more than one-half 
counties, we exceed nine of the States. Fruits. — lu these we excel all the States in variety, and one-half in quantity 
produced. Mining. — In this branch of industry we stand not only without a parallel, but without a competitor. Agri- 
culture. — This important branch has been comparatively but little attended to in this State, and consequently in the value 
of cultivated land we are sui-passed by all the States of the Union. The fact, however, that we excel most of them in 
the productions of the soil, shows the fertility and productiveness of our lands in a most favorable light. Trade. — Yolo, 
Trinity, Sutter, Santa Cruz, San Diego, Sacramento, and Nevada counties have reported merchandise to the amount 
Of $4,000,000. The remainder of the counties have included this item, with others, under the general head of ' Capital' 
employed for other purposes — in tliese, too, we surpass more than one-half the Stales. Minerals. — The many interesting 
geological developments made by the census, place our State far in advance of all her sisters in the variety and import- 
ance of these great handmaids of science and civilization. Many matters of interest are touched upon in the reports of 
the difi'erent agents, which, on account of their isolated character, could not bo arranged under general heads and class- 
ified. I have, therefore, endeavored to supply this defect by reference to them in this manner. It is needless to say 
the estimates submitted in this report are not claimed to be entirely accurate, but sufBciently so for practicable purposes. 
They will be found, I think, to present no exaggerated representation of our resources." 

Vallejo is the capital of the State ; the Legislature of 1858, however, sat at Benicia. 

59 



THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 



The District of Columbia, the seat of the Government of the United States, originally occupied a square of ten miles, 
on both sides of Potomac River, and comprised i)ortioiis of Virginia and Maryland, ceded to the United States for the 
use of the federal government. In 1S46, however, that portion of the territory south of the river was retroccded to 
Virginia; and hence the present territory lies altogether on its north bank, and contains only 60 square miles. 

The Maryland act of cession was passed on the 23d December, 1788, and that of Virginia on the 3d December, 17S9. 
Subsequent acts were passed by these States confirming the location. 

This District was established in pursuance of the Constitution of 17S9 (Sec. Yin — IT), which declares that Congress 
shall " exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten mites square), as may 
by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the Government of the United States ;" 
and further, in pursuance of an Act of Congress, approved 16th July, 1790, which declared "that a district of territory, 
not exceeding ten miles square, to be located as hereafter directed, on the river Potomac, at some space between tho 
mouths of the Eastern Branch and Conccoeheague, be, and the same is hereby accepted for the permanent seat of the 
Government of the United States; and that the President be authorized to appoint three Commissioners to survey, and 
by proper metes and bounds define and limit, a district of territory under tlie limitations above mentioned." 

By a proclamation of the President, dated 30lh March, 1791, the following were defined as the boundaries of the 
territory: "Beginning at Jones' Point, being the upper cape of Hunting Creek, in Virginia, and at an angle of 45 
degrees west of the north, and running in a direct line ten miles for the first line; then beginning again at the same 
Jones' Point, and running anotlier direct line, at a right angle with the first, across the Potomac, ten miles, for the second 
line ; then from the terminations of tlie said first and second lines, running two other direct lines of ten miles each, tho 
one crossing the Eastern Branch and the other the Potomac, and meeting each other in a point." 

The District of Columbia, as now demarked, contains only one county, that of Washington ; and in this are comprised 
the cities of Washington and Georgetown, and what are denominated the country parts. The statistical condition of 
this county, etc., in 1S50, as exhibited in the census of that year, is as follows : 



Ci^il Divisions. 

Washington City, 1st Ward 




Dwellings. 

. . 940 . 


] 


Families. 

991 

1,008 


Populalinii 

5,543 

6,9.34 




Farms, 




Manuf. 
. 10 


« 2d " 




. . 1,057 . . 


. 72 


«< 3d " 




. . 982 . . 




982 

1,216 

769 

661 

892 

6,679 


5,908 

8.780 

4,137 

3,714 

4,9S5 

40,001 




5 . 


. 116 


« 4th " 




.. 1,216 .. 
.. 716.. 








. 101 


" 5th " 






. . 4 . 
20 . 


. 21 


" 6th " 




.. 645 .. 


. 17 


« 7th " 




.. 789.. 
. . 6.345 . . 






. 18 


Total 






29 . 

6. 


. 356 


Georgetown, N. W. part 

" other parts 

Total 




.. 461.. 
.. 713 .. 




482 

733 


3,329 

5.017 


. 9 




3. 




. 50 




. . 1,174 . . 

.. 222 .. 

.. 176.. 

.. 893.. 
. . 7,917 . . 
the populi 




1,215 


8,366 




9. 




. 59 


Country— E. of Turnpike 

« '—\^. " 




222 

176 

898 

8,292 


.... 1,956 
.... 1,364 

8,.S20 

81,887 




130 

96 . 

226 . 




ition in 


. 12 


Total 




. 12 


Grand Total 




ins : 


264 . 


. 42T 


The following exhibits the caste and 


sexes of 


the several 


civil divisic 






Wliito P 


ersons. 


Total. 
.. 2,502.. 
.. 5,031.. 
.. 4,746.. 
.. 6,900.. 
.. 2,720.. 
... 8,410.. 
.. 8,506.. 


Free 


Colored. 


Total. 
.1,790.... 
.1,541.... 
. 881.... 
.1,335.... 
.1,159.... 
.. 142.... 
.1,225.... 




Slave. 


Total. 
.. 251. 
.. 362. 
.. 231. 
.. 545. 
.. 258. 
.. 162. 
,. 254. 


Ag'te 

Popula. 

... 5,543 
... 6,934 
. .. 5.903 
... 8,780 
. .. 4,18T 
... 3,174 
... 4,985 


Civil Divisions. Male. 

Washington, 1st Ward 1,609. . . 

« 2d " 2,432... 

3d " 2,-345... 

«' 4th « 3,491... 

" 5th " 1,262... 

" 6lh " 1.664... 

" 7th « 1,775... 


Female. 

. 1,S93.. 
. 2,599.. 
. 2,401.. 
. 8,409.. 
. 1,4.53.. 
. 1,746.. 
. 1,731.. 


Male. 
.. 746. 
.. 603. 
.. 353. 
.. 547. 
.. 491. 
.. T3, 
.. 549. 


Feni.ile. 

...1,044... 
... 933... 
... 528... 
... 788... 
... 668... 
.... 69... 
... 676... 


Male. 

90. 
107. 

83. 
201. 

90. 

62. 
100. 


Female. 

... 161... 
... 255.. 
... 198.. 
... 844.. 
... 168... 
... 100... 
... 154... 


Total 14,578... 


.15,237.. 


. .19,815. . 


..3,862. 


...4,711... 


.8,073.... 


733., 


...1,380... 


.2,113. 


. . .40,001 


Georgetown, N. W. part 1,2.55. . . 

" other parts 1,679... 


. 1,864., 
. 1,813.. 


... 2,5S9.. 
.. 8,592.. 


.. 189. 
.. 487. 


... 252... 
... 641... 


. 432.... 
.1,128.... 


119.. 
123.. 


... 209... 
.. 274... 


. 828. 
. 897. 


... 3,349 
... 5,01T 


Total 2,904... 


. 3,177.. 


.. 6,081.. 


.. 66T. 


... 893... 


.1,560.... 


242.. 


... 483... 


. 795. 


... 8,366 


Country— E. of Turnpike 582 .. . 

« W. " .... 484... 


. 596. 
. 469.. 


... 1,178.. 
,.. 953.. 


.. 121. 
.. 60. 


... 111... 
... 48... 


. 2.32.... 
. 108.... 


294. 
153., 


... 252... 
... 150... 


. 546. 
. 803. 


... 1.956 
... 1,364 


Total 1,0G6... 


. 1,065., 


... 2,131.. 


.. 181. 


... 159... 


. 340.... 


447., 


... 402 .. 


. 849. 


... 8,320 


Grand Total . . 1 S-'aS . . . 


.19.479.. 


..38.027.. 


..4,210. 


...6,763... 


.9,973....!, 


422.. 


...2,265... 


.3,687.. 


...51,687 



60 



THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 



Of the whole free population, 42,956 were natives, 4.967 foreigners, and 77 of origin unknown. The native population 
originated as follows: Me. 87, N. Uamp. S4, Term. 43, Mass. 331, E. I. 23, Conn. 135, N. Y. 817, N. Jer. 163, Penn. 1,164, 
Del. 99, District of Columbia 24,967, Md. 9,245, Virg. 4,950, N. Car. 100, S. Oar. 100, Ga. 67, Flor. ^6, Ala! 45, Miss. 55,' 
La. 58, Tex. 7, Ark. 4, Tenn. 58, Ky. 90, Ohio 123, Mich. 28, Ind. 29, 111. 24, Mo. 28, la. 1, Wise. 2, Calif. 0, and Territories 
8; and the f.)reign population was made up of persons from— England 682, Ireland 2,373, Scotland 142, Wales 29, Ger- 
many 1,404, France SO, Spain 20, Portugal 6, Belgium 14, IloUajid 4, Italy 74, Austria 3, Switzerland 36, Pwussia 2,' Den- 
mark 6, Sweden 5, Prussia 11, China 1, Asia 4, Africa 2, British America 32, Mexico 9, South America, 5, West Indies 
15, and other countries 17. 

Number of persons in the District suffering from physical infirmities was, in 1850, as follows: deaf and dvmh—-wh. 16, 
fr. col. 4, and si. 1— total 21 ; Uind—v/h. 14, fr. col. 8, and si. 1— total 28; insane— \yh. 18, fr. col. 8, and si. 1— total 22; 
and idiotic — wh. 7, fr. col. 4 — total 11. 

The progressive movement of the population has been as follows : 

Date of White T(.tal 

Census. Persons. Free Col. Slave. Popula. 

ISOO 10,066 783 3,244 14,093 

1810 16,079 2,849 5,395 24,023 

1820 22,614 4,048 6,077 33,039 

1S80 27,563 6,152 6,119 88.834 

1840 80,657 S,.361 4,694 43,712 

1850 38,027 9,973 3,687 5l',68T 

or if the County of Alexandria be Included in the returns for 1850— and such, for comparison with former returns, will 
be necessary— the figures are as follows : white persons 46,240, free colored persons 11,386, and slaves 5,069— total 61,695. 

The employments of the District embrace almost every branch of national industry. Its manufactures and commerce 
are extensive, and its agriculture, though confined chiefly to the production of city-market products, is in a hio-hly 
flourishing condition. In relation to these subjects, the census of 1S50 supplies the following returns : 

Occupied lands, efc.— Improved lands 16,267 acres, and unimproved lands, 11,187 acres, valued at $1,780,640 
Number of farms, 264. Value of farming implements and machinery, .$40,320. 

Live-stock:— nnraes, 824 ; asses and mules, 57 ; milch cows, 813 ; working oxen, 104 ; other cattle, 123 ; sheep, 150 ; and 
swine, 1,635 — valued in the aggregate at 171,613. 

AgficulfuralProductx.—'Vi'\\eat,l~,S7()h\\shGh; r>'e, 5,509; Indian com, 65,230; oats, 8,1.34; barley, 75; buckwheat 
878 ; peas and beans, 7,754 ; Irish potatoes, 28,292 ; sweet potatoes, 8,497 bushels ; tobacco, 7,800 poxmis ; hay, 2,279 tons , 
cloTer seed, 3 bushels; hops, 15 pounds; wine, SOS gallons; value of the products of orchards, $14,843; and of market- 
gardens, $67,222 ; beeswax and honey, 550; wool, 525 pounds; butter, 14,872 pounds; cheese, 1,500 pounds; and the 
value of animals slaughtered, $9,038. Value of home-made manufactures, $2,075. 

Manufactures.— Aggn-<xa.tc capital invested, $1,000,000; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, .$1,000,000.' 
average number of hands employed 1,000— males 500, and females 500 ; average monthly cost of male labor. $10,000, and 
of female labor, $5,000; annual value of products, $1,000,000. The whole number of manufacturing establishments, pro- 
ducing to the value of $500 and upward annually, was 427, and of these one was engaged in the manufacture of cotton 
goods, one in that of woolen goods, and two In making castings of iron— the remainder being distributed to a variety of 
handicrafts. 

Co^nmerce, Internal Comrmtnication, etc.— The foreign commerce of the District is limited. In the year ending 80th 
June, 1850, the exporis and imports were as follows: Exports— domestic produce— in American vessels, $72,175 : in 
foreign vessels, $8,213 ; total domestic produce, $80,838 ; foreign produce— in American vessels, $200 : total exports, 
$80,583. Imports— in American vessels, .$59,219 ; in foreign vessels, 600 : total, 59,819- balance in favor of exports, $20,769. 
The number of vessels entered during the year was nine, of an aggregate burden of 1,414 tons ; and the number 
cleared, ten vessels, of 1,720 tons. Of the vessels entered, two, and 154 tons were foreign, and of those cleared two and 
200 tons— the remainder being American. Georgetown is the only port. Alexandria, formeriy a district city,'has eight 
times the amount of foreign commerce, owing probably to its being the eastern terminus of the Chesapeake and Ohio 
Canal. The tonnage owned within the District is 17,010 tons, of which 2,796 is registered, and the remainder enrolled 
and licensed, and employed in the coasting trade and on the canal. ' The steam marine measures 1,949 tons. During the 
year 1349-50, there were built 8 sloops and canal boats of 288 tons burden. 

The district is connected with the interior by numerous fine turnpikes, and by railroads diverging from the neighbor- 
hood on both sides of the Potomac, and also through that river and its several branches. The Chesapeake and Ohio 
Canal passes through Georgetown, and extends to a western terminus at Cumberland, to which point and along the 
whole Une of its route an active commerce with the District is carried on. The railroads of the District are the Washing- 
ton Branch E. E., connecting it with Baltimore, and the West and South ; and diverging from Alexandria, which is 
virtually a part of the metropolis, are the Orange and Alexandria E. K. (which connects at Gordonsville, its S. terminus, 
with the Virginia Central E. E.) ; and the Manassas Gap E. E., which extends into the heart of elevated valleys beyond 
the first ridge of the Alleghanies. These avenues open to the national capital a respectable sphere of commerce, and 
when completed will be the means of greatly enlarging the trade and general interests of the place. 

Government, ^fc.— The government of the District is vested solely in Congress. It has no representation, nor any 
voice in the election of federal officers. The only fundamental laws, beyond the Constitution of the United States, to 
which its governors are subject are those which were in force in Maryland at the period of the cession of the jurisdiction 
of that State in 1783. 

Washington and Geokgetown are the cities of the District : these are described under their proper captions, 

61 



THE STATE OF COINECTICUT. 



Connecticut, lying between Massachusetts and Long Island Sound, and extending from Rhode Island to New York, 
is 90 miles in length from E. to W., and in width, from N. to S., from 60 to 70 miles. It is situated between 41° and 42C 
02' latitudes N., and between 71° 40' and 73° 43' Icngitudes W. from Greenwich, or 8° 19' and 5° 22' E. from Washington. 
The contents of its superficies is estimated at 4,674 square miles. 

The aspect of the country is greatly diversified by hills and valleys. The hills are generally of a moderate size, and 
occur in quick succession, presenting to the traveler a beautiful ami constantly varying scenery. All the principal ranges 
are continuations of the mountains of the States lying northward. Tlie Iluusatoiiic range enters the State in the north- 
west, and extends in a southerly direction along the Himsatonic River to the coast; this is rather a succession of groups 
and eminences than a_ continuous range. The Green Mountain range, coming from Vermont and Massachusetts, passes 
through the State from N. to S., and terminates at West Rock, a bluff 40 feet high, 2 miles N. W. of New Haven. Be- 
tween this and the Connecticut River is the Mount Tom range, which, coming from Massachusetts, also traverses this 
State, and terminates at East Rock, 370 feet high, a little to the north-east of New Haven. The Blue Hills in Southing- 
Ion, a part of this range, have an elevation of 1,000 feet, and are said to be the highest land wilhin the State. On the B. 
side of the Connecticut is a fourth range, which crosses the river at Chatham and terminates at East Haven. 

The jirincipal valleys of the State are the Housatonic on the E., the Connecticut in the centre, and the Quinnebaug in 
the E. The Valley of the Connecticut varies in breadth from 10 to 16 miles, and extends northward from Midillttown, 
having in this State a length of about 30 miles. This is a rich agricultural district. The valleys of the Quinnebaug and 
Housatonic have also fertile soil, and produce fine crops. The scenery of the valleys is magnificent, and the landscapes 
varied and romantic. Many of the surrounding hills are cultivated like gardens to the very summit, while others are 
bald, or only support a few stunted trees and shrubs. The Farmington Valley extends from New Haven N. through 
the State between the Green Mountains and the Mount Tom range, and is from three to five miles wide. In the hilly 
parts of the State the soils are of moderate fertility, and are generally acknowledged to be better fitted for grazing than 
seed-farming. 

Few of the streams are of much use to navigation, except in their lower courses. The principal is the Connecticut, 
which, coming from the N., and pursuing a pretty direct southward course to Middletown, then suddenly turns to the 
south-east, and so flows on to the Sound. There is a bar at its mouth, but vessels drawing ten feet of water can go up to 
Middletown, and those drawing <mly eight feet to Hartford, 50 miles from the Sound. The navigation of the upptr course 
of this river has been iinproved by means of locks and canals, which secure boat navigation to the mouth of Well's River, 
in Vermont The River Tunxis, or Farmington, is the principal tributary of the Connecticut in this State; it rises in the 
eastern slope of the Green Mountains, in Massachusetts, and runs to the S. as far as Farmington, where it aburptly 
changes its direction to the N., until, breaking through the trap range, here called the Talcott Mountains, it again flows 
southwardly, an<i joins the Connecticut opposite to East Windsor. The Housatonic rises in the western part of Massa- 
chusetts, and enters this State near the north-west corner, after which it runs in a southerly and south-easterly course to 
the Sound; the first part of its course is broken by cataracts, and its entrance is barred against large vessels; it has, how- 
ever, a sloop navigation for a distance of 12 miles. The Thames, formed by the junction of the Quinneliaiig, the She- 
tucket, and the Yantic at Norwich, empties itself into the Sound at New London, aftir a navigable course of 14 miles. 
AU these streams, and numerous smaller ones, are applicable as a motive power, and, besides turning almost all the ma- 
chinery of the State, are highly favorable to the fertility of the lands through which they pass. Scarcely is there a 
single square mile in all the country but has one or more sparkling, never-failing rills to refresh the soil and make it 
productive. 

The whole coast of the State lies upon Long Island Sound, which is an extensive gulf or channel, being 140 miles in 
length and 25 miles wide in its broadest part. It is somewhat narrow at its Atlantic or eastern entrance, but expands in 
the middle ; toward the west it gradually contracts, till it joins the harbor of New York by a narrow and crooked strait, 
called the East River. It admits of a free navigation throughout its whole extent for the largest ships; but in the western 
strait there was formerly a dangerous whirlpool, at a spot called Hell G.ite, where the current is contracted by the rocky 
shores, and at certain seasons of the tide the navigation was most hazardous. The obstructions, however, were removed 
by submarine bliistings in 1852. The northern shore of the Sound is deeply penetrated by numerous bays and creeks, 
affording excellent harbors. The harbor of New London is the best in the State— it is spacious, deep, and not liable to 
be frozen over in winter. New Haven harbor has not so great a depth. Stonington harbor is well protected by a break- 
water, and the harbor of Bridgeport has similar improvements. These harbors form so many starting-points of trayel 
or internal trade to the New England States and Canada. 

Connecticut produces many valuable minerals. Iron ore of excellent quality, and in great abundance, is found in 
various parts. The copper-mines of Bristol and Plymouth are regarded by many as the most profitable now worked in 
the United States, not excepting the mines of Lake Superior. The most distinguished scientific man of the State, Professor 
Silliman, has expressed the confident opinion th.it they extend from Bristol, in a southerly direction, toward Hampden, 
for a distance of more than 30 miles, and that, if thoroughly worked, would be sufBoient to give profitable employment to 
80,000 miners. Already they furnish a large amount of ore. The Plymouth mines are equally rich. The vein hero runs 
from east to west, with a vertical dip, cutting the geological formation of the moimtain at right angles, and forming what 
is termed a rake vein. The working of this mine is only now being commenced, but there is every indication that the 
code contained in the vein will yield a copper ore of as good quality and in as large a quantity as the mine now wrought 
62 



THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT. 



ut Bristol has ever produced. Copiier nlso occurs ,at Granby, where it is found at the junction of the green-stone and 
new red sand-stone formations. Fine nuirblcs, of different characters, are abundant ; and free-stone, extensive quarries 
of which exist in the mountain regions, furnishes an excellent building material. Zinc, cobalt, and manganese also 
occur, and plumbago and some other metals of minor importance have been discovered at various times and places. The 
minend waters of Stafford have long been celebrated for their medicinal properties. 

The soils of Connecticut are generally good, but in some parts better suited to grazing than corn-growing. The Valley 
of the Cnnnecticut has a strong and fertile argillaceous loam, varying in different sections from a hard, stiff clay to a 
light, sandy loam, according to the prevalence of argillaceous or silicious earth. In the eastern part of the Stale the 
prevailing soil is warm, strong, fertile, and excellent for grasses. The north-western part is in some places cold and 
sterile, but is generally a good gracing country. In the western part of the State are many fertile districts. The climate 
and vegetation correspond nearly with those of Massachusetts, the climate differing only iu being a little more temperate, 
and the season of growth iu being earlier and somewhat more prolonged. The peach perfects its fruits in the southern 
portion of the State. 

Connecticut is divided into S counties and 148 townships, and contains 6 cities, 12 boroughs, and innumerable villages. 
The general statistics of the counties, with the capitals of each, in 1850, were as follows : 



Fairfield . 
Hartford . 



Dwell. Pop •;:^:i^:Z: Capitals. 

. .10,817. .69,775. . 8,155. .482. . -i Banbury 
' I Fairfield 

...11,318.. 69,966.. 3,850.. 734. 



Uartford 

Litchfield... 8,721. .45,253. . 3,621. .487.. Litchfield 
Middlesex... 5,832. .30,680.. 2,018.. 3u3.. Middletown 



Counties. Dwell. Pop. i^cult. ErJ: Capitals. 

New Haven. 10,204. .62,126. . 2,794. .521. . New Haven 

New London 8,336. .51,821. . 2,619. .765. . ■) '^'^^ Londoa 

( Norwich 

Tolland 3,741. .20,091. . 1,943. .241.. Tolland 

vVindham... 5,494. .31,079. .24,445. .880. . Brooklyn 

"Whole number of dwellings in the State, 64,013 ; of families, 73,448 ; and of inhabitants, 370,791 ; viz., whites 363,305— 
males 180,001, and females 183,304; fr. col. 7,486— males 3,749, and females 8,737. Of the whole population there were, 
deaf and dumb — wh. 885, fr. col. 4 — total 389 ; Uind — wh. 177, and fr. col. 15— total 192 ; insane — wh. 449, and fr. col. 13 
—total 462 ; and idioUo — wh. 296, and fr. col. 4 — total 300. The number of persons born in the United States was .332,536, 
the number of foreign birth 37,462, and of birth unknown 794. The native population originated as fnllows: Maine 
670, N. Ilamp. 795, Verm. 1,508, Mass. 11,366, E. I. 6,890, Connecticnt 292,653, N. York 14,416i^N. Jer. 1,174, Penn. 1,055, 
Del. 58, Md. 2C5, Dist. of Col. 50, Virg. 228, N. Car. 95, S. Car. 116, Ga. 217, Flor. 46, Ala. 74, Miss. 23, La. 64, Tex. 20, 
Ark. — , Tenn. 13, Ky. 41, Ohio 400, Mich. 89, Ind. 47, 111. 80, Mo. 28, la. 13, Wise. 22, Calif. 11, Territories 3; and the 
foreign population was composed of persons from — England 5,091, Irel.and 26,089, Scotland 1,916, "Wales 11, Germany 1,671, 
France 321, Spain 12, Portugal 74, Belgium 2, Holland 19, Turkey 2, Italy 16, Austria 20, Switzerland 55, Russia 5, 
Denmark 16, Norway 1, Sweden 1.3, Prussia 42, Greece 1, China 5, Asia 16, Africa 72, British America 959, Mexico 4, 
Central America 21, South America .35, "West Indies 192, Sandwich Islands 45, and other countries, 57. 

The following table will show the decennial progress of the population* since the first census of the State, taken by the 
United Slates authorities: 

Colored Persona. Decennial Increase. 

Census Wliite . 



1790 . . 
ISOO . . 
1810 . . 
1820 .. 

1830 289,«U3 8,047 . 

1840 301,856 8,105. 

1850 368,305 7,486. 



.232,581 2,801. 

.244,721 5,330. 

.255,279 6,453. 

.267,161 7,944. 



Slave. 

.2,759. 

. 951. 

. 310. 

. 97. 
,. 25. 
.. 17. 



Total 
Population. 

..2.38,141.. 



Total. 

.5,560. 
.6,281. 
.6,763. 
.8,041. 
.8,072. 
.8,122. 
.7,486 370,791 60,813. 



Per cent. 



.251,002 12,861 5.4 

.262,042 11,040 4.4 

.275,202 13,160 5.0 

.297,675 22,473 8.1 

..309,978 12,303 4.1 

.19.6 



The general statistics of the wealth, products, industry, and institutions of the State according to the census of 1850, and 
other official documents referring to the same period, sum up as follows: 

Occupied Lands, etc. — Improved lands, 1,768,178 acres, and unimproved lands, 615,701— valued in cash at $72,726,422. 
Value of farming implements and machinery $1,892,541. The whole number of farms under cultivation on the 1st June 
1850, was 22,445. 

Livestock, ete.— Horses, 26,879 ; asses and mules, 49 ; milch cows, 85,461 ; working-oxen, 46,988 ; ther cattle, 80,226 
sheep, 174,181; swine, 76,472. The live-stock of 1840, and of 1850, compare as follows: 

Live-stock. 1840. 1850. Decrease. 

H<"'«'^« I 34,650 head ( 26,879 head | 8,722 head, or 25.1 per cent. 

. . . ) ( 49 " S 



Asses agd mules 

Milch cows \ 

"Working oxen V23S,650 

Other cattle i 

Sheep 403,462 

Bwine 181,961 



85,461 

[ 46,988 

1 80,226 

174,181 

76,472 



25,975 " 



229,281 
55,489 



or 10.9 " 



or 56.8 
or 42.1 



—total value of live-stock in 1850, $7,467,490. 

Products of Animals. — "Wool, 497,454 pounds; butter, 6,468,119 pounds; and cheese, 5,363,277 pounds. The wool 
crop, of the year represented in the census of 1840 amounted to 889,870 pounds, and hence the decrease at the end of 
the subsequent decade, was 392,416 pounds, or 44.1 per centum. The clip per fleece in 1840, was 35.28 ounces, and iu 
1850, 45.69 ounces — increase per fleece 10.41 ounces, or 29.6 per centum. The value of animals slaughtered In the year 
ending Ist June, 1850, was $2,202,266. 

Oruin C/'o^s.— "Wheat, 41,762 bushels; rye, 600,893 bushels; Indian com, 1,935,043 bushels; oats, 1,258,733 bushels; 



* The first reliable census of Connecticut was taken in 1756, and exhibits the then population at 130,611 ; in 1774, 18 years afterward, it wa» 
197,856 ; and in 1782 it waa found to have.increased to an aggregate of 209,150. 



THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT. 



deer. 


136,531 




or 1S.5 


incr. 


434.602 




or 28.9 


deer. 


194.524 




or 13.4 


deer. 


14,660 




or 43.4 


deer. 


73,746 




or 24.3 



barley, 19,090 bushels; and buckwheat, 229,297 bushels. The crops for the years represented in the census of 1840 and 
1850, compare as follows : 

Crops. 1840. IS'-O. Movement. 

•Wheat 87,009 bushels 41,762 bushels deer. 45,247 bushels, or 52.0 per cent. 

Itye 737,424 " 600.893 " 

Indian corn 1,500,441 " 1,935,043 " 

Oats 1,453,263 « 1,258,733 " ... 

Barlev 83,759 " 19,099 « ... 

Buckwheat 303,043 " 229,297 " ... 

Other Food Crops.— Ves.i and beans, 19,090 bushels; and potatoes— Irish 2,689,725 bushels, and sweet 80 bushels. 
The potato crop in 1839 amounted to 3,414,238 bushels. Showing that the potato crop has decreased in the decade 
724,433 bushels, or in the ratio of 21.2 per centum. 

MkeelUineoiix Ooyw.— Tobacco, 1.2G7.624 pounds; hay, 516,181 tons; clover-seed, 13,841 bushels; and other grass- 
seed, 16,608 Inishels ; hops, 554 pounds ; flax, 17,928 pounds; flax-seed, 703 bushels; silk cocoons, 308 pounds; maple- 
eugar, 50,796 pounds; molasses, 665 gallons; beeswax and honey, 93,304 pounds; wine, 4,269 gallons, etc. Value of 
orchard products $175,118, and of market-garden products $196,874. A comparison of the crops of 1340 and 1850 resulta 
aa follows : 

Crops. 1840. 18.10. Movement. 

Tobacco 471,657 pounds 1,267,624 pounds in^. 795,967 pounds, or per cent. 

Hay 126,704 tons 516,131 tons iVkv. 389,427 tons or " 

IIi>'ps 4,573 poimds 554 pounds deer. 4,019 pounds, or " 

Flax 83,764 " 17,928 " deer. 65,836 " or " 

Wine 2,666 gallons 4,269 gallons incr. 1,603 gallons, or " 

Home-made manufaetiires were produced in the year ending 1st June, 1850, to the value of $192,252. The samo 
description of goods returned in the census of 1840 were valued at $226,102. 

Manufaeture.s.—yo\s.\ capital invested in manufactures, $23,589,397; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed in tho 
year, $23,589,397 ; average hands employed 000,000— males 00,000, and females 00,000 ; monthly cost of labor $000,000— 
male $000,000, and female $00,000; value of products for the year, $45,110,102. The whole number of manuiixcluring 
establishments producing annually $500 and upward on the 1st June, 1S50, wa.^ 3,913. Of wliich number 128 were cotton 
factories; 149 woolen factories; 91 iron works; viz., 13 making pig iron, 60 making castings, and IS making wrought 
iron; 115 tanneries, etc. The capital invested in manufactures, in 1840, amounted to $13,069,139. 

The cotton manufactures in 1S50, employed a capital of $4,219,100 ; consumed 89,483 bales of cotton, 2,866 tons coal, etc., 
valued at $2.500,('62; employed 6,180 hands— males 2,708, and females 3,478, at a monthly cost of $92,739— to males 
$51,079, and to females $41,060, and produced in the year 51,780,700 yards of sheeting, etc., and 950,000 pounds of yarn, 
in all valued at $4,257,522. In 1840, there were 114 factories in the State, and the capital, including that employed in 
6 dyeing establishments, was $3,152,000. 

In icoolen factories the capital invested was $3,773,950. Wool used in the year 9.414,100 pounds, and coal consumed 
7,912 tons— valued together at $3,325,709; number of hands emjiloyed 5,488— males 2.907, and females 2,581 ; monthly 
cost of labor $103,357— male $70,141, and female $-33,216 ; products of the year— 9,403,777 yards of cloth, valued at 
$6,465,210. In 1840, the State contained 119 woolen factories. 

The statistics of the iron manufacture are exhibited in the annexed figures: 

Specifications. I'ig Iron. Cast Iron. Wrovight Iron. Total. 

Capital invested dollars. . . . 225,600 580,800 529,500 1,835,900 

Ore used tons 85,450 — — 35,450 

Pig metal " — 11,396 7,081 18.477 

Oldmetal " — 837 — 837 

Blooms " — — 1,644 1,644 

Mineral coal " — 7,592 5,063 12,654 

Coke and charcoal hmhels.. . .2,870,000 30,000 783,600 3,684.200 

Value of all raw material dollars. . . . 289,225 351,369 858,780 999,374 

Hands employed, males mtmher 148 942 374 1,464 

" females " .... — 7 — 7 

Monthly cost of labor, male dollars.. . . 3,907 25,453 11,814 20,234 

" female " .... — 50 — 56 

Iron manufactured tons 13,420 11,210 6.325 «... 30,9.55 

Value of other manufactures dollars. . . . 20,000 70,000 5,0ii0 95.000 

Value of entire products " .... 415,600 981,400 067,E0T 2,064,560 

— in 1840, there were in the SUate 28 furnaces, producing 6,495 tons cast iron, and 44 bloomeries, forges, and rolling-milla 
producing 16,938 tons bar iron; hands employed 895; capital $577,.300. 

The capit.'il invested in tatineries in 1850, was $860,500; value of raw material $453,854; hands employed 407; 
monthly cost of labor $10,027; skins tanned 67,110, and sides of leather tanned 244,910; v.alue of products for the year 
$731,000. In 1S40, the number of tanneries was 197; men employed 1,359; products— 83,081 sides sole leather, and 
126,867 sides upper leather; c.ipital $404,477. 
' In the manufacture of onalt and .yi/ritiious liquors, the capital employed in 1850, was $15,500; quantities and kinds 
of grain, etc., consumed — corn 20,000 Im.shels, rye 20,000 bushels, molasses 10 hogsheads, and hops 2 tons ; hands em- 
ployed 20; quantities of liquors produced— whisky and high wines 130,000 gallons, and rum 1,200 gallons. In 1850, 
there were in the State 70 distilleries, producing 215,892 gallons spirits ; hands employed 42 ; capital invested $50,380. 

The manufactures of Connecticut oilier tlian the above specified are very extensive, and more varied in their character 
than perhaps in any other State. They embraec machinery, cutlery (a very large manufacture), firearms (also exten- 
sive), gunpowder, paper, boots and shoes. India-rubber articles, and an indescribable number of manufactures of small 
64 



THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT, 



articles of general utility. Two of the tliree great pen manufjictories of the country are in this State, one, the oldest, at 
Birmingham, and another at Waterbury. Manufactures, indeed, within Connecticut are rapidly usurping the position it 
formerly occupied in regard to its agricultural interests : while the stock and products of the one decrease, the interests 
of the other appreciate. 

Commevce and Mtvigatimi.—'Fhe direct foreign commerce of Connecticut, although the State enjoys many peculiar 
facilities for engaging in such, is comparatively small, and chiefly carried on with the British Provinces and the West 
Indies. For the year ending 30th June, 1850, the exports were valued at $241,930, of which sum $C63 v<-as the value of 
re-exports ; and the imports for the same period were valued at $372,890. The shipping employed in carrying the 
merchandise above represented was as follows: 

KnterpJ. Cleared. Total, 

Nationality of t ' ^ ' 

filiipping. Vessels. Tons. Cre\v=. Vespe 

American '. 109 22,.5S0 1,367 87. 

Foreign 79 11,572 530 69. 



Total. 



.109. 
. 79. 

.188. 



Tons. Crews. Ve.s.sels. Tons. Crews, 

.17,515 1,058 196 40,095 2,425 

. 9,802 458 148 21,874 983 



.84,152 1,897 156 27,317 1,516 844 61,469 -.3,413 



New Haven 89 16.177 095. 

Fairfield 60 6,895 872. 

New London 26 7,876 600. 

Stonington 10 2,894 213. 

Middletown 3 310 17. 



T2.. 
56.. 
18.. 

9.. 

1.. 



.13,400 591. 

. 6,322 349. 

. 4,943 380. 

. 2,591 191. 

. 61 5. 



.161. 
.116. 
. 44. 
, 19. 
. 4. 



.29,577 1,286 

.1.3,217 T21 

.12,819 980 

. 5,4S5 404 

. 371 22 



The following table will exhibit the movements of foreign commerce in this State from 1791 to 1850 : 



Years. 

1791 ... 

1792 . . . 
1798 , . . 

1794 . . . 

1795 . . . 

1796 ... 

1797 . . . 

1798 . . . 

1799 ... 

1800 . . , 

1801 . . , 

1802 . . , 

1803 . . . 
1S04 . . , 

1805 ... 

1806 . . , 

1807 . . . 
1803 ... 
1809 . . . 
ISIO . . . 



E.xpoits. Imports. 

$710,353 $ 

879,753 

770,255 

812,765 • 

819,465 

1,452,793 • 

814,506 

763,128 

1,143,818 ■ 

1.114,743 

1,446,216 

1,606,809 

1,284,571 

1,516,110 

1,443,727 

1,715,828 

1,624,727 — — 

41.3,691 

666,518 

768,643 



Years. 

1811 . 

1812 . 

1813 . 

1814 . 
1S15 . 

1816 . 

1817 . 

1818 . 

1819 - 

1820 . 

1821 . 

1822 . 
1S28 . 

1824 , 

1825 . 

1826 . 

1527 . 

1528 . 

1829 . 

1830 . 



E.^pn 



Imports. 



.$1,082, 

. 780, 

. 974. 

. 1,043, 

. 883, 

. 593, 

. 604, 

. 577, 

. 438, 

. 421 

. 376, 

. 485 

. 482, 

, 575! 

. 689, 

. 708, 

. 590 

. 521 

. 457 

. 389, 



rts. 

354 $ 

,805 

,303 

,136 

,135 

,806 

,1-39 

,564 

,584 

,931 

,187 312,090 

,813 507,094 

061 456,468 

,852 581,510 

,270 707,478 

,893 786,194 

,275 630.004 

,546 485,174 

,970 809,538 

,511 269,583 



Years. 
1831 . 
18.32 . 

1833 . 

1834 . 
18-35 . 
1836 . 
1887 . 
1S38 . 

1839 . 

1840 . 

1841 . 

1842 . 

1843 . 

1844 . 

1845 . 

1846 . 

1847 . 

1848 . 

1849 . 

1850 . 



Exports. Imports. 

$482,883 $405,066 

430,466 437,715 

427,608 352,014 

422,416 385,720 

512,970 439,502 

438,199 468,163 

582,590 818,849 

513,610 843,331 

583,226 446,191 

518,210 277,072 

509,348 295,989 

332,392 835,707 

807,223 280,841 

800,016 828,299 

969,055 372,075 

775,912 413,478 

599,492 275,823 

501,064 229,310 

264,000 284,743 

241,980 872,890 



Tannage and Ship-luilding.—'Yhe. amount of shipping owned in Connecticut on SOth June, 1850, was 11-3,085 tons, 
Tiz. : registered "permanent" 41,555 tons, and "temporary" 956 tons; enrolled and licensed "permanent" 67,778 tons, 
and "temporary" 410 tons; and licensed "under 20 tons," in the coasting trade 1,179, and in the cod fishery 1,208 tons. 
Of the registered tonnage 11,483 tons were employed in the whale fisheries, and 31,028 tons in foreign trade; and the 
proportion of the enroIIe<l and licensed tonnage employed was thus — in coasting, 61,362 tons; in the cod fishery 4,249 tons, 
and in the mackerel fishery 1,577 tons. The whale fishery is carried only chiefly from Stonington and New London. The 
steam marine of the State consists of 8,455 tons of shipping, all employed in the coasting trade, and distributed to the 
several districts in the following proportions — New London, 8,879 tons ; New Haven, 2,568 tons ; Middletown, 1,941 tons ; 
and Stonington, 67 tons. Tlie shipping built during the year specified consisted of— 3 ships, 7 brigs, 27 schooners, 9 sloops, 
and 1 steamer — in all 4,819 tons. 

Internal Communi'catian. — The lines of travel and transportation in Connecticut extend — east and west directly 
through the length of the State, having their termini at New York and at Boston, and— north and south, stretching from 
the ports on Long Island Sound, across the country into Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, and 
ultimately to the Western States, and also into Canada. The connections thus formed extend several thousands of miles, 
and alTord easy and expeditious routes of communication between the Interior and sea-board. There are two lines of 
railroad running In a direction east and west — the line composed of the New York and New Haven E. E., and the New 
Haven and New London E, E., which, in connection with the Stonington E. E., and also with the Norwich and 
Worcester E. E., forms the southern route between the two commercial centres, Boston and New York ; and the Hartford, 
Providence, and Fishkill E. E., which will form a direct line through the middle section of the State, from Providence, 
E. I., to Fishkill on the Hudson Eivcr, opposite the east terminus of the Erie E. E, The lines running north from the 
Sound ports are— the Norwich and Worcester E. E. ; the New London, Willimantic, and Palmer E. E, ; the New Haven, 
Hartford, and Springfield E. E. ; the New Haven and Northampton E. E. (on the old canal route) ; the Naugatuck E. E. ; 
the Housatonic E. E. , and the Danbury and Norwalk E. E. There are also several additional railroads in progress or 
projected ; one of which, and the most important, is that designed to effect an air line route between New York and 
Boston. The common and turnpike roads of the State are proverbially good and well kept. The only canal of any 
length the State ever possessed, the Farmington Canal, has been filled in, and now forms the bed of the New Haven 
and Northampton E. E. 

£anl-s, etc.— In April, 1850, there were in the State 41 banks and 2 branch banks, the condition of which at that date 
■wag as follows : Xta&i7«zV«— capital, $9,907,503 ; circulation, $5,253,884 ; deposits, $2,357,939 ; due other banks, $468,763 ; 

E 65 



THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT. 



dividends unpaid, $3T,37-2; surplus fund, $TG3,Co4 ; earnings since dividend, 304,390; and other liabilities, $3S,9G1 ; and 
Assets— losiiis and discounts, $15,607,315; real estate, $3S9,9S3 ; other investments, $390,035; due by other banks and 
brokers, $1,637,411 ; notes of the banlis, $245,349; specie funds, $103,014; specie, $610,622, aii<l expenses since dividend, 
$51,87S. Total of balance sheet, $19,122,207. Connecticut had also 15 savings' banks, in which $4,740,032 was deposited 
by 32,966 individual depositors: the sums deposited in 1849-50 amounted to $1,051,300, and the sums withdrawn to 
$719,S9S. The aggregate expense of managing these institutions was $10,837 ; and the dividends made on sums deposited 
ranged from 5 to 71 per centum. The securities on which the credits are based are loans on real and personal estate and 
stocks, and investments in bank stocks and bonds, etc. The Insurance Companies in the State compriseii — 8 general 
stock companies, with an aggregate of capitals amounting to $1,400,00(1; 11 mutual general comj);inies — ca])itala, 
$1,487,025; 6 life mutu.il companies— capitals, $1,400,000 ; 2 health companies— capitals, $203,175; and llife and health 
company — capital, $100,000. 

Government— The charter granted in 1662, by Charles II., formed the basis of the government until 1818, when the 
present constitution was formed. 

Every white male citizen of the United States, 21 years of age, who has gained a settlement in the State, has resided 
six months in his town, is possessed of a freehold of $7 a year in value, or has done military duty for one year, or has 
been excused therefrom, or has paid a State tax within the year, and who has a good moral character, may vote at all 
elections on taking the oath. Every voter is eligible to any office, unless it be expressly excepted.. The general election 
is held on the first Monday of April annually. 

The Legislature, styled the General Assembly, consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. The Senate is not 
to consist of less than IS nor more than 2S members — senators are chosen by districts of equal population, and by a jduralily 
of votes, and in case any two candidates have an equal and highest vote, then the House of Kepresentatives sli;dl elect 
one of Ihem. Kepresentatives are chosen by towns, and in the same manner as senators ; but in case of no candidate 
receiving a highest vote, the Senate chooses one as member from the two candidates having the highest. The Legislature 
meets alternately at Hartford and New Haven, on the first Monday in May, yearly. 

The Governor exercises the chief executive power. He must be at least 30 years of age and have been elected by a 
majority of votes, and in case there be no choice by the people, one of the two camlidates having the highest vote is 
chosen by the General Assembly on joint ballot. The Governor has power to grant reprieves, except in cases of 
impeachment, but not pardons; and he may veto a bill, but a majority of both houses may p.iss it again, and it becomes 
jaw nevertheless. A Lieutenant-Governor {e.r-officio President of Senate), Secretary of State, Treasurer, and Comptroller 
are chosen in the same manner as the Governor. All these officers are elected annually. 

The Judiciary of the State consists of a Supreme Court, a Superior Court, County Courts, etc. The Supreme Court 
consists of a chief and four as.sociate justices, and meets annually in each county. The Superior Court is held by one judge 
of the Superior Court semi-annually in each county. County Courts are held three times each year in the several counties 
by a judge elected annually by the Legislature. Appeal lies from the County Courts to the Superior Court. Clerks of 
the County Courts are likewise clerks of the Superior Court and Supreme Court in their counties respectively. In all 
cases of libel, truth may be given in evidence. Sheriffs are chosen by the Assembly, and hold office for three years. 

Eederal liepvesentatiQn.—ConnecWcxiX, under the law relative to the distribution of representatives, has four members 
In Congress. 

Finances, ete.— During the year ending 1st April, 1850, the total receipts into the public treasury amounted to $122,347 
and the expenditures to $118,393, leaving a balance of $3,955. The chief sources of income were, from taxes, $73,55T; 
from dividends on bank stock, $37,053, etc. The principal expenses were, the expenses of legislation, $25,986 ; salaries, 
$14,150 ; contingent expenses of government, $15,399 ; judicial expenses, .$49,002, etc. Connecticut has no absolute debt. 
The contingent debt amounted to $58,212. The value of property belonging to the State otherwise than the School Fund, 
amounts to $406,000. 

Religious Denomiiiations. — The statistics of the several religious denominations in accordance with the census of 
1850, were as follows : 



Dencimina- No. r.f Clmrch Value of 

tions. Churclies._acfom. Property, 

Baptist 113.. "44,884.. $406,034 

Christian 4.. 950.. 5,500 

Congregational 252. .127,-320. .1,657,185 

Dutch Kef — .. — .. — 

Episcopal 100 . . 44,350 . . 773,875 

Free 1.. 325.. 800 

Friends 5.. 1,025.. 7,150 



De 



Churcli Value of 
accom. Propert}'. 

- .. $- 



De 



N(i. of CI 



Clii 



Koman Catholic. 12 . 
Swedenborgian. . — . 

Tunker — . 

Union 4 . 

Unitarian 5 . , 

Universalist 22 . 

Minor Sects 6 .. 



V.ilue of 
accoin. Property. 
9,015..$ 97,500 



1.850 . 
1.750 , 
8,905 , 
1,250. 



28,400 
4,200 

90.200 
6,000 



German Ref — . . 

Jewish — .. — .. — 

Lutheran — .. — .. — 

Mennonitc — .. — .. — 

Methodist 178 . . 56,025 . .851,550 

Moravian — .. — .. — 

Presbyterian ... 17 . . 7,500 . . 88,700 
— making a total of 719 churches, with accommodation for 305,249 persons, and valued as properly at $8,554,894. 
Connecticut forms a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and with Rhode Island constitutes the Roman Catholic 
Diocese of Hartford. 

Educational Statistics. — The number of common school societies in the State on the 1st April, 1850, was 217; of 
school districts, 1,649, and of children between 4 and 16 years of age, 92,055. The value of the School Fund, 2d Sept., 
as appears from the biennial exhibit, was $2,076,602 75 ; and the amount of dividend for 1850 w.is $137,449 61, or $1 50 
for every enumerated child. The returns do not give the number of teachers, or their wages, or the time during which 
schools are open, but only the information above indicated. The Legislature, at the session of 1849, appropriated 
$10,000 for the establishment of a State Nuvmal School, which is under the control of eight trustees, appointed by tho 
General Assembly, one from each county. The collegiate establishments of the State are: Yale College, Trinity College, 
the "Wesleyan University, and the Theological Institute. Yale College is one of the oldest, most richly endowed, and 
most extensively useful institutions of learning in the United States. It was founded in 1701 by the gentleman whose 
name it perpetuates. In 1850 it had in the academical department 432 students, of which 93 were of the senior class, 
91 of the junior class, 122 of the sophomore class, and 126 of the freshmen class— total, 432 ; and the number of students 
in theology was 88, in law 26, in medicine 3S, and in philosophy and the arts 21— total in professions and the arts, 123. 
Grand total, 555. From 1702 to 1850, the number of graduates had been 5,932, of which 2,962 were living; and of the 
total, 1,562 had been ministers of the gospel, of whom 724 were living in 1850. The library of Yale College contains 
49,000 volumes. Trinity College, an Episcopal institution, is located at Hartford. It was founded in 1824, and in 1S60 
C6 



TPIE STATE OF CONNECTICUT. 



had 9 professors, 66 students, and a library of 9,000 volumes. Its alumni counted at tlie latter date 257, of which 117 had 
taken holy orders. The Weslcyan University at Middletown was founded in 1331, and in 1S50 had 8 professors, 125 
students, and a library of 11,123 volumes. Since its commencement it had graduated 327 students, and of these, 126 had 
gone into the ministry. At Hartford is the Theological Institution of Connecticut, an establishment under the Congrega- 
tional churches, founded in 1S31. It had, in 1S50, 3 instructors, 17 students, and a library of 5,000 volumes. Its alumni 
counted 151. There are, besides the above, a large number of academies, and other descriptions of private schools, 
which, for efficiency and cheapness, have few equals. There is also at Ilartford the Connecticut Historical Society, which 
publishes its transactions at stated periods. 

Charitable IiiHitntknM.—Conneclicwt, at an earlier period, and on a more extensive scale than any other of the 
States, commenced and completed institutions the object of which was the relief of those whom nature or accident had 
deprived of the use of senses or mental faculties. The principal of these institutions are the Ketreat for the Insane, 
and the American Asj lum for the Deaf and Dumb, both at Ilartford ; and to these may be added the State Prison at 
Wethersfield, conducted on paternal and correctional, rather than vindictive, principles. The Eetreat for the Insane was 
opened in 1S24 ; on the 1st April, 1849, it contained 133 patients, and in 1849-50, 135 were admitted, making 268 in all ; and 
during the same year 125 were discharged, leaving in the Eetreat 143. Of the patients discharged 64 were recovered, 24 
improved, 7 not improved, and 30 died. The whole number of admissions, from the opening oY the institution, had been 
2,083. The terms of admission are $89 a quarter for patients belonging to the State, and $45 50 for patients from other 
States. The American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb was the first institution of the kind founded in the United Slates, 
and has been well endowed by individual, State, and Federal bounties. The number of students for the year ending 1st 
May, 1S50, was 210, and of these 20 were supported by friends, .32 by the State of Maine, 23 by New Hampshire, 19 by 
Vermont, 75 by Massachusetts, 7 by Rhode Island, 26 by Connecticut, and 8 by South Carolina. The annual cost is 
$100, but in sickness extra necessaries are charged for; applicants for admission must be between 8 and 25 years of age, 
of good natural intellect, capable of forming and joining letters legibly and correctly, and of good moral character. 

Periodical Press.~Thc whole number of periodicals and newspapers published in Connecticut, in 1850, was 51, of 
which 30 were political, and 21 literary, religious, scientific, etc. Of the political papers, 20 were whig and 10 democratic 
in their teachings. Of the total, 8 were daily papers, 4 tri-weekly, 83 weekly, and 6 at other periods. The circulation of 
the daily papers amounted at each aggregate issue to 12,300 copies; of the tri-weeklies, to 1,600 copies; of the weeklies, 
to 34,810 copies ; and of all others, to 2,400 copies. The best known of the Connecticut periodicals are — the "American 
Journal of Science," the "New Englander" (literary), the "Church Eeview" (religious), and the "Yale Literary Maga- 
zine" (literary); all of which are published from the New Haven press. The "Journal of Science" is under the editorial 
supervision of the celebrated Dr. Silliman, and has long stood at the head of scientific periodicals in America. 

Pauperism and Crime. — The whole number of paupers supported in the year ending 1st June, 1850, was 2,337, of 
which number 1,872 were natives, and 405 foreigners ; and the whole number of paupers receiving support at the date 
specified was 1,744, viz. : 1,463 natives, 281 foreigners. Cost of supporting paupers in the year $95,624. The number of 
convicts in the Stale Prison on the 31st March, 1850, was 175, of which 163 were males and 12 females. During the year 
then ending, 61 convicts had been received and 43 discharged. The average number in confinement during the year 
was about 160. The male prisoners are employed in making cabinet-ware, cutlery, and shoes ; and the females in wash- 
ing, cooking, making and mending clothing, and binding boots and shoes. A small library has been purchased for the 
use of the prisoners, and it is a duty of th» chaplain to give educational as well as religious instruction to the prisoners. 
The institution is self-supporting, and the receipts for the past year show a balance in favor of the prison. A reform 
school for juvenile offenders has also been lately established, and is supported by the legislature and individuals con- 
jointly. 

JlistoHcal Sketch.— The territory now constituting the State of Connecticut was granted by the Plymouth Company 
in 1630 to the Earl of Warwick, and in the following year he assigned his rights to Lord Say and Seal, Lord Brook, and 
others. Among the assignees were many distinguished Puritans and active friends of liberty. So little was yet known 
of the geography of the country, that the grant was made to extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the South Sea, and it 
was upon this clause of her charter that Connecticut long afterward founded her claims to lands in Pennsylvania and 
Ohio. 

About the same date, on the invitation of an Indian chief, Winslow, the governor of Plymouth, visited his tribe on the 
Connecticut Elver, and selected a place near the mouth of the little river in "Windsor for the establishment of a trading house. 
The Dutch at New York, apprised of this project, determined to anticipate them, and immediately dispatched a party, who 
erected a fort at Ilartford. In September, 1633, a company from Pljniouth arrived at the place previously selected, and 
in October raised their first house, fortifying it with palisades. The Dutch, considering them as intruders, attempted to 
drive them away, but finding them in too strong a force, abandoned the design. In 1635, other parties arriving from 
Massachusetts, settled at Wethersfield and Windsor, but many of them returned after sufl'ering great hardships. In the 
same year the assignees above mentioned, desirous of commencing a settlement, sent over as their agent John Winthrop, 
son of the governor of Massachusetts, with instructions to build a fort at the mouth of the river and commodious houses 
for the emigrants. Hearing at Boston that the Dutch were preparing to take possession of the same place, ho repaired 
thither immediately, began his fort, and mounted his cannon. A few days after the Dutch arrived, but were not permitted 
to land. The next spring, the Eev. Thomas Hooker, of Cambridge, the "light of the Western churches," and about 100 
others, established themselves at Hartford, on lands purchased of the Indians. In 1637 many of the settlements were 
ravaged by the savages, and their inhabitants carried ofT and slaughtered. 

Hitherto the settlements had acknowledged the authority of Massachusetts. In January, 1639, the freemen having 
convened at Hartford, adopted a constitution for themselves. At this time the colony consisted only of three towns- 
Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield, each of which was empowered to send four members to the General Court. In 
the s.ame year George Fenwick, one of the patentees, came over with his family, and settled at the mouth of the river. 
In honor of Lord Say and Seal and Lord Brook he called the place Say-Brook. Others afterward joined him, and for 
several years they were governed by their own magistrates and laws. In 1044, Fenwick, for $7,000 assigned all the 
rights conferred by the patent of the Plymouth Company to the General Court of Connecticut, and henceafter this set- 
tlement became a part of the colony. The claim of Plymouth Colony, founded upon their having first made an estab- 
lishment at Windsor, had been previously purchased. 

In the mean time another colony had been planted within the limits of the Connecticut patent. In 1637 two large ships 
arrived at Boston, having on board Mr. Davenport and others. Being possessed of great wealth, the Cmrt of Massa- 

67 



THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT. 



chusetts, desirous of retaining them in tlie colony, offered them any place they might eelect for a plantation. Wishing, 
however, to institute a civil and religious community, conforming in all things to their peculiar principles, they removed 
next year to Quinnipiac, which they called New Haven. Soon after their arrival, at the close of a day of fasting and 
prayer, they subscribed what they termed a "Plantation Covenant," solemnly binding themselves, "until otherwise or- 
dered, to be governed in all things of a civil as well as religious concern, by the ndes which the Scriptures held forth to 
them. They purchased lands of the natives, and laid out their town in squares, designing it for a great and elegant city. 
In 1689 a more efiBcient constitution was framed, but the same foundation was retained. As new towns sprung up, 
however, this instrument was modified, and the institutions and laws became gradually assimilated to those of Con- 
necticut. 

The Dutch of New York, claiming the territory as far as the Connecticut River, involved the colonists in constant and 
vexatious disputes, and the fear of attack from that quarter was one of the reasons which, in 1643, induced the colonies 
of New England to form a confederation for their mutual defense. 

The criminal code of Connecticut (commoidy known in modern times as the Blue Laws) was completed in the year 
1642. 

In 1650 a treaty of amity and partition was concluded at Ilartford between the English and Dutch, the latter relin- 
quishing their claims to the territory, except the lands which they actually occupied. Soon after the two nations were 
at war, but their American colonies had agreed to remain at peace. Notwithstanding this agreement, the Dutch governor 
was detected in concerting with the Indians a plot for the total extirpation of the English. Connecticut and New Haven 
were alarmed. They applied to Massachusetts for aid, but in spite of the confederation that colony refused to take up 
arras in their defense. Exasperated at such conduct, and fearing the worst from their enemies, they represented their 
danger to Cromwell and implored his assistance, who, with his usual promptness, sent a fleet for their protection and for 
the conquest of the Dutch ; but peace in Europe saved the Dutch from subjugation and the colonies from dread of 
massacre. 

On the restoration of Charles II., Connecticut applied for a royal charier, which was granted, and the constitution 
■which the people themselves had adopted was confirmed. The charter comprehended New Haven; but it was not 
before 1665 that that colony reluctantly assented to the union. 

"When Charles 11., in 1664, granted the New Netherlands to the Duke of York, regardless of its charter, the territory 
of Connecticut was included in the same patent, and in 1775, Major Andros, the duke's governor, arrived with an armed 
force at Saybrook to take possession of the fort at that place; but his object was frustrated by the address and opposition 
of the colonial militia, and he obliged to return to New York. 

According to a report made to the Board of Trade and Plantations in 16S0, it appears that the colony then con- 
tained 26 towns, that the militia consisted of 2,507 men; that the annual exports amounted to $44,000; that the whole 
number of trading vessels was 27, and the tonnage 1,050 tons. The population is supposed to have numbered about 
12,000. 

In 1CS6, James II., desirous to annul all the colonial charters, summoned the several colonies to appear and show 
cause why they should not surrender them. Andros advised Connecticut, to insure the good-will of his majesty, to re- 
sign her charter voluntarily, but the people estimated too highly its privileges to surrender it until necessity compelled 
them. Sir Edmond, therefore, repaired with a body of troops to Ilartford, where the Assembly was in session, and de- 
manded it of them. After a prolonged debate until evening, the charter w9s produced and laid upon the table, a large 
number of persons being present. Suddenly the candles were extinguished. With counterfeited haste they were agaiu 
relighted, but the charter could nowhere be found. In the dark it had been privately carried off by a Captain Wads- 
worth, and concealed in a hollow tree. Sir Edmond, however, assumed the government, and ruled with absolute sway. 
When James was driven from the throne and the governor deposed, Connecticut resumed her former government. 
The Assembly voted a flattering address to King William, and, in consequence, the suit instituted for annulling the charter 
■was discontinued. But not long afterward they were again called upon to defend their liberties. In 1C02 Fletcher 
was appointed governor of New York, and was authorized to take command of the militia of Connecticut. This power 
havin" been given by the charter to the governor of the colony, he determined not to relinquish it. Next year, when 
the General Court was in session, Fletcher repaired to Hartford, and required that the mditia should be placed under 
his command ; but the same Captain Wadsworth who had preserved the charter, also by his address in this case pre- 
served the honor of the colony. The governor finding great opposition deemed it unwise to contend against such a 
people, and returned to New York without effecting his purpose. A representation of the opposing claims being made 
to the king, he decided that the governor of Connecticut should retain command of the militia, but that in time of war 
a certain number should be placed under the command of Fletcher. 

In 1700 Yale College was founded at Saybrook. 

Though harassed by repeated attempts upon her civil rights, Connecticut, like the other colonies, was compelled to 
engage in the contests which the mother country maintained with France. In 1709 great exertions were made to assist 
an enterprise undertalwn for the reduction of Canada. The armament expected from England, however, did not arrive, 
and the expedition was thus defeated at the outset. In the succeeding year another levy was made, troops were sent 
out from Englan.l, but the attempt failed through the blunders of the English commanders. In 1745 Connecticut con- 
tributed liberally in men and money to the campaign -which resulted in the capture of Louisburg, and in the succeeding 
war, which terminated in the reduction of Quebec, her exertions were out of proportion to her population and strength. 
At one Ume 6,000 Connecticut troops, equipped by the colony, were in actual service, and the expenses incurred between 
1756-62 amounted to £400,000 sterling more than the Parliament allowed her. 

A short period of repose succeeding, Connecticut participated in the prosperity enjoyed by the colonies in general, 
and made rapl.l advances in population an<l wealth. On the breaking out of the Revolution, Connecticut was one of the 
most foremost in defense of liberty. Committees of correspondence acted in concert with Massachusetts, and the militia 
of the colony furnished a considerable force for the relief of Boston. During the war, Connecticut suffered little from 
the actual presence of the enemy ; a few towns, indeed, were destroyed in 1777 and 1779, but in both cases the invaders 
were severelv handled by the militia. 

Shortly before the cojiclusion of the war, a dispute which had arisen between Connecticut and Pennsylvania, respect- 
ing the right to lands lying on the Susquehanna west of New York, was terminated by the decision in favor of Penn- 
sylvania, made by a board of commissioners appointed by Congress. 
After the peace of 17S3, no event of historical importance occurred in this State for many years, and so liberal was tho 



THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT. 



charter the inhabitants had received from Charles II., that it was continued, while most of the other States established 
new constitutions. 

Connecticut ratified the federal constitution on the 9th .January, 1788. In the subsequent division of parties, a great 
majority of the inhabitants espoused the cause of tlie federalists, and to tliis side they adhered with constancy during 
the whole administrations of the first three presidents, the representatives in Congress from Connecticut uniformly op- 
posing the leading measures of the republican party. The war which was declared against England in 1812, although 
commenced upon similar principles to that of the Revolution, was opposed in Congress by her delegates, and received 
no voluntary support from the people. The hostility of Connecticut to the system of the then dominant party in the 
general government was displayed in various acts of minor importance, until the meeting of the Convention at Hartford, 
in the winter of 1814-15, seemed to draw the affairs of the Union in that quarter to a crisis. The real views of the party 
leaders by whom this assemlily was projected have been the suiiject of controversy. Charity would incline us to the 
belief that nothing more than legal opposition was intended and that their projects were attained by its results. After 
proposing certain alterations in the federal constitution, and remonstrating against the measures of the general govern- 
ment, the convention adjourned. 

This opposition of the New England governments, however, had the effect of saving them from the horrors of tho 
■war, and the only attack made on Connecticut was by a British force on Stonington, in August, 1814. On the conclusion 
of the war the relations of the State with tho general government were restored to their former footing, and soon after- 
ward a revolution took place in its -internal politics. The federal party, for the first time since the existence of party 
distinctions, found itself in a minority, and the offices of the State passed into the hands of their political opponents. 

Another event of importance was the formation of a new constitution in 1818, the result of recent occurrences, the 
chief provisions of which are given on a former page. Since this period the progress of the State has been onward and 
prosperous, and the public spirit of its inhabitants has of late years made a rapid development of its wonderful capa- 
cities for commerce and manufactures. 

Succe&9ion of Governors. — Governors of Connecticut Colony : John Haynes, 1639 ; Edward Hopkins, 1640 ; John 
Haj-nes, 1641 ; Edward Hopkins, 1642 ; John Haynes, 1643 ; Edward Hopkins, 1644 ; John Haynes, 1645 ; Edward Hop- 
kins, 1646; JoSn Haynes, 164T; Edward Hopkins, 1648; John Haynes, 1649; Edward Hopkins, 1650; John Haynes, 
1651 ; Edward Hopkins, 1652 ; John Haynes, 1653 ; Edward Hopkins, 1654 ; Thomas Wells, 1655 ; John Webster, 1656 ; 
John Winthrop, 1657; Thomas Wells, 1658 ; and .John Winthrop, 1659. Governors or New Haven Colony: Theoph- 
ilus Eaton, 1639; Francis Newman, 16.S8 ; and William Leet, 1661. Governors of the United Colonies: John 
Winthrop, 1665 ; William Leet, 1676 ; Robert Treat, 16S0; Sir Edmond Andros, 1687; Robert Treat, 1689 ; John Win- 
throp, 1696; Gurdon Saltonstall, 1707; Joseph Talcot, 1724 ; .Jonathan Law, 1741 ; Roger Wolcott, 1751 ; Thomas Fitch, 
1754 ; William Pitkin, 17G'j ; Jonathan Trumbull, 1769 ; and State Governors : Jonathan Trumbull, 1776 ; Matthew 
Griswold, 1784 ; Samuel Huntington, 1785 ; Oliver Wolcott, 1796 ; Jonathan Trumbull, 1798 ; John Treadwell, 1809 
Roger Griswold, 1811 ; John Cotton Smith, 1813 ; Oliver Wolcott, 1817 ; Gideon Tomlinson, 1S27 ; John S. Peters, 1831 
Henry W. Edwards, 1833; Samuel Augustus Foot, 1834; Henry W. Edwards. 1835; William W. Ellsworth, 1S38 
Chauncey F. Cleveland, 1842 ; Roger S. Baldwin, 1844 ; Isaac Toucey, 1846 ; Clark Bissell, 1847 ; Joseph Trumbulli 
1849 ; and Thomas H. Seymour, 1850. , 

Hartford and New Haven are alternate capitals of the State. 

69 



THE STATE OF DELAWARE. 



Delaware, next to Rhode Island, llie smallest State of the Union, and, in point of population, much inferior to that 
State, lies between 33° 2S' and 89° 47' latitudes N., and between 74° 56' and 75° 40' longitudes W. of Greenwich, or 
1° 22' and 2° 06' E. of Washington. It is bounded on the N. by Pennsylvania (from which the arc of a circle drawn with 
a radius of 12 miles from Newcastle as a centre, divides it), on the E. by Delaware Bay and the Atlantic Ocean, and on 
tlie S. and W. by Maryland, occupying the north-eastern portion of the peninsula between the bays Chesapeake and 
Delaware. The N. and W. and S. boundaries were originally determined by Mason and Dixon, under whose name the 
lines are still known. The length of the State N. and S. is about 92 miles, and its width varies from 30 miles in the S. 
to less than 10 in the N., the area being 2,120 square miles. 

Nearly the whole of Delaware lies on the Atlantic plain. The northern part, however, to Christiana creek, belongs to 
the primary tract, and is hilly and somewhat rugged ; but there are no hills exceeding 500 feet in height above the 
ocean. South of the creek above named, the surface is an almost perfect level, the general slope being toward the 
Delaware and the ocean. In the south-v.est the direction of the slope is toward Chesapeake Bay. A table-land, or low 
sandy ridge, nowhere more than 60 or 70 feet in height, near its western boundary, passes through the Slate, and forms 
the watershed of the peninsula. This table-land abounds with swamps, in which most of the rivers and streams have 
their sources, some flowing west into the Chesapeake, and others east into the Delaware. At the southern extremity 
of the State is the Cypress Swamp, a morass 12 miles in length and 6 miles in width, including an area of 50,000 acres 
of land, the whole of which is a high and level basin, very wet, though undoubtedly the highest land between the sea 
and the bay. This swamp contains a great variety of trees and plants, and is infested by wild animals and reptiles. In 
the northern parts of the Stale, along the Delaware Eiver and Bay, and for 8 or 10 miles inland, the soils are generally 
rich clays, in which the most useful agricultural staples can be easily reared ; from thence to the swamps the soil is light 
and sandy, and of an inferior quality; and the central and southern parts have also a sandy soil, which gradually 
becomes more unproductive as the south is approached. Bog-iron ore is found in the swampy tracts in the south, and 
has long been used for economical purposes; shell marl, highly valuable in agriculture, occurs, and in the north is found 
kaolin or porcelain clay, which has supplied the Philadelphia Works witll that valuable earth. 

The climate of the State is generally mild, and highly favorable to agricultural pursuits. The northern portion has a 
salubrious atmosphere, but where the land is swampy, endemic sicknesses prevail to a considerable extent. The natural 
productions are similar to those of the middle region of the Atlantic States. Some large timber grows in the north, 
and throughout the State, in localities, woods of various kinds are found, and much has been exported at different 
periods. 

All the rivers of Delaware are small, generally rising within the State, and flowing into the Delaware ; the Brandywine, 
however, comes in from Pennsylvania, and the head waters of the Choptank and Nanticoke, which pass into Maryland, 
are within its limits. The streams are generally wide in proportion to their length, and navigable by small craft several 
miles from their mouths. The Brandywine (Brandewyne or Brandy Eiver of the Dutch) is, in the upper part of its 
course, a valuable mill stream, but at Wilmington it receives Christiana creek, and becomes navigable for large ships. 
Small vessels also go up the latter branch to Christiana Bridge. The Appoquinnimink PLiver, Duck Creek, Jones' Creek, 
Mother or Murder Kill, Mispilion or Mospihon Creek, Broad Kill, Indian Creek, etc., are the other principal streams. 

The eastern shore is washed by Delaware Bay; in all its length it has no good harbors, but generally presents long 
sandy beaches to the waves. To remedy this inconvenience, the General Government has constructed the Delaware 
Breakwater, opposite the village of Lewestown, and above Cape Henlopen; it consists of two piers, one of which is 
designed to form a shelter from the fury of the waves, which roll in here with great violence, and the other to afford 
protection from the masses of floating ice brought down by the ebb tide. The breakwater proper is 2,743 feet long at the 
bottom, or 2,030 feet above high water, 75 feet wide at low water mark, and raised 15 feet above low, or 3 feet above high 
water mark. The ice-breaker is 1,710 feet in length at bottom, and 1,37S at top, of the same breadth as the breakwater, 
but only 9 feet in height. The whole work has cost nearly $3,000,000. Eehoboth Bay, and the estuary called Indian 
Kiver, are the only arms of the sea extending inland; these, about 9 miles south of Cape Henlopen, are spacious but 
shallow basins, not admitting vessels of more than 6 feet draft. Cape False is the headland forming the south side of 
their common inlet from the ocean. 

Delaware is divided into three counties and twenty-five hundreds. The general statistics of the counties and the 
capitals of each in 1S50 were as follows : 

Population. 

Counties. Area m No. of No. of < ' » No. of Manuf. Capitals, 

Aires. Hundreds. D»ell. Wljites. Free Col. Slaves, Total. Farms. Estab. 

Kent 392,660.... 6.... 8,S73 .... 16,119 .... 6,350.... 847 .... 22,816 .... 1,655 .... 121 .... Dover 

Newcastle... 271,490.... 9.... 7,093 .... &4,S22 ... . 7,508 .... 394 .... 42,734 .... 1,662 .... 2S1 .. i ^ ''"""S'*^'' 

( Newcastle 

Sussex 036,100 .... 10 ... . 4,819 .... 20,343 .... 4,039 .... 1,548 .... 25,985 .... 2,740 .... Ill ... . Georgetown 

Total 1,300,250 .... 25 ... . 15,290 .... 71,239 .... 17,957 .... 2,289 .... 91,535 .... 6,063 .... 513 

The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 15,290, of families 15,439, and of inhabitants 
91^5, viz. : whites 71,239— males 35,771, and females 85,518 ; fr. col. 11,957— males S,9»9, and females 8,963 ; ol. 2,239. 
70 



^^Si^^^^g^^^^i^i^^^^ 




THE STATE OF DELAWARE. 



Of the whole population there were, aeaf and dtimb—-wh. 54, fr. col. 2— total 56 ; Uind—-wh. 2T, fr. col. 19— total 46 ; 
insane— -wh. 57, fr. col. 13— total 70 ; and idiotic— v/h. 78, fr. col. 19, si. 4— total 101. The number of free persona b ra 
in the United States was 83,968, tlie number of foreign birth 5,211, and of birth unlvnown 63 ; the native population 
originated as follows— Maine 24, N. Hamp. 31, Verm. 12, Mass. 113, K. I. 204, Conn. 50, N. Y. 218, N. Jer. 1,186, Penn. 
5,067, Dehncare 72,351, Md. 4,360, Dist. of Col. 28, Virg. 139, N. Car. 18, 8. Car. 13, Ga. 14, Flor. 4, Ala. 4, Miss. 6, La. 4, 
Tex. 1, Ark. 0, Tenn. 4, Ky. 16, Ohio 54, Mich. 12, Ind. 19, 111. 5, Mo. 8, Wise. 1, Territories 2 ; and \he foreign population 
was composed of persons from— England 952, Ireland 3,513, Scotland 155, Wales 17, Germany 243, France 73, Spain 1, 
Portugal 0, Belgium 1, UoUand 5, Turkey 0, Italy 0, Austria 0, Switzerland 22, Russia 1, Denmark 1, Norway 0, Sweden 
2, Prussia 28, Africa 10, British America 21, Mexico 3, South America 3, West Indies 25, and other countries 25. 

The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the 
United States authorities : 

Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. 

Census White < ' > Total r- ' ^ 

^^■»''s- Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Pop. Numerical. Percent. 

1790 46.810 3,S99 8,887 12,786 59,096 



1800 49.S52 8,268 6,153 14,421 64,273 5,177 8.7 

1810 55,.361 13,136 4,177 17,313 72,674 8,401 13.0 

1820 5.5,282 12,958 4,509 17,467 72.749 75 0.1 

1830 57,601 15,855 3,292 19,147 76,748 3,999 5.3 

1840 58,561 16,919 2,605 19,524 78,085 1,337 1.7 

1850 71,289 17,957 2,289 20,246 91,535 18,450 1T.2 

Agriculture is the principal occupation of the people; but in the north, where there is abundance of water-power, 
manufactures have long been in existence, and are in a very flourishing condition. Commerce and trade are also com- 
paratively extensive, and the whale fisheries have been prosecuted with success from Wilmington. The statistics of the 
industry, wealth, and institutions of Delaware, according to the returns of the census of 1850, and other official docu- 
meuts referring to the same period, are as follows : 

Occupied Lands, efc.— Farm lands, improved 580,862 acres, and unimproved 875;2S2 acres— valued together at 
$18,880,031. Whole number of farms under cultivation 6,068. Value of farming implements and machinery $510,279. 

Live-Stock.— 'RoTse%, 13,852; asses and mules, 791; milch cows, 19,248; working oxen, 9,797; other catlle, 24,166; 
sheep, 27,503 ; and swine, 56,261. Tlie retiu-ns of 1840 compared with those of 1850 establish the following results: 

Live-stock, 18J0. IS50, Movement. 

Horses. I ..,,„,, , j 13,852 head I 

Asses and Mules f ^^'^^1 head \ ^g^ ,, )j incr. 222 head, or 1.54 per cent. 



Milch Cows ) ( 19,248 

Working Oxen. . . 

Other Cattle ' ( 24,166 

Sheep 39,247 " 27,503 " rfecn 12,744 " or 32.49 

Swine 74,228 " 56,261 " deer. 17,967 " or 24.20 



) i 19,248 " ) 

[-53,883 " •] 9,797 " [deer. 672 

' ( 24,166 •' ) 



—the value of all live-stock in the State on the 1st June, 1850, amounted to $1,849,281. 

Products of Animah.—Vi oo\, 57,768 pounds; butter, 1,055,308 pounds; and cheese, 3,187 pounds. The wool crop 
represented in the census of 1840 was 64,404 pounds, and hence the decrease in 1850 amounted to 6,636 pounds, or 10.81 
per centum. The clip per fleece in 1840 was 26.8 ounces, and in 1850, 86.6 ounces— increase, 7.3 ounces or 27.7 per 
centum. The value of animals slaughtered in the year ending Ist June, 1850, was $378,665. 

Grain C/'o;3.s.— Wheat, 482,511 bushels; rye, 8,066 bushels; Indian corn, 3,145,542 bushels; oats, 604,518 bushels; 
barley, 56 bushels; and buckwheat, 8,615 bushels. The crops of 1840 and 1850 compare as follows: 

Crops. 1S40. ISSO. Movement. 

Wheat 315,165 bushels 482,511 bushels incr. 167,846 bushels, or 53.09 per cent. 

Eye 83,546 " 8,066 " deer. 25,480 " or 75.97 « 

Indian com 2,099,359 " 8,145,542 " i;ic a 1,046,183 " or 49.83 " 

Oats 927,405 " 604,518 " deer. 322,887 " or 34.81 " 

Barley 5,260 " 56 " dear. 5,204 " or 98.93 " 

^Buckwheat 11,299 " 8,615 " deer. 2,634 " or 23.75 » 

Otlier Food Crops.— T?ea.3 and beans, 4,120 bushels ; and potatoes— Irish, 240,542 bushels, and sweet, 65,443 bushels. 
The potato crop of 1840 amounted to 200,712 bushels, being less than that of 1850, 105,273 bushels, or 52,44 per centum. 

3IisceUaneous Crops.— Hay, 30,159 tons ; clover-seed, 2,525 bushels ; other grass-seed, 1,403 bushels ; hops, 348 pounds ; 
flax, 11.174 pounds ; flax-seed, 904 bushels; molasses, 50 gallons ; beeswax and honey, 41,248 pounds ; wine, 145 gallons, 
etc. Value of orchard products $46,574, and of market-garden products $12,714. The crops of 1840 and 1850 were aa 
follows : 

Crops. 1840. 18.50. Movement. 

Hay 22,483 tons 30,159 tons incr. 7,676 tons or 84.14 per cent. 

Hops 746 pounds 348 pounds deer. 498 pounds, or 66.75 " 

^f"P j- 52iton3 \ ,~,"'°' \decr.9i,S2e " or 89.41 " 

Flax ) t 11,174 pounds ) 

Wine 322 gallons 145 gallons deer. 177 gallons, or 54.93 " 

The census of 1840 enumerates the following products — tobacco, 272 pounds ; cotton, 834 pounds, and silk cocoons, 
l,458f pounds. No returns of the like products are noted in the census of 1850. With regard to hemp and flax, the 
remiirks of the superintendent appended to the details of the miscellaneous crops of Virginia will also apply to 
Delaware. 

Home-made Manitfactures were produced in the census year 1850, to the value of $38,121. The same description of 
manufactures returned in 1840 were valued at $62,116. 

Jf«;ii//ctfiw/v5.— Total capital invested in manufactures on Ist of June. 1350, $2,978,945; total value of raw material, 

n 



THE STATE OF DELAWARE. 



fiiel, etc., consumed during Ibe year then ending, $2,864,607; number of hands employed —males and 

females average monthly cost of labor $ —male $ and female $ annual valuo of products 

$4,049,296. Whole number of manufacturing establishments producing to tho annual value of $500 and upward, and 
in operation at date 513, of which 12 were cotton factories, 8 woolen factories, 15 iron works (13 making castings and 2 
wrought iron), 16 tanneries, etc. The total manufacturing capital returned in 1840 amounted to $1,539,215. 

Capital invested in tho cotton manufactures, $400,100; raw material, etc., consumed — cotton 4,730 bales, and coal 1,920 
tons, together valued at $312,008; number of hands employed 838—413 males, and 425 females; average monthly cost 
of labor $11,352 — male $6,820, and female $4,926; products of the year— sheeting, etc., 3,521,636 yards, and yarn 533,000 
pounds, valued together at $538,439. The statistics of this manufacture in 1840 was — factories, 11 ; capital, $330,500 ; 
hands, 560 ; value of products, $332,272. 

Capital investe<l in the woolen manufacture, $148,500 ; consumption of material, etc.— wool 393,000 pounds, and coal 
45 tons, valued at $204,172 ; average number of hands employed 140 — males 122, and females 18 ; monthly cost of labor 
$2,605— male $2,293, and female $312 ; cloth manufactured 152,000 yards, valued at $251,010. In 1840 there were in the 
Btate 3 fulling mills and 2 woolen factories, employing a capital of $107,000, and 83 hands, and producing to the annual 
value of $104,000. 

The iro?i manufacture of Delaware embraces only two of the great branches— no pig iron being made in the State. 
In the manufacture of "castings" a capital of $373,500 is employed ; 4,440 tons of pig iron and 4,967 tons mineral coal 
consumed ; value of raw materia), fuel, etc., $153,852 ; hands employed 250, at average monthly wages equal to $23 36 
per hand; castings made 3,630 tons; valuo of other products $55,000 ; value of entire products $267,402. The capital 
employed in making " wrought iron" amounts to $15,000 ; consumption of raw material — pig iron 510 tons, blooms CO 
tons, coke and charcoal 228,000 bushels, in all valued at $19,500 ; hands employed 50, at monthly wages averaging $24 19 
per hand ; wrought iron produced 5.J0 tons, valued at $55,000. In 1840, 2 furnaces produced 17 tons cast iron, and 5 
bloomeries, forges, and rolling mills produced 449 tons bar iron— fuel consumed 971 tons; hands 28; capital $30,200. 

Capital invested in tanneries, $99,350 ; value of raw hides and skins used, $99,620 ; hands employed 108, at a monthly 
cost of $2,533 ; sides of leather tanned 52,100, and skins tanned 12,950, together valued at $103,742. In 1840 there were 
18 tanneries, employing 66 hands, and a capital of $89,300 ; annual products— 20,G4S sides of solo leather and 22,075 
sides of upper leather. 

The mauufiiclures otherwise than the above are extensive, and embrace machinery, railroad carriages, etc. Delaware 
also produces flour to a large extent, the mills on the Brandywine and other streams being among the most noted of the 
Union. 

Commerce, JVamgation, etc. — Delaware has a very inconsiderable direct foreign commerce; but Indirectly, through 
the neighboring ports, its export and import trade is commensurate with its productive powers. For the year ending 
80th June, 1S50, no returns of this branch of industry are made in the Treasury Kcports. The following table exhibits 
the value of the foreign commerce of the Slate for a series of years, commencing with 1791 : 



Years. Exports. 

1791 $119,879 , 

1792 133,972 

1793 93,559 

1794 207,985 

1795 158,041 

1796 201,142 

1797 98,929 

1798 183,727 

1799 297,005 

1800 418,695 

ISOl 662,042 

1802 440,504 

1803 428,153 

1804 697,396 

1805 858,383 

1S06 500,106 

1807 229,275 

1808 108,735 

1809 138,036 , 

1810 120,842 



Imports. 



Years. 

1811 

1812 

1813 

1814 

1815 

1816 

1817 

1813 

1319 

1820 

1821 

1S22 

1823 

1824 

1825 

1826 

1827 

1823 

1329 

1830 



Exp 
$38, 

29, 
133, 

14. 
105, 

56, 

44, 

81. 

29 

89, 

85, 
168. 

53. 

18. 

31. 

85. 
9, 

29. 
7. 

52. 



orts. Imports. 

,632 $ 

,744 

,432 

,914 

102 

,217 

854 

,525 

,828 

,493 

,445 80,997 

,492 216,909 

.837 60,124 

,964 ...... 12,080 

,656 18,693 

,195 10,009 

,406 6,993 

,396 15,260 

,195 24,179 

,258 26,574 



years. Exports. Imports. 

1831 $34,514 $21,656 

1332 16,242 23,653 

1833 45,911 9,043 

1S34 51,945 185.493 

1835 88,826 10,611 

1886 74,931 107,063 

1837 40,.333 66,841 

1833 36,344 1.34S 

1839 8,680 none 

1340 87,001 802 

1841 33,585 3,276 

1842 58,655 3,537 

1843 93,632 4,685 

1844 126,177 8,093 

1845 1.38,195 2,274 

1846 146,222 11,215 

1847 285,459 12,722 

1348 83,0.53 490"* 

1849 88,229 1,400 

1850 none none 



The statistics of the shipping tonnage owned in the State at the end of the official year 1850, are exhibited iu the fol- 
lowing returns : i 

Kegistered. \ EnrolIeJ and Licensed. 
Districts. I '^ > < ' > Licensed Total. 



Permanent. 

"Wilmington 681 .... 

Newcastle — 



Temporary. 

...971 .... 



^rmanent. Temporary, (under 20 toi 

7,289 207 813 

7,124 — 185 



9,401 
7,259 



Total. 



681 



971 



14,413 207 448 16,720 



Of the enrolled and licensed shipping, 2,774 tons were navigated by steam-power— 1,429 tons belonfrng to Wilmington 
and 1,345 to Newcastle. Vessels built at Wilmington in the official year— 12 schooners, 8 sloops and canal boats, and 
1 steamer — total, 16 vessels, of an aggregate burden of 1,849 tons. 

Internal Co7nintinication.— Except in the north, where the Slate is crossed by a canal and two railroads, the lines of 
travel are over ordinary turnpike and M'Adam roads. The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal is an important work, 
connecting those bays by a channel navigable for sea-going vessels; it extends from Delaware City, 40 miles below 
Philadelphia, to Back Creek, a navigable branch of Elk Eiver, in Maryland, 13i miles, and is GO feet wide at the top and 
10 feet deep, and it has two tide and two lift locks. The deep cut in this canal is 4 miles in length, through a hill 90 feet 
72 



THE STATE OF DELAWARE. 



%i 



high. The work waa completed in 1S29, at a cost of $2,250,000. A very considerable portion of its cost was furnished 
by the General Government in donations of land. The work bears a similar relation to the commerce of the country 
with the Delaware and Earitan Canal, and makes up a part of the same system of internal water navigation. It is also 
the channel of a large trade between Chesapeake Bay and Philadelphia and New York. The Newcastle and French- 
town E. E. extends also across the peninsula, between the Delaware and the Chesapeake, 16i miles, and, in connection 
with steamboats at each terminus, forms a convenient line of transportation between Philadelphia and Baltimore. This 
road, however, is at present of less importance than formerly, as it originally formed part of the route of travel East and 
West, which has now been supersede<l by the more northerly line. The Philadelphia, Wilmingti^n, and Baltimore 
K. E. crosses Delaware farther north, and is the nearest land line between those cities, and the usual route taken by trav- 
elers between the Northern and Southern States. A railroad also unites Wilmington and Newcastle. These are all 
the completed works of internal improvements within the State, but there ore others projected and in progress, the object 
of which is principally to form a direct line from New York to Norfolk, in Virginia, and incidentally to afford accom- 
moilatiou to the agriculturalists of the southern sections. A ship canal is also projected across the neck of the peninsula, 
and will be immediately placed under construction. 

Bajt/c^, etc.— On. the 1st day of January, 1S51, there were in Delaware six banks and three branch banks. The 

■gregate condition of these at that date was as follows: liaMliUes—cainla], $1,293,185; circulation, $S3.3,9G0 ; deposits, 
1592,765; other liabilities, $170,573; and assets— loans and discounts, $2,2Si,S13; stocks, $52,983; real estate, $117,941; 
other investments, $2,000 ; other assets, $281,145; specie funds, $51,022, and specie, $159,778. 

Oovernment. — The present constitution of Delaware gives the right of voting to all free white male citizens 21 years 
old, and who have resided in the State one year, and in tho county in which they offer to vote one month next before au 
election. 

The Legislature, styled the General Assembly, consists of a Senate and House of Eepresentatives. Senators, three from 
each county, must be at least 27 years old, possessed of 200 acres of freehold land in the county, or of an estate therein 
worth $1,000, citizens and inhabitants of the State for three years, and for the last year of the county, and must be 
chosen in counties for the term of four years. Eepresentatives naist be at least 24 years old, and have the same qualifi- 
cations as senators, except as regards the property qualilications, and must bo chosen for two years. The Legislature 
meets at Dover on the first Monday in January, biennially. 

The Governor (elected for four years by a plurality of votes) must be at least 80 years old, a citizen of the State for 
twelve years next before the first meeting of the Legislature after his election, and an inhabitant for the last six years. 
The President of ths Senate, the Speaker of the Eepresentatives, and the Secretary of State are successively alternates 
to fill the office should it become v.aeant by death or disability of the Governor; but in case the office be filled by the 
Secretary of State, the General Assembly, at its next session, chooses a Governor ad interim. If the Governor elect die, 
decline, etc., the Governor in office continues until a new election is had. The Secretary of State is appointed by the 
Governor. The general elections are held on the second Tuesday of November. 

The Judiciary consists of a Superior Court, Court of Chancery, Orphans' Court, etc. There are five judges in the 
State, one of whom is Chancellor and President of the Orphans' Court, .ind of the other four, one is Chief Justice of the 
State, and three associate justices, one resident in each county. The Chief Justice and two of the associates form the 
Superior Court and Court of General Session, and all the judges, except the Chancellor, form the Court of Oyer and 
Terminer. The Court of Errors and Appeals is composed of three or more of the judges. The Orphans' Court consists 
of the Chancellor and the associate judge of the county. Judges are appointed and hold office during good behavior. 
The Eegister's Court is held by the Eegister, with appeal to the Superior Court, and all proceedings are in writing. 

The Constitution provides that no act of incorporation shall be passed without a two-third vote, unless it be the renewal 
of an existing incorporation; and all acts are to contain a power of revocation by the Legislature. No act hereafter 
passed shall be in force longer than twenty years without a re-enactment of the Legislature. No person belonging to the 
military, naval, or marine service of the United States can gain such a residence as will entitle him to vote by being 
stationed at any military or naval post in the State. 

Finances, eJt\— The government of Delaware is one of the least expensive in the Union. In 1850 the whole income 
amounted to only $31,863 33, and the expenditure to a sum $5,071 41 less than the income. The sources of income 
were— bank tax, $3,963 61 ; railroad lax, $2,500 ; interest on loans, $5,147 62 ; bank dividends, $15,305 ; retailers' licenses, 
etc., $4,-352 80; fines, etc., $549 81, and sundries, $45 49. The expenditures were— executive, $3,333 33; legislature, 
12,010 97 ; judiciary, $5,500 ; school fund, $15,947 62, and balance, $5,071 41. The resources of the State are amply 
sufficient to meet all expenses of the government without recourse to personal or property tax. The invested capital of 
the State (including school moneys) amounts to $414,725 S3, and the permanent annual income is as follows: dividends 
and interest on loans, .$20,062 64; taxes on corporations, $5,725; retailers' and tavern licenses, $4,352 80; fines and 
forfeitures, $549 81, and sundries, $1,073 75. The State is free from debt of any description. 

Federal Representation.— Dn\a.yiaxe, in accordance with the act of Congress 23d May, 1850, is entitled to one repre- 
sentative in the national Legislature. 

Educational Statistics.— The number of free schools in the Slate in 1850 was 209, and of scholars attending them 
13,288, divided as follows : Newcastle County, 72 schools and 4,969 scholars ; Kent County, 55 schools and 3,876 scholars, 
and Sussex County, 82 schools and 4,443 scholars. The total amount paid for tuition was $38,461 70, viz. : in Newcastle, 
$17,293 72 ; in Kent, $10,964 72, and in Sussex, $10,203 26 ; and there was a sum charged for contingencies amounting 
to $5,747 68, making the annual cost, $44,209 38. The sources whence these moneys were derived are stated thus— from 
School Fund, ,$27,507 33, and from contribution and tax, $17,089 56. Besides these there are between 34 and 40 
academies and grammar schools in the State. Delaware College, at Newark, was founded in 1833, and in 1850 had a 
president, 5 professors, and 30 students ; its alumni at that period numbered 78, of which 42 were in the ministry, and 
its library contained 7,000 volumes. St. Mary's College, at Wilmington, is under the sway of the Eoman Catholics, and 
is, perhaps, the best literary Institution of the State ; in 1850 it had a president and 3 professors, and 107 students. 

Periodical Press. — The whole number of newspapers published in Delaware in 1850 was 11, and of these 2 were 
issued tri-weekly, 1 semi-weekly, and 8 weekly (of the weekly, however, 3 are editions of the tri-weeklies and the semi- 
weekly newspapers). The total circulation of each edition of the tri-weeklies was 1,900, of the semi-weekly 1,000, and 
of the weeklies 4,600 copies— in the aggregate equal to 12,800 copies weekly, or 639,600 copies annually. 

Public Libraries.— One State library— 4,000 volumes ; 1 social— 4,000 volumes ; 1 college— 2,500 volumes ; 2 students' 
6,200 volumes. Total 5 Ubraries, and 16,700 volmaes.—Heport of Librariam, Smithsonian Institution, 1851. 



THE STATE OF DELAWARE. 



lieltrjious Denominations.— Tha statistics of the several religious denominations of the State according to the census 
of 1S50, exhibit the following figures: 



Denomina* 
tions. 

Baptist 12 , 

Christian — 

Congrt'watioual.. — . 
Dutch Keformed. — , 

Episcopal 21 . 

Free — . 

Friends 9 . 



2,9T5 

T,650 . 
3,636 . 



Value of 
Property. 

. $16,800 



78,900 



24,900 



Denomina- 



\'alue of 
Propertj'. 



127,845 



T5,500 



Denomina- 

tiona, 

Roman Catholic. 3 , 
Swedenborgian. — . 

Tunker — 

Union 1 

Unitarian — . 

Universalist .... — 
Minor Sects 2 , 



1,630 , 



200 



250, 



Value of 
Property 

$15,000 



1,000 



400 



No. of Cbureh 
tiuns. Churches, accom. 

German Eef. . . — . . — 

Jewish — . . — 

Lutheran — . . — 

Mennonite — .. — 

Methodist 106 . .29,301 

Moravian — . . — 

Presbyterian 26 . .10,100 . 

—making a total of ISO churches, with accommodation for 55.7-11 persons, and valued as property at $340,345. 
Delaware constitutes a Protestant Episcopal Diocese of the same name, and is included in the Roman Catholic Dioceso 
of Philadelphia. 

Pauperism and Crime.— 'Whole number of paupers who received support within the year ending 1st Juno, 1S50, G97— 
569 natives, and 128 foreigners; and of these 273—240 natives and 33 foreigner.*, were on the lists at that date. Cost of 
support during the year $17,730. For the year ending May, 1S4S, the whole number of convicts was 47, of which 16— 
6 whites and 10 blacks, were convicted of felonies, and 31—27 whites and 4 blacks, of misdemeanors. Convictions in 
Newcastle County 21, in Kent 13, and in Sussex 13; and in addition to those of Newcastle County, 2 blacks were 
convicted o' felony, and 6 blacks and 2 whites of misdemeanors at the Mayor's Court of the city of Wilmington. These 
added would make the total in the State 6 whites and 12 blacks convicted of felonies, and 33 whites and 6 blacks of 
misdemeanors. 

Historical Sketcli.—'LnrA De la War, Governor of Virginia, appears to have been the first to enter the bay which 
Ihence took his name. This was in 1610. The Dutch, from whom the names of its capos are derived, frequented it 
soon after, and had a post at Ilcerenkill, but the precise date of their arrival is uncertain. The bay was by them called 
Nicuw Port May, or Gcedyn's Bay, and the River Zuyd Rivier, or South River. The Swedish W. I. Company, chartered 
in 1635 by Oxenstiern, sent out in 1637 a ship with a body of colonists under Peter Menewe or Minuits. In the following 
year Minuits seated himself on the Maniques, now Brandywino River, and there built Fort Christina. The Dutch, 
however, had never relinquished their claim in this region, and in 1G51 they built Fort Cassimir on the site of New- 
castle. The subsequent settlements of the Swedes were mostly within the present limits of Pennsylvania, where New 
Gottenburg (Nya-Gatheborg), the capital of New Sweden (Nya-Sveriga), was founded on the island of Tinicum. In 
1655 a small force from New Amsterdam reduced the Swedish settlements, which were incorporated with New Nether- 
lands, and with that colony taken possession of by the English in 1664. The settlements on the Delaware, although this 
region fell within the chartered limits of Maryland, were attached to the provinceof New York until 1681, when they were 
purchased of the Duke of York by William Penn, who annexed them to Pennsylvania under the name of the Territories, 
or the Three Loicer Counties on the Delaware. They continued subordinate to that province, though with a distinct 
legislature, from 1701 until 1776, when Delaware declared itself an independent State, and a constitution was framed by 
the inhabitants thereof. By this constitution the executive power was vested in a President and Privy Council, elected 
by the Legislature. In 1792 a new constitution was framed, which was modified in 1802, in 1831, and in 1S3S; and it is 
now again proposed to alter the fundamental law. The principal provisions of the present constitution are given else- 
where. Delaware lias hitherto been one of the least progressive of the American States, but within the last decade its 
populati(m, material wealth, and general interesis have been developed in a very respectable ratio. 

Succession of Oovernors. — Governors of New Sweden: Peter Menewe or Minuits, 1637; Peter UoUoendare, 1640 ; 
John Printz, 1642; John Papcgoia, 1652; and John Claudii Rising, 1664: — from 1655 to 1776 Delaicare teas under the 
Governors of the Neio Netlierlands, Keio York, and Penn.vjlvania : — Presipents of the Council: John M'Kenley, 
1777; Csesar Rodney, 1778; John Dickinson, 1782; John Cooke (acting), 1783; Nicholas Vandyke, 1783; Thomas 
Collins, 1786; John Davis (acting), 1789; Joshua Clayton, 1789 ; and — Constitutional Governoks: Joshua Clayton, 
1793; Gunning Bedford, 1796; Daniel Rogers (acting), 1797; Richard Bassett, 179S; James Sykes (acting), ISOl; David 
Hall, 1802; Nathaniel Mitchell, 1805; George Truett, 1808; Joseph Ilaslett, 1811 ; Daniel Rodney, 1814; John Clarke, 
1817 ; Jacob Stout (acting), 1820 ; John Collins, 1821 ; Caleb Rodney (acting), 1822 ; .Joseph Ilaslett, 1823 ; Samuel Paynter, 
1824; Charles Polk, 1827; David Hazzard, 1830; Caleb P. Bennett, 1833; Cornelius P. Comegys, 1837; William B. 
Cooper, 1840 ; Thomas Stockton (died 2d March, 1846), 1844 ; Joseph MauU (acting— died in office), 1846 ; William Temple 
(acting), 1846; William Sharp, 1S46; William H. Ross, 1851. 

DovEK is the political capital of the State. 
74 









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ill 



1^ 




THE STATE OF FLORIDA 



Floeida, the most southerly of the Atlantic States, consists of a long, narrow strip on the northern shore of the Gulf 
of Mexico, extending from the Atlantic coast to the Kiver Perdido, and of a vast peninsula, 820 miles in length, and 
about 150 miles broad, separating the Gulf of Mexico from the Atlantic Ocean. It lies generally between latitudes 25° 
and Sl'^ north, and between longitudes 80° and 87° 45' west from Greenwich, or 2° 58' and 10° 43' west from Washing- 
ton, aud comprises within its limits an area estimated at 53,TS6 square miles. 

The southern portion of Florida, from about 23° N. latitude, is an extensive marsh, which, during the rainy season, 
between June and October, effectually prevents an overland passage from one shore to the other. North of this tract to 
Georgia, the surface of the country is generally a dead level, but in some parts it is undulating, and even presents some 
eminences worthy the name of hills. The face of the country, west of the neck of the peninsula, is somewhat more 
uneven, but it contains no considerable elevations. 

The Great Southern Marsh contains numerous tracts of pine land, prairies, and hummocks, and the more northerly 
part of the peninsula consists chiefly of fine forests, interspersed with hummocks, prairies, and marshes. The soil is gen- 
erally sandy, except in the hummocks, in which it is clay, mixed with sand. These hummocks are scattered throughout 
the country, and vary in extent from a few acres to thousands, but forming in the aggregate only a small portion of the 
whole surface. They are covered with a growth of red, live, and water oak, dog-wood, magnolia and pine, and afford, 
■when cleared, excellent arable land. The prairies, or savannahs, as they are here called, are sometimes pretty extensive, 
stretching for several miles in length and breadth, and forming natural pastures. The barrens are overgrown with pine 
forests, with little underwood, and though the soil is generally indifferent, it is sometimes productive. The swamps or 
morasses, which form so conspicuous a feature in the country, are either formed by the inundations of the rivers, which, 
overflowing the high-wooded ridge that forms their banks, cover the lowlands in the rear with water, or they are pro- 
duced by the drainage of the surrounding country; the latter, or pine-barren swamps, are overgrown with pine, cypress, 
and cypress knees; and the former, or river swamps, are covered with a heavy growth of various timber. 

The rivers of Florida are numerous, and they afford valuable navigable channels. The St. John's rises in the Great 
Southern Marsh, and reaches the ocean after a northerly course of nearly 300 miles, in lat. 30° 20' north ; for nearly 100 
miles from its mouth it forms a wide, sluggish sheet of water, more resembling a l.igoon than a river, and it is navigable 
to Lake George, a little higher up, for vessels drawing 8 feet of water. Indian River is a long lagoon, having much the 
same character, and communicating with the ocean by Indian Eiver Outlet. Charlotte and Amaxura are the principal 
rivers on the western side of the peninsula, the whole of which, south of the St. John's and Suwanee, contains only small 
streams. The Suwanee is formed by the junction of the Withlaeoochee and Little St. John's from Georgia, and reaches 
the Gulf at Vacasasa Bay; its bar has only 6 feet water at high tide. The Ocklockonee also rises in Georgia, and flows 
into Appalaehicola Bay. The Appalachicola, formed on the frontier of Florida by the junction of the Chattahoochee and 
Flint rivers, falls into the bay of the same name, after a course of 75 miles, and is navigable for steamboats throughout 
its whole length. The Choctawatchee, rising in Alabama, flows into the bay of its name, and the Escambia into Pensacola 
Bay. The St. Mary's forms in part the northern boundary, and is a fine navigable stream. 

Florida has a sea-coast of more than 1,000 miles in length, but so much of it is rendered inaccessible by soundings, that 
It has few good harbors. West of Cape San Bias the shore is bold, but east of that point it begins to shallow. From 
Appalaehee Bay to Tampa Bay the whole coast sends off shallow banks, and from Wacasasa Bay to the Amaxura there 
are but six or seven feet of water six miles from shore; to the south of Carlos Bay the shores are bolder. On the eastern 
side there is no harbor south of San Augustine, and scarcely an inlet breaks the coast fVom that point to Cape Florida. 

South from the mainland, a chain of small rocky islands, named oayos or keys, extends to the westward, ending in a 
cluster of rocks and saud-banks, called the Tortugas, or Dry Tortugas. South of ttio bank upon which these keys rise, 
and separated from them by a navigable channel, is a long, narrow coral reef, known as the Florida Eeef The most 
important of these keys is Key West, a nautical corruption or free translation of Cai/o Hueso (Bone Key), also called 
Thompson's Island. Long the haunt of smugglers and pirates, it is now a naval station of the first importance, and the 
seat of bands of wreckers, whose business is to assist vessels in distress ; and a special court is here established to adjust 
salvages. The marine disasters occurring in this vicinity are frequent ; the number of vessels which put into the port 
of Key West in distress, in 1S50, and which had been ashore on the reef, was thirty, valued with their cargoes at $929,000, 
and on these the salvage and charges amounted to $200,860. This key is abont six miles in length by two in breadth, with 
a large, well-sheltered, and commodious harbor, which admits the largest vessels. The salt ponds, on the key, hare of late 
years yielded considerable quantities of salt, and are very valuable to those engaged in the manufacture. The Tortugas 
derive their name from the immense number of turtles that visit them and the adjacent keys and mainland for the 
purpose oif depositing their eggs. The turtles here are of several kinds, and form an article of considerable traflBc. 

The whole of the peninsula is of diluvial formation. The substratum of the eastern part is clay mixed with sand, but 
that of the western is atind of rotten limestone, which in many places is undermined by subterranean streams, forming 
numerous cavities in the ground, called "sinks." These sinks are inverted conical hollows, varying in size from a few 
yards to several acres, at the bottom of which running water often appears. The central district is the most productive ; 
but even of this district a large portion is composed of poor pine-barrens, yet in the midst of these are found gentle 
eminences of fertile land, supporting a vigorous growth of oaks and hickories, while numerous rivulets of pure water flow 
through the country, or expand into beautiful lakes. Farther west the land is more generally poor. Thus it appears 
that but a comparatively small portion of Florida can be said to be available for cultivation, yet the warmth and humidity 
of the climate compensate in a great measure for the stubborn nature of the soil, and give it a vegetation of great variety 
Qud luxuriance. 

75 



THE STATE OF FLORIDA. 



The productions, natural and agricultural, of Florida, are chiefly those which require a tropical sun to mature their 
ftTiits. It is not, however, merely in tropical products that Florida possesses advantages over every other State of the 
Union: it is now cstalilishod beyond a doul)t that the Sea Island, or long staple cotton (the production of which was 
formerly confined to a few small islands in South Carolina and Georgia) will grow luxuriantly even in the very centre of the 
peninsula. A fine quality of this staple has also been produced on the Suwanec, and in the very centre of the Alachua, as 
well as on the eastern coast. This important fact is no doubt attributable to the almost insular position of the State. The 
soils are also adapted to the successful cultivation of the coffee plant, also cocoa, the sugar-cane, cottons generally, Cuba 
and other tobaccoes, rice, indigo, arrow-root. Sisal hemp. New Zealand flax, etc., and the climate is suitable for the 
cochineal insect and silk- worm ; corn, potatoes, turnips, and, in short, most of the vegetables known to the North or 
South, find in one or otlier locality congenial soils. The fruits produced are too numerous to recount, and of tlie most 
delicate descriptions: oranges, lemons, limes, pine-apples, olives, grapes, etc., flourish luxuriantly, and if properly 
attended to, would soon become valuable export staples. As matters stand at the present time, indeed, Florida supplies 
much of the tropical fruit found in the markets of our northern cities. It has every delicacy of vegetable culture, and at 
all seasons of the year ; beets, onions, egg-plants, carrots, lettuce, celery, cauliflowers, etc., are produced with the most 
Indifferent culture ; and water-melons, cantelopes, pumpkins, cucumbers, and every thing that grows upon vines are 
in abundance and in great perfection. The driest seasons are relieved by heavy dews, and the sun that would bake the 
earth in other States, and wither the vegetation, is here so tempered by the prevailing moisture as to force the develop- 
ment of vegetable life to the utmost, and envelop the earth in perennial verdure. 

The climate of Florida has been spoken of, and justly, as one of the finest ; and, aside from the miasms that arise from 
the'Swamps, as one of the most salubrious in tlie world. In the south the temperature scarcely changes the year round, 
and summer is only distinguished by the copiousness of its showers. No more delightful residence for invalids can be 
found than Key West, where the diS'erence of tlie mean temperature of summer anfl winter is not more than lio Fahr, 
And what is said of Key West wiU equally apply to other portions of Southern Florida : Miami, on Key Biseayne Bay, 
has a climate at once placid and constant, and presents to the invalid of the North a desirable retreat from the rude 
blasts peculiar to that region ; and were suitable accommodations prepared for their reception at the points indicated, num- 
bers of those who now annually go to Cuba and the other West India Islands, would be induced to stop short on their 
voyage, and try the advantages of so delightful a homo climate. The average mean temperature of the State generally la 
about 73°, and in no place does the difference between summer and winter exceed 25°. The mean average quantity of 
rain during the year is 33 inches. 

The grassy prairies of this country afibrd excellent pasturage, and have long been feeding grounds of the southern 
grazier ; immense herds of cattle are constantly roaming o\er these, requiring no care from tlieir owners, nor housing on 
■account of the colds of winter ; and in most parts of the State hogs thrive well and fatten without any otlier support than 
that wliicli they derive from the abundant roots and mast of the country. And there is certainly no portion of the United 
States where game and fish are so abundant as in Florida. The fact that a large body of Indians supported themselves 
well for the space of seven years, while Imnted themselves by an army of 6,000 men, is some evidence in proof of this 
assertion. It was common before the war for a good hunter to kill seven or eight deer of a day, and multitudes of these 
animals were slaughtered merely for their skins. The country abounds also in wild turkeys, partridges, geese, ducka, 
cm'lews, and various other species of smaller game. The whole coast is productive of the finest fish, and the oysters 
especially are of excellent flavor. Sheep-head, grouper, red-fish, mullet, green turtle, etc., are to be found in inexhaustible 
abundance at almost every point, both on the eastern and western coasts; and the numerous lakes, rivers, and creeks 
of the interior teem with fresh-water fish, and the most delicious species of soft-shelled turtle, etc. On many parts of the 
coast sponges are found, and \n this product the trade is constantly increasing. 

Florida contains 2S counties, the general statistics of whicli, and the capitals of each in 1850, were as follows: 



Counties. 


Dwell. 


Pop. 


Farms 
inculu 


Manuf. 
Estab. 


Capitals. 


Counties. Dwell. 


Pop. 


Farms 
in cult. 


Manuf. 
Estab. 


Capitals. 


Alachua . . . 


. . 274 . 


. 2,524 . 


.. 233 


.. .. 


. Newnanville 


Leon 737 . . 


. 11,442 . 


. .356 . 


.15 .. 


Tallahassbb 


Benton 


..113 . 


. 926 . 


.. 82 . 


.. .. 


. Melendez 


Levy 64 .. 


. 465 . 


. . 


. .. 


Wakasasa 


Calhoun . . . 


..165 . 


. 1,377 . 


.. 63 


.. 1 .. 


. St. .loseph 


Madison . . 498 . 


. 5,490 . 


. . 262 . 


. 4 .. 


. Madison 


Columbia . 


.. 596 . 


. 4,808 


.. 475 


.. 3 .. 


. Alligator 


Marion . . . 894 . 


. 8,888 . 


. . 329 . 


.. .. 


. Ocola 


Dade 


. 23 . 


. 159 . 


.. 6 . 


.. 2 .. 


. Miami 


Monroe ...420 . 


. 2,643 . 


.. 6 . 


.. 11 .. 


. Key West 


Duval 


. . 451 . . 


. 4,539 . 


. . 167 . 


.. 5 .. 


. Jacksonville 


Nassau ... 183 . 


. 2,164 . 


. . 137 . 


..11 .. 


. Nassau C. H. 


Escambia . 


. . 563 . 


. 4,851 . 


.. 34 


.. 9 .. 


. Pensacola 


Orange ... 55 . 


. 466 . 


.. 19 . 


.. .. 


. Mellonville 


Franklin . . 


..261 . 


. 1,561 . 


.. . 


.. .. 


. App.ilachicola 


Putnam ... 108 . 


. 6S7 . 


.. 20 . 


.. .. 


. Pilatka 


Gadsden . . 


.. 6S4 . 


. 8,783 . 


.. 482 


.. .. 


. Quincy 


St. .lohn . 821 . 


. 2,525 . 


.. 34 . 


. 7 .. 


. San Augustine 


Hamilton . 


. . 301 . 


. 2,469 . 


.. 205 


.. .. 


. Jasper 


St. Lucie . . 22 . 


. 139 . 


.. . 


.. .. 


— 


Hillsboro' . 


. . 253 . 


. 2,377 


.. 120 


.. 9 .. 


. Tampa 


Santa Rosa 526 . 


. 2,S83 . 


.. 91 . 


. 28 .. 


. Milton 


Ilolmes ... 


. . 267 . 


. 1,044 . 


.. 103 


.. .. 


. Ccrro Gordo 


Wakulla .. 227 .. 


. 1,955 . 


. . 100 . 


. 5 .. 


. Newport 


Jackson . . 


..560 . 


. 6,689 


.. 287 


.. .. 


. Mariana 


Walton... 185 . 


. 1,379 . 


. . 161 . 


. .. 


. UcheeAnna 


Jefferson . 


.. 520 . 


. 7,718 . 


.. 377 


.. 7 .. 


. Monticello 


Wash'gton 273 . 


. 1,950 . 


.. 155 . 


.. 4 .. 


. Holmes Valley 



The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 9,022, of families 9,107, and of inhabitants 87,401, 
viz. : whites, 47,107— males, 25,674, and females, 21,493 ; free colored, 925— males, 420, and females, 505, and slaves, 89,309. 
Of the whole population, the following classes and numbers of persons were blind, deaf and dumb, insane or idiotic : 
dmfawl dumb—vrh. 12, fr. c«l. 0, sh 10— total 22; 7>lind—y/h. 12, fr. col. 2, si. 12— total 26; i7isa7ie—w\i. 6, fr. col. 0, 
si. 2— total 8 ; idiotio—yvh. 29, fr. col. 1, si. 7— total 37. The number of free persons born in the United Slates, was 
45,.820 ; of those born in foreign countries, 2,757 ; and of those whose country w.as unknown, 58 : he native population 
originated from— Maine 140, N. Ilamp. 61, Verm. 55, Mass. 235, E. I. 66, Conn. 179, N. York 614, N. Jer. 83, Penn, 
240, Del. 9, Md. 194, Dist. of Col. .33, Virg. 643, N. Car.3,.537, S. Car. 4,470, Geo. 11,316, Florida 20,563, Ala. 2,-340, Miss. 
92, La. 146, Tex. 8, Ark. 5, Tenn. 112. Ky. 87, Oh. 53, Mich. 7, Ind. 14. III. 8, Mo. 7, la. 0, Wise. 3, Calif. 0, and the Terri- 
tories 0; and the forelffn population was composed of natives of— England 300, Ireland 878, Scotland 182, Wales 11, 
Germany 307, France 67, Spain 70, Portugal 17, Belgium 4, Holland 8, Italy 40, Austria S, Switzerland 7, Russia 2, Nor- 
way 17, Sweden 23, Denmark 21, Prussia 17 Asia 3, Africa 23, British America 97, Mexico 5, South America 3 West 
Indies 599, other countries 37. 
76 



THE STATE OF FLORIDA. 



And tlie following table will exhibit the decennial progress of the population : 

Colored Persona. 

Census. White , ■ 

Year. Persons. Free. Slave. 

18.30 18,.3S5 S44 . . . . 15,501 . 

1S40 2T,943 SIT ... . 25,717 . 

1S50 47,167 925 



Total. 

16,.345 ... 
26,534 . . , 
39,309 .... 40,23-t . . . 



Total 
Population. 

. 34,730 . . . 



Decennial Increase. 



. 54,477 19,747 56.8 

. 87,401 82,924 60.4 



The industry of Florida is devoted almost wholly to agriculture and commerce, the manufactures of the State as yet 
being of small account, and consisting of such branches only as those the position of the inhabitants immediately demands. 
None of the great national manufactures have yet been introduced, and hence manufactured goods of almost every 
description are imported from the Northern States and exchanged for the indigenous agricultiu-al staples of the soil — an 
exchange creating a large commercial movement between the different sections of the Union, and in the interior of the 
State itself. The statistics of the wealth and industry of the State, according to the census of 1850, etc., are as foUows: 

Occupied Lands, etc. — Improved lands, 349,049 acres, and unimproved lands, 1,236,240 acres — valued in cash at 
$6,823,109. Whole number of farms under cultivation, 4,304. Value of farming implements and machinery, $658,795. 

Livestock. — Horses, 10,848; asses and mules, 5,002; milch cows, 72,876; working oxen, 5,794; other cattle, 182,415; 
sheep, 23,811 ; and swine, 209,453— valued in the aggregate at $2,830,058. (In 1840 there were 12,043 horses, mules, etc. ; 
118,080 neat-cattle of all kinds ; 7,193 sheep, and 92,680 hogs.) 

Grain Craps. — Wheat, 1,027 bushels ; rye, 1,152 bushels ; Indian corn, 1,996,869 bushels ; oats, 66,586 bushels ; barley, 
bushels ; and buckwheat, 55 bushels. (The crops of 1839-10 were— wheat, 412 bushels ; barley, 80 bushels ; oats 
13,829 bushels ; rye, 305 bushels ; buckwheat, bushels ; and Indian corn, 893,974 bushels.) 

Other Craps. — Kice, 1,075,090 pounds; tobacco, 998,614 pounds; ginned cotton, 45,131 bales of 400 pounds; peas and 
beans, 185,359 bushels ; Irish potatoes, 7,S28 bushels ; sweet potatoes, 757,226 bushels ; hay, 2,510 tons ; clover-seed, ; 
and other grass-seed, 3 bushels; hops, 14 pounds ; flax, 50 pounds; maple sugar, pounds; cane sugar, 2,752 hogsheads 
of 1,000 pounds; molasses, 352,893 gallons; wine, 10 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products was $1,200, and of 
market-garden products, $8,721. Tlie aimexed table wiU exhibit the staple crops of 1840 and 1850 comparatively : 

staples, 1840. 1850. Increase. 

Cane Sugar 276,817 pounds 2,752,000 pounds 2,476,683 pounds, or 899.57 per cent. 

Ginned Cotton 12,110,533 " 18,052,400 " 5,941,867 " or 49.06 « 

Tobacco 75,274 " 998,614 " 923,-340 " or 226.04 " 

Eice 431,420 " 1,075,090 " 643,670 " or 149.19 " 

Products 0/ Animals.— ^V 00], 23,247 (in 1840, 7,285) pounds ; butter, 871,498 pounds ; cheese, 18,015 pounds ; and the 
value of animals slaughtered during the year had been $514,685. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 6 (in 
1840, 124;j) pounds, and beeswax and honey, to that of 18,971 pounds. 

Ilome'mademanitfactures for the year ending 30th -June, 1850, were valued at $75,532. (In 1840, $20,205). 

Manufactures. — Aggregate capital invested, $547,060 ; value of raw material, fuel, etc., used and consumed, $220,611 ; 
average number of hands employed, —males and females, ; average monthly cost of labor — male,$ 

and female, $ annual value of products, $668,835. The whole number of manufacturing establishments, producing 

to the annual value of $500 and upwtird, was one hundred and twenty-one. 

Conwwrce.—SXonAo., in the year ending 30th June, 1850, exported to foreign countries to the value of $2,623,624, of 
which amount $2,607,963 represented domestic produce, and $15,656 foreign merchandise re-exported. The proportion 
of the total value of domestic produce carried in foreign bottoms, was $1,493,999— the remainder in national vessels. The 
foreign imports for the same year amounted in value to $95,709, of which $30,241 was carried in American, and $65,463 
in foreign vessels. The greatest portion of the exports are cleared from Appalachicola, which is also the outlet of Eastern 
Alabama, and South-western Georgia, whence produce is brought down the river in steamboats. The shipping entered 
at all the ports of the State amounted to 17,980 tons, of which was foreign 10,462 tons ; and the shipping cleared, to 
22,156, of which was foreign 12,184 tons. The tonnage owned in the several collection districts of the State, was as follows : 



oiled and Licensed. 



Collection Districts. 

Pensacola 

St. Augustine . 
St. Mark's .... 

St. John's 

Appalachicola 



lemp'ry. 

1,221 . 



Perm't. 
495 .. 



Temporary. 



282 

310 

2,050 



Licensed 


Total 


Navigated 


built 


under 20 tons. 


Tonnage. 


by Steam. 


1349-50 


.. 77 


1,793 ... 


— ... 


.. 79 



Key West 3,017 1,898 1,546 



Total 



3,017 



2,619 



4,683 



546 
546 



259 6,766 

407 11,272 



79 

2,050 
56 

2,185 



79 



The coasting trade of Florida is immensely larger than its direct foreign trade, and employs a large tonnage both 
of steam and sail vessels. Of the cotton exported in 1351, 70,547 bales were sent direct to foreign ports, and 111,532 coast- 
wise, and so with other staples — which facts illustrate the course of Florida commerce. The statistics of the foreign 
commerce of the State for a series of years, exhibit the following movements : 



Years. Imports. E.vports. 

1821 $18,270 $ 

1822 6,877 1,777 

1828 4,308 1,510 

1824 6,986 216 

1325 8,218 2,865 

1826........ 16,590 200 

1827 257,994 57,486 

1823 168,292 60,321 

1829 153,642 56,036 

1S30 32,689 T,570 



Years. Imjiorts. E.xports. 

18-31 $115,710 $30,495 

18-32 306,345 65,716 

1833 85,386 64,805 

18-34 135,798 228,825 

1835 93,173 61,710 

1886 121,745 71,662 

1837 805,514 90,084 

1388 163,690 122,532 

1839 279,233 884,806 

1S40 190,723 1,858,850 



Years. Imports. Exports, 

1341 $145,181 $86,629 

1342 176,930 83,384 

184;3 158,682 760,638 

1844 155,695 1,011,416 

1845 107,868 1,514,745 

1846 140,584 176,448 

1847 143,293 1,810,538 

1848 64,267 1,896,683 

1849 63,211 2,513,027 

1850 95,709 2,623,624 

77 



THE STATE OF FLORIDA. 



Iiiternal Communication. — Florida, beyond those provided by nature, has but few means of internal communication. 
In the south there are several military roads to depend on ; and in the north, where greater progress has been made in the 
settlement of the country, there are some short railroads, and more progress has been made in opening inter-communi- 
cation by ordinary roads. There arc, however, several jiublic works of great importance to the prosperity of the State 
projected ; one of which, the Ship Canal, or railroad across the neck of the peninsula, will be of vital importance to the 
commerce of the Gulf of Mexico; and the railroads from Savannah and Brunswick to Appalachicola, will also be the 
means of opening up the southern parts of Georgia to the Floridian Gulf ports. There is also a railroad projected from 
some point on the St. Mary's River to Pensacola. 

Government.~-1he constitution of Florida provides that all free white male citizens, twenty-one years of age, who shall 
have resided in the State two years, and in the county six months next preceding, shall be eligible to vote at elections. 

The Legislature, styled the General Assembly, consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. Representatives and 
senators iu-e elected for terms of two years. Representation is apportioned every ten years according to population, 
thrcc-fitths of the slaves being connted in the representative numbers. The general election takes place on the first 
Monday of October, and the Assembly meets biennially on the third Monday in November. 

The governor is elected by a plurality of votes for four years, and is ineligible for the four years next after. He must 
be at least Uiirty years of age, and have been ten years a citizen of the United States, or an inhabitant of Florida at the 
adoption of the constitution, and a resident thereof for five years next before the election. The governor has a qualified 
veto on all legislative acts. In ease of the disability or dexith of the governor,^r.s*, the President of the Senate, and 
second, the Speaker of the House of Representatives act in his stea<l for such part of the term as may be unexpired. 

No officer in a banking company, wliile he serves in a bank, or for twelve months afterward, shall be eligible for the 
office of governor, senator, or representative ; nor shall a duelist or second in a duel hold any office under the State. 
The Secretary of State is elected by the Legislature for four years. 

The Judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, and several courts of minor jurisdiction. The Supreme 
Court has appellate jurisdiction only, and is composed of a chief justice and two associate justices. It holds four sessions 
annually — one at Tall.ihassee, on the first Monday of January ; one at Jacksonville, on the third Monday of February ; 
one at Tampa, on the first Monday of March ; and one at Mariana, on the third Monday of March. When one or two 
of the judges are disqualified from sitting in any cause, the vacancy is filled by a corresponding number of circuit judges. 
For the purpose of holding Circuit Courts, the State is divided into four circuits, viz., the Western, the Middle, llie East- 
em, and the Southern, to each of which there is one judge. The Circuit Courts have original common-law jurisdiction in 
all matters, civil and criminal, and also original equity jurisdiction, until a separate Chancery Court is established by the 
Legislature. The judges are now elected by concurrent votes of the two houses of the General Assembly. An act was 
passed, however, in 1S50-51, giving the election to the people, and limiting their term to sL\ years ; but this act h.'is to be 
sanctioned by another Legislature before becoming law. 

Respecting banking, the constitution provides that " no bank charter shall be for more than thirty years, nor shall it ever 
be extended or renewed. The capital of a bank shall not exceed $100,000, nor shall a dividend be made exceeding 16 
per cent, a year. Stockholders shall be individually liable for the debts of the bank, and no notes shall be issued for less 
than $5." And, in relation to corporations, it further provides, that " no act of incorporation shall be passed or altered except 
by the assent of two-thirds of each house, and by giving three months' notice." " The credit of the State shall not be 
pledged in aid of any corporation whatsoever." 

With regard to slavery, the same instrument says : " No law shall be passed to emancipate slaves, or to prohibit the 
immigration of persons bringing slaves with them ; but free colored persons may be prevented from entering flie State." 

For an amendment of the ct)n3titution, two-thirds of each house must assent ; the proposed alteration must then be 
published six months before the succeeding election, and then be again approved by a two-thirds vote in the succeeding 
General Assembly. 

Florida, under the law-distributing congressional representation, has only one representative in Congress. 

Finances, etc. — The assessed value of all real and personal property in the State in 1S50, was $22,784,837; the value 
truly estimated, $22,802,270. Florida has no puljlic debt. The balance in the treasury for the year ending 1st Nov., 1S47, 
■was $3,755 10 ; and the receipts for tlie year ending 1st Nov., 1S4S, amounted to $56,832 72— making the resources for that 
year $G0,5S7 82. The aggregate expenditures during the year were $59,259 72, leaving in the treasury, for future dis- 
bursement, $1,328 10. The average ordinary expenses of the government, however, is only about $45,000 per annum. 

Education.— l^Xor'xAa. is as yet but ill provided with schools; it has no institutions in which a liberal education can be 
obtained, nor are the existing public schools or academies efficient in their organization. The State has ample means for 
the support of public schools from the proceeds of the lands designated by Congress for that purpose, and the State con- 
stitution makes it imperative on the Legislature to organize and provide for a system of public education. The peculiar 
circumstances of the people, and the sparsity of the population, however, will, for a long time to come, present obstacles 
to the operation of any system devised, and more than apologize for any deficiencies that may be observed in the educa- 
tional condition of the inhabitants. These matters must be left to timo and favoring circumstances. 

Rdigious Denominations. — The statistics of the religious denominations of Florida, according to the census of 1850 
are as follows : 



Denomina- No. of 


Church 


Value of 


Denomina- No. of 


Church 


Vahie of 


Denomina- No. of 


Church 


Vahie of 


tionB. Churches. 


accom. 


Property. 


tions. Churches 




Properly. 


tions. Churches 


accoiu. 


Property 


Baptist 45 .. 


10,400 . . 


. $25,640 


Germ'n Ref. — . . 


— .. 


. $- 


Rom. Cath. 5.. 


1,850 . . 


. $13,600 


Christian ... — .. 


— .. 


— 


Jewish — . . 


. — .. 


— 


Tunker .... — . . 


— .. 


— 


Congregat'l. — . . 


— .. 


— 


Lutheran . . — . . 


. — .. 


— 


LTnion — . . 


— .. 


— 


Dutch Itef. . — . . 


— .. 


— 


Mcnnonite . — . . 


. — .. 


— 


Unitarian . . — . . 


— .. 


— 


Episcopal .. 10 .. 


8,810 . . 


. 37,800 


Methodist .. 75 . . 


. 18,010 . . 


. 55,260 


Universalist — . . 


— .. 


— 


Free 1.. 


400.. 


400 


Moravian ... — . . 


— .. 


— 


Minor Sects 3 . . 


1,000 . . 


1,200 


Friends .... — .. 


— .. 


— 


Prcsbyteri'n 14 . . 


. 5,700.. 


. $31,500 


Total.... 152.. 


41,170 . . 


. $165,400 



Florida is a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church ; and it constitutes parts of the Roman Catholic dioceses 
of Savannah and Mobile — in the diocese of Savannah is included all of the State" east of the Appalachicola, and in 
that of Mobile all west of that river. 

Periodical Press. — There are 11 newspapers published in the State, of which 10 are issued weekly, and 1 semi-weekly 
78 



THE STATE OF FLORIDA. 



and of these 5 are whig in politics, 3 democratic, 1 neutral, and two, the politics of which are not stated in the census. 
The senii-weekl}' paper has an average circulation of 200 at each Issue, or 20,800 copies annually ; and the 10 weekly 
papers an aggregate circulation of 5,550, or 288,000 copies annually, making the 309,400 copies the total annual issue. The 
papers having the largest circulations are, the " Commercial Advertiser" of Appalachicola, which is 1,500 copies weekly ; 
the •• Sentinel," and " Floridian and Journal" of Tallahassee— the first having a weekly circulation of 1,300, and the latter 
of 800, and the " Florida Eepublican," which issues 700 weekly ; none of the others circulate more than 400 copies of 
each issue. 

Historical Sketch. — The adventures of Narvaez, and the romantic wanderings of Ponce de Leon and De Soto, the 
buccaneering of the English, the wars waged with Oglethorpe by the Spaniards, and more recently, the long and 
bloody Indian wars, have given to Florida a greater historical interest than attaches to any other portion of the Union. But 
as one of the youngest sisters of our confederacy, but comparatively little is known of its geography, resources, and pro- 
ductions. Peninsulated from almost all intercourse wilh other States, it lies out of the great thoroughfare of travel ; and 
while the commerce of the Great West sweeps around its shores, they are looked upon as so many dangerous reefs and 
rocks, threatening destruction to the mariner. In the foregoing sketch the aim has been to give an idea of the present 
actual state and condition of the country. Its history is briefly as follows : 

Florida was discovered in 1496 by Cabot, and was visited by Ponce de Leon in 1512, who came in search of the spring 
of perpetual youth and beauly, and fabled mines of gold, the fame of which had filled all Europe. In 1562 we find the 
French and Spaniards contesting their respective rights to the soil. San Augustine was settled in 1504, it being by forty 
years the oldest settlement in the United States. Pensacola was settled in 1596. 

The archives of the country during the Spanish rule having been carried away, it is difficult to judge to what extent the 
country was settled previous to its cession to Great Britain. Remains of ancient settlements exist between thC'Suwanee and 
Chattahoochee rivers ; the traces of old fortifications, roads, etc., are very distinct, aud gun-barrels, pottery, ship-spikes, 
etc., are found ; but the public opinion of the country is rather inclined to attribute these to the buccaneers, and the quan- 
tity of ship-spikes, etc., found, seem to render the opinion highly probable. It is presumable, therefore, from the known 
inertness of the Spanish character, and the slight progress made by them in the settlement of new countries, that their 
settlements in Florida were of very little extent ; and, with the exception of establishing a few missions, they never 
ventured far from the coast, and paid but little attention to the cultivation of the soil. 

The cession to Great Britain was made in 17G3: most of the Spaniards left the country, and it soon began to prosper 
under the energetic impulse communicated by the Anglo-Saxon race. Efforts at settlement on a large scale were imme- 
diately undertaken, the government favoring the enterprise by granting large tracts to settlers. Doctor Turnbull brought 
1,500 families from the islands and shores of the Mediterranean, and located them at New Smyrna; and Lord EoUe, 
Governor Moultrie, Lord Bcresford, and others established settlements; and on tlie breaking out of the Eevolution, large 
numbers of royalists came into the country from Georgia and Carolina. In 1780 the exports of Florida reached 40,000 
barrels of naval stores ; and at this time one of the principal articles of culture was indigo, which in the markets of London 
brought a higher price than that from any other country. The British possession of the country continued for but twenty 
years, but during that period more was eflectcd in settling aud improving tlie country than in the two hundred yeara 
of Spanish occupation. 

But, unfortunately for Florida, in 1783 the province was retro-ceded to Spain, and the English population, which iu 
1778, in East Florida alone, numbered over 13,000, principally left the country and went into the adjoining States. From 
this period to its cession to the United States in 1821 — a period of nearly forty years — it languished and struggled along 
with difficulty; cultivation was neglected, the English settlements having been allowed to go to ruin; and at no time 
during this period was the population in both the Floridas estimated at over 10,000, a large portion of whom lived in 
towns, or were hangers-on of government. The Spanish population, to a considerable extent, left the country upon its 
cession, and immigration began to flow in rapidly; but the unsurveyed state of tlie country, the uncertainty of land-titles, 
etc., militated against its settlement; and the fierce and turbulent Indian race, who had made it a battle-ground for over 
two hundred aud fifty years, and who had never been conquered, and had no egress from their peninsular home, occu- 
pied the best lands, rendering it impossible to obtain them. But yet iu spite of all these obstacles, a considerable 
population planted themselves in the country. 

The territory was now beginning to reap the fruits of its American occupation, when in 1835 the desolating Seminole 
war broke out and continued for seven years, rendering all habitation out of the limits of the occupied parts insecure, and 
destroying all the improvements which had been undertaken. In 1842 this war terminated, and the Indians, after a 
struggle of nearly three hundred years, were forced to yield, and were nearly all transferred beyond the Mississippi. Thus 
the population of Florida had, up to 1842, undergone four entire revolutions, and after having been settled by the Europeau 
race for two hundred and eighty years, was forced to begin anew the settlement of the country. Since this period, how- 
ever, it has progressed with reasonable rapidity, and in 1845 it was admitted into the Union as an independent State. 
The few Indians now remaining, although they have given some temporary trouble to the inhabitants, have lately 
made up their minds to abandon their homes, and will, before long, be domiciled with their brethren in the country 
beyond the limits of the white settlements, set apart for them by the beneficence of the Government, where alone they can 
be protected from utter annihilation. 

Tallahassee is the political capital of the State, 

79 



THE STATE OF GEORGIA. 



Georgia is bounded on the north by Tennessee and North Carolina ; on the north-east by South Carolina, from which 
Savannah Eiver divides it ; on the east by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the soutli by Florida, and on the west by xMabama — 
the Chattalioochee Eiver being tlie western boundary for more than half its length. It extends generally between lati- 
tudes 30° 22' and 850 N., and longitudes 80° 48 and 84° 41' W. from Greenwich, or 3° 40' and 7° 39' W. from Washington. 
Its greatest length from north to south is 322 miles, and its greatest width from the east point of Tybee Island, at the 
mouth of Savannah Eiver, to Florence, on Chattahoochee Eiver, 224 miles ; but from this point it gradually narrows 
northward, and on the parallel of 84° 40' does not measure more than 126 miles. The whole area of the State is 53,000 
square mUes. 

No State in the Union presents a richer field for the geologist than Georgia. With a territory embracing the southern 
extremity of the great Atlantic chains of mountains, extending across them to the north-west into the valley of the 
Mississippi, ruuning to the south-west into the cretaceous slope of the Gulf of Mexico, and occupying along their east- 
ern base a wide belt of territory, it contains most of the important geological formations. Commencing at the Atlantic 
Ocean and spreading out from 100 to 150 miles to the west, an extensive plain of a tertiary fovmntioii rises from the 
level of the sea, and gradually swells up to the height of about 500 feet, at a line passing near the head of navigation of 
the rivers Savannah, Ogeechee, Oconee, and Ocmulgee, where it meets a primary formation. Between the Ocmulgee 
and Flint rivers it leaves the pHmary formation to the right, and rests on the cretaceous from a point nearly midway 
between Macon and Knoxville, by a line running in a south-west direction to another point between Pataula Creels and 
Fort Gaines, on the Chattahoochee Eiver. Bounded by the last mentioned line to the south-east, and by the southern 
edge of the primary, as indicated by the heads of navigation in the Flint and Chattahoochee rivers, the cretaceous 
formation extends from Alabama into Georgia, forming an acute triangle. The primary, or non-fossiliferous, bounded 
on the east by the tertiary and cretaceous formations as described above, crosses the State from north-east to south-west, 
with a width of 160 miles at the northern limit and of 100 miles at the southern. The Blue Eidge range of mountains 
passes near its western edge and forms the most elevated land of the State, var}1ng in height from 1,200 to 4,000 feet. 
From this crest there is a gradual descent to the east by a series of parallel and undulating ridges, until the tertiary plain 
is reached. On the west the descent is much more precipitous. The western boundary of the primary is not very 
accurately established, but is believed to bo not far from a line running nearly north and south through the centre of 
Gilmer County, and continued in the same direction to near Canton, in Cass County, and thence to the western base of 
the Allatoona Mountain, on the Etowah Eiver, where it turns to the south-west, and passing near Van Wert, in Paulding 
County, and along the northern base of the Dugdown Mountain to the Alabama line. The north-western part of the 
State, bounded to the east and south liy the western limit of the primary, consists of a transition, or older fossiliferous 
formation, except the extreme north-west corner, where the carhoni/erotis occurs. 

The coast is lined by a succession of low islands, intersected by numerous navigable channels, which aflbrd good inland 
navigation all along the shore. They are generally separated from each other by wide bays or sounds, which bear 
tlieir names and receive the waters of this section. The principal islands are Cabbage Island, Ossaba Island, St. 
Catharine's Island, Sapello Island, St. Simon's Island, Jykill Island, Cumberland Island, etc. These are covered with 
rich plantations, and produce, as before stated, the long staple cotton called, from the place of its growth, sea-island 
cotton. 

Along the southern line of the State, between the head branches of the Suwannee and the St. Mary's rivers, there is 
an extensive swamp, or series of swamps, covered with a thick growth of bay-trees, vines, and underwood, and in the 
•wet season presenting the appearance of a wide lake containing islands of rich highland. This swamp extends over tho 
border into Florida, and bears the Indian n.ame of "Okefinoke." Several streams are lost in its morasses, and others, 
head waters of rivers flowing to the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, take their rise from within its limits. 

The great mineral region of Georgia is found in the primary and metamori)hic formations of the spurs of the 
Alleghany Mountains. Through the northern portion of the State these pursue their course toward the south-west with 
similar features of parallelism and straightncss peculiar to them further north ; but their more broken character, the 
greater ruggedness of their outline, and the impetuous nature of their streams, testify to different geological formations 
than the stratified shales and sandstones of which they are composed in Pennsylvania. It is in these out-liers of the main 
ridge that the raetamorphic slates and quartz rock are found, which are productive in gold ores ; and frequently in near 
proximity to these are deposits of lu-malite iron ores of extraordinary extent. In the gneiss, also, are found veins of 
magnetic iron ore of great purity, as at Cane Creek, near Dahlonega. Specular ores, too, like those of the Iron 
Mountain in Missouri, are found in the vicinity of some of the hematite beds ; and localities of the same ore are of frequent 
occurrence down the course of Chattahoochee Eiver. Another range of them, of mucli greater consequence, is found 
in the Allatoona hills, along the Etowah Eiver. Here the broad, shallow stream, obstructed in its course, falls over 
ledges of rock, producing good water power. On each side are seen, projecting from tlic hills, ledges of rough silicious 
rock, in strata of various degrees of thickness, dipping to the south of .east. Beds of limestone are associated with these 
rocks, and veins of sulphate of barj-tes, of great extent. On the southicastem slope of this range of hills, lalcose and 
mica slates, hornblende slate, green stone, and quartz veins containing gold, more abound. Through deep cuttings in 
these rocks, in one place 90 fict deep, the Western and Atlantic EaUroad passes. To the west and north-west an exten- 
sive limestone country commences, about four miles from the river. Nearly the whole of Cass County is formed of this 
rock, and it spreads out into Floyd and Murray counties. Iron ores are found on both sides of the Etowah Eiver. To 
the south-west they extend into Paulding County, and in the other direction through Cherokee County to its north-west 
comer ; and so far as explored their range is about 40 miles, and their course about north-east and south-west. These 
oree, in their appeanince and quality, resemble the best ores found in the Uousatonic Valley. Numerous furnaces have 



THE STATE OF GEORGIA, 



been cstablishetl in this region and are now in successful operation ; the vast water-power, the abundance of timber the 
clieapness of living, and tlie beauty of the climate being higlily favorable characteristics of the region. 

Georgia embraces every variety of soil, climate, and productions. While southern and middle Georgia are parched 
with heat, the more nortlierly climate among the mountains is moderate and even cold. The sky is of a deep bhie, nor 
does a more lovely heaven smile upon Italy than that which favors this country. The cordon of islets which border the 
sea-coast lias a light, sandy soil, but produces the finest staple, linown to the world as sea-island cotton. In tlie south 
are the tide and swamp lands, producing immense crops of rice. The soil of this region varies as it is situated on 
the sea-shore or ujion tlie large and small rivers. On the Savannah these lands are cultivated 20 miles from the 
brackish marsh up the river, and are the finest in the State ; and next to these are the lands on the Alatamalia Eiver, 
which in width are equal to those on the Savannah. They do not extend from the marshes up more than 16 miles— 
beyond, the freshets render them valueless, except for timber. Next come the tide lands of the Ogeechee, extending 10 miles 
up from the marshes, which produce rice, but are not well adapted to cotton. The tide lands of the Great Santilla are 
not as broad as the others, but are productive and fertile 20 miles up from the marshes, yielding good crops of rice 
and cotton, and are not so liable to inundation as those of other large streams. The inland swamps produce abundantly. 
Black-seed cotton is produced on the oak lands adjoining the inland swamps, though these lands are said to be of inferior 
quality. About 60 or 70 miles from the coast begin the pine lands, which are valuable chiefly for the immense quantity 
of timber annually yielded. Tar, pitch, and turpentine are also largely manufactured In this section. The middle 
region of the State contains land of a red, loamy soil, producing tobacco, cotton, and all the grains. It was once very 
productive, but owing to the exhausting system of cultivation adopted by the planters, it has become in many parts 
much impoverished, and large gullies and red barren hill sides often meet the eye in places where once abundant crops 
were produced. The planters, however, have become awake to the folly of a system so injurious to their best interests, 
and hill-side ditching, manuring, and a judicious rotation of crops, together with occasional rest to the land, is gradually 
restoring the soil. The institution of agricultural societies has also of late years stimulated emulation in this direction, and 
many of the great planters have set a good example to their neighbors by adopting the improvements which science has 
proved necessary to insure success in agricultural operations. The lands in the south-western part of the State, between 
the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers, are in general fertile when first cleared, but are not very durable. Being of a light, 
sandy soil they produce fine crops ot cotton and sometimes sugar cane for a few years, and then become exhausted, 
when resort must be had to fertilizers. These lands, however, are cheaper in proportion to their fertility than any others 
in Georgia. In the north part of the State — that part known as Cherokee Georgia — the valleys are exceedingly rich, 
producing wheat, corn, potatoes, etc., and in some places cotton is extensively raised ; but the crop is not so certain as in 
the lower regions. This, indeed, is peculiarly a grain country, while the mountains yield the more valuable minerals, 
and are exceedingly attractive as grazing lands. The land here is more costly than in any other part of the State, rang- 
ing from $10 to ,f 30 per acre ; while in the south-west lauds of equal fertility cost not more than one-third those sums — 
the diiference being due to the greater durability of the northern soils. But Cherokee Georgia is not the place to raise 
cotton ; it is to be the granary and work-shop of the State, and its fields will produce corn to feed the operatives who 
are to direct its water-power in manufacturing the cotton which the south produces, and in digging out from the bowels 
of the earth the minerals which are to regulate its inland commerce. 

Upward of fifty streams in the State of Georgia are enumerated as deserving and having the designation of rivers. 
A very cursory glance at the map will show that her water resources are immense. The streams of this state alone 
which pour the volume of their waters from the mountain springs into the bosom of the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of 
Mexico, would supply sufficient power, in the eligible sites, to manufacture all the cotton grown in the world, or to grind 
all the grain grown within the limits of the Union. The navigable rivers are the Savannah, the Alatamaha, the Oconee, 
the Ocmulgec, the St. Mary's, the Ogeechee, the Flint, the Chattahoochee, the Coosa, and various others. These bear 
down to the seaboard the productions of the interior, and are thronged by steamboats, sloops, and flat boats, laden with 
the material of a commerce valued at thirty-five to forty million of dollars a year. If Georgia has not the best of harbors, 
she has a large number, equal to all the requirements of the coasting trade. Savannah, Darien, Brunswick, and St. 
Mary's have harbor accommodations for a large class of shipping, and are the centres of a considerable foreign trade. 
The great river of the State is the Savannah, which rises by two principal branches In North Carolina, near the sources 
of the Tennessee and Hiwassee on the one side, and the Chattahoochee on the other, and after a course of about SOO 
miles, falls over the last chain of rock-hills into the great plain at Augusta, to which place, 250 miles from its mouth, it is 
navigable for steamers of light draft, and for large ships to Savannah, there being IS or 19 feet water on the bar at low 
tide. Its principal tributaries are Brier Creek and Broad Eiver. The Chattahoochee, rising near the southern branch 
of the Savannah, pursues at first a south-westerly course, but afterward turns to the south, and receiving Flint Eiver on 
the Florida line, enters that State under the name of Appalachicola. It is navigable to the falls at Columbus, 300 miles 
from its mouth, for a great part of the year, and its whole length is about 500 miles. Flint Eiver, above named, rises in 
the hilly country south of the Chattahoochee, and has a total length of 300 miles, of which 75 miles to the falls is open 
to navigation. The Oostanaula and Etowah, rising in the mountains of the north, unite their streams at Eome, in 
Floyd County, wlience they pass directly west into Alabama, under the name of Coosa. The Alatamaha is formed by the 
junction of the Oconee and the Ocmulgee, which rise in the hilly region south of the Chattahoochee, and flow for about 
250 miles nearly parallel to each other, where the latter bends round to the east, and unites its waters with those of the 
former— there are 12 to 13 feet water on the bar of the Alatamaha at ebb-tide, and steamboats ascend the Ocmulgee to 
Macon, and the Oconee to Milledgeville, although there are some obstructions to their navigation. The Ogeechee has a 
course of about 200 miles, of which 40 miles are navigated by small vessels. The Santilla, or St. Ilia, has a winding 
course, chiefly through a low, swamp region, but is partially navigable for river craft. The St. Mary's Eiver rises in a 
low ridge, near Okefinoke Swamp, and reaches the sea in Cumberland Sound ; it has 13 feet of water on the bar at low 
tide, and sometimes as much as 23 feet in times of flood. The AUapaha and "Withlacoochee, principal constituents of 
Suwannee Eiver of Florida, and the Ocklockonee Eiver, are considerable streams in the south part of the State, which 
empty into the Gulf of Mexico. 

Mr. Stephens, one of Georgia's representatives in Congress, in a speech before that body, exhibited the physical, 
industrial, and moral condition of his State in the following glowing terms : " Georgia is the youngest of the old thirteen 
States that formed the Union. At that time she was the weakest of that fraternal band." ***** "Boston, New 
York, and Eiehmond were nearly as old as Georgia now is, when Oglethorpe first landed at Savannah. But notwith- 
Btandinr; all this, I will not shrink ftom the comparison, let it be instituted when or where it may. Georgia has her beds 

F 81 



THE STATE OF GEORGIA. 



of coal and iron ; her lime, gypsum, and marl ; her quarries of granite and marl)Ie. She has inexhaustible treasures of 
minerals, including gold, the most precious of metals. She has a soil and climate suitable for tlie growth and culture of 
every product known to husbandry and agriculture. A better country for wheat and corn, and all the cereal plants, to 
say nothing of cotton and tobacco, is not to be found in an equal space on this continent. There, too, grow the orange, 
the olive, the vine, and the flg, with forests of oak and pine sufficient to build and mast the navies of the world. She 
has mountains for grazing, rivers for commerce, and waterfalls for machinery of all kinds without number. Nor have 
these great natural advantages and resources been neglected. Young as she is, she is now the first cotton-growing State 
in the Union. She has, I believe, thirty-six cotton factories in operation, and a great many more hastening to comple- 
tion—one of them has, or soon will have, ten thousand spindles, with two hundred looms, capable of turning out eight 
thousand yards of cloth per day. Her yarns are already finding their way to the market."* of the North and foreign 
countries ; and the day is not distant when she will take the lead in the manufacture as well as the produclion of this 
great staple. She has also her flour mills and paper mills — her forges, foundries, and furnaces, in full oiteration. Her 
exports exceed yearly $35,000,000 — equal to if not greater than those of all New England together. She has six hundred 
and fifty miles of railroad in operation, at a cost of $15,000,000, and two hundred miles more in the course of construc- 
tion. By her energy and enterprise she has scaled the mountain barriers, and opened the way for the steam-car from 
the southern Atlantic ports to the waters of the great valley of the West. But this is not all : she has four chartered 
universities— nay, five, for she has one devoted exclusi\ely to the education of her daughters. She was the first State, I 
believe, to establish a female college, which is now in a flourishing condition, and one of the brighest ornaments of her 
character. She has four hundred young men pursuing a collegiate course— a greater number, 1 believe, than any State 
in the Union, in proportion to her white population. Go, then, and take your st^itistics if you wish— you will find not 
only all those things to be so ; but I tell you also what you will not find, you will not find any body in that Slate begging 
bread or asking alms— you will find but few paupers— you will not find forty tliousand beings, pinched with cold and 
hunger, demanding the right to labor, as I saw it stated to be the case not long since in the City of New York. And 
when you have got all the information you want, come and institute the comparison if you wish, with any State you 
please; make your own selection; I shall not shrink from it, nor will the people of that State shrink from it. Other 
gentlemen from the South can speak fur their own States— I speak only for mine. And in her name, and in her behalf, 
as one of her resprcsentatives upon this floor, I accept the gauntlet in advance, and I have no fears of the result of a 
comparison of her statistics, socially, morally, politically, with any other state of equal population in this confederacy." 
****** II Tjj^t country has the greatest elements of prosperity where the same amount of human labor or 
exertion will procure the greatest amount of human comforts, and that people are the most prosperous, -whether few or 
many, who, possessing those elements, control them by their energy, and industry, and economy for the accumulation 
of wealth. In these particulars the people of Georgia are inferior to none in this or any other country. They have 
abundantreason to be content with their lot." ****** " The six hundred and fifty miles of railroad now in 
operation, to which I have alluded, were built by Georgia capital. One hundred and thirty-sLx miles, from Atlanta to 
Chattanooga, on the Tennessee lliver, which is one of the greatest monuments of the enterprise of the age, was built by 
the State. But her public debt is only a little over $1,S00,0U0, while that of the State of New York is over $'20,000,000, 
besides $14,000,000 owed by the city alone ; and the debt of Pennsylvania is $40,000,000. The bonds of the State of 
Georgia are held mostly by her own people. You do not see them hawked about in Northern or foreign markets at a 
depreciation. But they, as well as the stocks and securities of the private companies, are held mostly by her own citizens, 
and are commanding premiums at home." 
Georgia is divided into 94 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capital of each in 1S50, was as follows : 



Counties. 


DwelL 


Pop. 


Farms 
in cult. 


Manu 
EstHb 


Capitals. 


Counties. 


Dwell. 


Pop. 


Farms 
in cult 


Manu 
Estal 


Capitals 


Appling . . 


410. 


2,949 . 


313. 


. 


Ilolmesville 


P'ranklin .. 


. 1,546 . 


. 11,518 . 


. 1,305 . 


. 4. 


. Carnesville 


Baker .... 


755. 


8,120 . 


444. 


. 12 . 


Newton 


Gilmer . . . 


. 1,396 . 


. 8,440 . 


577. 


. 5. 


Ellejay 


Baldwin . . 


64T. 


8,148 . 


240 . 


3. 


MiLLEDGEVILLE 


Glinn 


. 145. 


. 4 933 . 


. 92. 


. 8. 


. Brunswick 


Bibb 


1,234. 


12,699 . 


308. 


.82. 


Macon 


Gordon . . . 


. 861 . 


. 5.9-54 . 


. 419 . 


r 0. 


. Calhoun 


Bryan 


212. 


3,424. 


209. 


. . 


Eden 


Greene . . . 


. 854. 


18,063 . 


512 . 


.47. 


. Greensboro' 


Bullock . . . 


4TT. 


4,300 . 


412. 


3. 


Statesboro' 


Gwiimctt . 


. 1,610 . 


11,257 . 


1,086 . 


.26. 


Lawrenceville 


Burke 


1,017 . 


. 16,100 . 


. 712. 


.41 . 


. Waynesboro' 


Habersham 1,338 . 


. 8,S95. 


732. 


. 5. 


Clarkesville 


Butts 


642. 


6,4^8 . 


391 . 


.14. 


. Jackson 


Hall 


. 1,300 . 


. 8,713 . 


697. 


. 0. 


. Gainesville 


Camden . . 


. 400 . 


6,319 . 


235 . 


. 5. 


. Jefferson 


Hancock . . 


. 761 . 


. 11,573 . 


. 444. 


.20. 


. Sparta 


Campbell . 


920. 


7,232 . 


694. 


.18. 


. Campbcllton 


Harris .. . 


. 1,175 . 


. 14,721 . 


. 873. 


.78. 


. Hamilton 


Carroll ... 


1,379 . 


9,357 . 


782. 


.16. 


. Carrollton 


Heard.... 


. 724 . 


. 6,923 . 


. 512 . 


. 5. 


. Franklin 


Cass 


1,712 . 


. 13,300 . 


. 601 . 


. S. 


. Cassvillo 


Henry . . . 


. 1,680 . 


. 14,726 . 


. 1,003 . 


. 8 . 


. M'Donough 


Chatham . 


1,915 . 


23,901 . 


. 132. 


. 13 . 


. Savannah 


Houston .. 


. 1,138 . 


. 16,450 . 


. 750 . 


.23. 


. Perry 


Chattooga . 


. 869. 


. 6,815 . 


. 419 . 


. 10 . 


. Summerville 


Irwin 


. 443. 


. 3,834. 


. 414. 


. 0. 


. Irwinville 


Cherokee . 


. 1,970 . 


. 12,800 . 


. 1,000 . 


. 5. 


. Canton 


Jackson .. 


. 1,200 . 


. 9,763 . 


. 547 . 


. 6. 


. Jefferson 


Clark 


. 1,024 . 


. 11,119 . 


400. 


.55. 


. Athens 


Jasper 


. 812 . 


. 11,486 . 


. 533 . 


. 12. 


. Monticello 


Cobb 


. 1,918 . 


. 18,843 . 


. 931 . 


. 10 . 


. Marietta 


Jefferson . 


. 705 . 


. 9,131 . 


. 538 . 


.48. 


Louisville 


Columbia . 


. 751 . 


. 11,901 . 


. 489. 


. 7. 


. Appling 


Jones 


. 739 . 


. 10,224 . 


. 405 . 


.15. 


. Clinton 


Coweta . . . 


. 1,882 . 


. 13,635 . 


. 911 . 


.52. 


. Newnan 


Laurens .. . 


. 634. 


. 6,442 . 


. 828. 


. 6. 


. Dublin 


Crawford . 


. 754. 


. 8,984. 


. 444. 


. 5. 


. Knoxville 


Lee 


.. 550. 


. 6,659 . 


. 387 . 


. 7. 


. Starkeville 


Dade 


. 421 . 


. 2,680 . 


. 285. 


. 4. 


. Trenton 


Liberty . . 


. 860. 


. 7.926. 


. 2«. 


. 4. 


. Hinesville 


Decatur ... 


. 893. 


. 8,262 . 


. 441 . 


. 2 . 


. Bainbridge 


Lincoln .. 


. 878. 


. 5,998 . 


. 273 . 


.13. 


. Lincolnton 


DeKalb.. 


. 1,792 . 


. 14,328 . 


. 1,019 . 


.45 . 


. Decatur 


Lowndes . 


. 932. 


. 8,351 . 


. 649. 


. 2. 


. Troupville 


Dooly 


. 962. 


. 8,361 . 


. 663 


. 8 . 


. Drayton 


Lumpkin 


. 1,881 


. 8,954. 


. 598. 


. 0. 


. Dahlonega 


Early 


. 656. 


. 7,246. 


. 867 


.11 . 


. Blakely 


Macon . . . 


. 679. 


. 7,052 . 


. 419. 


. 0. 


. Lanier 


Effingham 


. 855. 


. 3,864 . 


. 808 


. 0. 


. Springfield 


Madison.. 


.. 692 


. 5,C03 . 


. 404. 


. 3. 


. Danielsville 


Elbert . . . . 


. 1,177 . 


. 12,959 . 


. 804 


.20. 


. Elberton 


Marion . . 


. 1,101 . 


. 10,280 . 


. 563. 


. 4. 


. Tazewell 


Emanuel . 


. 605 


. 4,577 . 


. 511 


. . 


. Swainsboro' 


M'Inlosh . 


. 283. 


. 6,023 . 


. 117. 


.10. 


. Darien 


Fayetto . . 


. 1,196 


. 8,709 . 


. 818 


. 6. 


. Fayetteville 


Merri wether 1,428 


. 16,476 . 


. 824 


. 0. 


. Greenville 


Floyd .... 


.. S66 


. 8,205 


. 397 


.15 


. Rome 


Monroe.. 


. 1,194 . 


. 16,985 . 


. 746. 


. 2. 


. Forsyth 


Forsyth ... 
32 


.1,834. 


. 8,650 . 


. 765 


. 8. 


. Cumming 


Montg'mery 236 . 


. 2,154. 


. 1C8. 


. 0. 


. Mount Vernon 



THE STATE OF GEORGIA. 



Counties. 


Dwell. 


Pop. 


Morgan .. 


. 621 


. 10,744 . 


Murray .. . 


. 2,047 . 


. 14,483 . 


Muscogee . 


. 1,884 . 


. 18,578 . 


Newton . . . 


. 1,374 . 


. 13,296 . 


Oglethorpe 


. 819. 


. 12,259 . 


Paulding . 


. 1,059 . 


. 7,039 . 


Pike 


1,474 . 


. 14,305 . 


Pulaski . . . 


701 . 


. 6,627 . 


Putnam . . 


. 609. 


. 10,T94 . 


Kabun 


385 . 


. 2,448 . 


Eandolph. 


1,408 . 


. 12,S6S . 


.Richmond . 


.1,556 . 


. 16,246 . 


Scriven . . . 


56T. 


. 6,847 . 


Stewart. .. 


1,4S2. 


. 16,027 . 


Sumter . . . 


1,109 . 


. 10,322 . 


Talbot .... 


1,324 . 


. 16,534 . 



Farms 
in cult. 


Mann 
Kstab 


Capitals. 


Counties. 


Dwell. 


Pop. 


Farms 
in cult. 


Manu 
Estab 


Capitals. 


386 


.81 . 


. Madison 


Taliaferro. 


. 408. 


. 5,146 . 


294. 


. 16 . 


. CrawfordsvUle 


1,034 


.25. 


. Spring Place 


Tatnall . . . 


. 434. 


. 3,227 . 


827 . 


. 10 . 


. Eeidsville 


5S1 


. 30 . 


. Columbus 


Tcliair.... 


. 340 . 


. 3,026 . 


280 . 


. 0. 


. Jacksonville 


812 


.23. 


. Covington 


Thomas... 


. 838 . 


. 10,103 . 


. 534 


. 6. 


. Thomasville 


555. 


. 13. 


. Lexington 


Troup 


. 1,295 . 


. 16,879 . 


. 789 


. 8. 


. Lagrange 


422 . 


. 10. 


. Van Wert 


Twiggs . . . 


. 696. 


. 8.179 . 


. 867 


. . 


. Marion 


807 . 


.21 . 


. Zebulon 


Union 


. 1,141 . 


. 7,234. 


. 911 . 


. 3 . 


. Blairsville 


371. 


. 2 . 


. Ilawkinsville 


Upson 


. 795. 


. 9.424. 


. 436 


. 19 . 


. Thoniaston 


351 . 


.32. 


. Eatonton 


Walker... 


1,S67 . 


. 13,109 . 


600 


. 1 . 


. Lafayette 


282. 


. . 


. Clayton 


Walton . . . 


1,191 . 


. 10,821 . 


864. 


.56. 


. Monroe 


930. 


.38. 


. Cuthbert 


Ware 


. 561 . 


. 3,8S8 . 


839 . 


. . 


. Waresboro' 


272 . 


.56. 


. Augusta 


Warren . . . 


. 1,135 . 


. 12,425 . 


605 . 


.42. 


Warren ton 


498 . 


. 0. 


. Jacksonboro' 


Washington 1,077 . 


. 11,766 . 


632 . 


. 6. 


. SandersvLlle 


990. 


.86. 


. Lumpkin 


Wavne . . . 


182 . 


. 1,499 . 


172. 


. 0. 


Waynesville 


768. 


.34. 


Amerieus 


Wilkes . . . 


709 . 


. 12,107 . 


468 . 


. 9. 


Washington 


923. 


.46. 


. Talbotton 


Wilkinson 


. 983. 


. 8,212 . 


645. 


. 5. 


Irwinton 



The whole number of dwellings in the State, at the above date, was 91,011, of families 91,471, and of inhabitants 
905,999, viz., whites 521,438— males 266,096, and females 255,342 ; free colored 2,880— males 1,368, and females, 1,512 ; and 
slaves 381,681. Of the whole population, there were: deaf and dmn'b—yf\\. 211, fr. col. 0, si. 41 ; Uind—wh. 224, fr. eol. 
5, si. 80 ; insane — wh. 281, fr. col. 2, si. 23; ami idiotic — wh. 476, fr. col. 3, si. 98. The number of free persons born in 
the United States was 517,995; the number of foreign birth was 5,907, and of birth unknown, 597; the native population 
originated as follows: Maine 178, New Hampshire 122, Vermont 186, Massachusetts 594, Khode Island 138, Connecticut 
712, New York 1,203, New Jersey 331, Pennsylvania 642, DelaAvare 117, Maryland 703, District of Columbia 72, Virginia 
7,331, North Carolina 37,522, South Carolina 52,154, Georgia 402,582, Florida 1,103, Alabama 31,154, Mississippi 184, Loui- 
siana 42, Texas 28, Arkansas 25, Tennessee 8,211, Kentucky 458, Ohio 46, Michigan 3, Indiana 50, Illinois 41, Missouri 
60, Iowa 1, Wisconsin 2, California 0, and the Territories ; and i\\c.fot'eiijn population was composed of persons from — 
England 679, Ireland 3,202, Scotland 367, Wales 13, Germany 947, France 177, Spain 13, Portugal 5, Belgium 41, Holland 
11, Turkey 1, Italy 38, Austria 3, Switzerland 38, Russia 8, Denmark 24, Norway 6, Sweden 11, Prussia 25, Greece 1, Asia 
2, Africa 13, British America 108, Mexico 8, South America 8, West Indies 95, and other countries 58. 

The following table will exhibit the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State, taken by the 
United States authorities : 









Colored Per 


sons. 




Decennial Increase. 
















Year. 


Persons. 


Free. 


Slave. 


Total. 


Population. 


Numerical. Percent. 


1790 ... 


. . . 52,886 . . . 


. . . 393 . 


.. 29,264 . 


. .. 29,662 .. 


. . 82,548 . . 


— — 


1800 . . . 


. . . 101,678 . . . 


... 1,019 . 


.. 59,404 . 


. . . 60,423 . 


.. 162,101 .. 


. . 79..553 96.4 


1810 ... 


. . . 145,414 . . . 


. . . l.SOl . 


. . 105,218 . 


. . . 107,019 . 


. . 252.433 . . 


. . 90.332 55.7 


1820 . . . 


. . . 189,564 . . . 


... 1.767 . 


. . 140,650 . 


. . . 151,423 . 


. . 340,987 . . 


. . SS.554 35.1 


1830 . . . 


. . . 296,806 . . . 


. . . 2,486 . 


.. 217.531 . 


. . . 220,017 . 


. . 516,823 . . 


.. 175.836 51.6 


1840 . . . 


. . . 407,695 . . . 


. . . 2,753 . 


. . 280,944 . 


. . . 283.C97 . 


.. 091 ,.392 .. 


. . 174.569 83.8 


1850 ... 


. . . 521,438 . . . 


... 2,880 . 


. . 881,681 . 


. . . 384,561 . 


. . 905,999 . . 


. . 214.007 81.1 



The statistics of the industry and wealth of Georgia, as furnished by the census of 1850, and other ofiicial returns 
referring to that year, are as follows : 

Occupied Lands, etc. — Improved lands, 6,378,470 acres, and unimproved lands. 16,442.900 acres — valued in cash at 
$93,753,445. Number of farms under cultivation, 51,759. Value of farming implements and machinery, ■*5,S94.150. 

Livestock. — Horses, 151,331; a.sses and mules, 57,339; milch cows, 334,223; working oxen, 73,286; otlier cattle, 
690,010; sheep, 560,435; and swine, 2,168,617- valued in the aggregate at $25,728,416. (In 1840 there were 157,540 
horses, mules, etc. ; 884,414 neat cattle of all kinds; 267.107 sheep, and 1,457,755 swine.) 

Grain C/'ops.- Wheat, 1,088,534 bushels : rye, 53,750 bushels ; Indian corn, 30,080,090 bushels ; oats, 3,820,044 bushels ; 
barley, 11,501 bushels; and buckwheat, 250 bushels. (The crops of 1839-40 were — wheat, 1,801,830 bushels; barley, 
12,979 bushels ; oats, 1,610,030 bushels ; rye, 60,693 bushels ; buckwheat, 141 bushels ; and Indian corn, 20,905,122 bushels.) 

Other Orop.%. — Pice, 33,950,691 pounds ; tobacco, 423,9-34 pounds ; ginned cotton, 300,901 Ijales of 400 pounds ; peas and 
beans, 1,142,011 bushels; potatoes— Irish, 227,379, and sweet, 6,986,423 bu.shels; hay, 23,449 tons; clover-seed, 132, and 
other grass-seed, 428 bushels ; hops, 201 pounds ; hemp— dew-rotted, 0, and water-rotted, tons ; flax, 5,387 pounds ; flax- 
seed, 622 bushels; maple sugar, 50 pounds; cane sugar, 1,644 hogsheads of 1,000 pounds; molasses, 216,150 gallons; 
wine, 796 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products was .^92,776, and of market-garden products, $76,500. The 
annexed table compares the crops of the great staples in 1340 and 1850 : 

Staples, 18-10. 1R50. Movement. 

Cane Sugar 329,744 pounds 1,644,000 pounds 

Ginned Cotton 168,392,396 " 120,360,400 " 

Tobacco 162,894 " 423,934 " 



Eice 12,384,732 



38,950,691 



. . incr. 1,314,256 pounds, or 398.57 per cent, 
. . dear. 43,031,996 " or 26.34 " 
..incr. 261,040 " or 100.25 " 
. . incr. 26,565,959 " or 214.51 " 



Products of Animals.— '^on\ 990,019 pounds (in 1840, 871,80-3); butter, 4,640,559 pounds, and cheese, 46,976 pounds; 
and the value of animals slaughtered in the year had been $6,3-39,762. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 313 
pounds (in 1840, 2,992 J) ; and beeswax and honey, to that of 732,514 pounds. 

Home-made mannfactures for the year ending 30th June, 1S50, were valued at $1,833,968 (in 1840, $1,467,630). 

Jfajiiifactures. — ^Aggregate capital invested, $8,378,257; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $5,127,546 ; ave- 
rage number of hands employed, —males, and females, average monthly cost of labor — male, $ 
and female, $00,000 ; annual value of products, $6,704.1-38. The whole number of manuf;icturing establishments, pro- 
ducing to the value of $500 and upwiird in 1850, was 1,407, and of these 35 were cotton factories, 3 woolen factories, 140 
tanneries, and 10 iron establishments, of which 4 manufactured casting, 3 pig-iron, and 3 wrought iron. 



THE STATE OF GEORGIA. 



The cottim manufactures employ a capital of $1,736,156; the cotton consumed in the year ending 80th Juno, 1S50, was 
20,230 bales, and the value of all raw material, fuel, etc., was 1900,419; average hands employed— males 873, and females 
1 399 ; monthly cost of labor — male, $12,725, and female, $10,352 ; value of entire products, $2,135,044, the products of the 
year having been 7,209,292 yards of .sheeting, and 4,19S,351 pounds of yarn. 

The wuoleii manufactures have a capital invested amounting to $68,000, and consume annually 153,816 pounds 
of wool- value of all raw material, $30,392; hands employed — males 40, and females 3S ; monthly cost of labor — male 
$1,099, and female, 1636 ; cloth manufactured, 340,060 yards; value of the entire products, $88,750. 

The tanneries employ a capital of $262,855, and use annually S1,4S4 hides, and 21,705 skins, valued at $185,604; hands 
employed, 402; monthly wages, or cost of labor, $7,107; skins tanned, 21,705, and sides of leather tanned, 162,963— 
valued together at $301,586. 

The various i/wi. manufactures are in accordance with the following statistics : 

HanJs. Monthly Waf;es. 

Specified Capital Value of / ' . ' . 

Manufoctures. invested. Raw Material. Male. Fem. Male. Female. 

Pig Iron $26,000 $25,840 136 3 $17.44 $5.00 

Cast Iron 85,000 11,950 39 27.43 0.00 415 46,200 

"Wrought Iron 9,200 5,986 26 1 11.85 5.00 90 15,334 



Tons Entire Value 
Produced, of Products. 
. . 900 $57,-300 



The total capital invested in the iron manufacture is thus $70,200 : the value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, 
$48,776; total cost of labor, $44 651 ; and the total value of products. $118,884. 

The branches of industry, others than those above enumerated, and forming the bulk of the manufiictures of the State, 
consist chiefly of mills of various descriptions, as saw and flouring mills, paper mills, boot and shoe shops, wheelwright 
shops, agricultural-implement manufactories, etc., etc., which, taken together, and in connection with the national 
manufactures in which this State is engaged, constitute a very respectable manufacturing interest, and place Georgia iu 
a proud position— flrst among its compeers of the Southern States. 

Foreign Commerce.— 'Sot more than a sixth of tlie commercial staples of Georgia are exported directly, or in shipping 
belonging to the State. The great bulk of its products are carried coastwise, and chiefly in northern vessels to northern 
ports, and thence trans-shipped to the foreign port ; and even of the one-sixth, constituting the material of its direct 
foreign commerce, more than three-fifths is exported in vessels of foreign nations ; besides, a large moiety of the products 
of Western Georgia is shipped at Appalachicola, in Florida. The exports to foreign countries, in the year ending 30th 
June 1 850, were valued at $7,551,94;3, of which $4,920,791 represents the value of merchandise carried in foreign bottoms ; 
and the direct imports were valued at $630,904, of which $330,051 was the value of goods carried in foreign bottoms. The 
whole of the exports were of domestic origin. The total entries were 118 (57,017 tons), of which 71 (45,134 tons) were 
foreign ; and the total clearances were 141 (72,563 tons), of which 83 (51,524 tons) were foreign. The whole of this com- 
merce was done in the district of which Savannah is the port of entry. The amount of shipping owned in the State at 
the above-named period was 21,690 tons, distributed among the several collection districts as follows : 



Registered. 



Enrolled and Liceneed. 



Collection 
Districts. 



tip'ry. 
665 . 



Licensed 

(under 20 tons.) 

105 ... . 



Total Navigated 

Tonnage. by Steam. 

19,731 6,479 



Perm't. Tenip'ry. Pertn't. 

Savannah 4,159 6,278 8,524 . . 

Sunbury — — — — — 

Brunswick — — 524 — 10 

Ilardwick — — — — — 

St.Mary-s - 491 692 242 - 

All the registered tonnage is employed in the foreign trade, and aU the enrolled and licensed in the coasting trade : the 
vessels navigated by steam are of the latter classes. The number of vessels built in the year was 5—2 schooners and 3 
steamers— with a total burden of 684 tons. The statistics of the foreign commerce of Georgia fur a series of years exhibit 
the following movements ; 



534 



1,425 



Years. Exports. 

1791 $491,250 . 

1792 459,106 . 

1793 520,955 . 

1794 263,832 . 

1795 695,986 . 

1796 950,158 . 

1797 644,307 . 

1793 961,843 . 

1799 1,390,759 . 

1800 2,174,268 . 

1801 1,755,939. 

1802 1,854,951 . 

1803 2,370,875 . 

1804 2,077,592 . 

1805 2,894,846 . 

1806 82,764 . 

ISOT 8,744,845. 

1808 24,626 . 

1809 1,082,108 . 

1810 2,238,686 . 



Imports. 



Years. Exports. Imports. 

1811 $2,663,866 $— 

1312 1,006,703 — 

1313 1,094,593 — 

1314 2,133,121 — 

1S15 4,172,319 — 

1S16 7,511,929 — 

1817 8,790,662 — 

1S13 11,132,096 — 

1319 6,310,434 — 

1820 6,594,623 — 

1821 6,014,310 1,002,634 

1322 5,484,369 939,591 

1S23 4,293,606 670,705 

1824 4,623,982 551,888 

1325 4,222,833 843,356 

1 326 4,868,504 830,993 

1S27 4,261,555 312,609 

1828 8,104,423 303,669 

1329 4,981,876 880,293 

1830 5,336,626 232,486 



Years. Exports, Imports. 

1331 $3,959,813 $399,940 

1882 5,515,333 253,417 

1838 6,270,040 818,990 

1834 7,567,337 546,802 

1335 8,890,674 893,049 

1336 10,722,200 573,222 

1887 8,935,041 774,349 

1838 8,803,839 776,063 

1839 5,970,441 418,907 

1840 6,862,959 491,423 

1341 3,696,518 449,007 

1342 4,800,257 341,764 

1843 4,522,401 207,432 

1844 4,283,805 805,684 

1845 4,557,435 206,801 

1346 2,708,003 205,495 

1847 5,712,149 207,130 

1343 3,670,415 217,114 

1849 6,857,806 871,024 

1850 7,551,943 686,964 



Internal Cmnmunicatian.—Tho rivers of Georgia fumi.sh in the aggregate a long line of navigable channels, which 
give the greater part of the interior a ready access by steamboat or baltcaux to the Gulf and Atlantic seaboards. The 
names, length, etc., of the principal of these are given elsewhere. Georgia has also furnished itself with extensive and 
84 



THE STATE OF GEORGIA. 



magnificent lines of internal improvements ; her railways now in active operation have a length of 859 miles, and there 
are about SOO miles now in progress of construction, or for which charters have been obtained. The direction of the 
Georgia railways is generally between the seaboard and the interior ; two lines, one from the port of Savannah and the 
other from that of Charleston, run south-west to a junction with the system of Tennessee railroads, terminating at Chat- 
tanooga, distant from the first-named place 432 miles, and from the latter 44S miles ; and in their course give off several 
branches and connect with other railroads passing westward into Alabama, etc. Among the projected railroads the 
most important are those from Savannah and Brunswick to the Flint Kiver and the seaports of Florida. Georgia has 
also two short canals: the Savannah and Ogeechee Canal, 16 miles long, and the Brunswick Canal, 12 miles long; the 
former extends from Savannah to the Ogeechee River, but is now unused, and the latter from Brunswick to the 
Alatamaha River. The proportion of completed railroads to superficies in tliis State, in January, IS53, was as 1 mile of 
road to every 67i square miles, and to the population as 1 mile of road to every 1,055 persons. 

Sanks, etc. — In December, 1850, there were in the State 11 banks and 10 branch banks, and their condition in the 
aggregate was as follows: liabimtes—cnpita}, .$13,482,193; circulation, .$9,898,827; deposits, $2,580,826; due other banks, 
$483,422, and other liabilities, $1,452,121; and «««<?fo— loans and discounts, $11,421,020; stocks, $1,574,349; real estate, 
$7,195,003 ; other investments, $2,377,716 ; due by other banks, $3,117,406 ; notes of other banks, $535,593, specie funds, 
$141,300, and specie, $2,112,446. The branch banks are branches of the Bank of the State of Georgia, the head-quarters 
of which is at Savannah. 

Ooverninent: — Georgia's first constitution was made in 1777; a second in 178.5, and the one on which the present 
government is based, in 1798. It has subsequently undergone numerous amendments. Every citizen of the State, 21 
years old, who has paid all taxes demanded for one year, and has resided in the county for six months next before an 
election, has the right to vote. 

The legislature is styled the General Assembly, and consists of a Senate and House of Representatives, the members 
of both of which are elected biennially. Representatives (130 in number) must be 21 years old and have been citizens 
of the State three years and of the United States seven years next before the election ; senators (47 in number) are 
chosen in districts, and must be 24 years old, and have been citizens of the United States nine years. A census of tho 
State is taken every seven years and representatives apportioned in accordance with its results. 

The Governor is chief executive : ho must be 30 years old, and have been a citizen of tlie United States twelve years 
and of the State six years, and be possessed of 500 acres of land, or $4,00o in other property above all debts. He is 
elected for two years by a popular majority vote, or in case there be not a choice, then one of the two candidates having 
the highest number of votes shall be elected by joint ballot of the General Assembly. In case of the oflSce becoming 
vacant, the chair is filled by the President of the Senate, and after him by the Speaker of the House. The governor may 
vetxi a bill, but two-thirds of both houses subsequently voting in favor of the rejected bill, makes it law nevertheless. 

The executive oflScers of the government of the State are — a Secretary of State, a State Treasurer, a Comptroller- 
general, a Surveyor-general, and a State Librarian. The Keeper of the Penitentiary, Commissioner of the Deaf and 
Dumb, and State Printer, come under this head. 

The Judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, Superior Courts, and courts of inferior jurisdiction. The Supreme Court, 
for the correction of errrors, consists of three judges, one of which is chief judge, elected by the General Assembly for 
such term as the law may provide, and are removable upon address of two-thirds of each house. The judges of the 
Superior Court are elected for six years, with jurisdiction exclusive in criminal cases and in land cases, and concurrent 
in all other civil cases. Justices of the inferior courts are elected by the people in districts. All judges have fixed 
salaries. The State is divided into thirteen circuits with a judge for each, A'iz. : Northern, Eastern, Southern, Western, 
Middle, Oemulgee, Flint, Chattahoochee, Cherokee, Coweta, South-western, Macon, and Bly.e Ridge. Savannah and 
Augusta have special courts of Oyer and Terminer. Each county elects an ■' ordinary," who holds office for four years, 
and has the ordinary jurisdiction of a judge of probate. Sheriffs arc appointed for two years, but not for two terms in 
succession. 

On the institution of slavery, the constitution provides, that " There shall bo no importation of slaves from Africa or 
any foreign place after Octolicr 1st, 1798, nor shall the legislature have power to free slaves without the owner's consent, 
or to prevent immigrants from bringing with them persons deemed slaves by any one of the United States. Slaves are 
protected in their persons, like free white persons, except in case of insurrection, and unless their " death should happen 
from accident in giving such slaves moderate correction." Amendments to the constitution, if passed by two-thirds of 
each house, shall be published six months before the next election of members of the General Assembly ; and if passed 
in the same manner at the first session thereafter, shall be adopted. 

The militia of Georgia consists of 78,099 men of all grades and arms, of which 5,050 are commissioned olHcers, and 
73,049 non-commissioned officers, musicians, and privates. Of the commissioned oflScers 39 are general ofiBcers, 91 
general staff oflScers, 624 field oflScers, and 4,290 company oflScers. 

The State benevolent institutions are an Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, under the management of commissioners, 
and another for Lunatics, in the hands of trustees. 

Finances, Deht, etc. — flie balance in the treasury on the 20th October, 1849, amounted to $354,097 52, and the receipts 
into the treasury during the next fiscal year amounted to $355,226 98 — total means for the year $709,924 50. Disburse- 
ments for the same period $355,440 00, and balance remaining $854,4*4 50 ; less unavailing for execution warrants 
$286,746 00, leaving an actual balance of $67,738 50. The public debt of the State amounted to $1,829,072' 22, and the 
bonds have from 18 to 20 years to run. Of this sum $72,000 are in sterling bonds, sold to Messrs. Reid, Irving & Co., of 
London, England, and the remainder Federal bonds. The semi-annual dividends, as well as the principal of the sterling 
bonds, are payable in London. The whole annual interest on the debt is $110,223 33. A committee of the legislature 
appointed to examine the State accounts in 1851, recommended that the balance then in the treasury should be applied 
to the redemption of the sterling bonds, and the State has a sinking fund for the ultimate redemption of the whole debt as 
it becomes due. The chief sources of income are the general tax and a special tax on bank stock. The principal items 
of expenditure are the pay of the legislature biennially, about $05,000, of the civil establishment, including judiciary, 
annually, about $45,000; the support of the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, about $17,000; printing, an annual average of 
about $6,000, and miscellaneous expenses, about $12,000 annually. The items of interest on and reduction of the debt 
are additional to these. The assessed value of taxable property in the State in 1850 was $335,110,225. 

Federal Representation. — Georgia, in accordance with the present law regulating the distribution of members to the 
United States House of Representatives, occupies e^ght seats in that body. 

85 



THE STATE OF GEORGIA. 



Religious Statistics. — The census of 1850 returns the several religious denominations, in reference to the churches, 
church accominoUation, and church property of each, as follows : 



Denomina- No. of 


Church 


tions. Churches 


acconi. 


Baptist 821 .. 


310,063 . 


Christian 5 . 


1,710 . 


Congregat'l . 1 . 


250 . 


Dutch Kef... — . 


— . 


Episcopal... 19 . 


S,9T5 . 


Free 5 . 


. 1,5S0 . 


Friends 2 . 


500 . 


German Kef — . 


— . 



Value of 
Property. 

$S90,8l»l 

12,050 

2,700 

109,910 

2,050 

400 



No. ot Church 



tions. Churclie 


s. accoin. 


Jewish — . 


— . 


Lutlieran... . 8 . 


2,825 . 


Minnonite . . — . 


— . 


Methodist... 735 . 


23-3,143 . 


Moravian. . . 1 . 


75 . 


Presbyterian 92 . 


39,996 . 


U. Catholic. . 8 . 


. 4,250 . 


Swedeubo'n. — . 


— . 



Value of 


Denomina- No. of 


Church 


Value ol 


Property. 


tions. Cliurche 


3. accom. 


Property 


$- 


Tunker — .. 


— . 


. $- 


34,550 


Union 16 . 


7,250 


21,100 


— 


Unitarian... — .. 


— 


— 


393,743 


Univcrsalist. 3 . 


900 


1,000 


25 


Minor Sects. 7 . 


1,375 


1,625 


218,805 













79,500 


Total.... 1,723 . 


. 612,892. 


.$1,269,159 



Georgia is a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church ; and with all Florida east of Appalachicola Bay, forms the 
Eoman Catholic diocese of Savannah. 

Iklucation.— The State of Georgia in 1S50 had 23 colleges or universities, 237 academies and high schools, and 822 
common or primary schools. The chief collegiate institutions were, the University at Athens, founded in 1785, and in 
1850 had 8 professors, 046 alumni, of which 05 were in the ministry, and 155 students, and a library of 13,600 volumes; 
Oglethorpe College, founded 1S36, and located at Medway, had 6 professors, 83 alumni (13 ministers), 85 students, and a 
library of 4,500 volumes; Emory College, founded 1837 at 0.\ford, and belonging to the Methodists, had 5 professors, 138 
alumni (16 ministers), 115 students, and 1,700 volumes; Mercer University, founded 18.38 at Penfield, had 7 professors, 
82 alumni (10 ministers), 71 students, an<i 3.400 volumes; and Wesleyan Female College at Macon, founded 1839, had 
8 professors, 156 alumni, and 198 students. The academies had 400 teachers and 14,296 students, and the common or 
primary schools 2,008 teachers and 24,000 schools. 

Pauperism and Crime. — The whole number of persons who received support from the public funds within the year 
ending 1st June, 1S50, was 1,036, of whom 978 were native born and 58 foreigners ; and the number of paupers at that 
date was 854 — 825 natives and 29 foreigners. Annual cost of support, $27,820. The whole number of persons convicted 
of crime in the year en<ling as above was 31, of whom 28 were natives and 3 foreign born; and the whole number in 
prison at that date was 92. The State Penitentiary is located at Milledgeville. 

n'witoHcal Sketch.— Georgia was the last settled of the old States ; the Charter under which the colony was founded 
was granted in 1732 by George II.— in honor of whom it received its name — to the Trustees for the Establishing the 
Colony of Georgia. The doulile purpose of making the settlement was to relieve the distresses of tlie poor at home, and to 
secure the frontiers of the Carolinas from the Indians and Spaniards. In 1733 General Oglethorpe, one of the trustees, con- 
ducted the first colonists to the Savannah, ami several bodies of Germans and Highlanders were soon after brought over. 
The lands were held on a military tenure. The country was repeatedly traversed by the Spaniards from Florida, who 
considered the occupation of the English as an encroachment upon their domain. In 1752 the proprietary government 
was abolished, and Georgia became a royal colony. The original limits of the State included the territory now divided 
into the two thriving States of Alabama and Mississippi. 

At the commencement of the Kevolutionary War, Georgia was only in the infancy of her strength, and had just bcgtin 
to enjoy peace and the advantages of a better system of government. The inhabitants knew the operation of the royal 
government only by its favorable contrast with that of the Trustees. Notwithstanding, the people did not hesitate to take 
part with their nortliern brethren. During the war that ensued, Georgia was overrun by the British troops, and the 
principal Inhabitants were compelled to abandon their possessions and fly into the neighboring States. In proportion to 
'.heir numbers, the exertions and losses of her citizens were as great as in any of the States. 

After the war Georgia suffered on her frontiers from the incursions of the Creek Indians, whose hostility had been too 
often provoked by the whites. In 1790 a treaty was concluded with this nation, by which the boundaries of Georgia 
were established. In 1802 the Creeks ceded to the United States a large tract of country, which has since been coded by 
the United States to Georgia, and forms the south-west corner of the State. Georgia possessed — as included within her 
lindts — a clahn to an immense botly of Western land, of which in 1795 the Legislature sold a large portion, said to have 
contained 22,000,000 acres, to a company, by which it was again sold to individuals. In the succeeding year the Legisla- 
ture declared the sale unconstitutional, and on the ground that it was obtained through bribery, they declared it to be 
void, and ordered all the records to be burned. In 1S02 Georgia ceded to the United States all tlie lands west of the 
Chattiihoochee Kiver, and of a certain line including the contested lands ; and in 1814 Congress passed an act by which 
a compromise was made with the purchasers, who received a certain amount of public stock. The history of Georgia 
since this period records no territorial or government changes; but it is full of instruction, recording the gradual progress 
of a people in the arts, agriculture, manufactures, and commerce, from a small beginning to an elevation attained by few 
other members of the Confederation, in the escutcheon of which this State is one of the l)rightc^ stars. 

Succfs-tion of Governors. — 1. Undkr tue Ckown of Gp.eat Britain : Jflmes E. Oglethorpe, 1732 ; William Stephens 
(^cictfiii/). 1743 ; Henry Parker {acting), 1751 ; Jolin Keynolds, 1754; Henry Ellis, 1757; James Wright, 1760, and James 
Habersham .(acting), 1771 : — 2. Duking tot: Revolution : William Cawin, 1775: Archibald Bullock, 1770, and Button 
Gwinnett, 1777 ; — 3. Undkr tue Constitution: John A. Treuilen, 1777; John Houston, 1778 ; John Werriatt (rtc^jngr), 
1778 ; George Walton, 1779 ; Kichard Howley, 1780 ; Stephen Heard, 1781 ; Nathan Brownson, 1781 ; John Martin, 1782 ; 
Lyman Hall, 1733; John Houston, 17S4 : Samuel Elbert, 17S5; Edward Telfair, 1786; George Mathews, 1787 ; George 
Handley, 1788 ; George Walton, 1780 ; Edward Telfair, 1 790 ; George Mathews, 1793 ; Jared Irwin, 1796 ; James Jackson, 
1798 ; David Emanual {acting), 1801 ; .Josiah Tafnall, ISOl ; John Millcdge, 1302 ; Jared Irwin, 1806 ; David B. Mitchell, 
1809; Peter Early, 1 si 3 ; David B. Mitchell, 1815; William Kabun, 1817; Mathew Ta.\hQt {acting). 1819 ; .John Clarke, 
1819; George M. Troup, 1823; John Forsyth, 1827; George R. Gilmer, 1829; Wilson Lumpkin, 1831; William Schley, 
1835 ; George R. Gilmer, 1837 ; Charies J. M-Donald, 1839 ; George W. Crawford, 1843 ; George W. Towns, 1847 ; HoweU 
Cobb, 1851. 
MiLLEDGBviLLK IS the political capital of the State. 
86 



THE STATE OE ILLINOIS. 



Illi-vois lies between latitudes 37° 00' and 42° 30' N., and between longitudes 87° 49' and 91° 2S' W. from Greenwich, 
or 10° 47' and 14° 26' W. from Washington. It is bounded N. by Wisconsin ; N. E. by Lake Michigan ; E. by Indiana— 
the Wab-ash liiver forming the boundary in half its length ; S. by the Ohio Paver, which separates Illinois from Ken- 
tucky, and W. by the Mississippi River, which flows between this State and the states of Wisconsin and Iowa.* The 
extreme length of Illinois, on the meridian of Cairo City, is 378 miles, and ita greatest breadth, which occurs on the 
parallel of Danville, is 213 miles ; but the average length and breadth are much l&ss. The periphery of the State measures 
1,160 miles, the whole of which, with the exception of 305 miles, is formed by navigable waters ; and its superficial land 
area is estimated at 55,405 square miles. 

As a physical section Illinois occupies the lower part of that inclined plane of which Lake Michigan and both its 
shores are the higher sections, and which is extended into and embraces the much greater part of Indiana. Down thi3 
plane, in a very nearly south-western direction, flow the Wabash and its confluents, the Kaskaskia, the Illinois and its 
confluents, and the Eock and Wisconsin rivers. The lowest section of the plane is also the extreme southern angle of 
Illinois, at the mouth of the Ohio Elver, about 340 feet above tide-water in the Gulf of Mexico. Though the State of 
Illinois does contain some low hilly sections, as a whole, it may be regarded as a gently Inclining plane in the direction 
of its rivers, as already indicated. Without including minute parts, the extreme arable elevation m.ay be safely stat-sdat 
800 feet above tide-water, and the mean height at 550 feet. 

In some former period, observes Mr. Schoolcraft, there has been an obstruction in the channel of the Mississippi, at or 
near Grand Tower, producing a stagnation of the current at an elevation of about 130 feet above the present ordinary 
water-mark. This appears evident from the general elevation and direction of the hills, which for several hundred miles 
above are separated by a valley from 20 to 25 miles wide, that deeply embosoms the current of the Mississippi. 

Wherever these hills exhibit rocky and abrupt fronts, a series of water-lines are distinctly visible, and preserve a re- 
markable parallelism, uniformly presenting their greatest depression toward thfi sources of the river ; and, at Grand 
Tower, these water-lines are elevated about one hundred feet above the summit of the stratum, in which petrifactions of 
the madrepora and various fossil organic remains are deposited. Here the rocks of dark-colored limestone, which per- 
vade the country to a great extent, by their projections toward each other, indicate that they have, at a remote period, 
been disunited, if not by some convulsion of nature, by the incessant action of the water upon a secondary formation, and 
that a passage has been effected through them, giving vent to the stagnant waters on the prairie lands above, and open- 
ing for the Mississippi its present channel. 

Next to Louisiana and Delaware, Dlinois is the most level State in the Union. A small tract in the southern part of the 
State is hilly, and the northern portion is also somewhat broken. There are, likewise, considerable elevations along the 
Illinois River, and the bluffs of ihe Mississippi in some places might pass almost for mountains. But by far the greater 
portion ot the Stiite Is either distributed in vast plains, or in barrens, that are gently rolling like the waves of the sea after 
a storm. 

The largest prairie in Illinois is denominated the Grand Prairie. Under this general name is embraced the country 
lying between the waters falling into the Mississippi, and those which enter the Wabash rivers. It does not consist of 
one vast tract, but is made up of continuous tracts with points of Umber projecting inward, and long arms of prairie ex- 
tending between. The southern points of the Grand Prairie are formed in Jackson County, and extend in a north-eastern 
course, varying in width from one to twelve miles through Perry, Washington, -Jefferson, Marion, Fayette, Efiingham, 
Coles, Champaign, and Iroquois eounties, where it becomes connected with the prairies that project eastward from the 
Illinois River. A large arm lies in Marion County, between the waters of Crooked Creek and the east fork of the Kas- 
kaskia River, where the Vinoennes road passes through. This part alone is frequently called the Graiid Prairie. 

Much the largest part of the Grand Prairie is gently undulating, rich, and fertile land ; but of the southern portion, con- 
siderable tracts are flat, and of rather inferior soil. No insurmountable obstacle exists to its future population. No por- 
tion of it is more than six or eight miles distant from limber; and coal in abundance is found in most parts. Those who 
have witnessed the changes produced upon a prairie surface within twenty or thirty years, consider these extensive 
prairies as offering no serious impediment to the future growth of the State. 

Dr. Beck, in his Oaxetteer ofMis.wuri, published in 1823, describes the uplands of St. Louis County as generally prairie ; 
but almost all of that tract of country thus described is now covered with a yoimg growth of fine thrifty timber, and it 
would be difficult to find an acre of prairie in the county. This important change has been produced by keeping the 
fires out of the prairies. ' 

The first improvements are usually made on that partof the prairie which adjoins the timber; and thus we may see, at 
the commencement, a range of farms circumscribing the entire prairie. The burning of the prairies is then stopped 
through the whole distance of the circuit in the neighborhood of these farms, to prevent injury to the fences and other 
improvements. This is done by plowing two or three furrows all round the settlement. In a short time the timber 
springs up spontaneously on all the parts not burned, and the groves and forests commence a gradual encroachment 

* The Act of Congress admitting tliis state into tbe Union prescribes the boundaries as follows: Beginning at the mouth of the Wabash River,^ 
ttieuce np the middle of the main channel thereof to the point where a line drawn due north of Vincennes last crosses that stream, thence due' 
north to the north-west corner of the State ol Indiana, thence east with the boundary line of the same State to the middle of Lake Michigan, 
thence due north along the middle of said lake to north latitude 40= 30', thence west to the middle ofthe Mississippi River, thence down the middle 
of the main channel thereof to the mouth ofthe Ohio River, thence up the latter streaai alon^ its northern or rijht shore to the place of beginning. 



THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 



on the adjacent prairies; by-and-by you will see another tier of farms springing up on the outside of the first, and 
farther out on the prairie; and thus farm succeeds farm, as the timber grows up, until the entire prairie is occupied. 

Illinois possesses immense advantages for internal navigation. Its north-eastern corner for fifty miles is washed by 
the waters of Lake Michigan, which open a communication with the whole lake-country of the North. The Mississippi 
Kiver forms its western border, and the Ohio and Wabash rivers deniark its southern and eastern limits, together forming 
a natural water higiiway of unexampled extent. The rivers which have their courses within the limits of the State are 
Eock, Illinois, Kaskaskia, and Big Muddy, affluents of the Mississippi; the Erabarras and Little Wabash, tributaries of 
the Wabash, and tlie Saline and Cash rivers, which empty into the Oliio. The Illinois is much the largest of these ; it is 
formed by the union of the Kankakee and Des Plaines, and in its course of 500 miles toward the Mississippi receives Fox 
and Spoon rivers. Crooked Creek, and several other streams from the north, and the Vermillion, Mackinaw, Sangamon, 
and others from the south. The current of the Illinois is in general gentle, with a wide, deep bed — in some places opening 
into broad and lake-like expanses. Rock Hirer rises in Wisconsin, and has a course of 300 miles ; it is navigable for 
some distance, but in its upper course is impeded by several rapids. The Kaskagkia rises in the eastern part of the 
State and pursues a direction nearly parallel to that of the Illinois and Eock rivers, and after a course of 300 miles 
reaches the Mississippi in latitude 38° north. The Big Muddy is also a considerable stream. The rivers flowing to the 
Ohio and Wabash arc generally of less volume than the smaller class of rivers flowing toward the Mississippi, but several 
are navigable, and all contribute much to the wealth of the country by the abundance of water-power they supply for 
mechanical purposes. 

The northern portion of Illinois is inexhaustibly rich in minerals, while coal, secondary limestone, and sandstone are 
found in almost every part. Iron ore is also widely distributed. The minerals most common to the north-western 
section are lead and copper. The lead diggings extend over a vast tract and into the adjoining States, and are, doubt- 
less, the most productive of any hitherto known. Silver has also been found in this region intermixed with galena. The 
coal of Illinois is bituminous, and is spread over a large extent of country ; it is found in the ravines and bluffs of the 
Mississippi, and large veins were struck in excavating the canal below Ottawa. The great coal region, however, extends 
from central Iowa to northern Kentucky, across the State. Building stones of almost every description are quarried. 
Sulphur and chalybeate springs exist in several parts of the State, and there are salt springs in Gallatin, Jackson, Ver- 
million, and other counties. Immense boulders of granite are frequently seen upon the surface. 

The soils of Illinois, though of such various character, are all highly fertile and productive. In the bottoms, or alluvial 
borders of the ri^•er8, the soil is chiefly formed from the deposits of the waters during flood. In some cases the mold so 
formed is twenty-five feet and upward in depth, and of inexhaustible fertility. One-sixth of the alluvial land, however, 
is unfit for present cultivation, although it is productive in timber. A tract called the " American Bottom," extending 
along the Mississippi for 90 miles and about 5 miles in average width, is of this formation. About the French towns it 
has been cultivated, and produced Indian corn every year, without manuring, for a century and a half. The prairie 
lands, although not so productive, are yet not inferior for many agricultural purposes, and are preferred, where wood is 
to be had, on account of their superior salubrity. The barrens, or oak openings, have frequently a thin soil. In the 
north there are tracts somewhat stony, yet in every other part the plough may pass over millions of acres without meeting 
so much as a pebble to impede its course. 

The cultivated products of the soil embrace all the grains, roots, and fruits of the temperate zone, and in Illinois these 
attain a fine perfection ; garden vegetables of all kinds succeed well, and as a grain-growing country no portion of the Great 
"West is more noted for its admirable adaptation ; root crops are equally successful, and these, with Indian corn, are indis- 
pensable to the farmer and to the live-stock, which in a great measure is the staple of export. Immense quantities of beef 
are sent from Illinois both to the South and East. Of corn the product frequently nets seventy-five bushels to the acre, and 
in some instances has exceeded one hundred bushels. The sugar-beet, ruta baga, and cabbages are raised with great ease, 
and attain a magnificent development, and in the si5uthcrn parts of the State sweet potatoes are largely grown. There 
is also considerable tobacco grown in Illinois, for which the climate and soil are eminently auspicious. Hemp and flax 
are staple productions, and with regard to these, though less attention has of late been paid to them than formerly, it may 
be said that they are perhaps as profitable crops as any that the farmer can cultivate. The castor-oil bean is also exten- 
sively produced, and promises to become a valuable staple. Of domestic fruits, the apple and peach are those chiefly 
cultivated ; pears are plentiful in some settlements, and quinces are everywhere cultivated. Most of the^e fruits attain 
large dimensions, and are of a fine flavor. In most parts of the State, grape-vines, indigenous to the country, are 
abundant, yielding grapes that might be advantageously made into wine. Foreign vines are also extensively culti- 
vated. The wild vine is found in every variety of soil, interwoven in every thicket in the prairies and barrens, and 
climbing to the tops of ihe very highest trees of the intervales. The French, in early times, made so much wine as to 
allow of its exportation to France, and but for the protection against the introduction of Illinois wines in 17T4, the vine- 
yards of the mother country would have been seriously affected in their prosperity by the threatened competition. 

In general Illinois is well supplied with timber, and were it equally distributed through the State, there would be no 
part wanting. The kinds of timber most abundant are oaks of various species, black and white walnut, ash of several 
kinds, elm, sugar maple, honey locust, hackberry, linden, hickory, cotton wood, pecaun, mulberry, buckeye, sycamore, 
■wild cherry, box elder, sassafras, and persimmon. In the southern and eastern parts of the State, yellow poplar and 
beech are the peculiar growths, and near the Ohio are clumps of yellow pine and cedar. The under jirowths are red- 
bud, pawpaw, sumac, plum, crab-apple, grape-^ines, dog-wood, spice-bush, green-brier, hazel, etc. The alluvial soil of 
the rivers produces cotton-wood and sycamore timber of amazing size. Many valuable medicinal plants are found in 
every part of the State. 

The wild animals found in Illinois are similar to those existing in other parts of the Great West, but many species 
have become extinct. Of wolves the species still found are the gray wolf {cania lupus), the black wolf {cani3 lycaori), 
and the common prairie wolf {canUt latram). The latter is most common, and is found in considerable numbers. 
Panthers and wild cats are less frequently seen, but occasionally do mischief. The buffalo no longer roams on the 
prairies, and the deer and bear have retreated from the settlements. Foxes, raccoons, opossums, gophars, and squirrels, 
however, are numerous, as are muskrats, otters, and occasonally beavers altont the rivers and lakes; but all these are 
being destroyed rapidly, and in a few years the trajiper and hunter will have to move westward for sport and prey. 
Ducks, geese, swans, and many other aquatic birds visit the waters in spring time, and the small lakes and sloughs are 
often literally covered with the prairie fowl, and partridges are also abundant. The bee is found in the trees of every 
forest, and few States can boast of such variety and abundance of fish as are here found in the rivers and lakes. 



THE STATE OF ILLINOIi 



Illinois is divided into 99 counties, the general statistics of which and the capitals of each in 1850 were as follows: 



Counties. Dwell. 

Adams 4,459 . 

Alexander... 455. 

Bond 1,076. 

Boone 1,352 . 

Brown 1,353 . 

Bureau 1,464 . 

Calhoun .... 600 . 

CarroU 814 . 

Cass 1,169 . 

Champaign . 4S0 . 

Christian . . . 555 . 

Clarke 1,621 . 

Clay T15. 

Clinton 94T . 

Coles 1,571. 

Cook 7,674 . 

Crawford ... 1,193 . 

Cumberland 634 . 
DeKalb.... 1,803.. 

DeWitt SSI. 

Du Page . . . 1,56S . . 

Edgar 1,702.. 

Edwards . . . 595 . . 
Effingliam.. 712.. 
Fayette .... 1,431 . . 
Franklin ... 971 . . 

Fulton 8,S11 . . 

Gallatin.... 1,000 .. 

Greene 2,024 . . 

Grundy .... 54S . . 
Hamilton... 1,058 .. 
Hancock . . . 2,585 . . 

Hardin 485 .. 

Henderson.. 805 . . 
Henry 772.. 



Pop. 


in cult. 


Estab 


Capitals. 


. 26,508 


. 2,294 


. 118 


. Quincy 


. 2,4S4 


. 202 


. 8 


. Thebes 


. 6,144 


. 605 


. 17 


. Greenville 


. 7.626 


. 897 


. 17 


. Belvidere 


. 7,19S 


. 818 


. 73 


. M't Sterling 


. 8,841 


. 741 


. 20 


. Princeton 


. 3,2;31 . 


. 205. 


. 


. Hardin 


4,5S6 


. 482 . 


. 17 


. Mount Carroll 


7,253 . 


. 600. 


. 26 


. Beardstown 


2,649 . 


. 273 . 


. 


. Urbana 


3,202 . 


. 4:34. 


. 12 . 


. Taylorville 


9,532 . 


. 636 . 


. 14. 


. Marshall 


4,289 . 


. 237. 


. 6 


. Louisville 


5,139 . 


. 62S . 


. 8 . 


. Carlyle 


9,335 . 


. 996. 


. 0. 


. Charleston 


43,385 . 


. 1,857 . 


.227. 


. Chicago 


7,135 . 


. 542. 


. . 


. Robinson 


3,720 . 


. 326. 


. 0. 


. Greenup 


7,540 . 


812 . 


4. 


. Sycamore 


5,002 . 


. 4S2. 


18 . 


. Clinton 


9,290 . 


960. 


18. 


Napcrville 


10,692 . 


1,175 . 


33. 


Paris 


3,524. 


829 . 


7. 


Albion 


3,799 . 


891 . 


0. 


Ewington 


S,075 . 


826 . 


4. 


Vandalia 


5,681 . 


577. 


. 


Benton 


22,508 . 


1,942 . 


104. 


Lewiston 


5,448 . 


570. 


17. 


Shawneetown 


12,429 . 


1,155 . . 


27. 


CarroUton 


3.023 . 


327 . 


7. 


Morris 


6,362 . 


417.. 


0. 


M'Leansboro' 



Counties. Dwell. Pop, 

Logan 835.. 5,128.. 

M-Donough . 1,262-. . 7,616 . . 
M'Henry. . . . 2,650 . . 14,979 . . 
M'Loan ....1,851 .. 10,163 .. 

Macon 693 . . 8,9-58 . . 

Macoupin . . 2,037 . . 12,355 . . 

Madison 3,490 . . 20,486 . . 

Marion 1,132.. 6,720.. 

Marshall.... 910 .. 5,180 .. 

Massac 704 . . 4,092 . . 

Mason 1,041 . . 5,921 . . 

Menard .... 1,(135 . . 0,349 . . 

Mercer 892 . . 5,246 . . 

Monroe .... 1,421 . . 7,679 . . 
Montgomery 1,051 . . 6,276 . . 

Morgan 2,061 . . 16,064 . . 

MouUrie.... 554.. 3,234.. 

Ogle 1,678 . 

Peoria 3,036 . 



967 . 
3,152 . 
157 . 
747. 
418 . 
636 . 



Iroquois . . . 
Jackson . . . 

Jasper 

Jefferson . . . 

Jersey 

Jo Daviess. 

Johnson 

Kane 2,828 . , 

Kendall .... 1,258 . 

Knox 2,193 . 

Lake 2,455 . . 

La Salle .... 3,074 . 



. 718. 
. 1,033 , 
. 588 . 
1,363 . 
. 1,222 . 
. 3,431 . 
718 . 



14,052 . . 

2,SS7 . . 

4,612 . . 

3,807 . . 

4,149 . . 

5,862 . . 

8,220 . . 

8,109 . . 

7,354 . . 
18,604 . . 

4,113 . . 
16,702 . . 

7,730 . . 
13,279 . . 
14,226 . . 
17,815 . . 



1,167 . . 43 . . Carthage 



326 

420 

281 

887 

004 

2S3 , 

470. 

645. 

1,370 . 
301 . 

1,015 . 
659. 
619 , 

1,595 . 

1,336 , 
656 
478 . 
185. 



. . Elizabethtown 
27 . . Oquawka 
. . Cambridge 

. Jiliddleport 

. Murphrysboro 

. Newton 

. Mount Vernon 

. Jerseyville 

. Galena 

. Vienna 
49 . . Geneva 
. . Oswego 

. Knoxville 

. Waukegan 

. Ottawa 

. Lawrenceville 

. Dixon 

. Pontiac 



. 
. 23 
. 

2 
, 44 
,279 

4 



.100 
. 43 



Perry . . 
Pike . . . 
Piatt . . . 
Pope . . . 
Pula.ski 
Putnam 
Randolph... 2,046 . 
Richland ... 704 . 
Rock Island 1,246 . 
St. Clair.... 3,7'27 . 

Saline 961. 

Sangamon . 3,173 . 
Schuyler . . . 1,783 . 

Scott 1,300 . 

Shelby 1,411 . 

Stark 594 . 



. 10,020 
. 17,547 
. 5,278 
, 18,819 
. 1,606 
. 3,975 
, 2,205 
. 8,924 
, 11,079 
. 4,012 

6,937 
20,181 . 

5,588 
19,228 . 
10,573 . 

7,914 , 

7,807 . 

8,710 . 



Farms 
in cult. 

476.. 

843.. 
1,950 . . 

916.. 

4S7 .. 
1,183.. 
1,367.. 

827 .. 

464.. 

385.. 

727 . . 

706.. 

517.. 

874.. 

811 .. 
. 1,574 . . 
. 304 . . 
. 1,058 . . 
. 1,191 . . 
. 638 . . 
. 1,382 . . 
. 163 . . 
. 504 . . 
. 200 . . 
. 817.. 
. 1,100 . . 
. 204 . . 
. 585 . . 
.•1,961 .. 
. 678 . . 
. 1,578 . . 
, 624 . . 
. 712 . . 
. 834 . . 
. 343 . . 



Manuf. 
Estab. 

14. 
19. 
17. 

8. 
17 
24 
182 

9 
11 
11 

3 
38 



Capitals. 

Postville 
. Macomb 
. Dorr 

. Bloomingtoa 
. Decatur 
. Carlinville 
. Edwardsville 
. Salem 
. Lacon 

. Metrnp'lis City 
. Bath 

. Petersburgh 
. . Millersburg 
38 . . Harrisonville 

17 . . Hillsboro' 
89 . . Jacksonville 

Sullivan 

Oregon City 

Peoria 

Pinekncyville 
37 . . Pittsficld 
2 . . MontieeUo 
12 . . Goiconda 

18 . . N. Caledonia 
26 . . Hennepin 
86 . . Chester 

. Olney 
. Rock Island 
. Belleville 
. Raleigh 
. Springfield 
, Rusliville 
. Winchester 
. Shelbyxille 
. Toulon 



11 . 

30 . 

134. 

7. 



3 . 
11 . 
62 . 

11 . 
92 . 
52 .. 
54. 
7. 
28. 



Stephenson. 1,950 . . 11,606 . . 1,179 . . 75 . . Freeport 



TazeweU ... 1,991 .. 12,052 

Union 1,2S9 .. 7,015 .. 

VermiUion.. 1,9S5 . . 11,492 . 



Wabash .... 808 . . 

Warren 1,401 .. 

Washington. 1,2SS . . 

Wayne 1,209 . . 

White 1,537 .. 

Whitesides.. 928.. 

Will 2,796.. 

Williamson. 1,195 .. 



4,690 . 
8,176 . 
6,953 . 
6,825 . , 
8,925 . . 
5,361 . . 
16,703 .. 
7,216 . . 



Winnebago. 1,979 .. 11,773 , 
Woodford . . 747 . . 4,416 . 



1,110 . . 

810.. 
1,269 . . 

533 . . 

956 .. 

829.. 

492 .. 
1,101 . . 

404.. 
1,200 . . 

752.. 

919 .. 

506.. 



76 . . Fremont 
21 ,. Jonosboro' 
15 . . Danville 
9 . . Mount Carmel 
42 . . Monmouth 
9 . . Nashville 
Fairfield 
Carmi 
Sterling 
Joliet 
. Marion 



6 . 
22. 
24. 
94. 
10 



62 .. 
14.. 



Rockford 
Metamora 



Lawrence .. 1,057 ... 6,121 

Lee 905.. 5,292 

Livingston.. 261.. 1,552, 

The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 140,544 ; of families, 149,153; and of hihabitants, 
851,470, viz. : whites, 846,104— males 445,644, and females 400,460; free colored, 5,366— males 2,756, and females 2,610. 
Of the whole population, there were, (Uafuiul chimb—wh. 473, fr. col. 2— total 475; blind— y,-h. 253, fr. col. 4— total 257; 
ima7ie—\\'h. 246, fr. col. 3— total 249 ; and idiotic— wh. 868, fr. col. 3— total 871. The number of free persons born in the 
United States was 736,931; the number of foreign birth, 110,593, and of birth unknown, 8,947 ; the 7iatim population 
originated as foUows : Maine 3,693, N. Hamp. 4,288, Verm. 1,3S1, Mass. 9,230, R. 1. 1,051, Conn. 6,899, N. York 67,180, N. 
Jer. 6,848, Penn. 37,979, Del. 1,897, Md. 6,898, Dist. of Col. 226, Virg. 24,697, N. Car. 18,851, S. Car. 4,162, Ga. 1,841, Flor. 
23, Ala. 1,835, Miss. 490, La. 480, Tex. 63, Ark. 727, Tenn. 82,303, Ky. 49,508, Ohio 64,219, Midi. 2,158, Ind. 30,953, Illinois 
843,618, Mo. 7,288, la. 1,511, Wise. 1,095, Calif. 3, Territories 16. And the foreign population was composed of persons 
from— England 18,628, Ireland 27,786, Scotland 4,661, Wales 572, Germany 38,160, Franco 3,396, Spain 70, Portugal 42, 
Belgium 33, Holland 220, Italy 4;3, Austria 65, Switzerland 1,635, Russia 27, Denmark 93, Norway 2,415, Sweden 1,123, 
Prussia 286, British America 10,699, Mexico 30, West Indies 75, Sandwich Islands 9, and other countries 525. 

The following table will exhibit the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the 
United States authorities : 

Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. 

White ^ 1, , Total ,_ . , 

Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Population. Numerical. Percent. 

11,501 618 168 781 . 12,282.... — — 



Census. 
Year. 
1810 . , 
1820 . 
1830 . , 
1840 . 
1850 . 



53,788 506; 917 1,423 55,211.... 42,929 849.5 

155,061 1,637 747 2,.3S4 157,445 .... 102,284 185.2 

472,254 3,589 331 8,929 476,183 .... 818,733 202.4 

846,104 5,366 — 5,366 851,470 .... 375,287 78.8 



THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 



The statistics of the ■» ealth and industry of Illinois, as furnished by the general census of 1S50 and other oflScial returns 
referring to that year, are as loUows: 

Occupied LamU, et<:. — Improvcil lands, 5,039,545 acres, and unimproved lands, 6,997,807 acres — together valued iu 
cash at 196,133,290. Number of farms under cultivation, 76,2U8. Yalue of farming implements aiid maehiuery, 
$6,405,561. 

Live Stock:— lloTsos, 267,653; asses and mules, 10,573; milch cows, 294,671; working oxen, 76,156; other cattle, 
541,209 ; sheep, 594,04.3 ; swine, 1,915,910— valued in the aggregate at $24,209,253. Id 1S40 there were in the State 199,235 
horses, mules, etc. ; 026,274 neat cattle ; 390,672 sheep, and 1,495,254 swine. 

G)-ain Crops.— Vi'lKUl, 9,414.575 bushels ; rye, So.SW bushels ; Indian corn, 57,646,954 bushels ; oats, 10,0S7,241 bushels ; 
barley, 110,795 bushels; and buckwheat, 184,504 bushels. The crops of 1839^0 consisted of— wheat, 3,335,393 bushels; 
barley, 82,251 bushels ; oats, 4,988,008 bushels ; rye, 88,197 bushels ; buckwheat, 57,884 bushels ; and Indian corn, 22,634,211 
bushels. 

Other Crops. — Eice, pounds ; tobacco, 841,394 pounds ; ginned cotton, 1 bale of 400 pounds ; peas and beans, 82,814 " 
bushels ; potatoes — Irish, 2,514,861, and sweet, 157,4-33 bushels ; hay, 601,952 tons ; clover-seed, 3,427, and other grass-seeds, 
14,-3S0 bushels; hops, 8,551 pounds; hemp— dew-rotted, 142, and water-rotted, 141 tons; flax, 160,003 pounds; fla.\-seed, 
10,785 bushels ; sugar— maple, 248,904 pounds, and cane, hogsheads of 1,000 pounds; molasses, 8,354 gallons; wine, 
2,997 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products was $446,089, and of market-garden products, $127,494. The foUowiug 
table comj)ares some of the principal staples at the two periods, 1840 and 1850 : 

Staples. 1840. 1850, Movement 

Tobacco 564,826 pounds 841,394 pounds rncr. 277,068 pounds, or 49-09 per cent. 

Hemp 1 ( 283 tons i 

Flax , f ^-^'^ '"-^ 1 100.063 pounds } '^'"•- 3-632,817 " or 82-06 " 

Hay 164,932 " 601,952 tons incr. 437,020 tons or 264-96 " 

Products of Animals.— y^ 0(}\, 2,150,118 (in 1839-40, 650,007) pounds; butter, 12,526,543 pounds; and cheese, 1,278,225 
pounds. Value of animals slaughtered in the year 1849-50, $4,972,286. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 
47 (in 1839-40, 1,150) pounds; and beeswax and honey, to that of 869,444 pounds. 

IRyme-made JfoMttjactures for the year ending 30th June, 1850, were valued at $1,155,902. In 1839-40, the value is set 
down at $993,567. 

3Ianufactar€)i. — Aggregate capital invested, $6,128,282; value of raw materials, fuel, etc., consumed, $8,986,142; 
average number of hands, * • — males, and females, average monthly cost of labor — male, and 

female, $ annual value of products, $10,671,273. The whole number of manufacturing establishments producing 

to the value of $500 and upward in 1850, was 8,099, aifd of tliese— were cotton factories, 16 woolen factories, 96 tanneries, 
and 31 iron manufactories, of which 29 made castings, 2 pig iron, and wrought iron. 

The woolen maiiufactures employ a capital of $154,500; and consume annually 896,964 pounds of wool ; value of all 
raw material, fuel, etc, consumed, $115.367 ; hands employed — males 124, and females 54 ; monthly cost of labor — male, 
$2,728, and female, $676 ; cloth manufactured, 806,995 yards, and yarn, 137,000 pounds ; value of entire products, 
$206,572. 

The tannerie.'i have a capital of $188,373 ; value of hides and skins used, $129,907 ; male hands employed, 240 ; monthly 
cost of labor, $5,145; sides of leather tanned, 101,650, and of skins, 21,575; value of products, $244,028. 

The iroyi manufactures, under the three separate heads as given in the census, are exhibited as follows — in the manu- 
facture of pig iron the capital invested amounts to .$05,000 ; ore consumed, 5,600 tons, and coke and charcoal, 17ii,000 
bushels; value of .all raw material, $15,500; hands employed, 150; monthly cost of labor $3,310; pig iron produced, 2,700 
tons ; value of entire products, $70,200 ; — and in tlie manufacture of cant iron, $260,400 is invested ; material consumed 
— pig iron 4,818 tons, f)ld metal 50 tons, mineral coal 1,412 tons, and coke and charcoal 12,500 bushels — valued iu the ag- 
gregate at $172,330; hands employed, 332, at average monthly wages $28 50; castings made, 4,100 tons; and other i)ro- 
ducts to the value of $89,250 ; total value of products, $441,185. According to the census no icroiig/U iron is manufac- 
tured in the State. The total capital invested in the manufacture of iron is thus $325,400 ; the value of raw material, 
fuel, etc., consumed, $187,830; the annual cost of labor, $153,204; and the value of proilucts, .$511,885. 

The manufactures, otherwise than those enumerated, consist chiefly of the various trades and mechanic arts which 
usually exist in agricultural States, as saw, grist, oil, flour, and other mills; wheelwright shops; agricultural implement 
factories, etc., etc., which, taken together and in connection with the staple manufactures above detailed, exhibit a very 
respectable condition of the country in relation to this branch of industry. 

Foreign Commerce. — The direct foreign commerce of Illinois is chiefly with the British provinces. The exports, all of 
domestic origin, for the year ending 30th June, 1850, were valued at $17,669 ; and the imports at $15,705. Of the exports 
only $1,232, and of the imports $7,783, were the values of goods carried in American bottoms. This represents the com- 
merce of the collection district, of which Chicago is the port of entry, the ports on the Mississippi being in the district of' 
New Orleans. The total entries were 22 (7,338 tons), of which 4 (048 tons) were foreign ; and the total clearances were 9 
(2,041 tons), of which 5 (998 tons) were foreign. The shipping owned in the district of Chicago on the 30th June, 1830, 
amounted to 21,242 tons, all "permanent register," and engaged in the coasting trade, and of this 649 tons was navi- 
gated by steam. The total number of vessels built in the district during the year as above was 13 (1,691 tons), of which 2 
were brigs, 7 schooners, 3 sloops, and 1 steamer. The statistics of the foreign commerce for several years exhibit the fol- 
lowing— «rj9f>rf.v in 1847 $52,100, in 1848 $41,835, in 1849 $88,417, and in 1850 $17,669; and imporU in 1847 $266, in 1348 
$4,865, in 1649 $9,760, and in 1850 $15,705. 

Internal and Coasting Trade.— Tha means of intern.al communication in Illinois, except in one or two favored local- 
ities, are as yet very limited. Some of her interior rivers are navigable, and a cordon of navigable water almost insulates 
the State ; but until access to these be faeilitate-d by railroads, their use to commerce must be comiiaratively small. Never- 
theless, there are few ports that equal Chicago in its commerce, and Alton on the Mississippi is fast rising into importance, 
nor is Galena to be left unnamed in the list of commercial places. At these ports, as well as those on the Illinois Itiver and 
Canal, a vast amount of business is transacted- that of Chicago with the East, and that of Galena, Alton, etc., chiefly with 
tlie South. The interests of the two sections are partially blended by the canal which opens the lakes to the South 
and West, and will be completely united, when the vast system of railroads in course of construction is brought into 
action. The length of railroad now in operation within the State is 12S7 miles; the length in progress is 822 mUes; and 
90 



THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 



the length projected and surveyed about 600 miles. The principal points from and to which the several lines extend 
are — Chicago, where at least eleven lines centre ; Alton, which is the terminus of three lines ; Galena, which is connected 
with Chicago on the east, and Cairo on the south ; Cairo, where the great central railroad connects with the Mobile and 
Ohio railroad; Rock Island, the west terminus of the Chicago and Hock Island Railroad; and on the Indiana line, Yin- 
cennes, Terre Haute, etc., from which latter places the principal east and west lines pass, uniting the system of Illinois 
with those of Indiana, Ohio, etc. All the lines referred to will be completed within the next three years, and by that time 
Illinois will have fairly entered upon that great commercial destiny that awaits her career. The proportion of completed 
railroads to superficies in this State in January, 1854, was as 1 mile of road to every 43 square miles, and to the popula- 
tion as 1 mile of road to every 662 persons. 

Bankis, etc. — The condition of the State bank of Illinois on the 1st January, 1S51, was as follows: assets— Achis of all 
kinds due, $706,S90 57 ; real estate at cost, $747,575 05 ; Illinois State bonds, $17,501 54, and interest, $20,240 43 ; Illinois 
State scrip, $14,555 20, and coupons, $4,750 36 ; sundry stocks, $9,674 99; due by other banks and bankers, $18,353 »3; 
broken bank notes, $12,S01 ; specie, $36,666 85; total, .$1,675,5.54 94; and liaUlities other than to stockholders— bonds 
of the bank outstanding, $134,000 ; interest on same to date, $49,,560 ; due to other banks and individuals, $1,652 89 ; and 
notes and certificates outstanding, $218,973 01 ; total, $445,190 90. All other banks in operation at the present time, 16 
or 17 in number, are organized under the Free Banking Law of the State, and the notes are considered to be well 
secured, having government bonds and stocks as their basis. 

Government. — The first constitution of Illinois is dated 26th August, 1818. The constitution on which the government 
is based at the present time was adopted in convention 31st August, 1847, and accepted by the people 7th March, 1843. It 
provides that every white male citizen, 21 years old, resident in the State for one year, may vote for all elective offices. 

The legislature is termed the General Assembly, and consists of a Senate and House of Representatives ; the Senate 
composed of 25 members, elected for four years, one-half every two years ; and the House of Representatives composed 
of 75 members, elected for two years. Members of both houses must be citizens of the United States — senators must be 80 
years old, and have been resident in the State for 5 years; and representatives must be 25, and have resided in the State 3 
years. These numbers may be increased when the population amounts to 1,000,000, but the number of representatives 
must never exceed 100. Pay of members $2 a day for 42 days, and $1 a day afterward. In forming senatorial or repre- 
sentative districts, the number of tvhite inhabitants is only to be regarded. 

The Governor is elected quadrennially by a plurality of votes. He must be 35 years old, a citizen of the United States 
and a resident of the State for the 10 years next preceding. The Governor must reside at the seat of government, and is 
not eligible for re-election at a consecutive term. A majority of the members elected to both houses may nullify the Gover- 
nor's veto on any act of Uie legislature. The Lieutenant-Governor is required to have the same qualifications as the 
Governor ; and in case of the death or disability of the chief executive, the Lieutenant-Governor acts in his stead, and he 
is also ex-officio President of the Senate. 

The judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, and County Courts. The State is divided into three grand 
judicial divisions, each of which elects a judge for nine years, who must be 35 years of age, a citizen of the United 
States, and resident in the State five years ; and the three judges compose the Supreme Court, the jurisdiction of which is 
original in cases relating to the revenue, cases of mandamus and habeas corpus, and in some impeachments — in all other 
cases appellate. One of the judges is elected every three years. This court holds one session in each division annually ; 
the terms are : 1st division, at Mount Vernon, on the second Monday in November ; 2d division, at Springfield, on the third 
Monday in December, and 3d division, at Ottawa, on the first Monday in February. There are fifteen judicial circuits, each 
of which elects a judge for six years, who must be 30 years of age, and otherwise qualified as are judges of the Supreme 
Court. Judges are not eligible to any other oflSce during their term, nor for one year after. Cook County has a District 
Court of Common Pleas. Each county elects a judge for four years, who holds a county court for the transaction of 
county and probate business, with limited civil and criminal jurisdiction. 

Among the provisions of the Constitution are the following: no State bank can be created nor revived ; acts creating 
banks must be submitted to the people and receive a majority of votes in their favor to become law ; stockholders are 
individually liable to the amount of their shares ; corporations not for banking purposes may be established under 
general laws ; slavery and lotteries are prohibited ; duelling is a disqualification for oflBco ; colored persons, free or slave, 
are not permitted to come into the State. 

To alter the Constitution, the amendments must be passed by a two-thirds vote of the whole number of members 
elected to both houses, published and referred to the next legislature, and if passed again by a majority, then they must 
be submitted to the people, whose approval by a majority vote makes them law. 

The calling of a convention to amend the Constitution, if recommended by a two-thirds vote of the legislature, is 
submitted to the people, and if a majority of votes are in its favor, the convention shall be called by the succeeding 
legislature. Amendments can be proposed to but one article of the Constitution at one session. 

The militia of Illinois, according to the Army Register for 1351, consists of 170,359 men of all arms, of which 4,618 
are commissioned officers, and 165,741 non-commissioned officers, musicians, and privates. Of the commissioned oflSoers 
30 are general officers, 99 general staff officers, 1,297 field officers, and 3,192 company officers. 

The principal State benevolent institi/timi is the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb at Springfield. This institution 
was opened in January, 1846. The number of pupils In January, 1849, was 60, of whom 26 were females ; and 10 
were from Missouri and 1 from Iowa — the remainder from Illinois. The annual session commences the first Thursday 
in October. 

Finances. PuUic Debt, etc. — ^The receipts into the treasury for the two years ending 30th November, 1850, -svere 
^02,179 27, of which $394,103 53 was derived from taxes, and $8,075 74 from all other sources ; and the expenditures for 
the same period amounted to $326,126 27, of which $137,196 16 was ordinary expenses of the government, $78,436 90 
special appropriations and expenditures, $4,618 98 interest on funds due deaf and dumb asylum, $105,698 08 issued to 
school commissioners, and $176 15 interest paid on old warrants. The receipts for the two years exceeded the disburse- 
ments $76,053. The amount of interest fund tax received for the same period was $296,326 89, and the amount of 
Interest paid was $263,034 50. The whole amount of real and personal estate subject to taxation in 1849 was $105,432,752, 
upon which the State tax was $012,428, but which netted only $578,763 31. In 1850 the value of taxable property amount- 
ed to $114,732,645 (true or estimated valuation according to the census $156,595,006). The aggregate of the public 
debt on the 1st January, 1851, was $16,627,509 91 ; of this $8,784,481 43 was state debt proper, and $7,843,028 43 the 
canal debt. These two debts are explained as follows : 

91 



THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 



STATE DEBT. 

Principal debt funded under act of 1S47 $5,590,565 3C 

Intereat ou same to same date 1,020,278 IS 

Arrears of interest funded 1,945,485 27 

Unfunded internal improvement 

bonds $180,000 00 

Other kinds of indebtedness 144,680 00 

Interest on last two amounts 173,261 40 

Wiggins loan, princ'l and interest 142,000 00 
Liquidation bonds 150,000 00 789,941 40 



$9,340,270 21 
From which deduct interest paid from mill 
and a half tax, bonds surrendered, and sale 
of lands, etc 561,788 73 



3,784,481 48 



CANAL DEBT. 

Principal debt, exclusive of $1,600,000 loan. 
Balance due on canal loan of $1,600,000 



From which deduct : 
Interest paid from mill and a 

half tax $255,818 61 

Bonils and scrip redeemed and 
interest 13,270 14 



7,079,117 OS 
1,033,000 00 

3,112,117 OS 



269,038 65 



Total canal debt $7,843,023 43 

AGGBEGATE DEBT. 

State debt proper $3,784,481 4S 

Canal debt 7,843,028 43 



Total debt $16,627,509 91 



Federal lieprese-ntation.— Illinois, in accordance with the law regulating the distribution of members to the United 
States House of Kepresentatives, occupies niii'e seats in that body. 

Mlu<;ation.—llliaois has large funds devoted to school purposes. On the 29th December, 1S50, the permanent funds 
applicable to the support of common schools amounted to $790,120 66 ; and the university fund amounted to $90,889 58, and 
the seminary fund to $58,788 72— together making a total of $939,798 96. The whole of this sum has been borrowed by the 
State, which pays six per cent, interest on the amount. The interest on the common school fund is $47,407 23, which is 
divided among the several counties in proportion to the number of white children under 21 years of age. In 66 counties 
that made returns for the year 1S50, there were 2,641 organized districts and school-houses, of which 1,370 were log- 
houses, 925 frame, 139 brick, and 37 stone, and of the whole number 106 contained more than one room. There were 
school libraries in 108 districts. The total amount of public moneys paid out for teachers' wages during the year was 
$148,871 09 ; amount, other than public moneys, $81,841 20 — total cost of teaching, exclusive of buddings, repairs, etc., 
$230,712 29. The principal colleges in the State are, Illinois College, at Jacksonville, founded in 1S29, and in 1850 it 
had 7 professors, 93 alumni, 34 students, and a library of 3,000 volumes ; Shurtlefif College, at Upper Alton (Baptist), 
founded in 1835, and in 1S50 it had 6 professors, 3 alumni, and 13 students, with a library of 1,600 volumes; M'Kendreo 
College, at Lebanon (Methodist), founded in 1835, and in 1850 it had 4 professors, 33 alumni, 57 students, and a library of 
1,700 volumes ; Knox College, at Galesburg, founded in 1837, and in 1850 it had 5 professors, 16 alumni, 53 students, and 
a library of 3,000 volumes. Shurtleff College has connected with it a theological seminary ; and at Chicago is located the 
Kush Medical School, founded 1842, and in 1850 it had 6 professors, 70 students, and 10 graduates. 

Puhlic Libranes. — One State Library of 4,000 volumes, 2 social libraries of 2,821 volumes, 4 college libraries of 8,120 
volumes, 2 student's libraries of 025 volumes, 2 academic libraries of 2,000 volumes, and 16 public school libraries of 2,350 
volumes — total 27 libraries, and 19,916 volumes. 

Periodical Press, etc. — The whole number of newspapers and other periodicals published within the State Is 119, of 
which 73 are political, viz. : 39 whig and 30 democratic, and 4^3 are devoted to literature, science, religion, etc. ; and 10 
are published daily, 4 tri-weekly, 94 weekly, and 11 at other periods. The daily papers have an aggregate average 
circulation of 3,580 copies, the tri-weekly of 1,650 copies, the weekly of 69,472 copies, and those published at other periods 
of 14,625 copies. Of the eleven periodicals published at other periods, as above, 2 are semi-monthlies, 7 monthlies, 1 
quarterly, and one is issued eight times a year. 

Peliffiom Benaminatians. — The statistics of the several religious denominations in 1850 are exhibited in the following 
table: 



Denomina- No. of 


Church 


tions. Churchea. 


accom. 


Baptist 265 .. 


91,620 . 


Christian 67 .. 


80,7.54 . 


Congregat'l.. 46 .. 


15,576 . 


Dutch Kef. . . 2 . . 


875 . 


Episcopal ... 27 . . 


14,000 . 


Free 2 . . 


750 . 


Friends 6 . . 


1,550 . 



Value of 
Property. 

$204,095 

42,950 

89,250 

2,700 

78,350 

6,400 

2,340 



Denor 
tioi 

German Eef. 

.Jewish 

Lutheran 

Mennonite.. 
Methodist . . . 
Moravian. . . . 
I'resbyterian.l98 . 



Value of 
Property. 



40 . . 16,440 . . 40,120 



389 .. 
2 .. 



176,474 ., 

400 .. 

81,529 . . 



327,290 

350 

895,130 



Denomina- No. of 


Church 


Value o( 


tions. Churches. 


accom. 


Property, 


R. Catholic. 53 .. 


29,000 . 


. $220,400 


Swedenbor'n. 1 .. 


140 . 


800 


Tunker 4.. 


1,225 . 


. 2,250 


Union 81 .. 


8,875 . 


. 32,050 


Unitarian ... 6 . . 


1,500 . 


9,000 


Universalist . 4 . . 


1,-300 . 


. 11,500 


Minor Sects. . 17 . . 


6,890 . 


. 11,050 



Making a total of 1,167 churches, having accommodation for 636,478 persons, and valued at $1,476,335. The State con- 
stitutes the Protestant Episcopal diocese of Illinois and the Roman Catholic diocese of Chicago. 

Pauperism. — The whole number of paupers who received support within the year ending June 1st, 1850, was 797, of 
which number 380 were native born and 411 foreign ; and at the date specified the number of paupers on the list was 
434, of which 279 were native and 155 foreign born. The cost of supporting these had been during the year $46,213. 

Uistoi-ical Sketch.— The name which now pertains exclusively to this State was, during a great part of the last century, 
bestowed upon all that vast country which lies north-west of the Ohio, and was derived from the River Illinois, which in 
the indigenous language signifies the liiver ofJIen. The first settlements were made by the French, and were the con- 
sequence of the enterprise of La Salle in search of the Mississippi. This traveler set out from Canada in 1670, and passing 
across the lakes to Michigan, descended the Illinois River. After examining the country, with which he was greatly 
pleased, he returned to Canada, leaving Chev. de Tonte in command of a .small fort he had built and named Crevecoeur. 
While in Cailada he procured a number of volunteers to unite in the scheme of forming a settlement on the Mississippi in 
the Illinois country. They reached their destination in 1673, and founded the villages of Kaskaakia, Cahokia, and several 
others of less note; here La Salle left his colony, while he descended the Mississippi to its mouth. Soon after this settle- 
ment, many enterprising persons explored the country in search of mineral wealth, and after the establishment of a colony 
at the mouth of the Mississippi, Iberville, the French governor, in company with others, undertook a similar expedition. 
At the beginning of the eighteenth century the settlements in Illinois are represented to have been in a flourishing 
condition. Kaskaskia had become a considerable town before any great progress had been made in the settlements on 
92 



THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 



the Lower Mississippi ; and one who calculated the future by what the present exhibited would have aeeu little reason to 
foretell the rapid growth of Louisiana and the decline of Illinois, which afterward occurred. The descriptions given 
of Illinois by French writers were of the most captivating kind — its beautiful scenery, its fertile prairies, its supposed (now 
realized) mineral wealth, were painted in glowing colors, and a new paradise was opened to Frenchmen on the banks 
of the Illinois ; and to add to the attractions of the country, a monastery of Jesuits was established at Kaskaskia ; the 
settlers, however, soon degenerated, and assimilated by degrees their manners to those of the Indians among whom they 
resided. Of these savages, their number and varieties, at the epoch of the first settlements, and soil, arc not well ascer- 
tained. From the beginning to the middle of the ISth century, we hear little of the settlers ; as the colonies of France 
and England extended, disputes arose respecting the boundaries, which had never been sufficiently defined. Th.e French, 
anticipating a struggle for the preser\afion of their American possessions as early as 1749, strengthened themselves by 
fortifications on the lakes, on the Ohio, the Wabash, and Illinois, and in other parts of the Valley of the Mississippi, to 
which they laid claim. The British, on the other hand, claimed the country on the Ohio and the neighboring streams 
by virtue of the charters they had granted. The Ohio Company, which was formed soon after, produced hostilities 
between the two nations. At the close of the war, wliich gave to Britain the province of Canada, the whole of the French 
claim to the Illinois country was also ceded to Great Britain. During its continuance as a British dependency, nothing 
of importance seems to have occurred. Few or no additions were made to the settlements at Kaskaskia and the other 
French ports, the inhabitants of which were but little removed in scale of civilization above the Indians. At the peace 
of 1783, the Illinois country fell to the United States, and the whole territory, north-west of the Ohio Eivcr, was claimed 
by Virginia and other States as included in their charters. At the instance of Congress, a liberal cession of these claims 
•was made to the General Government, and by the ordinance of 17B1 a territorial government was established over the 
whole region. Ohio was made a separate territory in 1799, and in 1302 was admitted into the Union as a State, while the 
remainder of the territorj' retained its territorial attributes under the name of Indiana. In 1809 this territory was .again 
divided, the eastern portion retaining the name of Indiana, and the western taking that of Illinois. Indiana was admitted 
as a State in 1816, and Illinois, within its present limits, in 181S, since which period the progress of the country in popu- 
lation, general industry and wealth, has been still onward, and at the present day it h.as grander works of internal 
improvement than many of the States tliat at the era of the Revolution were flourishing and populous communities. 

StKcession o/" ffowz-nw^.— Tekkitomal: Ninian Edwards, 1S09 ; and— Under the Constitution: Shadrach Bond, 
1818; Edward Coles, 1S22; Ninian Edwards, 1S26 ; John Keynolds, 1830; Joseph Duncan, 1S34; Thomas Carlin, 183S; 
Thomas Ford, 1842; Augustus C. French, 1846; Joel A. Matteson. 

Springfield is the political capital of the State, and has been such since 1840. Kaskaskia and Vandalia were suc- 
cessively the metropolitan cities. 



THE STATE OF INDIANA. 



Indiana* lies in tbo form of a parallelogram between Ohio and Illinois, and extends from Micliigan, on the north, to 
the Ohio Kiver, on the south. Geographically, it is situated between the latitudes 31° 51' and 41° 4()' north, and between 
the longitudes &5° 49' 30" and SS° 2' 30" west from Greenwich, or 8° 47' 30" and 11° 0' 30" from Washington. Ita ex- 
treme length from north to south is 276 miles, and its greatest width 176 miles ; but its average length is only about 
242 miles, and its average breadth not more than 153 miles ; and within these limits the area of its superficies is 33,309 
square miles. 

The general features of Indiana are those which pertain to all countries where mountain, in the strict sense of the 
word, is wanting; for if we except the river-hills and the accumulations of sand on the southern shore of Lake Michigan 
no portion of the country has any continuous or definite elevation which even a florid imagination could dignify by sucl) 
a term, and all of mountain that really appears is a few isolated "knobs," which serve only to diversify the scenery. 
Nearly two-thirds of the State is level, or at most, undulating, and a most singular feature of the country is the absence 
of any watershed or dividing ridge, such as almost every geographical region prt-scnts, from which the waters flow in 
different directions ; stiU, however, the country has continuous slopes of great extent, and the difference in elevation of the 
highest land imd the Ohio River at the Falls is nearly GOO feet, and a considerable difference is observed (about 70 feet) 
between the levels on the Ohio, at the Falls, and at the mouth of the Wabash, the latter being the lowest. 

The river-hills, of which previous mention has been made, extend at various distances from, and parallel to, the courses 
of the Ohio and other streams, and inclose what are termed the bottom-lands, which are chiefly covered with a rich 
alluvial soil, and thickly set with forests. These hills, along the Ohio Eiver, are generally as high as the highest levels 
of the interior, often of a rugged and broken aspect, and where torn through by the tributaries of the Ohio, present much 
imposing scenery. Behind these a table-land spreads out and forms what with propriety may be termed the interior 
of the country ; and now every thing is changed. Instead of the bottoms, with their mighty forests, the most various 
landscape appears ; here are extensive groves of oak, ash, and other trees — there vast prairies, sea-like in their dimen- 
sions, and with untroubled surface ; here the land undulates or rolls, as if formed into billows, by the dalliance of soft 
■winds, and occasionally hills, rising from 100 to 3(i0 feet high, remind us of a tempest-tossed sea, when tlie waves accu- 
mulate in their might. There is such a marked difference between the several parts of the country, however, that no 
general description oould embrace its topography, and hence it is necessary to detail its principal characteristics and its 
divisions as indicated by nature. 1. The Ohio Valley, including that of the White Water, contains some 5.000 square 
mUes. This is a limestone region ; it was originally clothed with heavy forests ; and the soil in the l)Ottoins, hill-tops, and 
sides is very rich. The hills are abrupt and broken, and the numerous tributaries of the Ohio Kiver Ijreak through them 
in every direction. Many of these streams in dry weather show only the marks where the torrents have disappeared 
almost as soon as the storms which occasioned them. Of this division of the State, about two-thirds is good farming 
land, and the residue cither too hilly or the soil too poor for profitable culture. The poorest part is in the flats at the 
heads of the streams. 2. The White Eiver Valley extends from the Wabash centrally tlirough the State to the Ohio line, 
and covers about 9,000 square miles of surface. It is almost uniformly level and heavily timbered, except in the western 
parts, where there are some prairies and barrens, and ranges of low rugged hills. The whole valley is ilostitute of rock, 
and the soils are of the richest kind, with little that is unprofitable. Most of the streams are clear and never-failing, and 
■water-power is generally abundant. 3. The AVabash Valley is the largest di\ ision, and embraces an aren of upward 
of 12,000 square miles. It interlocks with the valley of the White Kiver, and the eastern portion resembles it. It is tqually 
fertile, but more broken. The middle part of the valley has abundant water-power, but in the upper and lower parts it is 
less plentiful. From the river-liills, on the Ohio, to the Wabash, the surface is an inclined plane, and it is not a little 
curious to find streams, the head waters of which are near the borders of the Ohio Valley, traversing toward the W abash, a 
river so" much farther distant from their sources. 4. The north part of tlie State, watered by tli • St. .loseph's and the 
Kankakee, is much similar in its general character to the Wabash country, but is, perhaps, more swampy, and near the 
lake the country has extensive sand-hills, which are covered only with stunted and shriveled pines and burr-oaks. 

Indiana has numerous fine rivers, but for navigable purposes few of them except the Ohio, Wabash, White, etc., are 
at all eligible ; most of them, however, afford valuable water-power. The Ohio, the final reservoir of tlu' principal water- 
courses of the State, borders the whole country on the south, from the mouth of the Miami to that oi the Wabash, a 
distance, by the river's course, of 380 miles. Between these two points few streams of any volume empty into it, and none 
exceed 30 or 40 yards in width at their mouths. Laughery, Indian Kentucky, Silver, Indian, Blue, Anders(m, Big I'igeon, 
Little I'igeon, etc., are the principal. Tho White Water joins the Miami six miles above its entrance into the Ohio. The 
Wabash, which rises in Ohio, runs first north, then north-west, then west, tlien south-west, then south, and again south- 
■west, nuiking the whole distance to its junction -vvith the Ohio, upward of 6(10 miles, of which more than one half is 
navigable. Its principal tributaries are : from the south and east, the Salamonie, Mississinewa, Wild Cat, Sugar or 
ilock, Kaccoon, White, and Patoka rivers; and from the west and north. Little Wabash and Einbarr;LS rivers in Illinois, 
Vermillion in both States, and in Indiana altogether, Tippecanoe, Eel, and Little rivers. White Kiver, the mor.t important 
of these, empties into the Wabash, 100 miles above its month ; the West Fork, its longest branch, rises in Itandolph 
County, near tin; Ohio line, and runs in a south-west direction, receiving in its course Eel Kiver, Fall Creek, etc. ; and the 
East Fork, the principal tributaries of which are Salt Creek, the Museatatuck, Sand Creek, Clifly, Flat Eock, and 

» Tbe definite iKiunJaries of tbe State, according to the ordinance of Congress, dated llHIi April, islfi, are as follows ; " Bounded on tlie east by 
the meridian line which forms the western boundary of the State of Ohio, being a north line from the mouth of the Miami; on the south by the 
river Ohio, from tlie mouth of the Great Miami to the moutjj of tlie river Wabash ; on the wtst by a line dr.iwn along the middle of the Wab.ish 
from its mouth to a point where a due north line, drawn Irom the town of ■yincennes, ■would last touch the north-western shore of the said river, 
and fro'n them e by a due north line until the same shall intersect an east and west line drawn through a point tea miles nortli of tbe southern 
Mlreme of Lake Jlichigan ; on the north by the said east and west line," etc,, to 'ueginning. 

94 



THE STATE OF INDIANA. 



Sugar creeks, rises in Itipley County, and nas a western course to its junction with tlie West Pork — the two form- 
ing White Iliver proper — about fifty miles from its entrance into the Wabash. The St. Josopli's and St. Mary's form 
the Maumee, which passes to Ohio and Lake Erie. Another St. Joseph's and its tributaries, the Elkhart, etc., pas.$ 
through the northern tier of counties, and ultimately fall into Lake Michigan. The Kankakee, the principal branch of the 
Illinois liiver, rises near South Bend, and runs sluggishly through the north-western counties for 100 miles, and in its 
course receives Yellow Eiver, a stream about 50 miles long ; extensive marshes everywhere bound its course. Deep and 
Calumic ri\'ers lie near and south of Lake Michigan, and in some places are only separated from it by banks of sand. 
The Iroquois or Pickarahik rises south of the Kankakee, and runs nearly parallel to it for 50 mllas, and joins it in Illinois. 

Besides Lake Michigan, on the northern border, there are numerous other but small lakes in different parLs of the 
State, principally to the north of the Wabash River. Several of them have no outlets ; they are generally clear, however, 
and have sandy shores and bottoms. They seldom exceed a few acres in extent, though some at the head of Tippecanoe 
Kiver and Turkey Creek, and near La Porte, cover several hundred acres. Mexancukkee Lake, a beautiful sheet of 
water in Marshall County, is three miles long and half as broad ; and Beaver Lake, six miles long and three miles wide, 
covers 10,000 acres. All these lakes abound in fish, and form in the surrounding scene objects which attract the gaze 
of the traveler. 

The concluding chapter of the Report of D. D. Owen on the Geology of Indiana, thus sums up the results of his recon- 
nolssance on th;it topic : " Three geological formations exist in Indiana. 1st, a bituminous coal formation, occupying that 
portion of the State west of the second principal meridian ; 2d, a limestone formation (similar to the mountain limestone 
of European geologists), prevailing in the counties east of that meridian ; 3il, a diluvium, consisting of deposits of clay, 
sand, gravel, and boulders, overlying, and in many places eovering up, the two other formations to a greater or less depth, 
particularly in the northern part of the State. Now, as in this country no jK'rfect seams of bituminous coal are found 
associated with calcareous deposits, similar to those of Middle and Eastern Indiana, the geologist can confliiently predict 
that it is a waste of time and labor to search for coal in any part of the State east of this second meridian — for instance, as 
has been done in the neighborhood of the black bituminous aluminous slate, stretching north in a narrow band, com- 
mencing at New Albany, in Floyd County, and extending through part of Clarke, Scott, Jennings, Bartholomew, 
Decatur, and probably beneath the dilu\iura in a northerly direction toward Elldiart. If we were to speculate, from 
geological observations, on the future condition of Indiana, we shoulil say that the western counties are destined to 
become one day the chief manufacturing counties; since, with a few exceptions, all large manufacturing towns and 
districts are situated on the coal formation. The freestones of this formation being soft and fissile, owing to the existence 
of mica disseminated in layers through their substance, and to the ferruginous cement which unites their particles, being 
liable to undergo alterations by the action of the atmosphere upon it, a careful selection by the builder is always neces- 
sary. In several places, particularly toward the base of the formation, or near its eastern boundary, as at Attica, WiUiams- 
port, on Pine Creek, and near the French Lick, with a little care, freestone, white and line grained, and excellently suited 
for architectural purposes, may be readily obtained. In character and geographical position it resembles the oelebiated 
Scotch freestone, of which the new town of Edinburgh, and a portion of the town of Glasgow are built. At New Harmony- 
there is a quarry of freestone, yielding rock that has stood the test of twenty years, yet it is by no means equal to the strata 
above alluded to in our eastern counties. A freestone of a very fine grain and white color is quarried at the French Lick, 
west of Paoh; it is manufiictured into whetstones, that answer admirably for putting a fine edge on tools, and for polish- 
ing ; they are exported to all parts of the United States. Good grindstones are also manufiictured from a similar stratum 
of these freestones, of a coarser grain. The eastern boundary or base of the coal formation is the most likely place to 
aflTord salt water; for we find the most productive salt wells throughout the Western country occupying in the inferior 
members of the coal formation. Thus, should symptoms of salt water make their appearance in the counties of Perry, 
Spencer, Dubois, Martin, Daviess, Greene, Owen, Clay, Putnam, Montgomery, or Tippecanoe, the encouragement to 
make a search would be greater than if found elsewhere in the State, Salt, however, is not, striclfy speaking, 
constant in its geological position. In Europe it usually occurs in the new red sandstone, a formation higher and of more 
recent origin than the bituminous coal formation ; while on the Ilolston, a tributary of the Tennessee River, there is a fine 
salt deposit, surrounded by gypsum or plaster of Paris, lying on the grauwaeke formation. Two or three salt wells have 
been sunk in the knobs east of Bloomington, through the silicious beds belonging to the sub-carboniferous group. The 
salt is of excellent quality ; but the water has hitherto proved too weak to afford a fair profit. The boriusf after salt is in 
truth, at all times attended with considerable uncertainty. Quantities of argillaceous iron ore— from which in Great 
Britain 6u0,000 tons of iron are annually obtained— occur in some of the clay slates of the bituminous coal formation 
of Indiana. Some of the clay slates answer well for fire-brick ; that now excavated near Troy is to be manufactured into 
fire-brick for sale— an important article of commerce in a country where steam-engines are so extensively used, and 
indispensable where furnace operations are carried on to any extent. Some of our clays in the coal formation answer 
well for the manufacturing of stone-ware and gray pottery-ware: such wares are now manufactured from them at Troy. 
Since I first called the attention of the proprietors to the deposit of the hydrated brown oxide of iron, near the Palls 
of Eel River, examinations have been made by digging in four or five different places ; ore has been struck in all of them ; 
many tons have been thrown up, and the prospects are so encouraging that the proprietors of the Falls are now- 
endeavoring to form a company, to erect a furnace, and commence, on an extensive scale, smelting the ore. Sandstone 
being the predominating rock in the coal formation, and the greatest part of the soil of those western counties being 
formed from its disintegration, we find it generally of a sandy character. The dip and position of the various beds 
belonging to coal measures are generally constant, unless where, from the protrusions of basalt or greenstone, those 
volcanic disturbances, called by the miners 'faults,' ' troubles; or ' dyJces,' have disturbed the regularity of position. If, 
then, the general dip and order of succession of the strata can be ascertained, and these should appear to be free from 
faults or material undulation, a pretty correct estimate might be formed of the depth of the various seams of coal and 
other strata in different parts of the coal-fields of Indiana. Most of the limestones in the oolitic series- that is, those 
oocurring in the counties of Crawford, Orange, Lawrence, Monroe, Owen, and Putnam— make good building materials. 
The encrinital limestones in Harrison, Washington, Jackson, Bartholomew, and Morgan counties, are .also very suitable 
for that purpose ; but the silicious strata, or sand rocks, in these counties, are generally soft and crumbling, and by no 
means durable. The only use that the black bituminous aluminous slate, occurring in the sub-carboniferous group, can 
be put to, is for the manufacture of alum. The sub-carboniferous group affords a water-lime, which appears to be a 
compound chiefly of limestone and clay, with some bituminous matter. It is associated with the black bituminous 
elummous slate above mentioned. Some of the limestone in its neighborhood— for instance, those rocks which are 

95 



THE STATE OF INDIANA. 



excavated at tho top of the hill behind Madi.wn — eontain green earth, and some arc impregnated with bitumen and 
sulphurct of iron. In making a selection of building materials in such strata, care should be taken not to use any such 
unless their dur.ibility has been well tested, for they are generally liable to decay. The fossiliferous liracstoues of East 
Indiana, namely, tliose found in Jefferson, Switzerland, Dearborn, Kipley, Franklin, Fayette, and Union counties, are 
durable rocks, and some of them make beautiful marbles. The sub-carboniferous formation of Indiana is identical 
with the formation occurring in Middle Tennessee, in which the enormous deposits of the hydrated brown oxide of iron, 
constituting so much of the mineral wealth of that State, are found. The deposits of this kind of ore in Indiana, how- 
ever, although found in the same formation, are not associated with exactly the same strata. In Tennessee they are in 
the silicious strata, just above the cnerinital limestone : those at present discovered in Indiana are either resting on the 
oolitic scries of limestone, or near the bituminous aluminous slate. The soil in Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, Monroe, 
Owen, and Putnam counties, being formed chiefly from tho oolitic limestones, has a calcareous character, and is admira- 
bly adapted for the growth of grasses. Clay will be found to predominate in the soil of the counties of Floyd, Clark, 
Scott, Jennings, and parts of Bartholomew, Decatur, Shelby, Johnson, Marion, and Hancock, because the soil of these 
counties is underlayed by clay slates. Hence we find the beech-tree, which delights in a clayey soil, there growing 
luxuriantly. The soil of Jefferson, Switzerland, Dearborn, Uipley, Franklin, Fayette, Union, and parts of Decatur and 
Eush, being formed upon alternating strata of clay and limestone, must partake chiefly of these two earths. This soil is 
also well adapted to the growth of grasses. The soil of the north-western counties appears to be a siliceo-calcareous 
sand, resting upon a clay bottom; this I conceive to be the reason why it is so much more productive than its external 
appearance promises. These points, however, I intend more fully to verify by analysis so soon as I can get samples 
of all the various soils. As yet, my opinion has oeen formed chiefly from ocular observation, and reasoning from gen- 
eral principles. The water in the north-western counties is strongly impregnated with carbonic acid ; this, acting as a 
solvent upon limestone and the protoxide of iron, dissolves them whenever it meets them in its passage to the surface. 
And thus we find these waters, often highly charged with these two ingredients, forming calcareous and chalybeate 
springs. As they lose very soon, by exposure to llie air, the excess of carbonic acid, which acts as a solvent of tliese 
ingredients — and as iron is brought also by the same exposure to air to a higher degree of oxidation, and therefore to a 
more insoluble form — these two causes acting together, soon produce deposits of calcareous tufas and bog-iron ore, so 
frequently found in that country. The quantity of bog-iron ore is therefore continually on the increase. The greater part 
of Indiana must have been, at some period of the earth's history, covered by an ocean, for most of the fossils in the 
limestones are of a marine origin. None of the precious metals will ever be found in Indiana, unless in minute portions 
in boulders, or in small quantities in combination with other metals, because the primitive and grauwacke formations, in 
which alone productive mines of gold and silver ore occur, do not exist in Indiana. It is true that, in some rare inst;inccs, 
silver is found as a sulphuret and as red silver ore in such formations as exist in the Western country ; but I have seen 
no symptoms of any such in our State. The same may be said of bismuth, tin ore, and native arsenic. The only metals 
which we need look for are iron, lead, antimony, manganese, zinc, cobalt, and possibly some varieties of copper aud 
arsenic ores. It is not likely that anthracite coal will ever be found in Indiana, because that mineral is usually found 
in the primitive and grauwacke formations. Several detached pieces of native copper have been found in the State, one 
weighing five pounds ; but, from the nature of the ore, its occurring in washed gravels, and only in isolated pieces, I have 
reason to believe that they do not originate in the State. I may add, that the Kupferschiefer of the German miners 
yields, at the mines of Mansfield, in Thuringia, an abundant supply of copper ore. This copper slate, as found at the 
bottom of the new red sandstone formation, which overlies the bituminous coal formation, and copper ores, have been 
found in the carboniferous and mountain limestone ; there is, therefore, a possibility of discovering workable copper ore 
in the formations of Indiana. The fertility of the soil of Indiana Is universally admitted, yet few are aware that it arises 
mainly from its geological position. It is well kno'mi to geologists that that soil is the most productive which has been 
derived from the destruction of the greatest variety of different rocks ; for thus only is produced the due mixture of gravel, 
sand, clay, and limestone, necessary to form a good medium for the retention and transmission of nutritive fluids, be they 
liquid or ariform, to the roots of plants. Now, Indiana is situated near the middle of the Great Valley of north-western 
America, and far distant from the primitive range of mountains ; and her soil is accordingly formed from the destruction 
of a vast variety of rocks, both crystalline and sedimentary, which have been minutely divided and intimately blended 
together by the action of air and water. It has all the elements, therefore, of extraordinary fertility." 

The forests of Indiana contain aU the trees natural to the soU and climate of the whole central region of the United 
States ; oaks and beech-trees, however, preponderate ; they are found in almost every portion of the State, and probably 
count two-thirds of tho whole number of its forest trees. Next in order are the sugar-tree, hickory, ash, walnut, poplar, 
elm, sycamore, cherry, hackberry, linden, coffee-tree, honey locust, and white maple, which are as widely diffused as the 
oak and beech. The black locust is abundant near the Ohio Eiver, but is not found in the interior; the chestnut is 
only found in the neighborhood of the upper course of the east fork of White River; tho pine is only found on the 
" knobs" near the Ohio, and on the sand-hills near Lake Michigan, while the tamarack is found only in the swamps 
of the Kankakee. The cypress, cat.alpa, and pecan, are chiefly found jn the counties on both sides of the White Eiver, 
below the junction of the forks ; and cotton-wood is rare, except on the bottoms of the southern streams. Of the smaller 
trees and undergrowths, the principal are the dogwood, pawpaw, spear, i)Ium, and thorn, and the persimmon and cralv 
apple. Many of the forest trees attain magnificent dimensions, and in numerous instances the oak, sycamore, walnut, and 
poplar have been found, measuring from five to seven feet in diameter, and more than 120 and 130 feet in height. Tho 
indigenous fruit trees found in Indiana comprise the wild plum, hawthorn, persimmon, pawpaw, wUd cherry, mulberry, 
crab-apple, etc. These are found intermingling with forest trees, or bordering the prairies and barrens. Cranberries arc 
abundant in the north, and wild grapes of excellent fiavor grow spontaneously, giving assurance that the corresponding 
domestic fruits can be cultivated with success. Walnuts, hickory nuts, and hazel nuts, are abundant, and generally oak 
and beech mast is found in such quantities .ns to contribute lurgcly both to feeding and fattening hogs. 

The native zoological distinctions of Indiana have, in a great measure, been effaced by the progress of settlement 
The buffalo and elk, once the monarchs of the plains, have entirely disappeared from the scene ; and the bear, wild cat, 
panther, etc., are now seldom encountered. Wolves, however, are still numerous; and still more numerous the deer, 
oppossum, raccoon, and squirrel. Besides these, the fox, porcupine, pole-eat, ground-hog, rabbit, mink, musk-rat, wea- 
sel, gopher, etc., are found in particular localities. But the wild animals of the forest and prairie arc fast disappearing, 
and in the older settlements their former haunts are usurped by the more useful of their kind — the ox, the horse, the 
Bbeep, and the hog, animals constituting the basis of the wealth of tho inhabitants. 
96 



THE STATE OF INDIANA. 



Indiana is 


divided into 91 counties 


the 


general statistics of 


Countie9. 


Dwell. 


Pop. 


Farms 
in cult. 


Manf 
Kstab 


Capitals. 


Adama 


..1,002. 


. 5,797. 


574. 


11. 


Decatur 


Allen 


..3,097. 


16,919. 


1,300. 


127. 


Fort Wayno 


Bartholomew .2,149. 


.12,428. 


.1,249. 


49. 


.Columbus 


Benton 


.. 180. 


1,144. 


149. 


0. 


Oxford 


Blackford.. 


.. 514. 


2,860. 


306. 


6. 


Hartford 


Boone 


..1,914. 


11,631. 


1,393. 


28. 


Lebanon 


Brown 


.. 790. 


4,846. 


535. 


5. 


Nashville 


Carroll .... 


..1,909. 


11,015. 


1,129. 


79. 


Delphi 


Cass 


..1,863. 


.11,021. 


.1,134. 


108. 


. Logansport 


Clark 


..2,757. 


15,828. 


1,048. 


88. 


Charlestown 


Clay 


..1,326. 


. 7,944. 


. 829. 


10. 


.Bowling Green 


Clinton .... 


..2,001. 


11,869. 


1,411. 


21. 


.Frankfort 


Crawford . . 


..1,027. 


. 6,524. 


. 540. 


33. 


.Leven worth 


Daviess 


..1,803. 


.10,352. 


.1221. 


11. 


. Washington 


Dearborn .. 


..3,549. 


.20,166. 


.1,520. 


72. 


.Lawrenceburg 


Decatur 


..2,662. 


.15,107. 


.1,377. 


39. 


.Greensburg 


De Kalb . . . 


..1,421. 


. 8,251. 


. 831. 


16. 


.Auburn 


Delaware .. 


..1,874. 


.10,843. 


1,084. 


34. 


Muncietown 


Dubois 


..1,146. 


. 6,321. 


. 794. 


9. 


.Jasper 


Elkhart.... 


..2,254. 


.12,690. 


.1,226. 


70. 


.Goshen 


Fayette 


..1,818. 


.10,217. 


. 956. 


116. 


Connersville 


Floyd 


..2,448. 


.14,875. 


. 428. 


106. 


.New Albany 


Fountain. .. 


...2,251. 


.13,253. 


.1,357. 


.103. 


.Covington 


Franklin . . . 


..3,286. 


,17,968. 


.1,739. 


121. 


. Brookville 


Fulton 


...1,085. 


. 5,982. 


. 777. 


. 13. 


.Rochester 


Gibson .... 


. .1,833. 


.10,771. 


.1,220. 


. 23. 


.Princeton 


Grant 


...1,884. 


.11,092. 


. 900. 


. 52. 


. Marion 


Greene .... 


...2,089. 


.12,313. 


.1,227. 


. 39. 


.Bloomfield 


Hamilton . . 


...2,159. 


.12,684. 


.1.261. 


. 16. 


.Noblesville 


Hancock ... 


...1,685 


. 9.698 


.1,176. 


. 36 


.Greenfield 


Harrison, .. 


...2,645. 


.1.5,986. 


.1,650. 


. 19 


.Corydon 


Hendricks.. 


...2,390. 


.14,083. 


.1,444. 


.110. 


.Danville 


Henry 


...3,064 


.17,605. 


.1,666. 


124. 


.Newcastle 


Howard . . . 


...1,190. 


. 6,6.57. 


. 746. 


. 26. 


.Kokomo 


Huntinyton 


...1,356. 


. 7,850. 


. 782. 


. 32. 


.Huntinston 


Jackson 


...1,956 


.11,047 


.1,173. 


. 18 


.Brownstown 


Jasper 


... 592 


. 3,.540. 


. 343. 


. 4 


.Rensselaer 


Jay 


...1,179. 


. 7,047. 


. 876. 


. 9 


.Portland 


Jefferson . . 


...4,092. 


.23,916. 


.1,396. 


.138. 


. Madison 


Jennings. .. 


...2,064. 


.12,096. 


.1,208. 


. 78. 


.Vernon 


Johnson . . . 


...2,067. 


.12,101. 


.1,153. 


. 25 


.Franklin 


Knox 


...1,969. 


.11,084. 


. 961. 


. 37. 


. Vincennea 


Kosciusko . 


...1,783. 


.10,243. 


.1,127. 


. 21. 


. Warsaw 


La. Grange. 


...1,479. 


. 8,387. 


.1.062. 


. 64. 


.La Grange 


Lake 


... 715. 


. 3,991 


. 423. 


. 5 


.Crown Point 


La Porte. . . 


...2,124 


.12,145 


.1,116 


.122 


. La Porte 



which and the capitals of each in 1850 were as follows : 

Counties. Dwell. Pop. ^'.''J™ ^^ajj^". Capitals. 

Lawrence 2,012. . 12,097 . . 1,031 . . 19 . . Bedford 

Madison 2,159. .12,375. .1,494. . 67. .Anderson 

Marion 3,984. .24,013. .1,581. .179. .Indianapolis 

Marshall 928.. 5,348.. 570.. 10. .Plymouth 

Martin 1,025.. 5,941.. 633.. 18. .Dover Hill 

Miami 1,944 . . 11,304 . . 1,184 . . 48 . . Peru 

Monroe 1,892. .11,286. .1,230. . 46. . Bloomington 

Montgomery. .2,971. .18,084. .1,880. . 87. .Crawfordsville 

Morgan 2,401. .14,576. .1,392. . 14. .Martinsville 

Noble 1,395.. 7,946.. 772.. 16.. Albion 

Ohio 946.. 5,308.. 386. . 34. .Rising Sun 

Orange 1,841 . . 10,809 .. 1,118 . . 8 . . Paoli 

Owen 2,000.. 12,106.. 1,142.. 26.. Spencer 

Parke 2,468. .14,968. .1,390. . 63. .Rockville 

Perry 1,231.. 7,268.. 540.. 14. .Rome 

Pike 1,261.. 7,720.. 909.. 2. .Petersburg 

Porter 885.. 5,^4.. 467.. 13. .Valparaiso 

Posey 2,260. .12,549. .1,270. . 26. .Mount Vernon 

Pulaski 454.. 2,595.. 286.. CWinnamac 

Putnam 3,088. .18,615. .1,696. . 42. .Green Castle 

Randolph 2,513. .14,725. .1,477. . 12. .Winchester 

Ripley 2,667. .14,820. .1,495. . 49. .Versailles 

Rush 2,824. .16,445. .1,809. . 59. .Rushville 

Scott 1,040.. 5,885.. 719.. 14. .Lexington 

Shelby 2,721. .15,502. .1,620. . 59. .Shelby villa 

Spenc«r 1,485 . .- 8,616 . . 988 . . 28 . . Rockport 

Stark 100.. 557.. 53.. O..Knox 

Steuben 1,109.. 6,104.. 586.. 28.. Angola 

St. Joseph . . . .1,885. .10,954. . 847. . 45. .South Bend 

SuUivan 1.675. .10,141. .1,215. . 31. .SuUivan 

Switzerland . .2,254. .12,932. .1,270. . 79. .Vevay 
Tippecanoe .. .3,227. .19,377. .1,377. .204. .Lafayette 

Tipton 627.. 3,532.. 339.. 1.. Tipton 

Union 1,220.. 6,944.. 606.. 35. .Liberty 

Vanderburgh . 2,059 . . 11,414 . . 743 . . 76 . . E vansville 
Vermillion.... 1,.509.. 8,661.. 733.. 46. .Newport 

Vigo 2,645. .1.5,289. .1,113. .130. .Terre Haute 

Wabash 2,079 . . 12,138 . . 1,068 . . 57 . . Wabash 

Warren 1,273.. 7,387.. 782.. 18.. Williamsport 

Warrick 1,513.. 8,811.. 994.. 22. .Booneville 

Washington . .2,897. .17,040. .1,718. . 83. .Salem 

Wayne 4,515. .25,320. .1,934. .213. .Centreville 

Wells 1,02L . 6,152 . . 640 . . 14 . . Bluffton 

White 821.. 4,761.. 458.. 10..Monticello 

Whitley 913.. 5,190.. 522.. 8. .Columbia 



The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 170,178 ; of families 1T1,5G4, and of inhabitants 
9?S,416, viz. : whites 9T7,605— males 506,400, and females 471,205 ; free col. 10,783— males 5,472, and females 5,816. Of the 
whole population, there were deaf and dumb—v/h. 514, fr. col. 4— total 518 ; Uind—wh. 340, fr. col. 9— total 349 ; irmnie — 
wh. 569, fr. col. 10— total 579 ; and idiotic— wh. 906, fr. col. 1:3 — total 919. The number of free persons born in the United 
States was 931,892, the number of foreign birth 54,426, and of birth unknown 2,598; the native population originated as 
follows : Maine 976, N. Ilamp. 886, Verm. 8,183, Mass. 2,678, E. I. 488, Conn. 2,4S5, N. York 24,310, N. Jer. 7,837, Penn. 
44,245, Del. 2,737, Md. 10,177, Dist. of Col. 227, Virg. 41,819, N. Car. 83,175, S. Car. 4,069, 6a. 761, Flor. 21, Ala. 395, Miss. 
287, La. 321, Tex. 44, Ark. 151, Tenn. 12,734, Ky. 68,651, Ohio 120,193, Mich. 1,817, Indiana 541,079, HI. 4,173, Mo. 1,006, 
la. 407, Wise. 99, Calif. 0, Territories 11 ; and \.\iq. foreign population was composed of persons from— England 5,550, Ire- 
land 12,787, Scotland 1,341, Wales 169, Germany 28,584, France 2,279, Spain 3, Portugal 6, Belgium S6, Holland 43, Italy 
6, Au.stria 17, Switzerland 724, Paissia 6, Denmark 10, Norway IS, Sweden 16, Prussia 740, Asia 4, Africa 4, Brit. America 
1,878, Mexico 31, Cent. America 0, S. America 4, West Indies 12, and other countries 103. 

The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the 
United States authorities : 



Census 
Years. 

1800 
1810 



White 
I'ersons. 

4,577 



CoIoreJ Persons. 



Free. 
163 . . 

23,890 893 . . 

1820 145,758 1,230 . . 

1830 839,399 3^629 . . 

1840 
1850 



Slave. 
. 185 . 
. 237 . 
. 190 . 
. 3 . 



, Total 

Total. Population. 

298 4,875... 

630 24,520 . . . 

1,420 147,173 . . . 

8,632 343,031 . . . 



678,698 7,165 3 7,163 685,866 

977,605 10,81] — 10,811 988,416 

G 



Decennial Increase. 


Numerical. 


Per cent. 


19,645 . . 


...402.9 


122,653 . . 


. . . 500.2 


195,8.53 . . 


... 133.1 


842,885 . . 


... 99.9 


802,550 . . 


... 44.1 



97 



THE STATE OF INDIANA. 



The statistical returns of the iuihistry and wealth of Indiana, as furnished by the census of 1S50, and other official 
documents referring to that period, are as follows: 

Occupied Lands, etc. — Improved lands 5,046,543 acres, and unimproved lands 7,T46,S79 acres — valued in cash at 
$136,3So,173. Number of farms under cultivation 93,S96. Value of farming implements and machinery $0,704,444. 

Live-Stock.— Kox&cs, 814,299 ; asses and mules, 6,599 ; milch cows, 2S4,554 ; working oxen, 40,221 ; other cattle 389,891 ; 
sheep, 1,122,493; swine, 2,263,776— total value of live-stock, $22,478,555. In 1840 there were in the State 241,086 horses, 
mules, etc., 619,980 neat cattle of all descriptions, 075,982 sheep, 1,628,006 swine, etc. 

Grain Crops. — "Wheat, 6,214,453 bushels; rye, 78,792 bushels; Indian eorn, 52,904,363 bushels ; oats, 5,655,014 bushels; 
barley, 45,483 bushels ; buckwheat, 149,740 bushels. The crops of 1839-40 were— wheat, 4,049,375 bushels ; barley, 28,015 
bushels ; oats, 5,981,605 bushels ; rye, 129,621 bushels ; buckwheat, 49,019 bushels, and Indian corn, 28,155,887 bushels. 

Other Crops. — ^Tobacco, 1,044,620 pounds ; ginned cotton, 14 bales of 4'tO pounds each ; peas and beans, 35,773 bushels ; 
potatoes— Irish, 2,083,837, and sweet, 201,711 bushels; hay, 403,230 tons; clover-seed, 18,329 bushels; other grass-seed, 
11,951 bushels; hops, 92,796 pounds; hemp — dew-rotted, 341, and water-rotted, 1,071 tons; flax, 584,469 pounds ; flax- 
seed, 36,S88 bushels ; maple sugar, 2,921,642 pounds ; molasses, 180,325 gallons ; wine, 14,055 gallons, etc. The value of 
orchard products was $324,940, and of market-garden products $72,864. In comparing the principal crops of 1840 and 
1850, the following results are shown : 

Staples. 1840. 1850. Movement, 

Tobacco 1,820,806 pounds 1,044,628 pounds deer. 775,686 pounds, or 42.61 per cent 

Hemp — dew-rotted j ( 841 tons j 

" —water-rotted V 8,605Hons <.... 1,071 tons l .... (7<3o;-. 15,528,971 pounds, or 80.56 " 

Flax ) " (.... 584,469 pounds ) 

Wine 10,265 gallons .... 14,055 gallons .... incr. 5,790 gallons, or 86.93 " 

Products of Animals.— ^Voo\, 2,610,287 (.in 1840, 1.237,919) pounds; butter, 12,831,535 pounds, and cheese, 624,564 
pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered m the year had been $6,507,935. Silk cocoons were produced to the 
amount of 887 (in 1840, 379) pounds; and beeswax and honey to that of 935,329 pounds. 

name-made Manufactures for the year ending 30th June, 1850, were produced to the value of $1,631,089. 

Man iifactures — Aggregate capital invested, $7,917,818 ; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $9,847,920 ; average 
number of hands employed, — males, and females, average monthly cost of labor, $ — male, 

$ and female, $ — total value of products for the year, $18,747,008 The whole number of manufacturing 

establishments in the State in 1850, producing to the value of $500 and upward, was 4,326, and of these 2 were cotton 
factories, 33 woolen factories, 358 tanneries, and 19 iron manufactories, viz. : 14 for castings, 2 for pig iron, and 3 for 
wrought iron. 

The cotton manufactures employ a capital of $43,000 ; the cotton consumed during the year ending 1st June, 1850, was 
676 bales ; and the value of all raw material, fuel, etc., was $28,220 ; average hands — males, 38, and females, 57 ; monthly 
cost of labor — male, $495, and female, $380; entire value of products, among which were 300,000 pounds yarn, $44,200. 

The u-oolen manufactures had a capital of $171,545, wool consumed, 413,350 pounds, and value of all raw material, 
fuel, etc., $120,480 ; hands— males, 189, and females, 57 ; monthly cost of labor — male, $4,122, and female, $680 ; products 
of the year, 235,500 yards of cloth and 104,000 pounds of yarn— valued at $205,802. 

In tanneries the capital emi)loyed, $514,897; value of raw material, $405,833; hands— male, 886, and female, 2; 
monthly cost of labor— male, $15,199, and female, $14; products— skins, 57,070, and sides of leather, 283,098— valued at 
$714,813. 

The condition of the iron manufactures is exhibited in the annexed tabular form : 

Pig Iron. Castings. Wrought Iron. Total. 

Capital invested dollars. . . . 72,000 82,900 17,000 171,900 

Iron ore tons 5,200 — 3,150 8,350 

Pig iron " — 1,908 50 2,018 

Old metal " — 5 — 5 

Coal, mineral " — 132 — 132 

Coke and charcoal bushels... 810,000 29.000 85,000 ,.... 424,600 

Value of raw material, etc dollars.... 24,400 60,918 4,425 95,743 

Hands- male number. . . 83 143 22 253 

" —female " ... — — 2 2 

Monthly cost of labor— male dollars.... 2,290 8,081 604 6,575 

" " — female " — — 8 S 

Ironmade tons 1,850 1.757 175 3,782 

Value of entire products dollars. . . . 53,000 149,430 11,760 219,190 

Indiana has also a large number of flour, grist, oil, saw, and other mills, asherics, etc., and the numerous trades 
and handicrafis, which constitute the aggregate of its manufacturing industry. Among its i>rincipal manufacturing 
places may be named M.adison, Indianapolis, New Albany, Cannelton, etc. — the last destined to become, at no distant 
day, the seat of a vast industry. 

Inland Communication. — Indiana has no direct foreign commerce, but it has a vast domestic and inter-state trade by 
means of its navigable waters and magnificent systems of canals and railroads, and besides it is well supplied with plank, 
M'Adam, and other roads, which facilitate travel and transportation. The State has (January, 1S53), within its borders 
454 miles of canal and 1420 miles of railroad completed. The canals are, the Wabash and Eric Canal, extending from 
Evansville, on the Ohio, to Toledo, on Lake Erie, 467 miles, of which 379 miles are in Indiana ; and the White Water 
Canal, extending from Lawronceburg, on the Ohio, via Cambridge, on the National Eoad, to Ilagerstown, 77 mUes. 
The principal railroads of the State centre at Indianapolis, radiating in all directions, and forming links in the great 
national system which is rapidly springing into existence. There is also a large number of railroads in course of con- 
struction, the most important uf wliich are, the Cincinnati and St. Louis Eailroad, the Lawrenceburg and Upper Missis- 
sippi Eailroad, the upper portions of the New Albany and Salem Railmad, ami the Fort Wayne and Southern Eailroad. 
These will be opened within a year or two, and there are others already projected that mutt be built within a very short 
space of time. 

98 



THE STATE OF INDIANA. 



Banks, etc. — There are in Indiana 1 bank and 13 branch banivs, the same being the State Bank of Indiana, at 
Indianajiolis, and its several branches at Bedford, Evansville, Fort Wayne, Indianapolis, Lafayette, Lawrenceburg, 
Madison, Micliigan City, New Albany, Eichmond, South Bend, Terre Haute, and Vinecnnes. The aggregate condition 
of these institutims in November, 1850, was as follows — liahilitUs: capital, $2,0S2,95S; circulation, $3,422,455; deposits, 
$630,335 ; due other banks, $112,1T5 ; and asseU — loans and discounts, $4,31)5,099 ; real estate, $364,233 ; other investments, 
$108,485 ; due by other banks, $815,062 ; notes of other banks, $224,842 ; specie, $1,197,880. The constitutional provisions 
respecting banking in this State are: that no banks shall be established except under a general law, and the stockholders 
shall be individually responsible for the debts of the corporation, in addition to their stock, to an amount equal thereto, 
and every bank must close banking operations within twenty years from its organization and promptly close its business. 
There are, besides the above-named banks, several others organized under the general banking law, but these have 
only lately been established, and have not yet published any returns. Their circulating notes are secured by pledge 
of pul>Iic stocks. 

Government, etc. — The first constitution of Indiana is dated 29th June, 1816; the constitution on which the present 
State government is based was done in convention 10th February, 1851 ; ratified by the people 4th August, and went 
into operation 1st November of the same year. It provides as follows : 

Every white male citizen of the United States, 21 years old, resident in the State six months next preceding an election, 
and every white male of foreign birth, 21 years old, resident in the United States one year, and in tlie State six months 
next preceding an election, who shall have duly declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States, may 
vote. No negro or mulatto can vote. All elections by the people are by ballot, and all elections by the General Assembly 
iwa voce. All general elections are held on the second Tuesday in October. 

The General Assembly consists of a Senate and House of Kepresentatives. The senate, not exceeding 50 members, 
and representatives, 100 members, are chosen in their respective districts — the former for four years (half every two years), 
and the latter for two years. They must be citizens of tlie United States, residents of the State for the two years next 
preceding their election, and for one year of the district from which they are chosen. The sessions of the General 
Assembly are biennial, commencing on the Thursday next after the first Monday of January ; and no session can be 
prolonged beyond sixty-one days, and no special session beyond forty days. Representation is apportioned according to 
a census of all white males over 21 years of age, taken every six years. " In all cases where a general law is applicable, 
general and not special laws shall be passed." 

The Governor and Lieutenant-Governor are chosen for four years by a plurality of voles; they must be severally 30 
years of age, and residents of the United States and of the State for the five years next preceding their election. The 
gubernatorial term commence* on the second Monday of January. The Lieutenant-Governor is eae-offido President of ■ 
the Senate ; and in case of the removal or death of the Governor, he first, and after him such person as the General As- 
sembly may appoint, shall act as Governor. The Governor is not eligible more than four years in any period of eight 
years. The Governor h.is power to grant pardons for all olTenses, except in eases of treason and impeachment; and he 
may veto a bill, but, if afterward passed by a majority of those elected to each house of the General Assembly, it becomoa 
a law nevertheless. 

Th6<(nh)iini<itrative officers of the government are a Secretary of State, a State Auditor, and a State Treasurer, elected 
biennially by the people, and no one is eligible to either of these offices more than four out of any six years. 

The officers elected by the people in each county are a Clerk of the Circuit Court, an Auditor, a Kecorder, a Treasurer, 
a Sheriff, a Coroner, and a Surveyor — the three first for four years and the others for two years, and none arc eligible for 
more than two out of any three consecutive terms. All county officers must be residents for one year of the place* from 
which they are chosen ; and they and all town officers must reside in their precincts. 

The Judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, Circuit Court, and Courts of Common Pleas, for the counties of Tippecanoe 
and Marion. These consist of not less than three nor more than five justices, "hosen from districts by the people at largo, 
for six years. At present it has three, of wliom one is chief judge. A clerk of this court is chosen by the people for four 
years. The Supreme Court has appellate and such original jurisdiction as the General Assembly may confer. The State 
is divided into thirteen circuits, and each Circuit Court has a judge elected by the people of the circuit for six years, and 
he must reside therein. A prosecuting attorney is also elected for each circuit for two years. The Courts of Common 
Pleas for Tippecanoe and Marion counties arc Special Courts, and have each one judge. Justices of peace are elected by 
the people of each township for f<5ur years. The Constitution provides, in this ocinnection, for the establishment of tri- 
bunals of conciliation, the decisions of which are obligatory on those voluntarily submitting thereto; for commissioners to 
revise and simplify practice, and to codify the laws; that any voter of good moral character may be admitted to practice 
law in ,all the courts of the State ; that tlie Assembly may modify or abolish the Gr.ainl Jury system ; that no person shall 
be an incompetent witness in consequence of his opinions on matters of religion ; that in all criminal^ cases the juries may 
determine the law and the fiicts; that no man's jiroperty shall be taken without just compensation is first awarded and 
tendered. 

Kespecting colored people, it is provided that no negro or mulatto shall come into or settle in the State ; all contracts 
made with such shall be void, and all persons employing them shall be punished by a fine of $10 to $500, and the proceeds 
of such fines shall be appropriated for the colonization of those negroes and mulattoes, and their descendants, in the State, 
at the a-<loption of the Constitution, and who are willing to emigrate. 

Amendments to the Constitution are to bo passed on by a majority of one Legislature, and referred to the next; and if 
passed by a like majority, then the amendments proposed are submitted to the people for ratification or rejection. 

The militia of Indiana has not been reported to the U. 8. authorities since 1832, since which period the population of 
the State luis nearly trebled. At that time it consisted of 53,913 men of all grades and arms, and at present probably 
numbers 150,000 men. 

Indiana has several Venevolent in-stitutioiis, among which the principal are the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, the 
Institution for the Blind, and the Hospital for the Insane at Indianapolis. At the Asylum all the Deaf and Dumb of the 
State, between the ages of 10 and 30, are entitled to education without charge for board or tuition ; and at the Institute 
the same privileges are granted, but except in extraordinary cases, applicants over 21 years of age are not admissable. 
The Hospital for the Insane, in the year ending 30th October, 1850, admitted 58 (31 males and 27 females) ; 54 were dis- 
charged (26 males and 28 females); and at the end of the year 80 (40 males an^l 40 females) were left under treatment. 
This last institution was opened for the ree(-ption of patients (part of the buildings only being ereeted) in December, 
1848. From that time to 30th October, 1849, there were 104 admitted, of whom 20 recovered, 4 improved, and 4 died, 

99 



THE STATE OF INDIANA 



leaving T6 in the hospital, wbicli, added to the 5S admitted in 18-19-50, makes a total of 162 since the opening of the 
institution. 

I'hiances, Dc^iU, etc. — Tho balance in tlic Treasury on the 81st October amounted to $428,911 19, and the receipts for 
the flsoal year 1^50 were $1, t-S2.14'i 73 — total revenue ^1,S61,3S3 97 ; and the expenditures for tlie same period amounted to 
$1,51:3.5^ 0-1, leaving a balance for future draft of $s>17,849 93. The chief sources of income are — permanent revenue, 
$455,630; state prison, $11,145; common school fund, |55,S63 ; university fund, $9,479; bank tax, $1,9S4; saline tax, 
$4,999 ; Wal)ash and Erie Canal (by trustees), $857,149, etc. And the principal fixpendituren were on account of— Legis- 
lature, $31,OlO; Executive, $5,s7S ; Judiciary, $19,7o0; put^Iic printing, $11,522 ; state prison, $3,606 ; treasury notes 
cancelled, $144,575; interest on treasury notes, $59,423; Interest on public debt, $1SS,595; Wabash and Erie Canal (by 
trustees), $S24,9S3; deaf and dumb, $27,979; blind, $11,781; in.sane, $32,501; university fund, $14,332; saline fund, 
$7,765; bank tax fund, $3,024, etc. 

Prior to 1S47 the State owed on her foreign debt— principal $11,043,000, and interest $3,326,640— total $14,874,640. In 
accordance with the acts of the Legislature of 19th January, 1846, and 27th January, 1347, proposals were made to the 
bond holders that they should comi)letc the Wabash an<l Erie Canal, and take the State's interest in it for one half this 
debt, and the State would issue new certificates for the otlier half, upon which she would pay interest at the rate of 4 per 
cent, per annum, until January, 1S53, and after that time 5 per cent,, and issue certificates for one half the arrears of interest, 
upon which she would pay interest at tlie rate of 2} per cent, per annum after January, 1S53. In this 2i per cent, stock is 
also included 1 per cent, per annum upon the principal, which gives tlie holder of the old bond, when surrendered, 5 per 
cent, per annum upon the new 5 per cent, stock, from the dividend day next preceding liis surrender of the old bonds. 
On the 5th August, 1S50, there had been surrendered of the old bonds, anil new certificates taken of principal $9,503,000, 
leaving then outstanding of her old bonds of principal, $1,736,727 50. The liabilities of the State and Canal, at the date 
last mentioned, may be thus stated : 

Stuie Debt. — ^State's half principal of bonds surrendered, $4,751,500 ; State's half interest on bonds with 1 per cent, of 
principal with half of coupons added, $1,736,727 50— total foreign debt, $0,513,227 50. To which add domestic debt, 
$257,295. Aggregate debt, $0,775,522 50. 

State and Canal Stock. — The amount of the several stocks issued under the act for liquidating the public debt, up to 
5th August, 1S50, is as follows : 5 per cent. State stock, $4,731,500 ; 2} per cent. Stat<i stock, $1,736,727 50 ; 5 per cent, pre- 
ferre<l 0/««/ stock, $4,079,500; 5 per cent, deferred Canal stock, $702,000; 2J percent, special preferred Canal stock, 
$1,216,250; 2^ percent, special deferred Canal stock, $207,400— total stock issued to 5tli August, 1850, $12,723,377 50, 
of which amount deduct for 2i per cent. State stock redeemed, $20,000, and the total outstanding is reduced to 
$12,703,377 50. The State is paying Interest only on the 5 per cent. Stale stock, at the rate of 4 per cent. ; after 1858 the 
rate will be 5 per cent, ; and after 1853 also the 1\ per cent. State stock will draw interest at that rate. The remaining 
stocks are thrown upon the Canal, and their redemption, principal and interest, depends upon the receipts from the 
Canal, in accordance with the provisions of the acts heretofore referred to. 

In 1839-40 the State issued $1,500,000 treasury notes to pay olT her internal improvement liabilities, but these having 
been made receivable for all State dues, have now been almost all returned to the treasury. The State also issued bonds 
for the State Bank capital, and treasury notes to pay the bank a debt which the State owed it. But these treasury notes 
■were b.osed upon a sinking fund belonging to the State, and held by the bank, which institution attends to the Iwnds 
issued for its capital, and also to the retlemption of the notes based upon the sinking fund. The means held by the bank 
are considered ample for tliese purposes. 

The assessed value of ])ersonal and real estate in Indiana in 1850 was $152,370,399, but the true or estimated value 
amounted to ao less a sum tlian $202,650,264. 

Federal Jiepresenf<ttion.— Indiana, in accordance with the law apportioning federal representation, sends eleven 
representatives to Congress. 
Religious Denomiiuttlons. — Tlie statistics of the several religious denominations in 1350 were as follows : 



Denoinina- FJo. nf 


Church 


V.ilue of 


Denctmina- No. of 


Church 


V.iIue of 


tiuns. Cliurches. 


aci-(Hn. 


Property. 


tions. Churches. 


accom. 


Property. 


Baptist 412 .. 


136,338 . 


. $211,585 


Jewish — . . 


— . 


$- 


Christian.... 182 .. 


64,266 . 


. 88,640 


Lutheran 60 . 


18,000 . 


. 86,825 


Congregat'l.. 2 .. 


1,400 . 


8,000 


Mennonlte .. — . 


— . 


— 


Dutch Ref.. 4.. 


1,025 . 


1,050 


Methodist... 745 . 


256,372 . 


. 482,460 


Episcopal .. 24 .. 


7,800 . 


. 74,(100 


Moravian 53 . 


17,400 . 


. 20,800 


Free 10 .. 


2,750 . 


5.700 


Tresbyterian 267 . 


103.432 . 


. 324,170 


Friends 85 . 


48,015 . 


. 59,555 


E. Catholic . . 63 . 


2-5.115 . 


. 167,725 


German Kef. 2 . 


450 . 


8,500 


Swedenbo'n . — . 


— . 


— 



tions. Cluirclies. 

Tunker 5 . . 

Union 5 . . 

Unitarian ... 1 . . 
Unlversalist.. 15 . . 
Minor Sects . 12 . . 



8,000 
1,250 
250 
5,050 
2,822 



Value of 
Property. 

$8,100 

2,350 

600 

17,800 
4,025 



Total.... 1,947 689,230 $1,512,485 



Indiana constitutes a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal church, and also the Roman Catholic diocese of Vincennes. 

Edncation. — Indiana has endowed her common schools and colleges more liberally tlian any others of the New States. 
The constitution provides that " the common school fund sliidl consist of the congressional township fund, antl the lands 
belonging thereto, of the surplus revenue, saline, and hank tax funds, the fund to be derived from tlie sale of county 
seminaries, and money and property heretofore held for such seminaries, all fines, forfeitures, and eseheals, and lands not 
otherwise specially granted, including the not proceeds of thes.ales of the swamp lands granted to the State by the Act 
of Congress of September 2Sth, 1850. The principal of the fund may be increased, but shall never be diminished, and 
its Income shtdl be devoted solely to the support of common schools." The value of these several funds and incomes is 
staled by Governor Wright in his Message of December 2, 1351, to be $4,004,279 ; and in addition to this sum, the school 
fund will be constantly augmented by the reeeijjt of fines and forfeitures, and the profits of the sinking fund. The schools 
of the Slate are under the supervision of a Superintendent of Public lustruction, who is elected by the people, and holds 
office for two years. From the report of this oflBeer, it appears that there were in 1S51 about 400,000 between the agea of 5 
and 21 years. The number of common schools was 5,899, and the number of children attending school was 225,818. 

Indi.ana has also a large number of high schools and academies ; and among her collegiate establishments the follow- 
ing are the most conspicuous: the Indiana State University, at Blooniington, founded in 1816; Hanover College, founded 
in 1329 ; W.ibash Colk-ge, founded in 1834, and Indiana Ashbury University, at Green Castle, founded in 1837. At Han- 
over is also the Indiana Theological Seminary (Presbyterian), a department of Ilanover College. The Universities havo 
100 



THE STATE OF INDIANA. 



each a law department; and there are medical schools at La Porte and Indianapolis — at the first place the Indiana 
Medical College, and at the latter, the Indiana Central Medical College, both highly-flourLshing institutions. 

Libraries. — One State library (7,000 volumes); four social libraries (10,700); six college libraries (17,300); four 
students' libraries (4,890) ; one public school library (200) — total, sixteen libraries and 40,000 volumes. 

Periodical Press. — The public press consists of 121 periodical publications, of which 79 are political — 43 whig, and 36 
democratic — and 42 are devoted to literature, science, religion, etc. Of tlie whole number, 9 are published daily, 2 tri- 
weekly, 109 weekly, and 1 monthly. The average circulation of the dailies, at each issue, is 8,984 ; of the tri-weeklies, 
1,500; of the weeklies. 49,734; and of the monthly, about 2,000 copies. 

Pauperism and Critne.—Tlie whole number of paupers who received support from the public funds within the year 
ending June 1st, 1S50, was 1,182, of which 860 were natives, and 322 foreigners; and the whole number of paupers a* 
the date referred to was 583, of which number 446 were natives, and 137 foreigners— costs to the public for the year $57,560. 
The whole number of convicts in the Slate Prison on the 30th November, 1850, was 142, and the number received during 
the following official year was 103, and during the same period there were discharged — by expiration of sentence, 21 ; by 
escape, 8 ; by pardon, 16 ; by order of court, 1 ; by death, 7 — total 53 ; and hence there were in prison on the 30th Novem- 
ber, 1851, 192 convicts, of which 8 were committed for life, 1 for 30 years, and 96 for less than 2 years; and 151 are com- 
mitted for offenses against property, and 39 for offenses against the person. The State Prison is situate at Jeffersonville. 

Historical Sketch. — Indiana originally constituted a part of "New France," and subsequently of the "Territory North- 
West of the Ohio Elver." The exact period of its first settlement is not ascertained. It appears, however, that about 
1690 the French Indians visited the site of Vincennes, at that time occupied by the Indian village of Appccaughke, and 
in 1702 a party of the same nation descended the Wabash, and established several posts on its banks, and among 
others Vincennes. The tribes inhabiting the country at that time, either from intestine feuds, or inability, made little op- 
position to the new-comers. The colonists at Vincennes, insulated, as it were, from the rest of mankind, and buried in the 
midst of the wilderness, gradually approximated the manners and customs of the Indians by whom they were sur- 
rounded, and formed marriages with their women, joined in their limiting parties, and subsisted more by the chase than 
by the proceeds of their agriculture. Of their simple annals they have left no records, for until 1763, when the country 
was ceded to England, we hear nothing of them. By the treaty of cession, the settlers were confirmed in their posses- 
sions; but immigration did not reach the country till some time afterward. During the Eevolutionary War they displayed 
their hereditary animosity to the English, and seized the first opportunity to join with the people ; and in 1778 a Spanish 
resident gave such information respecting the strength and position of the British forces stationed at Vincennes, that b7 
his directions General Clarke easily obtained possession, which, however, he did not long retain. By the treaty of 1783, 
the country was included in the United States, and again the settlers were confirmed in their possessions. In 1788 an 
Indian war broke out, which caused great distress among them, but they did not suffer to the same extent as the Ameri- 
cans, against whom vengeance was directed without mercy ; but by the attack of General Wilkinson in 1791 at the mouth 
of the Tippecanoe, and by the subsequent victories of General Wayne, a dangerous confederacy was broken up, and the 
tribes obliged to submit, when the district began to enjoy that repose of which it had for many years been deprived. By 
the treaty of Greenville, in 1795, the Unite<l States obtained several eligible parcels of land, for which, as a compensation, 
they paid the Indians sums of money and sundry goods. Other cessions were made at subsequent periods ; but notwith - 
standing these, a part of the Indians still remained hostile, and, excited and exasperated by the eloquence of Tcenmseh, 
a leader of the Shawneos, and one of the most extraordinary men that ever appeared among them, several of the tribes 
united in resistance to the increasing power of the whites; and depredation had been committed to such an extent that 
in 1811 the government determined to exert its power. A force of regulars and militia was concentrated at Viucennea, 
and placed under the command of William Henry Harrison, then Governor. On the 6th Novemlter of the same year, 
the Governor appeared before Prophetstovvn, or Tippecanoe, on the Wabash, and demanded restitution of the property 
the Indians had carried off. After a conference, it was agreed that hostilities should not commence until next morning, 
that an amicable arrangement might bo made, but in violation of this armistice, the Americans were attacked before 
daybreak by a large body of savages. Governor Harrison, however, knowing the character of the enemy, had so dis- 
posed his troops as to be able immediately to arrange them in order of battle ; and therefore, though taken by surprise, 
the Americans received their insidious enemy in a state of preparation. The combat, tliough short, was unusually 
severe ; the Indians fought with desperate courage, but the precision of action on the part of the trcwps was such that 
the fate of the battle was soon decided, and the Indians driven in all directions, leaving forty of their number on the 
field, while their whole loss was not less than one hundred and fifty ; nor was the American loss less in proportion. After 
the action. Governor Harrison having burned the town, and laid waste the surrounding settlements, returned to Vincen- 
nes, aud not long afterward the tribes sued for peace. Tlie war with England in 1812 gave a fresh impetus to Indian 
hostility. Seduced into the service of England, the Indians, after committing great cruelties and excesses, received full 
retribution from the Americans ; their villages were destroyed, and their whole country laid waste. During the latter 
part of the war with England, Indiana enjoyed comparative repose, and after the conclusion of peace in 1815, the Indians 
ceased to molest or trouble tlie settlers. They are now wholly removed from the State. ITnlil 1801 the territory now 
included in Indiana remained a portion of the Territory North- West of the Ohio ; in that year it was erected into a 
separate territorial government, and at that time included all the territory West and North of the Ohio boundary. In 
December, 1815, the territorial legislature petitioned Congress for admission into the Union, and the privilege of forming 
a State Constitution. A bill for these purposes passed Congress in April, 1816 ; a State Constitution (dated 29th June, 1S16) 
was framed by a convention of delegates called for that special purpose ; and the same having been acceptable to the 
federal legislature, Indiana was, in accordance with the law before mentioned, admitted in the December following, and 
became an independent member of that Union of which she is now so bright an ornament. The constitution formed at 
this period has since been revised, and in 1851 it was set aside by the adoption of a new constitution more consonant with 
the altered condition of the affairs and policy of the country. 

Succession of Governors. — Ukdek tub Terkitobial Government: William Henry Harrison; and — Under the 
Constitution: Jonathan Jennings, 1S16; William Hendricks, 1822; James B. Pay, 1S25; Noah Noble, 1831; David 
Wallace, 1S37; Samuel Bigger, 1840; James Whitcomb, 1843 ; Joseph A. Wright, 1849. 

Indianapolis, near the centre of the State, is the political capital ; Corydon was capital until 10th January, 1825. 

101 



THE INDIAN TERRITORY. 



TiiE IiTDiAN Tekritort Is OH extcnsive country bordering on Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas, and situate generally 
between latitudes 33° 40' and 8!P 30' north, and between longitudes 94^ and 100° west from Greenwich, or 11° and 23^ 
west from Washington. It is about 420 miles from north to south, and about 350 miles from east to west ; but within this 
compass is included only the Indian Territory proper, or that extending from the Kansas to the Red Eivcr, and from 
the west lines of Missouri and Arkansas to the old line of Texas. Beyond these limits the allotment of territory has been 
gradually going on, and the Indian settlements now range as far north as the Missouri River, across the proposed limits 
of Nebraska, and are stated in tlio census of 1S50 to contain in the aggregate an area of 187,171 square miles. 

This Territory was set apart by Congress for the permanent residence of the Indian tribes transported from the settled 
States, and here they are secured a residence from the encroachments of the white races. They live under governments 
of their own, and many of the tribes have made great advances in civilization. The number of Indians resident in the 
Territory is computed at about 120,000, four-fifths of which number have been transported from the countries o.nst of the 
Mississippi. The most numerous tribes are the Cherokees, the Creeks, the Pawnees, the Choctaws, the Osages, and the 
Seminoles. The other tribes are numerically small. 

Those tribes which have made most progress in civilization are the Choctatca, who have a written constitution and laws, 
their legislative, executive, and judicial officers, their schools, churches, and all the ordinary appliances of civilized 
societies; the Creeks, who, though not so far progressed in intelligence and industry, yet have made good advance, and 
have also a written constitution, recognizing a chief and council of the nation, and the Cherokees, who are, perhaps, on 
the whole, more civilized than either of the above. The other transported tribes are also improving under the efforts of 
the missionary and schoolmaster. They occupy various determined sections of the Territory, and are not allowed to 
interfere with each other's goveruments. They have each their own laws, and are considered as so many distinct nations. 
The indigenous tribes have not, as a general thing, advanced in the same degree as their brethren from the East. Some 
tribes, however, are settling into habits of industry. The barbarism of the Indian, indeed, is passing away, and the 
symbols of civilization are becoming every day more apparent. Of late years considerable quantities of cotton, peltry, 
and other staples of the Territory have been brought down to New Orleans, and there is every prospect of this branch 
of commerce becoming permanent and extensive. The Indians have also a competent knowledge of many useful 
manufactures, sAich as the manufacture of domestic cloths, agricultural implements, wagons, etc., and as builders are 
equal to the most ingenious among their white brethren. In fact, they now manufacture almost every thing necessary 
to their comfort. 

A proposition is on foot, advocated by the Indians themselves, to petition Congress for the removal of all the Indian 
tribes within the United States to the lands at the base of the Rocky Mountains, and there secure to them a permanent 
residence ; and also to constitute them a State of the Union, with Senators and Representatives in Congress. This eleva- 
tion will doubtless be effected at no distant period, but at present few persons acquainted with the Indian character 
under its present circumstances, will be found to advocate such a proceeding. The next generation will be fitted 
by education and civilized habits to take part in the affairs of a confederation of which they may have become a 
member. 

102 



THE STATE OF IO¥A. 



Iowa, the fourth of those magnificent States carved out of that vast territory acquired of France inlS03, is situate gener- 
ally between the latitudes 400 35' and 43° 3V north, and between longitudes 90° IS' and 96° 53' west of Greenwich, or 
13° 16' and 19° 51' west of Wasliington; and is bounded north by Minnesota Territory, east by the Mississippi River 
whicli separates it from 'Wisconsin and Illinois, south by the State of Missouri, and west by Missouri Eiver and its tribu- 
tary the Tchankasndata or Big Sioux Kiver, which di\ ides it from tlie old North-West Territory.* Its width from north 
to soutli is 196 miles, and its greatest length from east to west 307 miles ; included within which limits is an area of 50,914 
square miles. 

Situate nearly midway between the two great oceans ; bounded on both sides by the great rivers of the continent, and 
watered by innumerable smaller streams ; possessing a fertile soil, inexhaustible mineral resources, a healthful climate, a 
free constitution, and a hardy and industrious population, the State of Iowa has commenced its career with prospects of 
far more than ordinary brilliancy. In extent of boundary, it is one of the largest in tlie Union, and it may safely be 
prophesied, that with these great advantages, it is destined at no distant day to rank among the first in point of wealth 
and political importance, as it already exceeds its compeers in rapidity of growth. 

The general face of the country is that of a high, rolling prairie watered by magnificent streams, and on the river 
courses skirted with woodland. An idea prevails at the East that the prairies are uniformly level. This is by no means 
the case. Sometimes, indeed, they spread out in boundless plains ; but the high or upland prairies, which are much the 
most beautiful, as well as the best adapted to cultivation, present a series of graceful undulations not unlike the swell of 
the sea, fnim which they derive the appellation "rolling." — Sargent, 1S4S. 

The chief rivers of the State are : the Mississippi, which winds along its eastern border for nearly 450 miles, and the 
Missouri, which bounds it on the west from the mouth of Big Sioux Eiver to the parallel of 40° 35' N. lat., a distance of 
more than 300 miles, both furnishing an almost unprecedented extent of external navigation, and their banks affording 
many eligible sites for commercial cities. Besides these magnificent streams, Iowa has many large interior navigable 
rivers, the most prominent of which are the Des Moines, extending through and dividing the State into two nearly equal 
sections, Skunk Eiver, the Iowa, from which the State has its name, Wapsipinieon Eiver, the Makoqueta, the Turkey 
Eiver, the Upper Iowa Eiver, and others fiowing into the Mississippi, and numerous fine streams affluents of the Mia- 
souri. The Des Moines passes diagonally iVom north-west to south-east, and reaches the Mississippi at the foot of the 
lower rapids in the south-east corner of the State — the whole distance from the point where it strikes the northern bound- 
ary line of Iowa to its confluence being over 400 miles. It is this river — represented as being one of the most beautiful 
of all the noble rivers of the great West — that the State has undertaken, with the aid of a grant of lands made liy Con- 
gress, to render na\igable for steamboats of a medium class up to Fort Des Moines, a distance of over 200 miles from its 
mouth. It passes through the great coal fields and through a country scarcely equaled for its agricultural capacities. The 
stream is said to be peculiarly adapted to improvement in accordance with the plan proposed — a succession of substantial 
locks and dams creating slack-water — from the fact of its having rock bottom and high banks, which are not subject to 
overflow. The Iowa, Skunk, etc., are rivers secondary in magnitude to the Des Moines, but they are of inestimable local 
valu^ being navigable into the interior for distances varying from 20 to 60 miles, and by their numerous affluent streams, 
furnishing to the settler hydraulic power sufficient for all the varied wants of a large manufacturing State. Most of thesa 
rivers pass over lime or sand-rock beds, and are generally skirted with fine timber. Limestone, indeed, is distributed 
abundantly over a great portion of the State. 

Iowa is numbered as one of the great mineral producmg States of the Union. Its lead mines m the north-east, and 
of which Dubuque is the centre, have been worked for a long period, and have been very productive in proportion to the 
number engaged in mining. The lead mines of Iowa are continuous of those of Illinois and Wisconsin. A review of the 
resources and capabilities of this country, says Doctor Owen, induces me to say, with confidence, that 10,000 laborers and 
miners could find profitable employment within its confines. The lead mines alone afford as much of that metal as the 
whole of Europe, excepting Great Britain, and their capabilities are unbounded. Zinc occurs in fissures, along with the 
lead ; it is chiefly in the form of electric calamine, and is found in cellular masses; in some "diggings" this mineral ia 
found in a state of carbonate, and in others as a sulphuret. Iron ore is abundantly distributed, but as yet no large 
amount has been converted into metal. In reference to the coal deposits, the £;eologist above quoted remarks, that 
between Johnson and Iowa counties an uplift of carboniferous sandstone is encountered which is probably near the 
eastern limits of the Des Moines coal-field. The Iowa Eiver meanders near the east margin of this deposit, but the 
seams presented on the river bluff' are of inferior quality. It is upicard oftico hundred miles in the direction oftM 
valley of the Des Moine.$ aoro»s the great coal-field ; westwardly It extends from the Des Moines Eiver, nearly 

* The constitutional boundaries of Iowa are as follows ; " Beginning in the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River at a point due 
east (if the middle of the mouth of the main channel uf the Des Moines River; thence up the middle of the main channel of the said Des Moines 
River to a point on said river where the northern boundary line of the State of Missouri, as established by the constitution ol that State, adopted 
June 12th, 1820, crosses the said middle of the main channel of the said Des Moines River; thence westwardly along the said northern boundary 
line of the State of Missouri, as established at the time aforesaid, until an extension of said line intersects the middle of the main channel of 
the Missouri River; thence up the middle o( the main channel ol the said Missouri River, to a point opposite the middle of the main channel of the ' 
Big Sioux River, until it is intersected by the parallel of forty-three degrees and thirty minutes Ifcrth latitude ; thence east, along said parallel of 
forty three degrees and thirty minutes, until said parallel intersects the middle ol the main channel of tlie Mississippi Kiver: thence down th^ 
middle of the main channel of said Mississippi River t' the place of beginning " 

103 



THE STATE OF IOWA. 



across the State. The entire area of this field in Iowa alone can not be less than 20,000 square miles — in all, cm- 
bracing a country equal in extent to more than one half the State of Indiana. He estimates the beds of coal at 100 
feet in thickness ; and lying near the surface, they must be capable of being worked easily, and at small expense. Cop- 
per is also found in this State. 

But Iowa mainly owes its prosperity to its agricultur.il resources. Its fine prairies are easily converted to cultivation, 
and its natural pastures afford peculiar facilities for the rearing of cattle and sheep-farming ; wool-growing, indeed, has 
become one of the staple employments of the settlors, and the raising of hogs for market has become no less a profitable 
occupation. The sheep and hog are here fed with Utile or no trouble, the natural productions of the earth affording a 
plentiful subsistence. For all agricultural purposes, indeed, Iowa is perhaps as line a region as ever the sun cherished 
by its beams. It. is demonstrated by actual survey that no State in the Union has a less quantity of inferior land. The 
timber lands arc less extensive than the prairies, but the growths are so distributed as to negative any objection that 
might be interposed on this account. Compared to the lifetime of labor it takes to open a farm in the woods, the focility 
with which one can be established on the prairie is most striking and gratifying to the settler; and as sufficient timber 
for all ordinary purposes is always within reasonable distance, the comparative absence of forests is not so important as 
it otherwise would be, and artificial groves of that useful and ornamental tree, the locust, can be easily and quickly 
raised. Nothing can exceed the beauty of a prairie cottage, surrounded by its grove of locust, and, wherever met with, 
it marks the abodo of taste and comfort. In riding over the State, however, the chief characteristic observed is its 
evenness — the monotony of its very beauty and fertility becomes tiresome. 

In point of salubrity, Iowa is not surpassed by any of the new States. It is not exempt from the diseases incidental to 
rich and uncultivated regions, but from the openness of the country it is less liable to the scourge of malaria than ordina- 
ry. Take it altogether, it is a most attractive countrj' for the immigrant. The salubrity of the climate, however, depends 
much on locality. The thermometer does not range so witlely here as in similar Uititudes east of the Alleghanies ; it ia 
exempt, too, from those easterly winds so searching and baneful in their effects on the pulmonic invalid. Aloug the 
low bottom-lands of the rivers, which are occasionally subject to inundation, there will be liability and predisposition to 
bilious affections, fevers, etc. ; but upon the uplands and rolling prairies the air is buoyant and free from all baneful 
influences. Periodic breezes blow over these elevated portions of the country as regularly and refreshing as from the 
ocean between the tropics, tempering the extremes incidental to the latitude. 

Iowa is divided into 49 counties, the general statistics of which and the capitals of each in 1S50 were as follows: 

Counties. Dwell. Pop. j?*™^ ^^^l^^' Capitals. 

Keokuk 830... 4,822... 326.. .12.. .Lancaster 

Lee .3,252. . .18,860. . .1,350. . .78. . .Fort Madison 

Linn 991... 5,444... 526.. .23. . .Marion 

4,939... 

471... 

1,179... 

5,989... 



Counties. 


Dwell. 


Pop. 


Farms 
in cult. 


Manu 
Eetab 


'• Capitals. 


Allamakee. .. 


. 152.. 


. 777.. 


. 2. 


. c. 


.Postville 


Appanoose . . 


. 521.. 


. 3,131.. 


. 153. 


2. 


. Centreville 


Benton 


. 121.. 


. 672.. 


. 67. 


. 0. 


. Vinton 


Black Hawk 


. 26.. 


. 135.. 


. 9. 


. 1. 


. — 


Boone 


. 119.. 


. 735.. 


0. 


. 0.. 


.Booneville 


Buchanan. . . . 


. 74. 


. 517.. 


. 45. 


. 1. 


. Indf pend'nce 


Cedar 


. 686.. 


. 3,941.. 


. 358.. 


. 4.. 


.Tipton 


Clark 


. 14.. 


. 79.. 


0.. 


. 0.. 


. — 


Clayton 


. 728.. 


. 3,873.. 


. 200. 


.12.. 


.Garnavillo 


Clinton 


. 499.. 


. 2,822.. 


. 306. 


.10.. 


. De Witt 


Dallas 


. 156.. 


. 854.. 


0. 


. 0. 


.Adell 


Davis 


.1,180. 


. 7,264.. 


. 613. 


.11. 


.Bloomfield 


Decatur 


. 145. 


. 965.. 


. 46. 


. 0. 


.Nine Eagles 


Delaware . . . 


. 338.. 


. 1,759.. 


. 141. 


. 3. 


.Delhi 


Des Moines . 


.1,919.. 


.12,987.. 


. 383. 


.23. 


. Burlington 


Dubuque 


.1.952. 


.10,841.. 


. 755. 


.46. 


.Dubuque 


Fayette 


. 153.. 


. 825.. 


. 8. 


. 0.. 


. West Union 


Fremout 


. 222.. 


. 1,244.. 


. 105. 


. 0.. 


.Sidney 


Henry 


.1,545. 


. 8,707.. 


. 947. 


.26. 


.Mt. Pleasant 


Iowa 


. 143. 


. 8^2.. 


. 70. 


. 1. 


.Marengo 


Jackson 


.1,277. 


. 7,210. 


. 703. 


.10. 


.Andrew 


Jasper 


. 214. 


. 1,280. 


. 150. 


. 0. 


.Newton 


Jeflerson . . . 


.1,649. 


. 9,904. 


.1,067. 


.54. 


.Fairfield 


Johnson.. .. 


. 799. 


. 4,472. 


. 377. 


.19. 


.lowA City 


Jones 


. 559. 


. 3,007.. 


. 225. 


. 3. 


. Anamosa 



Louisa &12.. 

Lucas 92.. 

Madison 180.. 

Mahaska 981.. 

Marion 930... 5,482.. 



Marshall 62.. 

Monroe 515.. 

Muscatine 999.. 

Page 94.. 

Polk 756.. 

Potto wattomeel,475. . 
Poweshiek.... 102.. 

Scott 991.. 

Tama 1.. 

Taylor 38.. 

Van Bureu.... 2,069.. 

Wapello 1,416... 

Warren 152... 

Washington.. 856... 

Wayne 57 . . . 

Winneshiek.. 100... 



388... 18... Wapello 
32... 0... Chariton P't. 
53... O...Winter3et 
480...18...Oskaloosa 
342...24...Knoxville 
. 338... 34... 0... Marietta 
. 2,884... 337... O...Albia 
. 5,731... 460... 19... Muscatine 
. 551... 61... 0... Nodaway 
. 4,515... 321... 9... F. Des Moines 
. 7,828... 82... 5...Kane3ville 

615... 71... 0... Montezuma 
. 5,986... 384... 19... Davenport 

8... 0... 0... — 
. 204... 27... 0... Taylor C.H. 
.12,270... 998...23...Keosauqua 
. 8,471... 828... 7...0ttumwa 
. 961... 47... C.Indianola 
. 4,957... 428... 1.. .Washington 
340... 0... 0... Cambria 
546... 0... 0... Winneshiek 



Since the census of 1850 was taken, Pottowattomee county has been divided into the following named counties : Adair, 
Adams, Audubon, Bancroft, Bremer, Buena Vista, Buncombe, Butler, Carroll, Cass, Cerro Gordo, Cherokee, Chickasaw, 
Clay, Crawford, Dickinson, Emmelt, Floyd, Fox, Franklin, Greene, Grundy, Guthrie, Hancock, Hardin, Harrison, How- 
ard, Humboldt, Ida, Kossuth, Manona, Mills, Mitchell, Montgomery, O'Brien, Oceola, I'alo Alto, I'lymouth, Pocahon- 
tas, Eisley, Sac, Shelby, Sioux, Union, Wahkou, ^Vinnebago, Worth, Wright, and Veil. 

The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 32,902, of families 3.3,517, and of inhabitants 192,214, 
viz.: whiles 191,879— males 100,hS5, .ind lemales 90,994, free colored 835— males IGS, and females 167. Of the whole 
population, there were deaf and dumb — wh. 51, fr. col. — total 51 ; hlind — wh. 47, fr. col. — total 47; insane — wh. 40, 
fr. col. — total 40 ; and idiotic — wh. 93, fr. col. 0— total 98. The number of free persons born in the United States was 
170,620, the number of foreign birth 21,232, an<l of births unknown 362; the native population originated as follows: Me. 
713, N. Hamp. 580, Verm. 1,645, Mass. 1,251, Pv. I. 256, Conn. 1,090. N. T. 8,134, N. Jer. 1,199, Penn. 14,744, Del. 539, Md. 
1,SSS, Dist. of Col. 70, Virg. 7,SC1, N. Car. 2,589, S. Car. 676, Ga. 119, Flor. 51, Ala. ISO, Miss. 133, La. 183, Tex. 10, Ark. 
168, Tcnn. 4,274, Ky. 8,994, Oh. 80,713, Mich. 521, Ind. 19,92.5,111. 7,247, Mo. 8,807, Iowa 50,330, Wise. 692, Calif. 8, Terri- 
tories 185 ; and the foreign population was composed of persons from — England 8,785, Ireland 4,8S8, Scotland 712, Wales 
S52, Germany 7,1!52, France 882, Spain 1, Portugal S, Belgium 4, Holland 1,108, Italy 1, Austria 13, Switzerland 175, Russia 
41, Denmark 19, Norway 86, Sweden 831, Prussia SS, Greece 1, Asia 2, British America 1,756, Mexico 16, Cent. America 
0, Soulh America 1 West Indies 14, and other countries 124. 
104 



THE STATE OF IOWA. 



The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census taken by the United 
States authorities : 

Colorerl rvrsons. Decennial Increase. 



Census. 
Year. 


White 

Persona. 


Free. 


Slave. 


Total. 


Total 
Population. 


1S40 ... 


. . . 42,924 . . . 


.... 172 ... 


.... 16 .... 


ISS .., 


... 43,112 .. 


1S50 ... 


... 191,879 ... 


. . . . 335 . . . 


.... — .... 


335 .. 


. . . 192,214 . . 



149,102* 345.8 

The statistics of the industry and wealth of Iowa, as ascertained by the census of 1850, and in accordance with other 
public documents referring to the same period, were as follows : 

Occupied Lands, etc. — Improved lands, 824,682 acres, and unimproved lands, 1,911,382 acres — valued in cash at 
$16,657,507 ; number of farms under cultivation, 14,>S05 ; value of farming implements and machinery, $1,172,869. 

Livestock. — Horses, 38,536 ; asses and mules, 754; milch cows, 45,704; working oxen, 21, '592 ; other cattle, 69,025; 
sheep, 149,960 ; and swine, 323,247 — valued in the aggregate at $3,689,275. In 1840 there were — horses, mules, etc., 
10,794 : neat cattle, 38,549 ; sheep, 15,354; and swine, 104,899. 

Grain C/'op«.— Wheat, 1,630,5S1 bushels; rye, 19,916 bushels; Indian com, 8,656,799 bushels; oats, 1,524,345 bushels; 
barley, 25,093 bushels ; and buckwheat, 52,516 bushels. The crops of 1S39-40 consisted of wheat, 154,693 bushels ; barley, 
728 bushels ; oats, 216,385 bushels ; rye, 3,792 bushels ; buckwheat, 6,212 bushels ; and Indian corn, 1,406,241 bushels. 

Other Crops. — Eice, 500 pounds; tobacco, 6,041 pounds; peas and beans, 4,775 bushels; potatoes — Irish, 270,120, and 
sweet, 6,243 bushels ; hay, 89,055 tons ; clover-seed, 342, and other grass seed, 2,096 bushels ; hops, 8,242 pounds ; hemp 
— dew-rotted, 0, and water-rotte<I, tons; flax, 62,.553 pounds; flu.x-seed, 1,959 bushels; maple sugar, 78,407 pounds ; 
molasses, 3,162 gallons; wine, 420 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products was $8,434, and of market-garden 
products, $8,843. 

Products of Animals.— ^ool, 373,898 (in 1840,2:3,039) pounds; butter, 2,171,183 pounds; and cheese, 209,840 pounds; 
and the value of animals slaughtered during the year had been $821,164. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount 
of 246 pounds; and beeswax and honey, to that of 321,711 pounds. 

Uome-made manufacture-i fur the year ending 1st June, 1850, were valued at .$221,292 (in 1840, at $25,966). 

J/«»'(/!(c<i(7-e.5.— Aggregate capital invested. $6.'>56,410 ; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $2,093,844 ; average 
bands employed, —males , and females ; average monthly cost of labor — male $ , and female 

% ; annual value of products. $3,39.3.542. The whole number of raannfaeturing establishments producing to the value 
of $500 and upward, in 1850, was 482 ; and of these, 1 was a woolen factory, 14 were tanneries, and 3 were for the manu- 
facture of east iron. The balance of the manufactures and handicrafts, making up the sum of the establishments, consist 
of such as minister to the immediate wants of agricultural communities. 

The woolen manufacture employed a capital of $10,000; wool consumed, 14,500 pounds ; value of all raw material, 
$3,500; hands employed, 7; monthly cost of labor, $73; entire annual value of products, $13,000; cloth produced, 
14,000 yards. 

The tannene« employed a capital of $20,350 ; value of raw material consumed, $10,745 ; average hands, 23 ; monthly 
cost of labor, $543 ; number of skins tanned, 850, and of sides tanned, 10,630 ; value of products, $24,520. 

In the manufacture of cast iron, $5,.5O0 is invested ; pig iron, 81 tons, and coke and charcoal, 200 bushels— valued at 
$2,524 — consumed ; average hands, 17 ; monthly cost of labor, $550 ; castings made, 71 tons ; value of entire products, $3,500. 

These summaries of the different national manufactures are relatively small ; but they are a germ which the immense 
water-power of the country and the spirit of the people will soon foster into interests of magnitude and importance. 

Commerce and Internal Comw unicaticni. — Iowa has no direct trade with foreign countries, but its trade with the 
Atlantic and Gulf ports is comparatively extensive, its exports consisting principally of the products of agriculture and 
the mines, and its imports of the manufactures of Europe and the Eastern States, groceries, wine, etc. The shipping 
ports are Keokuk, Fort Madison, Burlington, Muscatine City, Davenport, Lyons, BeUevue, Dubuque, etc., at all which 
places a busy trade is carried on with the interior. The annual value of the commerce of Keokuk, at the mouth of Dea 
Moines Kiver, though a city numbering less than seven years' existence, amounts to between five and six million dollars, 
and at the other ports the value of the import and export trade is little less in value. Keokuk is the entrep6t and dep6t of 
the whole valley of the Des Moines — a region in which more than half the population and agricultural wealth of the State 
is concentrated ; and when the contemplated improvements in the navigation of the river are completed, it must of neces- 
sity become one of the most important of Western commercial cities. The exports from Dubuque consist chiefly of lead. 
Keokuk, Davenport, Lyons, and Dubuque will shortly be connected with the interior by railroads, and hence their 
commerce will be indefinitely enlarged, and the interests of the whole State be developed by the increased facilities these 
highways will afl'ord to transportation. Most of the railroads will centre at Iowa City, from which point a grand trunk 
railroad will be carried westward to Council Bluffs, on the Missouri, and thence, in the progress of events, to the Pacific 
Ocean. None of these roads are completed ; but, perhaps, as a means of developing the wealth of the interior, these lines 
are of inferior importance to the grand project of opening the channel of the Des Moines to steam navigation, as before 
alluded to: it will thus become the channel through which the greater part of the commerce of the country will pass, and 
along its banks will rise up cities and towns, equal in magnitude and wealth, to those on the Illinois or the Hudson — in 
fact, it will become as important to lovwa as those rivers are to the States through which they have their courses. Through 
Iowa will also pass a link of the great chain of North and South railroads, connecting St. Louis with the extreme settle- 
ments of Minnesota, etc. That portion of this chain within Missouri is already provided for, and will have the aid of the 
State to build it, and the same policy in relation to State aid will probably be pursuwl in Iowa. 

Banking. — The constitution provides that "no corporation with banking privileges shall be created; and all persons 
or associations shall be prohibited by law from banking or creating paper to circulate as money." There is, however, a 
bank at Dubuque, called the Miners' Bank. 



* A census oftliis State wa.'i taken in the latter part of the year 1862: the pop\iIation of the counties was as follows: AUamaliee 2,000, Appanooss 
4,243, Benton 1,137, Black Hawk 315, Boone 1,0-24, Bremer 309, Buchanan 1,023, Butler 73, Cedar 4,971, Clark 549, Clayton 6,318, Clinton 3,822, 
Dallas 1,216, Davis 7,553, Decatur 1,184, Delaware 2,615, Des Moines 12,52.5, Dubuque 12,-500, Fayette 2,065, Fremont 2,044. Guthrie 300, Henry 
9,633, Iowa 1,32!, Jackson 8,231, Jasper 1,974, Jefferson 10,22.5, Johnson 5,788, Jones 4,201, Keokuk 5,306, Lee 20,360, Linn 6,890, Louisa 6,470 
Lucas 1,046, Madison 1,832, Mahaska 7,479, Marion 6,289, Marsliall 710, Mills l,4b3, Monroe 3,430, Muscatine 6,812, Page 636, Polk 6,939, Pot 
towattomee 5,0.57, Poweshiek 915, Ringgold 250, Ilisley 122, Scott 8,628, Story 214, Tama 262, Taylor 479, Union T9, Van Buren 12,753, Wapello 
8,888, Warren 1,488, Washington 5,881, Wayne 794, Winneshiek l,623,Yell 250. 

105 



THE STATE OF IOWA. 



Oovemment. — The constitution, the basis of the present government of Iowa, was adopted 3d August, 1846. Its prin- 
cipal provisions are as follows : 

Every white mule citizen of tlie United States, twenty-one years of age, insane and infamous persons excepted, having 
resided in tlio Slate sLx montlis and in tlio county in whicli he claims to vote thirty days, is allowed the right of suffrage. 
The general election is held biennially on first Monday In August. 

The Leginlature is styled the General Assembly, and consists of a Senate of 80 members, and a House of Keprcsenta- 
tives of C9 members. The number of representatives is not to exceed 72, and senators not less than a third, nor more 
than a half of that number. Senators are chosen for four years, one half every two years, and must be 25 years of age ; 
and representatives are chosen for two years — both senators and representatives must have been resident in the State at 
least one year next before the election. The governor's veto to any act of the Legislature is nullified by a subsequent 
two-tliirils vote of both houses in favor of the rejected law. No meml)er of either house is eligible to any office created or 
the emoluments of which have been increased during his term of service. No person holding any lucrative office under 
the State or United States, is eligible to a seat in the House of Representatives. No law shall embrace more than one 
object, and that shall be expressed in its title. No divorce shall be granted by the Legislature. A census of the Slate 
is taken every two years, and after each enumeration members arc apportioned among the several counties according to 
the number of white inhabitants in each. The Legislature meets at Iowa City biennially on the first Monday of De- 
cember. 

The governor is chosen for four years by a plurality of votes ; he must be at least 30 years of age, and have resided in 
the State two years next preceding. In case of disability of the governor, his place is occupied by the Secretary of State, 
and after him by the President of the Senatx; and Spealjer of the House of Ilepresentatives. Tlie chief administrative 
officers are a Secretary of State, a State Auditor, and a State Treasurer, chosen by the people each for two years. 

The Judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, and courts of local jurisdiction. The Supreme Court con- 
sists of a chief and two associate justices, elected by joint vote of the General Assembly for six years, and until their 
successors are elected and qualified. Any two of the judges form a quorum. The court holds a session each year in each 
of the five Supreme Court districta into which the State Is divided. This court has appellate jurisdiction only in all 
chancery cases, and corrects errors at law under restrictions provided by the Legislature. The Supreme Court has a re- 
porter. For the purpose of holding District Courts, the State is divided into six districts. The judges of this court are 
elected by the voters of their district for five years, and until their successors are elected and qualified; a prosecuting 
attorney and cleric of the District Court are elected each for two years by the voters of eacb county. Each county also 
elects a judge of probate, etc. Justices of the peace have jurisdiction in civil cases where the amount in controversy does 
not exceed $100, and by consent of parties when it is below $500. 

Among the special provisions of the constitution are the following: No State debt shall be created exceeding $100,000 
except in case of war or insurrection, unless authorized by a special law which shall provide for the payment of the in- 
terest and of the principal within 20 years, which law shall be irrepealable, and before going into effect must be submit- 
ted to the people at a general election, having been published in at least one newspaper in each judicial district for 
three months preceding, and be approved by a majority of the voters. Corporations other than for banking purposes 
may be organized under general laws with certain resolutions. The State shall never become a stockholder in any 
corporation. 

Finances, PuUia Debt, etc.— On the 80th November, 1S50, the funded debt of the State amounted to $79,442, on which 
the annual interest was $5,304; to this should be added auditor's warrants unpaid, $10,771 — total debt, $90,813. The 
expenditures for the two years ending at the above period amounted to $75,410, namely — expenses of legislature, $7,453; 
executive, $11,200; judiciary, $18,979; public buildmgs at Iowa City, $3,200; interest, $11,692; and public printing, 
$8,028. The revenue is derived from taxes upon real and personal property, which, according to the assessors' returns 
for 1S50, was valued at $22,623,334, being $4,114,567 more than in 1S49. The levy for State purposes was 2i mills on the 
dollar— the lax for 1849 was $47,296, and for 1850 $56,558. The toUowing are the various objects of taxation in 1850— 
polls, 332,289 ; land, 3,752,168 acres— $13,277,483 ; town lots, etc., $3,640,546 ; capital employed in merchandise, $887,237 ; 
mills, manufiictories, distilleries, carding machines, and fan yards, with stock, etc., $432,238 ; horses over two years old, 
38,585- $1,460,475; mules and asses over a year old, 305— $15,591 ; neat cattle over two years old, 99,406— $1,106,055; 
sheep over six months old, 140,599— $155,765 ; hogs six months old, 206,452— $202,897 ; pleasure carriages, 3,923— 
$151,904; watches, 3,577 — $43,702; pianofortes, 55 — $8,135; capital, stocks, and profits in any incorporated or unincor- 
porated company, $13,107 ; boats and vessels, $]5,0S9 ; all other personal property over $100 — $207,554; gold and silver 
coin and bank notes in actual possession, $238,371 ; claims for money or other consideration, $470,858 ; annuities, $931 ; 
notes, mortgagees, etc., $105,956 ; miscellaneous property, $90,809— total, $22,623,334. 

Federal li/'prfsentation. — Iowa, in conformity with the law regulating the apportionment of members to the United 
States House of Ilepresentatives, occupies two seats in that body. 

Beliyiom Denominations. — The statistics of the several religious denominations in 1850 were as follows : 



No. of CImrch 
Churches, accom. 

3,497 , 



Benomina 
tions. 

Baptist 16 . . 

Christian 8 . . 

Congregat'l. . . 14 . . 

Dutch Kef ... — . . 

Episcopal 4 . . 

Free — .. 

Friends 5 .. 

German Uef.. 1 .. 



2,125 
4,725 

670 

1,550 
200 



Value of 
Property, 

$19,550 

6,800 

21,550 

5,000 

6,300 
800 



Dennmina No of 

tions. Clinrclies 

Jewish — 

Lutheran 4 

Mennonite ... — 

Methodist 50 

Moravian 2 , 

Presbyterian 24 
K. Catholic... 17 , 
Swedenbor'g — 



Vnlue of 
Property. 



1,000 . . 6,950 



12,197 .. 

500 . . 

6,655 . . 

8,990 .. 



43,450 
2,200 
28,350 
28,260 



Denomina- No. of 
tions Churches. 

Tunker — . . 

Union 2 .. 

Unitarian — .. 

Universalist.. 1 . . 
Minor Sects . . — . . 



450 
200 



Value of 
Property. 



7,100 
1,600 



Total.... 148 87,759 $177,400 



The total number of churches in the State is 148, in which is provided accomniod.ition for 37,759 persons, and the v.ilue 
of church i)ropcrty is $177,400. Iowa constitutes a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and is included in the 
Eoman Catholic diocese of Dubuque. 

Education. — A superintendent of pnllie inntruction is chosen by the people for three years. All lands granfe<l by 
Congress to this State, all escheated estates, and such per centagc as may be granted by Congress on the sale of the Pub- 
lic Lands in Iowa, constitute a perpetual fund, the interest of which, and the rents of the unsold lands, are applicable to 
106 



THE STATE OF IOWA, 



the support of common schools. It is the duty of the Legislature to provide a school in each school district for at least 
three months in each year ; and all moneys received from exemption from military duty and for fines imposed by the 
courts, arc appropriated to such schools, or for the establishment of school libraries. The moneys arising from the sale 
or lease of public lands granted for the support of a University remain a perpetual fund to maintain such an institution. 
The school fund amoimts to about $260,000. 

Libraries. — One State library, containing 2,500 volumes ; and 4 public school libraries, containing 160 volumes — total 5 
libraries, and 2,060 volumes. 

Puhlia Prei^s. — The public press of Iowa consists of 32 periodicals and newspapers, of which 24 are devoted to politics 
(12 whig and 12 democratic), and 8 to literature, religion, science, etc. One of these is published tri-weekly, and circu- 
lates 1,200 copies at each issue; 28 are weekly issues, with an aggregate circulation of 1S,.390 copies, and there are issued 
at other periods — 1 semi-monthly, and 2 monthly, circulating 4,050 copies. The tri-weekly and 3 weekly papers are pub- 
lished at Burlington, 4 weeklies at Dubuque, 2 weeklies and 1 monthly at Mount Pleasant, 1 weekly at Andrew, 2 at 
Fairfield, 2 at Iowa City, 2 at Fort Madison, 1 at Keokuk, 1 at Wapello, 1 at Oskaloosa, 2 at Muscatine, 2 at Fort Des 
Moines, 2 at Davenport, 1 at Keosauqua, 2 at Ottumwa, 1 semi-monthly at Kanesville, and 1 monthly at Tipton. 

Indian Cessioiis. — Until as late as the year 1832, the whole territory north of the State of Missouri was in undisputed 
possession of the Indians. By a treaty made in 1830, the Sacs and Foxes, who were then the principal tribes, had ceded 
to the United States the best of their lands east of the Mississippi Eiver. Their unwillingness to leave the ceded terri- 
tory, in compliance with the treaty, led to the " Black Hawk War," which resulted in the total defeat of the Indians at 
the Battle of the Bad Axe, in Wisconsin, on the 2d of August, 1832. In the September following, partly as an indemnity 
for the expenses of the war, and partly to secure the future safety and tranquillity of the invaded frontier, a slip of country 
on the west of the Mississippi, extending nearly 300 miles north of Missouri, and about 50 miles in width (now commonly 
called the Black Ilaxvk purchase), was ceded to the United States, and in June, 1833, the settlement of Iowa by the 
white man was commenced. 

Further purchases were made successively in the years 1886 and 1837 ; and in 1842, by a treaty concluded by Governor 
Chambers, an Immense tract of land, containing some 15,000,000 acres, was purchased of the Sacs and Foxes for the 
sura of $1,000,000. This tract, known as the " new purchase," now contains some of the finest counties in the State, 
though a large part of it was occupied by the Indians until October in 1845. 

The Pottowattomies, who inhabited the south-western corner of the State, and the Winnebagoes, who occupied the 
" neutral ground," a strip of country on the northern borders, have been peaceably removed within the past few years, and 
the Indian title thus became extinct in the whole country lying within the established limits of the State of Iowa. — Sargent. 

Historical Sketch. — Iowa was originally a part of the French province of Louisiana, which was purchased by the 
United States in 1803. The first white settlements were made in 10S6, at Dubuque, by Frenchmen, who built a fort at 
that point and commenced a trade with the Indians, which was the solo dependence of the place for more than a century 
and a half. It.is hero that the great lead mines of the State were first discovered, but at a later period. The territory 
now comprised within the State was a part of the Missouri Territory from 1804 to 1821, but after that was placed suc- 
cessively under the jurisdiction of Michigan and Wisconsin territories. In June, 1838, it was erected into the separate 
Territorial Government of Iowa; under which was also included all that portion of the present Territory of Minnesota 
west of the Mississippi Eiver, and on the 3d December, 1846, it was admitted into the Union as an independent State. 

Sucee&non of Governors. — Tereitokial Governors: Eobert Lucas, 183S; John Chambers, 1841 ; James Clarke, 
1846; and — Governors under the Constitution: Ansel Briggs, 1846; Stephen Hempstead, 1850. 

Iowa City, on the left bank of Iowa Eiver, is the political capital of the State ; previous to May, 1839, Burlington, on 
the Mississippi, was the scat of government. 

lOT 



THE STATE OF KENTUCKY. 



Kekttjcky is separated fiom Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois by the Ohio Eiver, which demarks its north boundary ; and 
from Missouri by the Mississippi Elver, its western boundary. The east boundary Is formed chiefly by Big Sandy Elver 
and the Cumberland Mountains, which separate it from Virginia, and on the south the txmndary Is co-terminus with the 
north boundary of Tennessee. The State lies generally between the latitudes 30° 30' and 39° 12' N., and between the 
longitudes 82° 02' and 89° 40' W. from Greenwich, or 5° 00' and 12° SV W. from Washington. Its greatest length on the 
parallel of Cairo, in Illinois, is 8GS miles, and its greatest width on the meridian of North Bend, in Ohio, Is 16S miles ; but 
the irregularity of its outline in some parts narrows its wldtli to 40 miles, as on the east line of Graves County, and its 
length varies as much as 100 miles from a maximum. The estimated land area of the State is 37,630 square miles. 

The face of the country may be generally described as level or moderately uneven. The levels, however, are not like a 
carpet, but are interspersed with small risings and declivities, which make a scene of varying interest. In the south-east 
the Cumberland Mountains, which form the boundary toward Virginia, e.xcept from this character; but even here no 
great elevations are attained, yet they give to that portion of the country a rugged and mountainous aspect, and their 
numerous spurs or offshoots, projecting quite into the middle of the State, render the surface of the whole eastern division 
somewhat broken and hilly. Farther westward the country becomes undulating, abounding in bold features, although 
the hills are much less abrupt than in the east, and gradually sink down with more rounded forms and gentler acclivi- 
ties, until merged into the almost level plains of the Cumberland, Tennessee, and Mississippi rivers. Along the Oliio, and 
extending from 10 to 20 miles in different places from it, are the Ohio Hills, parallel with that beautiful stream. These 
hills are often high, generally gracefully rounded and conical, with narrow vales and bottoms around their bases, and give 
to the country through which they extend a rough appearance ; they are covered with lofty forests, and have often a good 
soil on their sides and summits ; and the alluvial bottoms between them and the Ohio, and along the streams which fall 
into that river, are of the richest description. 

In the geology of Kentucky the blue limestone occupies a conspicuous place ; it forms the surface rock in a large part 
of the State, and is used for building purposes. Among the cliffs of the Kentucky Elver is found an excellent marble, 
capable of a fine polish. The cliff limestone is the base of the Ohio Falls at Louisville ; the slate or shale is very common, 
bituminous, and supports combustion, and contains iron pyrites and ores, giving rise to mineral springs. The sand or 
freestone extends from Danville to Louisville, etc., and is used in the arts, and even for grindstones. The cavernous 
limestone, as its name imports, gives rise to many caves, the most famous of which is the Mammoth Cave.* The 
limestone region, indeed, abounds in caverns, sinks, and subterranean water-courses. Several of the caves are of ex- 
traordinary dimensions, but the one above mentioned is the most spacious and best known. The sinks or sink-holes 
are cavities or depressions on the surface of the ground, resembling those of Florida, already described, but of infe- 
rior extent; they are commonly In the shape of inverted cones, 60 or 70 feet in depth, and from GO to 300 feet in circum- 
ference at the top. Their sides and bottoms are generally covered with willows and aquatic productions, and the ear can 
often distinguish the sound of waters flowing under them. It is believed that these sinks are perforations in the bed 
of limestone below the soil, which have caused the earth to sink. Sometimes the ground has been opened, and disclosed 
a subterranean stream of water at the bottom of these cavities. The conglomerate or pudding-stone consists of quartz 
pebbles, rounded and united with fine sand by a kind of natural cement : it underlies the coal formation. The coal-beds 

* It is situated midway between Louisville and Nashville, and is a fashionable place of resort. The cave is approached through a romantic 
shade. At the eutrance is a rush of cold air; a descent of 30 feet, by stone steps, and an advance of IflO leel inward, brings the visitor to the door, 
in a solid stone wall, which blocks up the entrance of the cave. A narrow passage leads to the great vestibule, or antechamber, an oval hall, 200 
by 150 feet, and .50 feet high. Two passages, of one hundred feet width, open into it, and the whole is supported without a single column. Tliis 
chamber was used by the races of yore as a cemetery, judging from the bones of gigantic size which are discovered. A hundred feet above your 
head you catch a fitful gUmpse of a dark-gray ceiling, rolling dimly away like a cloud ; and heavy buttresses, apparently bending under the superin- 
cumbent weight, project their enormous masses from the sliadowy wall. The scene is vast, solemn, and awful. In the silence that pervades, you 
can distinctly hear ths throbbings of your heart. In Audubon Avenue, leading from the hall, is a deep well of pure spring water, surrounded by 
Btalagmite columns from the floor to the roof. The Little Bat Room contains a pit 280 feet deep, and is the resort of myriads of bats. The Grand 
Gallery is a vast tuimel, many miles long and 60 feet high, and as wide. At the end of the first quarter of a mile are the Kentucky Cliffs, and tlie 
Church, 100 feet in diamater and 63 feet high. A natural pulpit and organ loft are not wanting. " In this temple religious services have frequently 
been performed," The Gothic Avenue, reached by a flight of stairs, is 40 feet wide, 16 feet high, and 2 miles long. Mummies have been discovered 
here, which have been the subject of curious study to science; there are also stalagmites and stalactites, Louisa's Bower and Vulcan's Furnace. 
On the vMe t>[ Ihe Register Rooms are inscribed thousands (if names. " Tiie Gothic Chapel, when illuminated with lamps, inspires the beholder 
with feelings of solemnity and awe." At the foot of the Devil's Armchair is a small basin of sulphur water. Then there is the Breastwork, tlie 
Elephant's Head, Lover's Leap, Gatewood's Dining Table, and the Cooling 'Pub, a basin 6 feet wide and 3 feet deep, of the purest water, Napo- 
leon's Dome, etc. Tlie Ball Room contains an orchestra 15 feet high ; near by is a row of cabins for consumptive patients— the atmosphere being 
always temperate and pure. The i'^oi- CVmmfter presents an optical illusion. " In looking up the spectator seems to see the firmament itself, 
studded with stars, and afar off a comet with a briglit tail." The Temple is an immense vault, covering an area of two acre.s, and covered by a 
single dome of solid rock, 120 feet high. It rivals the celebrated vault in the Grotto of Antiparos, which is said to be the largest in the world. In 
the middle of the dome there is a large mound of rocks rising on one side nearly to the top, very steep, and forming what is called the Mountain. 
The iJiuci- Ha/; descends like the slope of a mountain; the ceiling stretches away before you, viist and grand as the firmament at midnight. A 
short distance on the left is a steep precipice, over which you can look down, by the aid of torches, upon a broad, black sheet of water, 60 feet 
below, called the Dead Sea. This is an awfully impressive place, the sights and sounds of which do not easily pass from memory. The Mammoth 
Cave is said to be explored to the distance of ten miles without reaching its termination, while the aggreg.ate width of all the branches is over 
forts miles I Next to Niagara, it is the wonder of nature in the Western World, or, perhaps, throughout all her domains. 
108 



■^^^\^x;;^^Vg\^^^^^^],'^^f^ 




^ XtS^ ^^^^^i^^^^li.|^^^SA;i^'-'Q<SN£i^toN£i.i&^^^^W 



THE STATE OF KENTUCKY. 



of Kentucky are continuous of those of the Illinois and Ohio ; they cover 10,000 or 12,000 square miles, and are very 
accessible, but hitherto the quantity of coal mined has not been to any great amount — not more than five or six million 
bushels a year. Iron is equally abundant in the State, and it, too, is comparatively neglected, but from its deposits being 
mainly on or near navigable streams, it must inevitably become a source of future wealth to the country. An estimate 
of the quantity embraced has been fixed at 3S,000,000 tons. Small quantities of lead are also traced In Kentucky, and 
silver ore has lately been discovered near the Cumberland Falls. Salt sjjrings abound in the sandstone formation and 
have become very productive. Saltpetre-earth, or nitrate of lime, gypsum, or plaster of Paris, are found in the caves. 
Mineral springs are numerous, embracing sulphur, saline, chalybeate, etc. The salt springs received the name of " licks" 
from the early settlers, on accinmt of their being the favorite resorts of the wild animals, which were fond of licking the 
efflorescences so abundant around them. The name is also applied to the sulphurctcd fountains which occur in various 
places. 

The most productive soil of Kentucky is that of the blue limestone formation ; and in the neighborhood of Lexington 
and toward the Ohio, the country based on that rock is said to be the garden of the State. The line demarking this 
region passes from the Oliio round the hcails of Licking and Kentucky rivers, Dick's Itiver, and down Great Green 
Eiver to the Ohio ; and in this great compass of above 100 miles square is found one of the most fertile and extraordinary 
countries on which the sun has ever shone. The soil is of a loose, deep, and black mold, without sand — on first-rato 
lands, from two to three feet deep, and exceedingly luxuriant in all its productions. It is well watered by fine springs and 
streams, and its beautiful climate and the salubrity of the conntry are unequaled, the winter, even, bemg seldom so inclement 
as to render the housing of cattle necessary. In a state of nature, nearly the whole surface of this region was covered with 
a dense forest of majestic trees, and a close undergrowth of gigantic reeds, forming what in the country are called cane- 
brakes. In the southern part, however, on the head waters of Green lliver and its tributaries, is an extensive tract, thinly 
wooded, and covered in summer with high grass growing amid scattered and stunted oaks : struck with the contrast this re- 
gion ijresented to the luxuriant forests of the neighboring districts, the first settlers gave the country the unpromising name 
Of " barrens." As a general thing, the terra is by no means appropriate. There are, indeed, portions of the barrens, 
which are known as the kiiobn, that are too sterile and rugged to admit of cultivation ; but the soil is generally productive, 
although not of the first quality, and is well suited for grazing. There are also tracts in the mountain regions and portions 
of land on the Ohio Hills too much broken for general agriculture; but as a whole, Kentucky has as great a proportion 
of the best soils as any other of her sister States, and from the splendor of its climate, has many advantages possessed by 
few other regions. 

The country in general may be considered as well timbered, producing large trees of many kinds, and to be exceeded 
by no country in variety. Perhaps among its forest growths none is more valuable to the settler than the sugar-tree, 
which grows in all parts, and furnishes every family with a plenty of excellent sugar; and the honey-locust, so curiously 
surrounded by large thorny spikes, bears long pods in the form of peas, having a sweet flavor, and from wliich domestic 
beer is made. The coflfee-tree, greatly resembling the black oak, grows large, and also bears a pod in which is inclosed 
cofiee. The pawpaw bears a fine fruit like a cucumber in shape and size, and of a sweet taste. The cane, on which 
cattle feed and grow fat, in general grows from three to twelve feet high, is of a hard substance, with joints at eight or 
ten inches distance along the stalk, from which jiroceed leaves resembling the willow. There are many cane-brakes, so 
thick and tall that it is difficult to pass through them. Where no cane grows there is an abundance of wild rye, clover, 
and buffalo-grass covering vast tracts, and affording excellent pasture for cattle ; and the fields are covered with wild 
herbage not common to other countries. Here is seen the finest crown imperial in the world, the cardinal fl(jwer, so 
much extolled for its scarlet color ; and all the year, except the short winter months, the plains and valleys are adorned 
with a variety of flowers of the most admirable beauty. Here Is also found the tulip-bearing laurel-tree, or magnolia, 
which is very fragrant, and continues to blossom and seed for several months together. 

Among the agricultural stai)les of Kentucky, hemp and flax are the most conspicuous. Tobacco is also extensively 
grown; and the Indian com and wheat of this Slate are large crops and excellent in quality. The first-named — hemp, 
flax, and tobacco — are, however, the great staples. The hemp crop of Kentucky is five-eighths of the whole yield of the 
United States — that of dew-rotted hemp is two-thirds, and that of water-rotted hemp is seven-twelfths of the whole of the 
respective descriptions ; four-sevenths of the crop of flax is grown in Kentucky ; and the tobacco crop yields more than 
a fourth of the aggregate of that production. Its wheat crop is surpassed in quantity by only ten States ; its Indian corn 
crop is surpassed only by that of Ohio ; only two States have larger crops of oats ; only six produce more wool ; only four a 
larger abundance of market-garden products ; only seven more butter ; only two more beeswax and honey ; and only one 
exceeds it in its home-made manufactures. The cash value of its farms makes it fourth in the list of States in point 
of agricultural wealth, and only three other States possess a greater wealth in live-stock, and one other equals it in the 
latter respect. And yet, with all this vast amount of wealth and production, not one-half of ita surface was under cultiva- 
tion in 1S49-50, to which i>eriod the above returns refer. 

Nature has been most bountiful to this State in its noble rivers and useful streams. Beside the great peripheral waters, 
the Ohio, Mississippi, etc., several large and important water-courses traverse the interior, and, with the single exception 
of the Upper Cumberland, these flow in a uniform direction from south-east to north-west; and while the Ohio is the 
recipient of all the great rivers of the State, the Mississippi only receives a few inconsiderable streams of trifling use as 
avenues of commerce. The Sandy, Licking, Kentucky, and Cumberland rise in the same region in the mountains of the 
south-east. The Kentucky is a rapid stream, running, like the other rivers of the State, in a deep channel with a rocky 
bed and generally perpendicular banks ; it flows through a rich and highly cultivated country, and in high stages of the 
water is navigable for steamboats to Frankfort, GO miles, and for flat boats about 100 miles further. The Licking, which 
also flows through a rich region of country, enters the Ohio, opposite Cincinnati, and affords boat navigation for about 80 
miles. Salt Eiver rises in the centre of the State ; it has a great volume of water in proportion to the length of its course, 
and is navigable for boats for 100 miles. It receives from the south a large tributary, called the EoUing Fork. Green 
Hiver, likewise, rises in the centre of the State, and takes a westerly course, until having received the Big Barren Eiver 
from the south, it turns to the north-west ; it has a gentle current, with great depth of water. Steamboats go up to 
Bowling Green, on the Big Barren, 180 miles, and flat boats ascend nearly to the heads of the river. The Cumberland 
has its sources and its mouth in Kentucky, but the greater part of its course is in Tennessee. Eising on the western 
declivity of the Cumberland Mountains, it passes into the latter, and returning north, enters the Ohio in the former State. 
Its course is about 600 miles long, and steamboats go up to Nashville, Tenn., 200 miles, and in high stages of water even 
to Burkesville, in Kentucky. The Tennessee, being sepoxated from the Cumberland by the mountains of that name, has 

109 



THE STATE OF KENTUCKY. 



BO portion of its head waters in Kentucky, but it enters tlie State about 70 miles above its mouth, and admits steamboats to 
Florence, in Ala., a distance of about 300 miles. The navigjation of several of these rivers has been improved by locks, 
etc., and in some the obstructions are overcome by canals and railroads. 

Kentucky is divided into 100 counties, the general statistics of which and the capitals of each, according to the official 
returns referring to the year 1S50, were as follows: 



Counties. 


Dwell. 


Pop. 


Farms 
in cult. 


Adair 


.1,513. 


. 9,89S. 


.1,010. 


Allen 


..1,249. 


. 8,742. 


. 74e. 


Anderson . . . 


. &S3. 


. 6.260. 


. 420. 


Ballard 


. 775. 


. 5,496. 


. 483. 


Barren 


.2,667. 


.20,240. 


.1,813. 


Bath 


.1,595. 


.12,115. 


.1,018. 


Boone 


..1,615. 


.11,185. 


. 982. 


Bourbon 


.1,848. 


.14,466. 


. 784. 


Boyle 


.. 927. 


. 9,116. 


. 443. 


Bracken 


.1,437. 


. 8,903. 


. 728. 


Breathitt .... 


. 625. 


. 3,7*5. 


. 433. 


Breckenridge 


..1,452. 


.10,593. 


. 889. 


Bullitt 


. . 970 


. 6,774. 


. 562. 


Butler 


.. S97. 


. 5,755. 


. 629. 


CaldweU 


.1,746. 


.13,048. 


. 8S9. 


Callaway 


.1,191. 


. 8,096. 


. 933. 


Campbell 


. .2.319 


.13,127. 


. 730. 


Carroll 


.. 766. 


. 5,526. 


. 876. 


Carter 


. 944. 


. 6,241. 


654. 


Casey 


.1,005. 


. 6,556. 


. 758. 


Christian 


.1,966. 


.19,580. 


.1,190. 


Clark 


..1,364. 


.12,683. 


. 792. 


Clay 


. 7S2. 


. 5,421. 


511. 


Clinton 


. 774. 


. 4,889. 


. 499. 


Crittenden . . . 


.. 978. 


. 6,351. 


. 662. 


Cumberland.. 


. 942. 


. 7,005. 


. 607. 


Daviess 


.1,631. 


.12,353. 


.1,057. 


Edmonson . . . 


. 651. 


. 4,083. 


. 507. 


Estill 


. 934. 


. 5,985. 


. 604. 


Fayette 


.2,089. 


.22,7-35. 


. 799. 


Fleming 


.1.983. 


.13,914. 


.1,211. 


Floyd 


. 862. 


. 5,714. 


. 365. 


Franklin 


.1,453. 


12,462. 


850. 


Fulton 


. 586. 


. 4,446. 


. 361. 


Gallatin 


. 747. 


. 5,187. 


. 414. 


Garrard 


.1,2S5. 


.10,237. 


. 666. 


Grant 


.1,031. 


. 6,531. 


. 730. 


Graves 


.1.694. 


11,397. 


1,279. 


Grayson 


.1,065. 


6,837. 


824. 


Green 


.1,105. 


. 9.060. 


. 791. 


Greenup 


.1,529. 


. 9,654. 


. 453. 


Hancock 


. 551. 


. 8,853. 


. 319. 


nardin 


.2,005. 


.14,525. 


.1,406. 


Harlan 


. 687. 


. 4,268. 


535. 


Harrison 


.1,753. 


.13,064. 


.1,130. 


Hart 


.1,212. 


. 9,093. 


. 829. 


Henderson . . 


.1,3-37. 


12,171. 


1,037. 


Henry 


.1,438. 


.11,442. 


.1,029. 


Hickman 


. 656. 


. 4,791. 


. 546. 


Hopkins 


.1,738. 


.12,441. 


.1,354. 



Estab. Capitals. 

. 19.. Columbia 

. 7..ScottsviIIe 

. 37 . . Lawrenceburg 

. 7..Blandville 

. 83.. Glasgow 

. 23. .Owingsville 

. 16.. Burlington 

. 34.. Paris 

. 53.. Danville 

. 21.. Brook ville 

. 15.. Jackson 

. IS. .Uardinsburg 
. 14..Shepherdsville 

. 8 . . Morgantown 

. 35..EddyviUe 

. 7 . . Wadesboro' 

. 12.. Newport 

. 17..Carrollton 

. 7.. Gray son 

. 11.. Liberty 

. 77 . . Hopkinsville 

. 17 . . Winchester 

. 11. .Manchester 

. 8.. Albany 

. 18 . . Marion 

. ll..Burkcsville. 

. 18. .Owensboro' 

. 4.. Brownsville 

. 2.. Irvine 
.156. .Lexington 

. 96..Flemingsburg 

. 4..Prestonburgh 

. 62. .Fkankfort 

. 9.. Hickman 

. 11.. "Warsaw 

. 21 . . Lancaster 

. 15. .Wiiliamstown 

. 85.. May field 

. 14.. Litchfield 

. 20..Greensburgh 

. 20.. Greenup 

. 15. .llawesville 

. 50..Elizabethtowu 

. 0.. Harlan 

. 54. .Cynthiana 

. 12. .MunfordsviUe 

. 44. .Henderson 

. 75. .New Castle 

. 9 . . Columbus 

. 10..Madisonville 



Counties. 


Dwell. 


Pop. 


Farms 
in cult. 


Jeiferson 


..7,690. 


.59,831. 


. 877. 


Jessamine 


..1,093. 


.10.249. 


. 651. 


Johnson 


.. 608. 


. 3,873. 


. 504.. 


Kenton 


.2,854. 


.17,038. 


. 656.. 


Knox 


.1,060. 


. 7,050. 


. 657.. 


Laurel 


.. 671. 


. 4,145. 


. 284.. 


La Itue 


. 846. 


. 5,859. 


. 420.. 


Lawrence . . . 


. 989. 


. 6,281. 


. 655.. 


Letcher 


.. 416. 


. 2.512. 


. 343.. 


Lewis 


.1,223. 


. 7,202. 


. 651.. 


Lincoln 


..1.145. 


.10,098. 


. 614.. 


Livingston. . . 


. 915. 


. 6,578. 


. 485.. 


Logan 


.1,917. 


.16,581. 


.1,180.. 


M'Cracken .. 


. 835. 


. 6,067. 


. 348.. 


Madison 


.1,847. 


.15,727. 


1,185.. 


Marion 


.1,428. 


.11,765. 


. 963.. 


Marshall 


. 865. 


. 5,269. 


. 415.. 


Mason 


.2,423. 


.1S..344. 


. 888.. 


Mead 


. 947. 


. 7,.393. 


. 489.. 


Mercer 


.1,762. 


.14,067. 


. 881.. 


Monroe 


.1.190. 


. 7,756. 


746.. 


Montgomery. 


.1,103. 


9,903. 


856.. 


Morgan 


.1,201. 


. 7,620. 


615.. 


Muhlenburgh 


.1.451. 


9,809. 


921.. 


Nelson 


.1,613. 


.14,789. 


. 844.. 


Nicholas 


.1,497. 


.10,361. 


711.. 


Ohio 


.1,425. 


9,749 . 


1,122.. 


Oldham 


. 856. 


. 7.629. 


. 414.. 


Owen 


.1,623. 


10,444. 


917.. 


Owsley 


. 5SS. 


. 3,774. 


481.. 


Pendleton. . . . 


.1,057. 


. 6,774. 


6(16.. 


Perry 


. 471. 


2,192. 


396.. 


Pike 


. 91 15. 


5,365. 


448.. 


Pulaski 


.2.2(;3. 


.14,195. 


1,528.. 


Rock Castle.. 


. 746. 


. 4,697. 


441.. 


Patsscll 


. 840. 


. 5,849. 


665.. 


Scott 


.1,566. 


14.946. 


758.. 


Shelby 


.1,803. 


.17.095. 


1,202. . 


Simpson 


. 963. 


7,733. 


6S6.. 


Spencer 


. 810. 


. 6,842. 


578.. 


Tavlor 


. 971. 


. 7,250. 


. 648.. 


Todd 


.1,316. 


.12,268. 


. 930.. 


Trigg 


.1.281. 


.10,129. 


. 843.. 


Trimble 


. 865. 


. 5,963. 


. 469.. 


Union 


.1.140. 


. 9.012. 


. 681.. 


Warren 


.1,798. 


.15,123. 


.1,145.. 


Washington. . 


.1,517. 


.12,194. 


. 867.. 


Wayne 


.1,-359. 


. 8,692. 


. 929.. 


Whitley 


.1,214. 


7,447. 


980.. 


Woodford 


.1,053. 


12,423. 


580.. 



": Capitals. 

614. .Louisville 
67..Niclinlasville 

5..Paintsville 
109.. Independence 

6..Barboursville 

0. .London 
12..LaKueC. H. 
. 10.. Louisa 

0. . Whitesburgh 
21..Clark8burgh 
67.. Stan ford 
13.. Salem 
40. .Eussellville 
87..Paducah 
39. .Kiclmiond 
47..Lel>anon 

7.. Benton 
.211.. Wasliington 

7. .Brandenburg 
87..IIarrodsburg 

9..Tompkinsville 
32 Mount Sterling 

O..We.st Liberty 

16. .Greenville 
52. .Bardstown 
33.. Carlisle 
24.. Hartford 

8..Westport 
16..0wenton 
25.. Boone ville 

7.. Falmouth 

0.. Perry 

5..Piketon 
14.. Somerset 

8 . . Mount Vernon 
13.. Jamestown 
59.. Georgetown 
l-S2..Shell)yville 
37. .Franklin 
18. .Taylorsville 
. 22..Campbellsvil]e 
. 28..Elkton 

.37.. Cadiz 
. 19.. Bed ford 

7. .Morganfleld 
88. .Bowling Green 
21.. Springfield 

17. .Monticello 
0.. Whitley 

98.. Versailles. 



The whole number of dwellings in the State waa, at the above date, 180,769 ; of families, 132,920 ; and of inh.ibitants, 
982,405; viz., whites 761,688— males 392,840, and females 368,848; free colored 9.736— males 4,771, females 4.965, and 
slaves 210,981. Of the whole population there were, deaf and duinh—v,h. 485, fr. col. 4, si. 50— total 539 ; blind— \fh. 
421, fr. col. 19, si. 90— total 580 ; i>m(ne—v,'h. 4S8, fr. col. 3, si. 16— total 507, and idiotic— wh. 749, fr. col. 20, si. 80— total 
849. The number of free persons born in the United States was 740,881, the number of foreign birth 29.189, and of birth 
unknown 1.354; the native population originated as follows: Maine, 227; New Hampshire, 225; Vermont. 277; 
Massachusetts, 665 ; Khode Island, 220 ; Connecticut, 44S ; New York, 2.831 ; New Jersey, 1,249 ; Pennsylvania, 7.491 ; 
Delaware, 507 ; Maryland, 6,470 ; District of Columbia, 176 ; Virginia, 54,694 ; North Carolina, 14,279; South Carolina, 
8,164; Georgia, 892; Florida, 30; Alabama, 792; Mississippi, 657; Louisiana, 671; Texas, 71; Arkansas, 271; Ten- 
nessee, 23,623; Kentucky, 601,764; Ohio, 9,935; Michigan, 59; Indiana, 5,898; Illinois, 1,649; Missouri, 1,467; Iowa, 
69; Wisconsin, 11; Territories 8; and ttio foreign population was composed of persons from— England, 2,Sn5; Ire- 
land, 9,466; Scotland, 6S3; Wales, 171; Germany, 13,6i)7; France, 1,116 ; Spain, 21; Portugal, 5; Belgium, 27; Hol- 
land, 3S; Italy, 143; Austria, 12; Switzerland, 279; Itussia, 70; Denmark, 7; Norway, IS; Sweden, 20; Prussia, 198 ; 
Sardinia, 1 ; Greece, 1 ; Asia, 3 ; Africa, 4 ; British America, 275 ; Mexico, 42 ; Central America, 1 ; South America, 2 ; 
West Indies, 41 ; and other countries, 133. 
110 



THE STATE OF KENTUCKY. 



The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the 
United States authorities : 

Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. 
Census Wl.ite ^_ . • , — , Total , . / . 



.... \ t .... 40,936 tons j 

....[• 9,992i tons < .... 14,756 " t . . . . incr. 110,382,640 " " 492-lT " 

. . . . ) ( . . . . 7,793,123 pounds ) 



Year. Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Population. Numerical. Percent. 

1790 61,133 114 11,830 11,944 T3,07T — — 

1800 179,871 741 40,343 41,0S4 220.955 147,878 202.3 

1810 324,237 1,713 80,561 82,274 406,511 1,85,5.56 S4.0 

1820 434,644 2,941 126.732 129,673 564,317 157,806 3b.8 

1830 517,867 4,917 165.213 170,130 687,917 123,6ii0 21.9 

1840 590,253 7,317 182.258 189,575 779,828 919,111 13.3 

1850 761,688 9,736 210,981 220,717 982,405 202,577 25.9 

The statistics of the we.ilth, industry, productions, and institutions of the State, according to the census of 1850, and 
other official returns referring to the same period of time, are as follows : 

Occupied Lands, etc. — Improved lands, 11,368,270 acres, and unimproved lands, 10,972,478 acres — valued in cash at 
$154,.330,262 ; whole number of farms under cultivation, 74,777 ; value of fanning implements and machinery, $5,169,037. 

Live Stock. — Horses, 315,632 ; asses and mules, 65,609 ; milch cows, 247,475 ; working oxen, 62,074 ; other cattle, 
442,763; sheep, 1,102,121; and swine, 2,861,163— valued in the aggregate at $29,591,387. In 1840 there were in the State 
395,853 horses, mules, etc.; 787,098 neat cattle of all kinds; 1,008,240 sheep; and 2,310,5.33 hogs. 

Grain Crops. — Wheat, 2.140,822 bushels ; rye, 415,073 bushels ; Indian corn, 58,675,591 bushels ; oats, 8,201,311 bushels ; 
barley, 95,343 bushels; and buckwheat, 10,097 bushels. In 1S40 the crops were as follows — wheat, 4,803,152 bushels; 
barley, 17,491 bushels; oats, 7,155,974 bushels; rye, 1,321,373 bushels; buckwheat, 8,109 bushels; Indian corn, 39,847,120 
bushels. 

Other Crops. — Rice, 5,688 (in 1840, 16,376) pounds ; tobacco, 55,501,196 pounds; ginned cotton, 758 bales of 400 pounds ; 
peas and beans, 202,574 bushels ; potatoes — Irish, 1,492,487 bushels, and sweet, 998,184 bushels ; hay, 113,655 tons ; clover- 
seed, 3,230, and other grass-seed, 21,451 bushels ; hops, 5,304 pounds; hemp — dew-rotted, 40,936, and water-rotted, 14,756 
tons ; fla.v, 7,793,123 pounds ; flax-seed, 75,579 bushels ; maple sugar, 437,345 pounds ; cane-sugar, 2S4 hogsheads of 1,000 
pounds; molasses, 40,047 gallons; wine, 8,093 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products was $106,160, and of market- 
garden products, $293,120. The annexed form will exhibit the staple crops of 1840 and 1850 comparatively : 

staples. 1840. 1850. Movement. 

Tobacco 53,436,909 pounds .... 55,501,196 pounds .... incr. 2,064,287 pounds, or 3-86 per cent. 

Hemp — dew-rotted \ ( 40,936 tons 

" water-rotted 

Flax ) t 7,793,123 pounds 1 

Kice 16,376 pounds.... 5,688 " ....deer. 10,688 « " 65-26 " 

Ginned cotton 601,456 " .... 303,200 " ....dtor. 888,256 " " 56-15 " 

Products of Animals.— Wool, 2,297,403 (in 1840, 1,786,847) pounds ; butter, 9,877,868 pounds ; cheese, 213,784 pounds; 
and the value of animals slaughtered during the year had been $6,459,318. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount 
of 1,301 (in 1840, 737) pounds; and beeswax and honey to that of 1.150,939 pounds. 

Home-made Manufactures for the year ending 1st June, 1850, were produced to the value of $2,456,838. In 1840 the 
same class of goods were valued at $2,622,462. 

Manufactures. — Aggregate capital invested, $14,236,964; value of raw material, fuel, etc., used and consumed, 
$12,458,786 ; average number of hands employed, —males and females average monthly cost of labor 

— male $ and female $ total value of products during the year, $23,278,301. The whole number of man- 

ufacturing establishments producing to the annual value of $500 and upward was 3,471 ; and of these 8 were cotton 
factories, 25 woolen factories, 275 tanneries, and 45 iron works — 20 for the manufacture of castings, 21 for pig iron, and 4 
for wrought iron. 

The cotton manufacture employs a capital amounting to $239,000 ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc,, consumed, 
$180,907; average hands employed — males 181, and females 221 ; entire wages per month to — males $2,707, and females 
$2,070 ; value of entire products during the year, $273,439. The annual quantity of ccjtton consumed was 3,760 bales, 
and the products consisted of 1,003,000 yards of sheeting, etc., and 725,000 pounds of yarn. Mineral coal used, 720 tons. 

The u-oo^CTi manufactures employ a capital of $249,820; value of raw material consumed, $205,287; average hands 
employed— males 256, and females 62 ; monthly cost of labor — male $3,919, and female $6S9 ; value of annual products, 
$318,819. The quantity of wool consumed was 673,900 pounds, and there were produced in the year 878,034 yards of cloth. 

The capital invested in the tanneries amounts to $763,455 : the value of r.aw material used was, in 1849-50, $537,147 ; the 
average number of hands employed — males 877, and females 2 : at a monthly cost of labor— male $14,417, and female $9 ; 
skins tanned, 69,3S0 ; and sides tanned, 392,400— together valued at $985,267. 

The iron interest is in accordance with the following schedule referring to the year 1849-50 : 

Specifications. Pig Iron. Cast Iron. Wrought Iron. Total. 

Capital invested dollars, . . . 924,700 502,200 176,000 ,602,900 

Oreused tons 72,010 — — 72,010 

Pig u-on used " — 9,731 2,000 11,731 

Bloomsused " — — 1,600 1,600 

Mineral coal used " — 2,649 — 2,649 

Coke and charcoal used bushels, . ,4,576,269 432,750 280,000 5,289,019 

Value of all raw material, fuel, etc. .dollars. . . . 260,152 295,533 180,800 736,485 

Hands employed— males number.. 1,845 558 183 2,586 

" " females " .. 10 20 — 30 

Monthly cost of labor— male dollars.... 37,355 13,889 5,867 57,111 

" " female " .... 47 S3 — 130 

Ironproduced tons 24,245 5,883 3,070 33,203 

Value of other products dollars 10,000 — — 10,000 

« entu-e products " .... 604,037 744,.316 299,700 1,648,058 

111 



THE STATE OF KENTUCKY. 



The industrial establishments of Kentucky, comprised in the aggregate number, as before given, and not specially re- 
ferred to, consist of the handicrafts usually found in agricultural countries, and several which may be considered pecuhar 
to this State, as tobacco factories, rope-walks, bagging factories, etc., in which the great staples of the country are worked 
up and made rea<]y for the market. 

Foreign Commerce. — The internal position of Kentucky almost i)recludes it from a direct intercourse with foreign 
countries — its natural port is New Orleans, in the direction of which all ita great rivers point, and from that port chiefly 
are its products and staples shipped, although a considerable quantity finds its way to the Atlantic porta ria the Illinois 
Kiver and Canal to Chicago, and thence by the great lakes to Dunkirk and Buffalo, and from those points to New York, 
etc., by railroail, canal, and river. Its exports in some measure are also sent via the Ohio Eivcr and Pittsburg. But if 
Kentucky doi's not export its merchandise directly, the official returns for a number of years have noticed direct exports, 
of which the following are the values— 1S3T, $17,782 ; 1838, $8,932 ; 1889, .$0 ; 1840, $2,241 ; 1841, $0 ; 1S42, $17,30(3 ; 1S43, 
$8,145 ; 1S44, ,$25,627 ; 1845, $17,469 ; 1S46, $32,958 ; 1847, $26,956 ; 1848, $25,971 ; 1849, $79,738 ; and 1850, $190,937. The 
shipping owned in the collection district of Louisville in 1S50 amounted to 14,820 tons — the whole navigated by steam 
power, and employed in river navigation. Thirty-four steamboats were built in the State during the year ending 80th 
June, 1S50, and these had an aggregate burden of 6,461 tons. 

Internal Commwiication. — Kentucky is bountifully supplied with navigable waters, and in all its great rivers import- 
ant improyements have been made by locks, dams, and canals. The principal of these arc the works on the Kentucky, 
Green, Licking, and Big Sandy Eivcrs; and the Portland and Louisville Canal, overcoming the falls of the Ohio at 
Louisville, properly belongs to this State. This work, although less than three miles in length, is one of the most important 
improvements in the West; it is 50 feet wide at the top, and admits the passage of the largest river steamers. The fall 
between the two points at which it joins the river is 22} feet, which is overcome by four locks. Almost the whole line is 
excavated out of solid limestone, and was completed in 1833 at a cost of about $1,200,000. The cost of the improvements 
on the four interior rivers above mentioned amounted to $2,133,580. Kentucky has also an excellent system of turn- 
pikes, and recently has commenced to build plank-roads. With regard to railroads, as yet about 130 miles only have 
been completed ; but there are several vitally important works of .this description in a state of forwardness, and whieli 
will be completed w ithin the next two years. Of these the principal are the Kentucky portion of the Mobile and Ohio 
E. E., the Nashville and Henderson K. K., the Louisville and Nashville 11. E., the Covington and Lexington E. E., the 
Maysville and Lexington E. E., and several others pointing to the south and south-east, to the Gulf of Mexico and thQ 
ports of the Atlantic ; and the Maysville and Big Sandy E. E., which will connect with the lines terminating at Eieh- 
mond, Petersburg, and Norfolk in Virginia. Upward of 600 miles of these projected lines are now (.January, 1S58) in 
process of construction, and a considerable length of the whole contemplated has been surveyed and partially located. 
Tlie several railroads named (and others, no doubt, there are), when in full steam, will have a mighty effect on the inter- 
ests of the Slate, even as local channels of trade; but when their importance to the North and South, being links in the 
great chains in those directions, is considered, their very existence becomes the lever of all connection between the two 
divisions of the Union. In this point of view, Kentucky to the West of the mountains, and New Jersey to the East, are 
on a par, both essential to the building up of a national system of roads to connect the extremes of the country. The 
influence of these roads, even in the prospective, is well illustrated in the rapid advance in the value of property. In 
1845 the assessment roll amounted to $22S,4>8,161 ; in 1850 it amounted to $299,331,465 ; and in 1851 it had increased to 
$817,082,6114 ; or in the latter year, which was one of great projects In matters of internal improvement, the increase 
amounted to $17,751,139, or about C per cent. Such facts as these are lessons applicable to every State and to every indi- 
vidual who has at heart the advancement of his country in wealth and prosperity. 

Banks, etc. — In January, 1851, Kentucky had 5 banks and 21 branch banks; the Bank of Kentucky (Louisville), has 
branches at Bowling Green, Dansville, Frankfort, Greenburg, Ilopkinsville, Lexington, and Maysville; the Farmerti' 
Bank of Kentucky (Frankfort) has branches at Covington, Henderson, Maysville, Mount Sterling, Princeton, and Somer- 
set ; the Northern, Bank of Kentucky (Lexington), has branches at Covington, Louisville, Paris, and Eichmond ; the South- 
ern Bink of Kentucky (pMS»c\\\iih'), has br.inches at Hickman, Owensboro, and Smithland ; and the Bank cf Louisville 
has branches at Paducah and Flemiiigsburgh. There are also other banks at Paducah, Covington, and Newport. At the 
date above referred to the aggregate statistics of all the banks and branches then existing, were as follows: Liahilitien — 
capital $7,536,927, circulation $7,613,075, deposits $2,823,607, and due other banks $1,256,589; and «.ssrf«— loans and dis- 
counts $12,506,305, stocks $694,962, real estate $419,070, other investments $410,127, due by other banks $2,451,155, notes 
of other banks $550,879, and specie $2,791,351. 

Government, etc. — The present constitution of Kentucky was adopted in convention on the 11th June, 1850, and was 
subsequently ratified by the people by a vote of 71,563 in favor to 20,302 against it. The first State constitution was framed 
in 1790, and a second in 1799. 

Every free white male citizen, 21 years of age, resident in the State two years, or in the county, town, or city one year 
next preceding the election, has the right ofmffrage, but he shall have been for 60 days a resident of the precinct in 
which he offers his vote. The general election is held on the 1st Monday of August. All votes are given 'oiva voce. 

The Legidnture consists of a Senate and House of Eepresentatives. Senators, thirty-eight in number, are chosen in 
single districts, one-half the number biennially, and at the time of election must be citizens of the United States, thirty 
years of age, and resident in the State six years, and in the district one year next preceding the election; and representa- 
tives, one hundred in number, are chosen from single districts for two years, and must be twenty-four years of age, and 
resident of the State for two years — the last year of the district. Eepresentalion depends on the number of qualified 
TOters. In 1857, and every eight years thereafter, a census is to be taken, and representation apportioned accordingly. 
The sessions of the Legislature are biennial, commencing 1st November (odd years). No session is to continue more than 
sixty days, unless prolongation is agreed upon by two-thirds of all the members elected to both branches of the Legisla- 
ture. Teachers of religion, and persons holding offices of profit under the State or the United States, are ineligible ; and 
members during their term, and for a year thereafter, can not be appointed or elected, except by the people, to any civil 
offlee of profit in the State created, or the pay attached to which is increased during such term ; nor are collectors of the 
public moneys eligible, unless six months before the election their accounts are closed and settled. The Legislature can 
not grant divorces, or change of names, or sales of estates of persons under legal disabilities, nor change the venue in any 
criminal or penal prosecution Ity special legislation, but by general laws shall confer such powers upon the courts. 

The governor and lieutenant-governor arc chosen quadrennially by a ]>lurality of votes; they must be thirty-five years 
Of age, citizens of the United States, and inhabitants of the State for the six years next preceding the election. The gov- 
112 



THE STATE OF KENTUCKY. 



ernor is not eligible for two consecutive terras : he enters upon office the fifth Tuesday after the general election, and 
continues in office until his successor has taken the oath of office. He grants pardons, etc., and may veto a bill, but a 
majority of all the members elect of both houses negatives his objections, and the bill becomes law. The lieutenant- 
governor is ea.'-qfficio President of the Senate, with the right to debate and vote, and when there is a tie to throw a 
casting vote ; and if the oJliee of governor become vacant he, and after him the Speaker of the Senate, shall act as gov- 
ernor if the vacancy occur after the first two years of the gubernatorial term — if before, the people All the vacancy. 

The administj-ative officers of the government are — a Secretary of State, appointed by the governor ; and the people 
elect a State Treasurer for two years, and an Auditor of Public Accounts, a liegister of the Land Office, an Attorney- 
general, and other inferior officers for four years. 

The Judiciary consists of a Court of Appeals, Circuit Courts, and County Courts. At Louisville there is a separate 
Chancery Court. The Court of Appeals has appellate jurisdiction only ; the judges are elected for eight years by the 
people in districts, one every two years, and the judge having the shortest period to serve is chief justice. The judges 
must have been eight years practicing lawyers, and must be resident citizens, etc. Any three of the judges may const! • 
tute a court for the transaction of business. Circuit courts are established in each county, and for the election of judges 
of these courts the State is divided into twelve judicial circuii-s, each of which elects a judge to serve for six years. There 
is also a County Court in each county, consisting of a presiding judge and two associates, elected for four years, any two 
of whom may transact business. There are also in each county two justices of the peace, to hold office for four years. 
Attorneys for the Commonwealth, clerks of courts, surveyors, coroners, jailers, and assessors are elected in their several 
circuits, districts, or counties, and their terms of office are the same as that of the presiding judge of the circuits, districts, 
etc. Each county elects a sheritf for two years, and each justice's district a constable. 

" A commission to revise and arrange the statute law of the State, and another to prepare a code of practice, civil and 
criminal, shall be appointed by the Assembly at its first session." 

Regarding slavery, the constitution provides that no laws shall be passed for the emancipation of slaves without the 
consent of their owners, or without paying the owners, prior to emancipation, a full equivalent, and providing for their 
removal from the State. Owners of slaves may emancipate them, saving the rights of creditors. Immigrants to the State 
may bring their slaves with them, but slaves are not allowed to be introduced as merchandise, nor under any circum- 
stances slaves imported into the Union since January 1st, 1789. Masters must treat their slaves humanely, or the slaves 
shall be sold. Slaves shall not have the right of an inquest by the Grand Jury, but shall not be deprived of an impartial 
trial by a petit jury. Free negroes or mulattoes coming into or refusing to leave the State, are deemed guilty of felony, and 
may be sent to the Penitentiary. 

To amend the constitution, a majority of the members elect of each house must, within the first twenty days of a 
regular session, vote to lay the matter before the people, and at the next general election a majority of those entitled to 
vote for representatives, must vote therefor ; the Assembly, at its next regular session, must pass a vote to lay the matter 
again before the people, and the majority of all the votes, as before, must be given therefor, and then at its next session, 
the Assembly shall appoint an election for members to compose the convention, which shall consist of as many members 
as there may be in the House of Representatives, and no more — such convention to meet within three months after elec- 
tion for the re-adopting, amending, or changing the constitution. 

The State militia of Kentucky, according to a return of 1S51, consists of S1,S40 men of all arms, of which 4,805 are 
commissioned officers, and 77,035 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned 
officers 43 are general officers, 145 general statf officers, 1,658 field officers, and 3,459 company officers. According to the 
constitution, all free white, able-bodied male persons in the State, between 18 and 45 years of age, except such as are by 
law exempt, compose the militia of the State, and elect their own officers. 

The principal State iiutitutions are — the Lunatic Asylum, at Lexington, which, on the 1st January, 1850, had 366 in- 
mates ; the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, at Danville, which had at the same date 48 pupils ; and the Institution for the Blind, 
at Louisville, which had 38 pupils. A second Lunatic Asylum, at Hopkinsville, is nearly completed. 

Finances, Public Debt, etc. — The ordinary receipts into the treasury for the year ending 10th October, 1S51, amounted 
to $738,245 52, and the ordinary expenditures for the same year to $733,653 40— excess of income (including balance 
from 1850), $4,592 12. The value of taxable property in 1851 was $317,082,604— increase since 1850, $17,751,139. The 
rate of taxation is 17 cents on every $100 worth of property (10 cents for the ordinary expenses, 5 cents for the sinking 
fund, and 2 cents for the school fund). The objects of taxation are — general : land, 19,845,672 acres, valued at 
$146,477,116; town lots, 34.357— $85,742,374 ; slaves, 196,1SS—$6S,650,217; honses, 332,998— $12,658,510 ; mules, 49,694— 
$2,264,009; jennies, 2,476— $174,953; stores, 3,718— $9,362,457 ; surplus cash, bonds, etc., $39,092,992 ; and specijio : car- 
riages and barouches, 3,463 — tax $1 each ; buggies, 4,679— tax 50 cents each ; pianos, 1,883- tax $1 each ; gold spectacles, 
1,422 — tax 50 cents each ; gold watches, 6,943— tax $1 each ; silver lever watches, 3,05S— tax 50 cents each ; studs, jacks, 
and bulls, 2,357 — taxed $5,636. Total white males over 21 years old who pay a poll tax for coimty p^irposes, 157,410. 

The public debt has been chiefly contracted for the purposes of internal improvement. In 1S29 so economically had 
the go\'ernment been administered, that there was a surj^lus in the treasury of some $200,000. This was distributed 
among the counties, and applied to internal improvements ; and stimulated by the resulting benefits and the " new impulse" 
■which had seized upon the adjoining states, Kentucky, in 1835, borrowed $1,000,000, to be expended also on turnpike 
roads, of which the country was then woefully deficient ; other sums were subsequently borrowed, to be applied in the 
same way, for turnpikes, for railroads, and for locking, and damming, and creating slackwater navigation in the Kentucky, 
Green, and Licking rivers. For these purposes, also, a large share of the school fund was appropriated, for which the 
State now pays interest. The entire debt on the 1st January, 1S52, was $5,726,307 80, composed as follows : debt to 
individuals, $4,247,537 40 ; to Southern Bank of Kentucky for stock, $150,000 ; to what is known as the Craddock Fund. 
$2,000; and to Board of Education, $1,326,770 40. To pay the interest and principal of this debt, the State has a sinking 
fund, the receipts into which, in 1851, were $531,044 54, and the expenditures were $506,445 06 — excess of receipts, 
$24,589 48. The sources of income to this fund are— a tax from banks and di\'idonds on stocks in the same, premiums 
on State bonds, dividends on stocks in turnpike-roads, dividends for slackwater improvements, of 5 cents on $100 worth of 
property listed for taxation, tax on brokers and insurance companies, excess of ordinary revenue at the end of each 
fiscal year over $5,000. The interest on the State debt has been punctually paid and some portion of the principal — 
Kentucky stocks are always held at a large premium in the markets. 

Federal liepresentation.— Kentucky, in accordance with the ratio of apportionment adopted by the act of 23d May, 
1850, sends 10 representatives to the national legislature, 

H 113 



THE STATE OF KENTUCKY. 



Education. — The school fund in December, 1S51, amounted to $1,400,270, consisting of State and bank slock, and 
besides this the 2 per cent, tax, before named, is devoted to school purposes. The common schools are under a superin- 
tendent of public instruction, elected by the people for four years. According to his exhibit at the above date 99 countiea 
and 5 cities and towns had made reports; the number of children reported as attending the district schools iviis 1SI),111, 
and the average attendance was 74,^43. Money distributed to the reporting counties, cities, and towns .$111,600 Oil, the 
Banie having been paid from the iulerest on the i»ermanenl fund anil 2 per cent. tax. These statistics embrace only the 
schools connected with the Slate system ; the number of children in the State between the ages of 5 and 16 years was 
205,755, many of whom are doubtlessly attending the numerous private schools and academies which exist in every part 
of the State. The principal collegiate institutions in the Stiite are — Transylvania University, at Lexington, founded 1798 
—in 1&50 it had 7 professors, 610 alumni, and 40 students, anil its library contained 14,000 volumes; St. Joseph's College, 
at Bardstown, founded 1829 (Catholic)— in 1850 it had 15 professors, 196 alumni, 155 students, and a library of 5,0(i0 vol- 
umes ; the Center College, at Danville, founded 1820— in 1850 it had 7 professors, 3G3 alumni, and 152 student.?, ami 5,500 
volumes in its library; Augusta College (Methodist), at Augusta, founded 1S25 — in lo50 it had 4 professors, 60 alunmi, 
51 students, and a library of 2,500 volumes ; Georgetown College (Baptist), at Georgetown, founded 1840 — in 1850 it had 
7 professors, 80 alumni, and 06 students, and a library of 6,500 volumes; Bacon College, at llarrodsburg, founded 1836 — 
in 1850 it had 5 professors and 75 students, and its library contaiucd 1,200 volumes ; We.<tern Military Institute, at Dren- 
non Springs, founded 1847 — in 1850 it had 10 professors and 1.50 students, and a library of 1,000 volumes; and Shelby 
College, at Shelbyville — in 1850 it had 4 professors and 93 students, and a library of 4,000 volumes ; the Western Baptist 
Theological Institution, at Covington, was founded in 1840, and in 1^50 had 4 professors and IS students, and a library 
of 2,000 volumes. There is a law school attached to the University at Lexington, and another to that of Louisville — both 
have 3 professors, and the former had in 1850 75 students and the latter 52 students. Medical schools are also attached 
to these universities — that attached to Transylvania University was founded 1818, and in 1850 had 7 professors, 214 
students, and 1,351 graduates, and that to Louisville University, founded 1837, 7 professors, 376 students, and 53 graduates. 
The law and medical schools of the University of Louisville are its most flourishing and important departments. 

Public Libraries. — One State library, 9,000 volumes ; one social library, 3,500 volumes; ten college libraries, 37,150 
volumes; ten students' libraries, 7,190 volumes; three academic and professional libraries, 4,000 volumes; one library of 
scientific and historical society, 1,500 volumes; one public school library, 1,100 volumes ; total, 27 libraries, 63,440 volumes 

Periodical Press. — The whole number of periodicals published in Kentucky in 1S50 was 64, of which 27 were news- 
papers devoted to whig and 12 devoted to democratic principles, the remainder being devoted to neutral politics, 
literature, religion, etc. Of the total number, 9 are published daily, and circulate at each issue an aggregate of 28,163 
copies; 5 tri-weekly (1,356 copies); 4 semi-weeklies (4,000 copies); 41 weeKly (21,412 copies); 1 semi-monthly (5,000 
copies); and 7 montiily (5,150 copies). The monthly publications are — the "Methodist Monthly," at Frankfort; the 
" Baptist Eeview," the " Ciceronian Magazine," the " Examiner," and the " Medical Journal," at Louisville ; the 
" Gazette," at Covington, and the " Delphian Oracle," at Georgetown College. The principal daily newspapers are — 
the " Democrat," " Journal," "Advertiser," "Courier," "Journal of Commerce," published at Louisville. Daily papers 
also published at Covington, Lexington, and Frankfort. 

Religious Denominations. — The statistics of the several religious denominations in 1850 were as follows : 



Denomina- No. of 


Church 


Value of 


Denomioa- No, oi 


Church 


Value of 


Denomina- No of 


Churcli 


Value ol 


tions. Churclies. 


accum. 


Troperty. 


tions. Churches 


accom. 


Property. 


tions Churches 


. acium. 


fruperty. 


Baptist 789 . 


290,460 . 


. $571,655 


Jewish 1 . . 


600 . 


. $13,000 


Tunker .... 1 . 


200 . 


$200 


Christian... 112 . 


48,040 . 


. 165,725 


Lutheran. . . 5 . . 


2,850 . 


21,300 


Union 81 . 


11,600 .. 


18,000 


Congregafl. — . . 


— 


— 


Methodist. . 522 . . 


167,660 . 


462,955 


Unitarian . . 1 . 


700 . 


15,000 


Episcopal.. 17 .. 


7,050 . 


. 112,150 


Vresbyter'n. 222 . . 


99,006 . 


. 492,303 


Universalist 6 . 


2,000 . 


10,650 


Free 32 . . 


8,777 . 


. 13,000 


K. Catholic. 43 . . 


24,240 . 


336,910 


Minor Sects 81 . 


8,050 . 


27,150 



Making a total of 1,818 churches, having accommodation for 672,033 persons, and church property valued in cash at 
$2,259,998; or 1 church, accommodating 870 persons, to every 540 inhabitants, and valucil as property at $1,243. Ken- 
tucky is a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and also constitutes the Iloman Catholic diocese of Louisville. 

Pauperism and Crime. — The whole number of paupers who received support within the year ending 1st June, 1S50, 
was 1,126, of which number 971 were native born, and 155 foreigners ; and the whole number on the pauper list at that 
date was 777, of which 690 were natives and 87 foreigners. Cost of support for the year, $57,543. The whole number 
of convicts in the Penitentiary, on the 1st Dec, 1S50, was 159—16 more than at the same period of the year 1849. 

Jlistorical Slcetch. — It was not until the middle of the eighteenth century that the white man's foot-print was traced 
in Kentucky. The region was one great hunting-ground and battle-field for the savages of the North and South. Among 
the earliest American explorers were Boone and Knox, and these, after incredible perils, returned to Virginia and Caro- 
lina, spreading everywhere the fame of the backwoods. Then came Bullitt, Harrod, and Henderson. The foundation 
of Boonesboro' was laid by Daniel himself, who had brought to the banks of the Kentucky the first white women — his 
wife an<l daughter. Kenton, Calloway, and Logan arrived next. Kentucky was now made a county of Virginia, and in 
1777 the first court was held at llarrodsburg. 

A review of the political history of Kentucky presents but few prominent landmarks. The war of the Ilevolution 
closed, but left the Kcntuckian in constant danger of Indian outrage. The citizens assembled at Danville, which became 
afterward famous for conventions west of the mountains, and soon came to the conclusion that the government at Rich- 
mond was too far distant to be relied upon for the means of defending the scanty settlements from the savage. Two 
other conventions at Danville recommended a peaceable and constitutional separation from Virginia. The third con- 
vention sent a petition to Eicliraond, and in 17s6 an act was passed complying with the desires of Kentucky ; but from 
several causes the separation was not completed, chiefly from a disinclination of the people to bind themselves to the old 
confederation, and for some time after this period the Kentuckian sought to obtain an independent nationality. A fourth 
convention at Danville only served to inflame more and more the minds of the people against the Central Government, 
and a report having become current that Mr. Jay had ceded the navigation of the Mississippi River to Spain, the utmost 
ill-feeling was the consequence. A fifth convention met, and on petition, a delegate to Congress was allowed by Vir- 
ginia ; but the Constitution having been adopted, Congress turned over to the new government all action upon the claims 
of Kentucky. The whole SUite was again in ferment at this delay, and at this early period the refusal of Congress was 
attributed by able minds to the jealousy of New England of any increase of Southern power, and this jealousy was 
expected to continue under the new government 
114 



THE STATE OF KENTUCKY. 



Taking advantage of this state of things in the West, Spain proposed clandestinely through her minister peculiar com- 
tnercial favors and facilities to Kentucky if she would erect herself into an independent government. These propositions 
had the effect of disturbing the public mind, and the rislj of a severance from the Union was imminent. But a sixth and 
seventh convention were held at Danville ; and though party politics ran higli in the debates, constitutional measures at 
length prevailed, and an address to Congress was moved and voted. Two more conventions were subsequently held, and 
the question was determined by Kentucicy becoming a separate territory in 1790, and its admission into the Union on 
the 1st June, 1732. 

Indian wars continued frequent on the frontiers, and complaints of the inefficiency of the federal powers were again 
heard. The whisky tax also became oppressive, and the American policy toward the French Kepublic was denounced 
in every cabin. Enthusiasm was at its height, and the agents of the mad minister Genet were received in triumph 
throughout the West. It w;is even proposed to raise troops in Kentucky to make a descent on New Orleans. Democratic 
clubs were extending everywhere, and even the governor did not scruple to write to the Secretary of State, " I shall feel 
but little inclination in restraining or preventing my fellow-citizens, etc, to gratify or remove the fears of a minister of a 
prince who openly withholds from us an invaluable right, and who secretly instigates against us a savage and cruel 
enemy." The old idea of independence was again mooted, but the storm passed over. 

In the ten or twelve years which succeeded, and whieli included the period of negotiation for the navigation of tho 
Mississippi, and then for tlie purchase of Louisiana, Kentucky was again destined to be agitated to her very centre. The 
treaty of 1195 with Spain gave to the United States tlie right of deposit at New Orleans, and the freedom of the river. 
Pending the negotiations, tho Governor of Louisiana had approached some leading Kentuckians, with the view of a 
different treaty, but action on these premises was stayed by federal interference, and the faithlessness of the Spaniard was 
soon made evident. Seven years now passed in comparative quiet and prosperity, when the whole nation was excited by 
the intelligence that the Spaniards had violated the treaty by a denial of the right secured by the treaty of 1795, and it 
became known that even Louisiana itself had been retroceded to France. 

The purchase of Louisiana by the United States would forever have composed the turbulent elements of the West but 
for the appearance there, at tliat period, of a man whose genius was of the most profound character, whose t)opularity 
had been wide, but whose career and ambition had been prematurely aiTested. Aaron Burr was prepared for any great 
and desperate enterprise, and the West seemed to promise the widest field for his abilities. What the designs of Burr 
really were, has never, perhaps, been fully divulged. The probability is, they have been exaggerated ; nor can any 
faith be placed in Eaton's story about the assassination of the President, the corruption of the navy, and the violent over- 
throw of Congress. Thirty years after this, when on his deathbed. Burr solemnly denied these treasonable designs. The 
policy, if not the ambition or virtue, of Burr was opposed to such a course. The material that he could rely on was en- 
tirely in the West; and within the bounds of a not very clearly ascertained national policy or duty at that period, an army 
of adventurers might be found to precipitate themselves upon the Spanish colonies of the South-west, and entirely revo- 
lutionize them. The success of the citizen Genet, a few years before, evinced this, but now the times were even riper, as 
the Spanish troops, in the first heart-burnings of Spain after the cession to Bonaparte, had been ordered to our frontier, 
and an American army, under Gen. AVilkiuson, was ready to check their advance. War with Spain was daily expected. 

This Southern empire, or republic, whicli loomed up so magnificently in the mind of Burr, was not intended to dispossess 
Spain only ; a part — it is difficult to say how much — of the territory lately purchased by our own government, was to be 
included, certainly New Orleans. The result of these transactions, however, belong to general history, and hence, in this 
connectign, may be passed over in silence. Suffice it to say, that Burr was tried for treason, but though acquitted, 
the stain of the imputation east on his patriotism has never been effaced ; and to our own times, and in every school, his 
treajson and its consequences are held before the youth of our land as a warning to their ambition. The lesson thus 
taught, however, seems to have little effect, else the extension of the area of freedom would still be more limited than it 
is found to be ; in fact, the dream of Burr has become a real existence ; and what he coveted — Louisiana, Texas, New 
Mexico, and California — are parls and parcels of the Union. Burr's great fault, then, appears to be, that he was in ad- 
vance of the times in which he lived. 

Kentucky toolc an active part in the war of 1S12. When the United States proclaimed against Great Britain, the war 
was hailed with acclamation, and supported with zeal by the inhabitants. When the news of the surrender of General 
Hull reached the State, it excited no feelings but those of a warmer enthusiasm in the cause. The whole quota of the 
State, consisting of upward of 5,000 men, was composed of volunteers, and was called into active service. In addition 
to these a force of mounted volunteers was raised, and at one time upward of 7,000 Kentuckians are said to have been 
in the field. So universal was the desire to share in the dangers and glories of the war, that the executive authority was 
obliged to interpose, to limit the numbers. During this period the chair of the State government was filled by Isaac 
Shelby, a hero of the Revolutionary War, who, at an advanced age, manifested the same enterprise and bravery that had 
gained him an honorable distinction in the battle of King's Mountain. At the battle of Frenchtown, and the barbarous 
massacre that followed it, many of the best citizens of Kentucky were destroyed ; and the impetuous, but ill-regulated, 
courage of her militia at the unfortunate attempt to relieve Fort Meigs, proved fatal to a largo body of her troops. 

Since the termination of this war by the treaty of ISlo, the history of Kentucky is undisturbed by any stirring events. 
Its progress has been rapid, and the development of the country in agriculture and other national industries has occupied 
the minds of the people in preference to warfare and strife. True, the war with Mexico was engaged in by many of its 
best citizens, but the scene of action was too far distant to affect the fortunes of the State. This happy termination of the 
feuds and fights of the first periods of its history, has resulted in Kentucky becoming one of the wealthiest and most 
prosperous States of the Union, and in many respects she stands conspicuous as an example of wisdom and patriotism 
for the instruction of future political communities. 

Succession of Govemors.— Isaac Shelby, 1792; James Garrard, 1796; Christopher Greenup, 1S04; Charles Scott, 1308; 
Isaac Shelby, 1S12; George Madison, 1816; Gabriel Seaughter (acting), 1S16; John Adair, 1S20; Joseph Desha, 1324; 
Thomas Metcalfe, 1828 ; John Breathitt, 18.32; James T. Morehead (acting), 1834; James Clark, 1S36; C. A. AVickliffe 
(acting), 1839; Robert P. Letcher, 1S40; WiUiam Owsley, 1844; John J. Crittenden, 1843; John L. Hehn (acting), 1849; 
Lazarus W. Powell, 1851. 

FnANKFOET, on the Kentucky River, is the political capital of the State. 

116 



THE STATE OF LOUISIANA, 



Louisiana occupies all the territory of the purchase of 1S03 below the 33d parallel, and that portion of Spanish Florida 
■west of Tearl River, and below the 31st parallel. Its front stretching along the Gulf of Mexico for nearly 300 miles. It lies 
generally between the latitudes 290 and 3oO N., and between longitudes 88° 40' and 94° 23' W. ; and is bounded north 
by Arkansas and Mississippi ; east by Mississippi, from which it is divided by the river of the same name, and Pearl Eiver ; 
soutli by the Gulf of Mexico ; and west l)y Texas, the Sabine River being its boundary in this direction more than two- 
thirds the distance. The area of the land surface of the State is computed at 46,431 square miles. 

The surface of Louisiana is low and generally level, with some hilly ranges of little elevation in the western part, and 
numerous basins or depressions of the soil. The great delta of the Mississippi, included within the Atchafalaya and tho 
Iben'ille, and amounting to one-fourth part the area of the State, is seldom elevated more than ten feet above the sea, and 
is annually inundated by the spring floods. A great part of the delta is composed of sea marsh, which also forms the 
whole southern coast to the Sabine, and which, through its whole extent, is subject to inundations by the high tides. To 
the north of this marsh, spreads out the vast level of the prairies, which is but slightly elevated above the former district. 
The western margin of the Mississippi is also a low countrj', intersected by numerous small rivers, and liable to inunda- 
tion. To the west and north of these is an extensive region comprising one-half of the State, considerably broken, but no- 
where exceeding 200 feet in elc\ation. The section north of the Iberville and Lake Ponteharlrain and east of the Missis- 
sippi is of a similar description with the north-western region, and, like that. Is principally covered with pine. 

Tlie State presents but a limited geological field. It is divide<l into the leading grades or divisions of tertiary, diluvial, 
and alluvial. The tertiary, occupying about two-fifths of the State, lies north of a wavhig line, commencing on the Sabine 
near the mouth of the Neches, crossing Red River 20 miles north of Alexandria, and the Washita 10 miles north of llarris- 
burg. Its beds contain coal (aluminous brown coal), salt, iron, ochre, gypsum, and marls. The coal is inferior to that 
of Pittsburg, and could not compete with it in the market, but is worth developing for use in those portions of the State 
where the better coal would not bear the expense of transportation. It abounds in Sabine, Natchitoches, Caddo, and De 
Soto, and all the parishes thence east to the Washita. Salt springs are common in Natchitoches and Rapides, and have 
been wrought in earlier times. A saline bed, it is thought, underlies the tertiary series generally. Iron is found in great 
quantities in all the tertiary parishes, and is well worth the attention of those who would develop the State's resources. 
Ochre, gypsum, and marls, too, are found — the first in the native form, and the others co-extensive with the tertiary beds. 
The gypsum is very fine, equal to any known to commerce, and the marls very rich in the regions where they will be most 
needed. 

About one-fifth of the whole surface is periodically overflowed by the waters of the Mississippi, and a great portion of 
these inundated lands is rendered unfit for cultivation in its present state. This immense alluvial tract embraces soil of 
various descriptions, which may be arranged into four classes — the first, which is thought to be equal to two-thirds of the 
whole, is covered with heavy timber, and an almost impenetrable undergrowth of cane and other shmbbery.. This portion 
is quickly drained as the river retires into its natural channels, and has a soil of the greatest fertility. Tho second class 
coasists of cypress swamps : these are basins or depressions of the surface, from which there is no natural outlet, and 
which, being filled with water by the floods, remain covered with it until carried off by evaporation or absorption; these, 
by draining, might become excellent rice lands. The third class embraces the sea marsh, a belt of land partially covered 
by common tides, and subject to inundation from the high waters of the Gulf during the equinoctial gales ; it is generally 
without timber, and its soil is partially clayey, and, in part, as black as ink, cracking by the heat of the sun into fissures 
wide enough to admit a man's arm. And the fourth class consists of small bodies of prairie land dispersed in different 
parts of the aUuvial territory. These spots are elevated and without timber, but of great fertility. The pine lands have 
usually a poor soil, but the interval lands on the rivers, or bottoms, as they are universally called in the West, are always 
rich. On the Red River the soil contains a portion of salt, and is of a dark-red color, from its containing the oxide of iron. 
A great portion of tho prairies Is second-rate land, and some of them are sterile. The richest tract in the State is a nar- 
row belt, called the coast, lying along the Mississippi on both sides, and extending from 150 miles above to 140 miles below 
New Orleans ; it is from 1 to 2 miles wide, and lies below the level of the water in the river in ordinary times of flood, and 
is only dtfcnded from drowning by a dyke or levfie 6 or 8 feet in height, and sufficiently broad for a highway. The whole 
of this tract is under cultivation, and produces valuable crops of sugar. 

The prairies, or unwooded plains, occupy the interior section between the Techc and Sabine ; the water-courses are hero 
lined with trees, and occasionally little groves or clumps, called, from their isolated appearance in these grassy expanses, 
" islands," are met with. Northward of the prairies is an extensive tract, before alluded to as the tertiary region, reaching 
to the northern boundary, and approaching the Washita on the east, the surface of which is much broken into hlUs, though 
of moderate height. It consists mostly of pine barrens covered with a vast forest of pitch pine, interspersed with oaks, 
elms, cypress, honey-locust, etc., in low spots and on the margins of the streams. The tract east of the Mississippi and 
north of the Iberville and the connected lakes, closely resembles that last described in its surface and finest growths. It is, 
in fact, a part of the same upland plain whose margin on the western side is separated from the river-bed by tho low, inun- 
dated lands, but on the east comes up to the channel of the river, in many places forming those prominent bluffs on which 
stand Baton Rouge, SL rrancisviUe, Fort Adams, Natchez, and Vicksburg. 

The Mississippi, after having formed tho boundary of the State for about 450 miles, enters its limits 850 mile^ from tho 
sea, by the course of the river channeL Throughout this distance of 800 miles, its western bank is low, and flooded in 
116 



THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. 



high stages of the water. At the point where it enters the State, it throws off its first outlet, tlie Atohafalaya, and her' 
may be said to commence the delta of the river. The Atcliafalaya, here called the Chaliilio, receives the waters of the 
Mississippi only in flood, and the navigation is obstructed by collections of timber, often covered with mu-d and weeds, 
which choke up its channel. The Teche and Courtableau are its principal tributaries. The Bayou Plaquemine, the next 
considerable outlet of the Mississippi, discharges the waters of that river into the Atchafalaya during the floods, and is the 
channel of trade between the country on the Atchafalaya and New Orleans. Lower down is the La Fourehe outlet, which 
has high banks along its upper course, and admits vessels of 4 or 5 feet draft nearly to its head. On the left bank the 
Bayou Manchac, a little below Baton Rouge, or the last highland passed in descending the Mississippi, is the first and princi- 
pal outlet ; after receiving the River Amite from Mississippi, it takes tlie name of Iberville River. It may here be remarked 
that the term '' bayou," applied to arms of rivers in Louisiana, is generally confiued to those that have no proper current, 
but are sometimes stagnant, and flow sometimes in one direction, and sometimes in another, according to the high or low 
stage of the waters — it appears to be a corruption of boyau, used in the sense of the corresponding English sea-term " gut." 

The Red River is the most important and, indeed, with the exception of two or three magnificent streams on the eastern 
Bide above Baton Rouge, the only tributary of the Mississippi within this State ; for the surrounding country being lower 
than the river banks, its waters can not gain access to the bed. The Red River rises in the Rocky Mountains, and flowing 
eastwardly along the north border of Texas, and into Arkansas, turns to the south, and passes into Louisiana. Sogn after 
entering this State, its bed is choked up by an immense accumulation of fallen timber, called the " Raft," and the water 
is dispersed into numerous channels, and spread over wide expanses. The Raft extended formerly over a distance of 160 
miles, but its length has been materially diminished, and, in fact, its complete removal is considered certain. Below 
Naehitoches the river divides into several arms, which again xmite above Alexandria, and its waters reach the Mississippi 
just above the fii'st outlet, after a course of 2,000 miles, of which 1,500 miles is open to steam navigation. The Black 
River, its principal tributary, is formed by the junction of the Tensas, Washita, Catahoula or Little River, all considerable 
streams, and navigable by steamboats ; but most of the country along their courses is overflowed. The Bayou du Bon 
Dieu is also a large ana navigable river, which enters it above the Black. There are numerous lakes in this section of 
the State, formed chiefly by the overflowings of the rivers, which fill the low basins back of their banks. In the south are 
the Vermillion, Mermenteau, and Calcasieu, which, rising in a tract of pine hills to the south of the Red River, and flowing 
through the great pastoral plains of the west, reach the low marshy strip to the Mexican Gulf, and spread into shallow 
lagoons. The Sabine, which partakes of the character of the last described rivers, is, however, a considerable stream, 
rising farther to the north in Texas, and is a navigable river beyond the Louisiana boundary, but its mouth is obstructed 
by a bar. From the north-eastern pine region, the Pearl, Tangipaod, Chefuncta, and Iberville, large navigable rivers, flow 
into the lakes and passes which separate that region from the fluviatile district. The Iberville, formed by the junction of 
the Amite from the north, .ind the Manchac from the west, enters the head of Lake Maurepas, which is from 10 to 12 feet 
deep, and connected with Lake Pontchartrain by the Pass Manchac. Lake Pontchartrain is about 40 miles long, and 24 
miles wide, with an average depth of 10 fathoms, but is shallow near the shores. "Vessels drawing S feet of water can, 
however, go up to Madisonville and to the mouth of Bayou St. John, in the rear of New Orleans; and not more than that 
draft can be carried through the passes or channels called the Rigolets and Chef Menteiu-, through which it communi- 
cates with Lake Borgne. This last is, properly speaking, no lake, but the termination of Pascagoula Sound ; it approaches 
to within 15 miles of New Orleans, and boats can go up the bayoux that empty into it to within a short distance of the city. 
It is of about the same average depth with Lake Pontchartrain, but somewhat deeper along the shores. 

Louisiana is remarkably destitute of good harbors. Vessels drawing S feet of water can go up to Madisonville on Lake 
Pontchartrain, but the other inlets on the coast are shallow. There is, however, a good roadstead on the west side of 
Chandelcur Islands, called the Road of Naso, in whicli the heavy vessels of the English fleet lay during the expedition 
against New Orleans. Numerous sheets of water, improperly called lakes, lie along the coast. Of Lake Borgne mention 
has already been made. Barataria, Vermillion, C6te Blanche, Atchafalaya, and Simballier Bays, are shallow tide basins. 
In the interior, lakes L'Allemands and Chelimaches are large bodies of waters. 

The agricultural staples of Louisiana, in common witli the whole zone bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, are cotton and 
sugar; rice, maize, or Indian corn, and tobacco, are also cultivated, but have been neglected for the first named articles; 
and indigo, which was formerly a staple, has been abandoned. The prairie lands of the west afford valuable pastures ; 
and here are found large herds of cattle and horses. In the north-western part of the State, between the Mississippi and 
Pearl Rivers, much lumber is cut for exportation, and much tar, pitch, and turpentine is prepared. The cotton plant is 
cultivated chiefly on the Red River and in the north-eastern parts of the State : but there is no parish in which it is not 
producc'l in a greater or less quantity. Sugar is planted as far north as the head of the delta, and it has been raised with 
success in the parish of Rapides. It was formerly asserted that it would not thrive farther north than the 30th parallel. 
Those interested in the productions of the south and south-west will find elaborate essays on each staple cultivated in 
those regions in De Bow's work, " The Indiu^Mal Resources, etc., of the Southern and We.^tern States," published in 
1852, in 3 volumes, a work which every statesman and commercial man ought to place within his immediate reach, and 
frequently consult. It is a perfect encyclopedia of national economics. 

Louisiana is divided into two Districts ; the Eastern District has 21 parishes, and the "Western District 26 parishes, 
the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each in 1S50, were as follows: 



Parishes. Dwell. Pop. f".'^^l ^^^^^' Capitals. 

Ascension 755. 10,752. .157. . 0. . Donaldsonville 

Assumption 926.. 10,533.. 520. . 0.. A.ssumption 

E. Baton Rouge. 1,044.. 11,977.-287.. 0. .Baton Rouge 
East Feliciana.. 712.. 13,598 .. 861 . . 49.. Jackson 

Iberville 638.. 12,214.. 219.. 10. .Iberville 

Jefferson 3,S25.. 25,091.. 81.. 54.. La Fayette 

La Fourehe 938.. 9,533. 2.35.. 4. .Thibodeanville 

Livingston 480.. 3,3S5..219.. 36.. Springfield 

Orleans y. 15,621 . . 119,461 . . 51 . . 521 . , New Orleans 

Plaquemines.... 615.. 7,390.. 205.. .. Fort Jackson 
Pomt Coupee ... 760 .. 11,3.39 .. ^48 . . .. Point Coupee 



EASTERN LOUISIANA. 

Parishes. 

St Bernard 

St. Charles. 

St. Uelena. 

St. James . . 



°-"- Pop- "0.1. fstal"'- Capitals. 

. . 283 . . 3,802 . . 34 . . . . Terre Aux Boeufs 
..191.. 5,120.. 70.. 3.. St. Charles C. H. 
...390.. 4,561.. 273.. 9..Greensburg 
..1391.. 11, 098.. 145.. 6..Bringier3 
St. John Baptist.. 530.. 7,-317. .162. . 14. .Bonnet Carre 

St. TammaTiy 786.. 6,-364.. 90.. 83.. Covington 

Terre Bonne 550 . . 7,724 . . 224 . . 4 . . Houraa 

Washington 406.. 3,408. .260.. O..Frank!inton 

W. Baton Rouge . 392 . . 6,270 . . 138 . . 10 . . Baton Rouge C.H. 
"W. Feliciana 599. .13,245. .234. .147. .St FrancisviUe. 



IIT 



THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. 



WESTERS LOUISIANA. 



Parishes. Dwell. 

Avoyelles 792.. 

Bienville ....571.. 

Bossier 478.. 

Caddo 742.. 

Calcasieu 543. . 

CiildweU 300.. 

Carroll 582.. 

Catahoula 655. . 

Claiborne 842.. 

Concordia . . . 219 . . 

DeSoto 685.. 

Franklin 846.. 

Jackson 622.. 



Pop. 

.9,326. 
.5,539. 
.6,962. 

.8,8S4. 
.3,914. 
.2,815. 
.8,789. 
.6,982. 
.7,471. 
.7,758. 
.8,019., 
.8,251. 
.5,566., 



F.irms. 
in r:ult. 

..893. 
..271. 
...333. 
..305. 
..239. 
..185. 
..238. 
..358. 
..554. 
..14S. 
..427., 
..2S3. 
..290., 



M;inllf 

. 5 Marksvillc 

.3 Mount Lebanon 

. Belle view 

. Shreveport 

. Marion 

. 1 Columbia 

.10 L. Providence 

. 3 Harrisonburg 

. 3 Homer 

. O....Vidalia 
. 9....Mansflekl 

. Winiisborough 

. 6 Vernon 



Parislies. 



Dwells. 



La Fayette.... 6-30., 

Madison 44S.. 

Morohause. . . . 372.. 
Naehitoches.. 1,432.. 

Eapides 1,032.. 

SatMne 632.. 

St Landry.... 2,421.. 
St. Martin's... 940.. 

St. Mary's 746.. 

Tensas 244. . 

Union 942.. 

Vermillion.... 406.. 
Wachita 442., 



Pop. 

. 6,720.. 
. 8,773.. 
, .3,913.. 
,14,201.. 
,16,561.. 
. 4.515.. 
,22,253.. 
.11,107.. 
, 8,808.. 
, 9,040.. 
, 8,203.. 
8,409.. 
. 5,008., 



Farms, 
in cult. 


Manu 
Estil 


1 Capitals, 


..441. 


. 0. 


.Vermillionville 


.218. 


.24. 


.Richmond 


..260. 


. 4. 


.Bastrop 


..842.. 


. 9. 


.Nachitoches 


.187.. 


.11.. 


. Alexandria 


..522. 


. 5.. 


.Manny 


.775.. 


.18.. 


.Opelousas 


..420. 


. 0. 


.St. Miirtinsville 


.198.. 


. 0.. 


.Franklin 


..165. 


. 6.. 


.St. Joseph's 


..717. 


. 1. 


.Farmersville 


.193.. 


. 0. 


.La Fayette 


..242. 


. 4. 


.Monroe 



The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 49,101 ; of families 54,112, and of inhabitants 
611,974, viz.: whites 255,416— males 141,059, and females 114,357; free col. 17,537— males 7,593, and females 9,939, and 
slaves 239,021 Of the whole jxipulation, there were deaf and dumb — wh. 89, fr. col. 5, si. .34 — total 123 ; blind — wh. 67, fr. 
col. 25, si. 126— total 218; imiine—yi\\. 150, fr. col. 15, si. 4-3— total 208; and idiotic— \\\\. 104. fr. col. 13, si. 86— total 173. 
The number of tree persons born in the Unititl States w'as 205,921 ; the number of foreign birth 66,413, and of birth un- 
known 620. The native population originated as follows: Maine 816, N. Hamp. 247, Verm. 283, Mass. 1,620, R. I. 239, 
Conn. 469, N. York 5,510, N. Jer. 493, Perm. 2,493, Del. 117, Ind. 1,440, Dist. of Col. 156, Virg. 3,216, N. Car. 2,923, S. 
Car. 45S3, Ga. 5,917, Flor. 872, Ala. 7,346, Miss. 10,913, Lonixiana 145,474, Tex. 804, Ark. 303, Tenn. 3,352, Ky. 2,963, 
Ohio, 1,473, Mich. 68, Ind. 414, III. 401, Mo. 909, la. 28, Wise. 7, Calif. 1, Territories 1 ; and the foreign population was 
composed of persons from— England 3,550, Ireland 24,266, Scotland 1,196, "Wales 43, Germany 17,507, France 11,552, 
Spain 1,417, Portugal 157, lielghmi 115, Holland 112, Turkey 43, Italy 915, Austria 156, Switzerland 723, Russia 65, 
Denmar k2S8, Norway 64, Sweden 249, Prussia 380, Sardinia 9, Greece 23, China 33, Asia 17, Africa 90, Brit. America 499, 
Mexico 405, Cent. America 3, S. America 15, West Indies 1,337, Sandwicli Islands 1, and other countries 1,173. 

The following table will show the decennial jjrogress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the 
United States authorities: 

Colitred Persons, Decennial Increase. 

Census 'Wliite , . ^ Total , «_ , 

Years. I'ersons. Free. Slave. Total. Population. Numerical. Percent. 

.1810 84,311 7,535 34,660 42,245 76,,556 — — 

1820 73,3S3 10,960 69,064 170,024 15.3,407 76,851 100.4 

18-30 89,2.31 16,710 109,.5S3 126,29^ 215..529 62,122 40.5 

1S40 15S,457 25,502 168,452 193,054 .352,411 136,382 63.5 

1850 255,416 17,537 239,021 2.5«,.')oS 511,974 159,563 45.2 

The statistical returns of the industry and wealth of Louisiana, as furnished by the seventh census of the United States, 
taken in 1350, and other official documents refering to the same period, arc as follows : 

Occupied Lands, etc. — Improved lands, 1,590,025 acres, and unimproved lands, 3,939,018 acres — valued in cash at 
$75,814,893; number of farms under cultivation, 13,422 — in western division, 9,209. and in eastern division, 4,213. Value 
of farming implements and machinery, .$11,570,9.33. 

Lice-Stock. — Horses, 89,514 ; as.ses and mules, 44,849 ; milch cows, 105,576 ; working oxen, 54,968 ; other cattle, 414,793 ; 
sheep, 110,333 ; swine, 597,301. The returns under this head in 1840 sum up thus — horses, mules, etc., 99,338 ; neat cattla 
of all descriptions, 331,243; sheep, 98,072; and swine, 823,220. 

Grain Crops. — Wheat, 417 bushels; rye, 475 bushels; Indian corn, 10,226,373 bushels; oats, 89,637 bushels; barley, 
bushels; and buckwheat, 3 bushels. The crops of 1339-40 were — wheat, 60 bushels; barley, bushels; oats, 107,353 
bushels; rye, 1,812 bushels; buckwheat, bushels; Indian corn, 5,952,912 bushels. 

Other Staple Crops.— liico, 4,425,349 (in 1840, 3,604,534) pounds; tobacco, 26,873 (in 1840,119,824) pounds; gmned 
cotton, 178,737 bales of 400 pounds each, or 71,494,800 (in 1340, 152,555,368) pounds ; sugar — maple, 255 pounds, and cane, 
226,001 (in 1340, 119,947}) hogsheads of 1,000 pounds ; and molasses, 10,931,177 gallons. 

3fi.icella>ieoiis Crops. — Peas and beans, 161,732 bushels; potatoes — Irish, 95,632, and sweet, 1,4 8,453 bushels; hay, 
25,752 tons; clover-seed, 2 bushels, and other grass-seeds, 97 bushels; hops, 125 pounds; hemp — dew-rotted, tons, and 
water-rotted, tons; flax, pounds; flax-seed, bushels; wine, 15 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products for 
the year was, $22,359, and of market-garden products, $143,329. 

Products of Animals.— yf on], 109,897 (in 1340, 49,233) pounds; butter, 03.3,069 pounds; cheese, 1,957 pounds; and 
value of animals slaughtered during the year had been $1,458,990. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 29 (ia 
1841), 317) pounds; and beeswax .and honey, to that of 96,701 pounds. 

JTome-made manufactures for the year ending 1st June, 1350, were produced to the value of $189,282. 

The comparison of the principal crops in 1840 and 1S50 results as follows : 

Staples, 1840. 

Indian Com 5,952,91 2 bushels 

Rice 8,604,534 pounds 

Tobacco 110.S24 " 

Ginned Cotton 1,52..5.5.5.368 " 

Cane Sugar 119,947,720 " 

It is thus apparent that all the great crops, except that of cotton, have materially increased ; but the falling off iu the 
cotton cro]) is mo»e apjiarent than real, the greater part of it having been destroyed by the extraordinary and destructive 
floods, which swept over whole plantations in the fall of 1849, to which year the census returns of 1850 refer. It is a well- 
known fact, however, that the culture of sugar in Louisiana is employing tho labor formerly devoted to cotton, and this 
change of crops is annually progressing. 
118 



1850, 




Movetiient. 


10,226,378 bushels . 


. . iner. 


4,273,461 bushels, or 71-79 per cent. 


4,425,349 pounds . 


.. tnc)'. 


820,315 pounds, or 22-73 " 


26.373 " 


.. deer. 


9-2,946 •' or 77-57 " 


71,494,300 « 


. . deer. 


81,060,568 « or 53 14 " 


226,001,000 " 


. . incr. 


106,053,230 " or 38-42 " 



THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. 



3fanufactit,res.— Aggregate capital invested, $5,804,924; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $2,485,078; 
average number of hands employed, — males, and females, average monthly cost of labor — 

male $ and female $ total value of products for the year ending 1st June, 1850, .$7,043,814. The whole 

number of manufacturing establishments in the State producing to the value of $500 and upward annually, at the above 
date was 1,021 — in western district 121, and in eastern district 900 ; and of these, 8 were manufacturing castings of iron, 
and there were 15 tanneries, the remainder consisting of mills, and other establishments usual in a Southern agricultural 
State. 

The iron manufacture employed a capital of $255,000 ; pig iron consumed, 1,660 tons ; mineral coal consumed, 3,205 
tons ; value of all raw material used, $75,300 ; hands employed, 347 ; average monthly wages, $85 60 ; castings made, 1,570 
tons ; value of entire products, $312,500. 

The tanneries employed a capital of $88,800; value of raw material used, $26,440 ; average number of hands employed, 
54 — males 51, and females, 3 ; monthly cost of labor — male, $930, and female, $22 ; number of skins tanned, 2,850, and of 
sides, 21,000 ; value of skins and hides when tanned, $55,025. 

The distribution of the manufactures is very unequal, and many of the parishes are entirely without them : of the 900 
establishments in the eastern district, 521 are in Orleans parish, 147 in West Feliciana, 54 in Jefferson, 49 in Ea3t 
Feliciana, 36 in Livingston, 33 in St. Tammany, 14 in St John Baptist, 10 each in "West Baton Eouge and Iberville, 9 in 
St. Helena, 6 in St. James, 4 each in La Fourche and Terre Bonne, and 3 in St. Charles — Ascension, Assumption, East 
Baton Eouge, Plaquemines, Point Coupee, St. Bernard, and Washington, returning no manufactures ; and of the 121 iu 
the western district 24 are in Madison, IS In St. Laundry, 11 in Eapides, 10 in Carroll, 9 each in De Soto and 
Na<?hitoches, 6 each in Tensas and Jackson, 5 each in Avoyelles and Sabine, 4 each in Morehause and Wachita, 3 each 
in Catahoula and Claiborne, 2 in Bienville, and one each in Caldwell and Union — Bossier Caddo, Calcasieu, Concordia, 
Franklin, Lafayette, St. Martin, St. Mary, and Vermillion returning none. 

Commerce. — In the aggregate of exports and imports, Louisiana is second only to New York, but iu the amount of its 
imports both Massachusetts and Pennsylvania exceed it. The total value of its exports to foreign countries in the year 
ending .SOth June, 1850, was $38,105,-350, of which $37,698,277 was the value of domestic produce exported, and $407,073 
the value of re-exported foreign produce. The value of domestic produce carried in American bottoms was $20,927,751, 
and in foreign bottoms $16,770,526 ; and the value of foreign re-exports carried in American bottoms, was $323,930, and 
in foreign bottoms $78,143. The total value of imports was $10,760,499, of which the value brought in American bottoms 
was $8,107,929, and in foreign bottoms $2,652,570. The shipping employed in this trade was as follows : 



Nationality. 

American 524 

Foreign 374 



Smi'PING EJJTEEED. 
Number. 



Tons Men. 

.175,969 6,620 

.174,884 6,442 



Total 898 350,853 13,063 



SHTPPING CLEAEED. 
Nationality. Number. Tons. Meti. 

American 493 211,800 7,575 

Foreign ,350 158,1-37 5,780 



Total. 



.843 369,937 13,355 



The whole of this commerce and navication belongs to the district of which New Orleans is the port of entry, except 
two American ships of 904 tons and 14 men, which are entered in the district of Teche. 

The aggregate of the shipping owned in Louisiana amounted at the date specified to 250,090 tons, of which the whole, 
except 1,-381 tons enrolled and licensed shipping owned in the district of Teche, belonged to the district of New Orleans. 
Of the aggregate, 83,068 tons were registered, 160,632 tons were enrolled and licensed, and 5,789 tons were licensed (imder 
20 tons.) Of the registered shipping, 6,889 tons, and of the two latter classes 144,724 tons were navigated by steam ; and 
during the year 24 vessels, viz., 1 ship, 16 schooners, 3 sloops, and 4 steamers, of an aggregate burden of 1,592 tonfl, 
were built in the State. 

The statistics of the foreign trade of the Stato for a series of years, exhibit the following movement : 



Years. Exports. 

1804 $1,600,-362 

1805 3,-371,545 

1806 8,887,323 

1807 4,320,555 

1808 1,261,101 

1809 541,924 

1810 1,890,952 

ISll 2,650,050 

1812 1,060,471 

1813 1,045,153 

1814 387,191 

1815 5,102,610 

1816 5,602,943 

1817 9,024,812 

1818 12,924,809 

1819 9,768,753 



Imports. 



years. Exports. 

1820 $7,596,157 

1821 7,272,172 

1822 7,978,645 

1823 7,779,072 

1824 7,928,820 

1825 12,582,924 

1826 10,284,-380 

1827 11,728,997 

1823 11,947,400 

1829 12,386,060 

18-30 15,488,692 

1831 16,761,989 

1832 16,5-30,930 

1833 18,941,-373 

1834 2-3,759,607 

18-35 36,270,823 



Imports. 



3,379,717 

3,817,238 
4,283,125 
4,539,769 
4,290,034 
4,167,521 
4,531,645 
6,217,881 
6,8-57,209 
7,.599,083 
9,766,693 
8,871,653 
9,590,.505 
1.3,781,809 
17,519,814 



Veare. Exports, 

18;36 37,179,828 

1837 35,338,697 

18;38 81,502,243 

1839 8-3,184,167 

1840 84,236,9-36 

1841 34,387,483 

1842 28,404,149 

1843 27,390,424 

1844 30,498,307 

1845 27,157,465 

1846 31,275,704 

1847 47,051,633 

1848 40,971,-361 

1349 37,611,667 

1850 88,105,350 



Imports. 
..$15,117,649 

.. 14,020,012 
. . 9,496,808 

.. 12,864,942 

.. 10,673,190 

.. 10,256,350 
. . 8,038,590 
. . 8,170,015 
. . 7,826,739 
. . 7,-354,397 
. 7,223,090 
. . 9,222,969 
. . 9,380,439 

.. 10,050,697 

.. 10,760,499 



CoaMng and River 7>'af7c.— The coasting trade of Louisiana is equally valuable with its foreign trade, and its trado 
with the interior is perhaps fully equal to both the foreign and coastwise trade together. These, however, will be fully 
examined under the head of " New Orleans," and hence, in this connection, the aggregates alone need be exhibited. The 
arrivals and clearances in the coasting trade for the year ending 30th June, 1851, were as Pillows : 



Movements. „ 1^' Quarter. 

Vessels. Tons. 

Entrances 205 93,608 

Clearances 199 57,442 

Value of exports coast^vise. . . $2,859,567 



303 124,.oS5 

275 76,789 



$6,177,123 



3d Quarter. 

Vessels. Tons. 

365 125,032 

424 121,-362 

$11,707,593 



-305 123,190 

329 97,579 



$6,484,624 



Total. 
Vessels, Tons, ' 

1,178 466,415 

1,227 353,173 



119 



^27,228,912 



THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. 



The follo-ning will show the quantity and destination of some of the principal staples of export in the year above quoted • 

Flour. Pork. Bacon. Lard. Beef. Whisky. Corn. Cotton. Tobacco. Sugar. Molasses. 

Porta bbls. bbls. libds. kegs. bbis, bbls. sacks, bale.s, libds. hlids. bbls. lilids. bbls. 

New York .72,584. . .55,849.. 9,S5C.. .209,825.. . .3,055. ..1,381... 160,728... 52,393. .10,087.. . 13,595. . 655. ..509. ..22,G46 

Boston 88,925... 77,806.. 6,530. . .224,333. . .13,435.. .2,^2.. . 32,401.. .82,540. ..1,594.. . 733.. 27...—... 2,172 

Philadelphia 418. .. 5,538. . 2,703. .. 41,045.. . 421... 208... 9,477. ..14,807. . .1,118. . .10,264. . 867. ..—.. . 7,735 

Baltimore... — .. .13,421. . 1,84:3. .. 32,585. . . 955. . .1,542. . . — ...2,511... 745. .. 8,670. . 237. ..—.. . 2,862 

Charleston.. 6,173... 1,003.. 2,872... 2,769... 119.. 11,514... 23,978... — ... —...3,517.. 660... 9... 7,031 

Other ports 150,960. . .22,890. .19,972. . . 40,046. . . 8,785. .30,333. . .150,125. . . 1. . . 291. . .12,303. .6,198. . .113. . .24,573 

The total quantities of the above specified articles exported to foreign and domestic ports, were as follows: 

583,418. .192,737. .46,241. . .738,956. . .42,415. .67,392. . .535,382. .997,458. .54,501. . .44,147. .8,644. . .636 . . 67,024 

The receipts from the interior by the Mississippi Eiver in the same year (1850-51) were valued at $106,924,083, and 
comprised all the various staples for which the several regions of production are noted, alike mineral, vegetable, and ani- 
mal ; and there is, besides the river trade, an immense traffic on the new canal. The total number of flat-boats arriving 
at New Orleans during the year was 941, of which 218 were from Ohio, 58 from Kentucky, 298 from Indiana, 12 from Vir- 
ginia, 222 from Pennsylvania, 19 from Illinois, 104 from Tennessee, and 10 from Mississippi ; and the whole mmiber ol 
steamboat arrivals was 2,918. 

Internal Improvements. — Hitherto Louisiana has depended with confidence on the great natural facilities for inland 
communication the State enjoys by means of the magnificent river and its dependencies which traverse its surface ; but 
when it was discovered that the North had, by means of the Illinois Canal, constructed an artificial outlet for this great 
river into the lakes, this dream of security vanished, and the people interested in the commerce of the Gulf ports at once 
beset themselves to remedy the impending destruction of a commerce unequaled in extent by but one other section of the 
Union. The magnificent lines of railroads from^Ae '' father of waters" to the Atlantic Ocean, were also diverting a vast 
amount of the legitimate trade which naturally concentrated at New Orleans. And all these changes in the avenues of 
trade had been allowed to proceed, and with the exception of a few local railroads, Louisiana had not even extended her 
arms to arrest their influences. Awakened to a sense of duty, however, by the results of these new works— decreased 
receipts of produce, and decreased returning merchandise — no time was lost in premises, but the whole south-west met in 
convention at New Orleans, and imanimously resolved to cope with the leviathans which were sapping the foundations of 
their commercial prosperity. The principal remedies proposed were the extension of tlie railroad from New Orleans and 
the Gulf ports to the north and north-east, and seek a new market in the west by building Imes into Texas, Arkansas, etc. 
The first would countervail the northern improvements, which had superseded the old river-course of trade, and by offering 
a more direct and rapid channel to the sea, recover the preference the deposit at New Orleans had formerly enjoyed. 
The improvement of the channel of the Mississippi below New Orleans, was also recommended, and will doubtlessly be 
undertaken by the general government at no distant period. The results of the convention have been an active enforce- 
ment of its recommendations, and numerous Uncs of railroad are being laid out and constructed in the directions indicated, 
the most important of which arc the New Orleans, Jackson, and Northern E. E., and the railroads from the Mississippi 
toward Texas, from Lake Providence, via Shreveport, Marshall, etc., from Natchez, via Shreveport, etc., and from New 
Orleans, via Opelousaa, Iluntsville, etc. Eailroads are also being built in almost every direction, to connect with the lines 
of other States, or afford facilities to the gulf ports generally; and at no distant day, it may be foreseen, Louisiana will be 
on a par with, or have outstripped many of her now successful competitors. 

Bcmkn, etc. — In December, 1850, the bank returns of Louisiana sliowed that there were a' that period 5 banks, and 20 
branch banks in the State, the aggregate condition of which was as follows: Liabilities — capital $12,870,890, circulation 
$5,059,229, deposits .$8,464,389, and due other banks $1,334,232 ; and a.w!!.s'— loans and discounts $19,309,108, real estate 
$2,255,169, other investments $2,042,149, due by other banks $2,225,896, specie funds $1,2(10,000, and specie $5,716,001. 
The whole number of banks are located at New Orleans, the country banks being their branches. 

Government. — The present constitution, which superseded the first constitution of the State, formed in 1812, was ratified 
by the people on the 5th November, 1845. 

Every free white male person 21 years of age, two years a citizen of the United States, or resident in the State for two 
consecutive years next preceding the election, and the last thereof in the parish in which he proposes to vote, is allowed 
the ri(/ht of s^iffrage. Absence from the Stat« for more than 90 consecutive days, unless his house or place of business be 
occupied by his family or servants, interrupts the residence of the absentee. 

he Legislature consists of a House of Eepresentatives and a Senate ; representatives not less than 70, nor mure than 
100 in number (now 97), and 16 senators, being half the whole number of senators, are chosen every second year, on the 
first Monday in November, and convene at the capital every second year, on the third Monday in Jamiary. Eepresenta- 
tives must be free white males, 21 years of age, citizens of the United States, and residents of the Stiite for the three years 
and residents of the parish for one year next preceding their election. A census will be taken in 1S55, and evi-ry ton 
years thereafter, which will form the basis of .apportionment; but every p.arish is entitled to at least one representative. 
Senators are chosen for four years. A senator must be 27 years of age, ten years a citizen of the United States, four years 
a resident of the State, and one year of the district he represents. Deducting the population of New Orleans from that of 
the State, the remainder, divided by 28, is the senatorial ratio for the districts. No session of the legislature sli.-ill hist 
more than 00 tUiys, and no act i)assed after being GO days in session is valid. Members may address either liotise in the 
French or English Languages, and the proceedings arc published in both languages. Any one who fights a duel, acts as 
second, or sends or accepts a challenge, shall neither hold an office, nor enjoy the right of sufl"rage in the State. 

The Governor is chosen by a plurality of votes, and holds office for four years. He must be -35 years of age, and a citi- 
zen of the United States, and resident in the State for 15 years next preceding his election. The Lieutenant-governor is 
elected for the same term, in the same m.anner, and must be similarly qualified. The governor is ineligible for the four 
years succeeding his term. He may veto a bill, but two-thirds of both houses may pass it again, and it thus becomes law. 
The lieutenant-governor is eayojfficio president of the Senate. 

The principal administrative officers are the Secretary of State, State Treasurer, Surveyor-gcner.al, Adjut.ant and In- 
spector-general, Auditor of Accounts, etc. The Treasurer is chosen bieimially by joint ballot of the legislature. 

The Judiciary consists of the Supreme Court and District Ciuirts. The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and 
three associate Justices, appointed by the Governor, with the advice and consent of the Senate, for the term of eight 
years. The Court sits in New Orleans from the first Monday in November to the end of June inolusive. The Supremo 
120 



THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. 



Court has appellate jurisdiction only when more than $300 is in dispute, when the legality of any tax is in question, on all 
flues and penalties imposed by municipal corporations, and in criminal cases on points of law where death, hard labor, or 
a fine of more than $3U0 is imposed. The Court may issue writs of habeas corpus in all cases where they have appellate 
jurisdiction. If the Judges are equally divided, the judgment appealed from stands affirmed. The Court has a reporter 
and clerks in New Orleans, Opelousas, Alexandria, aud Monroe. The State is divided into seventeen districts. One 
district judge is appointed for each district, except for the district of New Orleans and Lafayette, where as many are 
appointed as are necessary. District judges must be citizens of the Uuilcd States, above thirty years old, resident of the 
State for five years, and have practiced law therein five years. District Courts have jurisdiction when more than $50 is at 
stake, and in ali criminal cases. 

The State has an Attorney-general, and in each district there is a District Attorney, appointed for two years. All civil 
oflScers, except the governor and the judges, are removable on an address of a majority of both houses of the legislature. 

Amendments of the constitution must first be approved by throe-fifths of both houses, then published in tlie news- 
papers throughout the State three months before the next general election, then approved by a majority of both houses 
in the next succeeding legislature, then published again as before, then submitted to the people, and if ratified by a 
majority of voters, the amendments shall form a part of the constitution.* 

The militia of Louisiana consists of 43,823 men of all arms, of which number 1,892 are commissioned officers, and 
42,431 non-commissioned oificers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers 10 are general officers, 
55 general staff officers, 159 field officers, and 1,163 company officers. Every free white male person between the ages of 
18 and 45 is liable to militia duty, unless exempt by law. 

The most noted of the benevolent institutions of the State is the Charity Hospital at New Orleans, the benefits of which 
have been experienced by thousands who have been taken sick in that malarious city, and as many thousands have 
blessed the nursing hand of the kind sisters whose vocation it may have been to attend to their wants. In 1S49 the 
number of admissions to this famous hospital was 15,558, of which 1,782 were natives of the United States, aud 13,634 
were foreigners, and 71 were blacks and 12,210 white males, and 3,342 white females. The number of deaths was 2,745, 
of which 2,369 were males and 376 females, and 1,122 died of Asiatic cholera, 545 of yellow fever, 224 of typhus fever, 
and 56 of other fevers. The number of patients remaining in the hospital on the 1st January, 1850, was 719. The in- 
come of the hospital for the year was $89,951 80, and the expendituree $92,993 43, averaging $4 26 for each patient. 
Such an institution as this is an oasis in the wilderness of humanity. 

Finances, Belts, etc. — The financial statement is made up biennially. The total receipts into the treasury for the 
year 1850 were $1,008,175 91, and for the year 1851 $836,247 44— total $1,844,423 35; and the expenditures for 1850 were 
$951,545, and for 1851 $852,787 54— total $1,804,332 54, leaving a balance of $40,090 81 for future appropriation. 

In 1845 the liabilities of the State on account of the property banks amounted to $14,321,596 ; this has since been 
reduced $3,744,596, leaving the liabilities of the State in 1850 $10,577,000. The State debt proper amounted at the latter 
period to $915,566. The State holds property not now productive valued at $2,416,933. 

The constitutional provisions respecting legislative finance were made very stringent in the new fundamental law. 
The constitution provides that the credit of the State shall not be lent to any person or corporation whatever, but new 
bonds may be issued to replace outstanding bonds. No State debt shall be contracted for more than $100,000, except in 
case of war, invasion, or insurrection, unless authorized by law for some distinctly^^specifled object or work, wliich law 
shall impose taxes to pay the current interest during the whole term of the debt, and also to pay the debt itself at maturity, 
and this law shall be irrepealable till the debt and interest are fully discharged, and shall not go into force till a^ain 
enacted by the next legislature after its first passage. The State shall not subscribe to the stock of any company or cor- 
poration. No corporate company shall be hereafter created, renewed, or extended with banking or discounting 
privileges. After 1890 the charters of all corporations may be revoked, and no charter shall now be granted, except for 
municipal or political purposes for more than 25 years. 

The assessed value of all real and personal property in Louisiana, on the 1st June, 1850, was $220,165,172 ; but the true 
or estimate valuation of the same amounted, according to the returns of the federal census, to $233,998,764. 

Federal Representation. — Louisiana, according to the law of 23d May, 1850, apportioning federal representation, is 
entitled to send four representatives to Congress. 

Religious Denominations. — The statistics of the several religious denominations in 1850, as ascertained by the census 



of that year, were as 


follows : 
















Denamina- No. of 


Cluirch 


Value of 


Denoniina- No. of 


Churoh 


Value of 


Denomina. No. of 


Church 


Value of 


tions. Churclies. 


accom. 


Property. 


tions. Churches. 


accom. 


Property. 


tions. Churches. 


accom. 


Property, 


Baptist 72 . . 


15,358 . 


. $30,470 


Germ'nEef. 1 . 


500 . 


$4,000 


R. Catholic . 55 . . 


37,240 . 


. $1,045,650 


Christian 2 . . 


1,500 


. 61,000 


Jewish 1 . 


600 . 


20,000 


Swedenb'g . — . . 


— 





Congregat'l . . — . . 


— . 


— 


Lutheran . . — . 


_ 


_ 


Tunker — .. 


— 


_ 


Dutch Ref. . . — . . 


— . 


. — 


Mennonite . — . . 


_ . 


— 


Union 6 . . 


1,850 . 


8,220 


Episcop.il 12 .. 


4,410 . 


. 57,900 


Methodist.. 106 . 


30,260 . 


236,500 


Unitarian . . — . . 


— . 


— 


Free 8 . . 


675 . 


. 10,430 


Moravian . . — . . 


_ 


_ 


Universalist 1 .. 


1,000 . 


100,000 


Friends — . . 


— . 


. — 


Presbytcr'n. 17 . 


9,510 . 


149,300 


Minor Sects 2 . . 


1,650 . 


59,000 



Making the aggregate number of churches 268, valued as property at $1,732,470, and capable of accommodating 104,053 
persons. Louisiana forms a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church; and the arch-diocese, or province of New Or- 
leans in the Roman Catholic Church, which has for its suft'ragan sees. Mobile, Natchez, Galveston, and Little Rock. 

Education. — The constitution provides that " there shall be a superintendent of education, to hold office fir two years. 
Free public schools shall be established throughout the State ; the proceeds of lands granted for the purpose, and of lands 
escheated to the State, shall be held as a permanent fund, on which six per cent, interest shall be paid by the State for the 
support of these schools." The school fund, 1st January, 1850, amounted to $40,272 63, on which $19,105 84 of interest 
had accrued up to that date ; and besides the proceeds of the school fund, the yearly sum of $250,000 is appropriated for 



* A convention was held at Baton Rouge in July, 18.52, to revise the constitution, and the revised constitution would be submitted to the people 
for ratification on Ihe 2d November of the same year. If ratified, the general elections were to take place on the fourth Monday of December, 
and the first Legislature would meet on the third Monday of January, 1853. The revised constitution provides for annual sessions of the Legis- 
lature, an elective judiciary, and removes some of the restrictions against the State's contracting debts, and permits the establishment o( 
ccrporations. 

121 



THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. 



the support of the free schools of the Slate, and is derived from a mill tax on property, and a poll tax of one dollar on each 
White male inhabitant. The whole nnmb'jr of school districts in the State on the 3()lh September, 1S49, was 521 ; number 
of schoiils in operation, 704 ; number of cliiUlren between 6 ami 16 years of a^e, 53,710 ; average attendance for the year, 
22,927; and 20,202 children did not attend school. The average period of tnition was 6 months and 13 days. Amount 
expended for teachers' salaries, $195,3S9 ; expended for building, renting, and purchasing school-houses, $134,689. There 
are also in almost every parish numerous private, classical, and other high schools. The principal collegiate institutions 
in the State are — the University of Louisiana at New Orleans, founded in 1S49, and established with 7 professors : it haa 
also a medic.il department, which in 1S50 had 7 professors and 18S students; the Centenary College (Meihodist), at 
Jackson, founded 1S39 — in 1850 it had 7 professors, 40 alumni, 94 students, and a library of 5,000 volumes ; the St. 
Charles College (Roman Catholic), !it Grand Cotcau, founded 1838 — in 1850 it had 21 professors and 103 studenis, with a 
yaluable library of about 4,000 volumes ; Baton Uouge College, founded 1838 — in 1850 it had 4 professors and 45 students ; 
Franklin College, at Opelousas, founded 1839 — in 1850 it had 4 professors and 70 students ; and several others, among 
which are the Catholic Colleges at Baton Uouge and New Orleans, both of which are flourishing institutions. 

LihrariM.—Onc State library, 7,000 volumes; 1 social library, 10,000 volumes; 4 college libraries, 13,000 volumes — 
being a total f>f 6 libraries and 30,000 volumes. The census makes no returns of studenLs' libraries, the libraries of acade- 
mies and professional schocjls, the libraries of scientific and historical societies, nor of school libraries, although there arc 
numbers of each description in the State. 

Periodical Press. — The whole number of periodicals and newspapers published in the State on the Isl June, 1850, was 
60, of which 17 were whig and 17 were democratic — the remaining 20 being neutral in politics or devoted to literature, 
science, religion, etc. Of the whole number 11 were issued daily, circulating 31,730 copies ; 2 tri-weekly, 1.900 copies; 6 
semi-weekly, 3,300 copies ; 40 weekly, 32,017 copies ; and 1 monthly, 12,200. Among the publications in New Orleans are 
many of the best conducted and most talented papers of the Union ; and no other city can boast of such a magazine 
of statistical information as Dc Bow's Review. 

Pmiperi-mi and Crime. — The whole number of paupers that received support within the year ending June 1st, 1850, 
was 423, of which 133 were native bom, and 290 foreign ; and the whole number of paupers at the above date was 100, of 
which 76 native born, and 30 foreign ; annual cost of support, .$39,806. The State Penitentiary is at Baton Ef>uge. The 
number of convicts remaining in confinement, 1st October, 1848, was 152, and the number received during the year fol- 
lowing was 10.5 — male, 257; 52 discharged, 2 pardoned, 7 died, and 2 escaped— in .all 63, leaving, 1st October, 1849, 194. 
The receipts for the year were $49,283 74; and the expenditures, $42,628 69 — making a net gain from convict labor 
equal to $6,055 05 

Historical Steicli. — The legends of De Soto, Marquette, and La Salle, sh.iU not arrest our attention. These wild and 
daring passages belong rather to the romancer th.in to the historian. Louis XIV. seized upon the proposal of Iberville, 
and addressed himself in earnest to a new and vast country, which dazzled his ambition. Iberville, and Bienville, his 
brother, founded a colony of Frenchmen on the shores of Louisiana in 1699. This is the earliest era in the history 
of Louisiana. 

In 1712 the King of France granted a charter to M. Crozat, which covered the whole province. The aims of both 
parties were commercial, and included the whole of the Mississippi and its tributary bays, lakes, rivers, and bordering 
territories. M. Croz.it was endowed for twenty years with exclusive privileges of trade in these countries— to work 
mines for gold and precious stones, with a large share of the results. The laws, edicts, and ordinances of the realm, and 
the customs of Paris were extended over Louisiana. The privileges allowed to Crozat were ample; but so vain are the 
calculations of men when employed upon novel enterprises, they satisfied not one of his greedy desires after wealth in the 
AVestern "World. The grant was surrendered, after five years, into the hanils of the king, with the bitter complaint that 
from the imbecility of the colony, the strength of the Indians, the presence of the British, and the sterility of the soil, it had 
proved of no kind of value whatever to him, but rather a ruinous expense. 

There settled in Paris about this time a man from Scotland by the name of John Law ; he was a restless projector, a 
daring financier, and full of enterprise. This extraordinary man soon succeeded in gaining an influence over the Duke of 
Orleans, then regent, obtained a charter for a bank of $1,200,000, substituted paper for specie, and set the whole French 
nation mad with magnificent schemes of creating wealth, as it were, by the wand of a magiciiin. The Chancellor 
D'Aguesseau opposed tliis daring scheme with infinite peril to himself. To the Royal Bank of Law was attached a great 
commercial company, in which were to be concentred all the rights, privileges, and possessions of all the trading compa- 
nies then chart<'red in France. To this company was granted the great territory of Louisiana as it was surrendered up 
by Crozat. All France was in commotion — every man, woman, and child became a financier; the boot-black and collier 
of to-day were the grandees of to-morrow, and their splendid equipages dazzled the bewildered populace. The Royal 
Bank stock went up to six hundred times its par value, and dividemls were rendered at 200 per cent. The exhanstless 
mines near the Mississippi would reimburse any investment, it w.as said ; but in three years John Law w.as a bankrupt, tho 
government itself was prostrated, the deluded vot.aries of stock-jobbing were undone, the magnificent Western Company 
— ^the Mississippi Scheme — became a by-word ; the banking bubble, when inflated to the skies, had burst ! The charter 
of the company was granted for twenty-five years ; it was to have exclusive privileges of tr.ide, and of the purchase 
of beaver skins for exportation. To it belonged by prescription the right to make all Indian wars and treaties, work 
all mines, grant lands, construct fortifications, nominate governors, and appiVmt inferior judges. Its vessels and crews to 
be of the French nation, and the descendants of the colonists to be counted natural bom subjects of France, etc. There 
are difl"erent accounts of the condition of Louisiana during the time it remained under the Western Company, who 
enjoyed the privileges granted to Law. By some it is represented to have been in a deplor.ablc condition ; while others 
assert that these were the best years which Louisiana knew under the dominion of France, the white population having 
increased from 700 to 5,000, and the black from 20 to 2,000 ; " a vast number of handsome cottages lined botli sides of the 
river at the German coast; the culture of rice, indigo, and tobacco, and a regular administration of justice were provided 
for." The Western Company, in despair of finding the gold they had anticipated in Louisiana, from mineral researches 
turned their attention to agriculture. To promote their aims, large grants were made to powerful and wealthy individu- 
als : to Law they granted a plot of twelve miles square. These grantees were to introduce settlers, but they 8uceee<led to 
an extent far less than was anticipated, while sanguinary Indian wars desolated the colony. The company, in utter 
hopelessness, threw up their chiirter in April, 1732, which the king accepted, and declared the commerce of Louisiana 
thenceforward free. 
The French colonial government was now initiated. The commissioner, Salmon, took possession for the king. The 
123 



THE STATE OF LOUISIANA, 



new government established consisted of a Superior Council, of the Governor-general of New France, the Governor anJ 
Commi«SiU-y of Louisiana, the King's Lieutenant, and the Town Mayor of New Orleans, six councilijrs, an attorney, and a 
cleric. A war broke out between Great Britain and France in 1760, the influence of which was felt throughout all America. 
In this war our own Washington began his career of glory. Canada fell into the hands of tlie English, and rather tlian 
sul)mit to tlie consequences, large numbers of its inhabitants sought a home in southern climes, fixing themselves on the 
Acadian coast of Louisiana, or taking their course westward of the river, formed the settlements of Attakapas, Opelousas, 
and Avoyelles. 

France looked to Spain in her emergencies, and the Due de Choiseul, the minister, entered into a family compact with 
the Spanish king on the 15th August, 1760, and on the 3d Nov., 1762, a secret treaty between the two governments ceded 
the territory of Louisiana west of the Mississippi, with New Orleans, to Spain. The bad system of government under 
which Louisiana had long suffered, was attended with the consequences which were to be expected from it, and the 
sovereignty of the finest country of the world, says Marbois, a coimtry which might have become another France, was 
of no use to the parent State, but was even a charge to her. After the experience of several years, the government, 
wearied with a possession which its faults and ignorance had made burdensome, felt disposed to abandon it. In 1763 
Great Britain, France, and Spain entered^pon the Treaty of Paris, and terminated their difficulties. France abandoned 
to Great Britain all her northern possessions, the whole of Louisiana cast of the Mississippi, except New Orleans, and 
the navigation of that river was made free to the subjects of either nation. Thus did France, by her cessions to Britain 
and Spain, divest herself of every foot of territory she held in North America. The private treaty of cession to Spaiu 
was long held secret, and it was not tiU 1764 that D'Abadie was ordered by Louis XV. to announce the fact to the colony. 
D'Abadie was broken-hearted at the intelligence, and died before he could communicate it The duty devolved upon hla 
successor, Aubry. A day of lamentation and sorrow had dawned upon the Louisianians, and they heard their fate with settled 
glof)m. A general meeting of the leading inhabitants was hastily assembled in New Orleans, and entreaties were sent up 
to the throne that this painful treaty might not be made to go into efifect. The king declared the treaty to be irrevocable. 

Don Ant. de Ulloa arrived in Louisiana in 1766, appointed, as he professed, by Charles of Spain to take possession of the 
province. His powers being demanded by the colonists, were not shown, and hence he was notified to depart, which he 
did in a few days, amid the universal rejoicing of tlie people. Scarcely, however, had the colony breathing time, before 
it was announced that a Spanish frigate was upon tlie coast, and notwithstanding the threats of the populace, Don Alex. 
O'Eeilly, commander of the Spanish forces, landed and sent up a message to Governor Aubry, informing him that he 
was prepared to take possession of the country, and that any show of resistance would be signally punished. The In- 
habitants returned a declaration to the Spaniard, declaring their intention to abandon the colony, and requested two years 
delay to effect the arrangement. O'Eeilly consented with apparent cheerfulness and with the warmest professions of 
regard. He soon after landed at the city and took formal possession in the name of the king. But this display of 
clemency was but the precursor of tlie worst excesses of tyranny. Some of the first citizens were arrested and thrown 
into prison, declared guilty of treason, and tried under the statute of Alphonzo, making it death to incite insurrection 
agaiust the king. Sentence and execution followed. " Posterity," says the historian Martin, " wUl doom this act to public 
execration," and posterity, we may add, has already branded it as one of the blackest which it is the shame of history 
to record. What was the precise character of the powers conferred upon O'Reilly has never yet been satisfactorily de- 
termined. The King of France, in writing to D'Abadie at the period of the cession, conceded that the laws, forms, and 
usages of the colony would be preserved, but this does not ajipear to have been inserted in the treaty of cession. O'Eeilly, 
as soon as he was at ease in his government, made a proclamation to the people, declaring himself empowered to 
establish tliat form of government, dependence, and subordination which should accord with the good of his master's 
service and tlie happiness of his subjects in tlie colony. The laws of Spain were now gradually extended over Louisiana, 
and in tlie end but little trace of French legislation remained. The transition, however, was not sudden, and little 
inconvenience resulted from it. When the American Revolution had progressed, and Spain, in an endeavor to mediate 
between the contestants had failed, the Catholic king prepared himself fur war. Galvez, governor of Louisiana, threw 
himself upon the British garrison at Baton Eougc, and captured It. An American minister was sent to Madrid to nego- 
tiate a favorable treaty for his countrymen, and to obtain for them, if possible, the free navigation of the Mississippi to 
the sea. The treaties between Great Britain, France, and Spain, and the United States concluded in 17S3, opened 
the navigation of the river, ceded the Floridas to Spain, and bounded the possessions of the two countries by a line 
eastward of the -Slst parallel on the Mississippi to the Appalachieola Eiver, through the middle of that river to its junction 
with the Fhnt, from the Flint to the head of St. Mary's Eiver, and down the St. Mary's to the Atlantic. These treaties 
were soon followed by embarrassing disputes, in which the Spaniards laid claim to a large tract of country and an exclu- 
sive right to the navigation of that portion of the Mississippi which passed through their territories, against both which 
claims the United States protested. 

It may be remarked that very little, if any, intercourse was tolerated by the Spaniards through the Mississippi, with the 
people of the United States. Any attempt to navigate the river, or to introduce merchandise into New Orleans by boats 
was resisted and the property seized. About the year 1787, General Wilkinson, a revolutionary officer, conceived the 
design of making a settlement of American families In Louisiana, for which he expected to receive some commercial 
favors from the Spaniards. He descended the river to New Orleans with a small adventure of tobacco, flour, etc., and 
by an artifice, so worked upon the fears of Miro, the governor, that he was disposed to listen to the proposals of opening 
a traffic with the people of the Western States. Miro flattered himself that the result would be a division of the States of 
the Union, and that those westward of the AUeghanies would attach themselves to the interests of Spain. In 178S the 
navigation of the Mississippi was conceded to the young West, on condition of its forming an empire distinct from that 
of the Atlantic States. That the people of the West entertained the project can not be denied, but on second thoughts 
returned loyally to their country, and on the admission of Kentucky into the Union, the whole scheme of separation feU 
tlirough. 

In 1790 it was again attempted to procure from Spain the navigation of the Mississippi for the United States, also the 
Island on which New Orleans is situate, and the Floridas. The propositions were not assented to, but Ave years after the 
American plenipotentiaries signed, at San Lorenzo, a treaty stipulation for the freedom of the river to their countrymen, 
and a freedom to use for ten years the City of New Orleans as a dep6t for their merchandise. 

Spain had no sooner signed the treaty than she began to regret her liberahty. Her alliance with France and the 
position of the United States, determined her by aU means to hold on to the territory of Upper Louisiana, which she 
bad agreed to cede. In vain the United States sent its ofBcers to take possession of the ports and settlements— in vain 

123 



THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. 



the settlers protested against tho delay. A magnificent scheme had been planned and was in progress, the design of 
which was to prevent Louisiana forever from falling into the hands of the American government. The Baron de 
Carondolet endeavored to sound General Wilkinson on the subject, and to bring him over to the plan by flatteries and 
by the most liberal offers. Williinson, however, dismissed the messenger with an expression of views little favorable to 
the project that had been opened to him. The blame or innocence of the general on these premises is a canvassed subject, 
and need not be furtlier mentioned in this connection. Nor need we here mention his connection with Burr on a future 
occasion, further than to state that wliatcver plans of aggrandizement either might have entertained were never brought 
to fruition, and are sul>jeets now only interesting to the historical antiquary. 

The face of European affairs in May, 170S, influenced the American people to put on then- armor. Washington was 
again appointed to the head of the army, and diflaculties with regard to Louisiana, and consequent losses to the govern- 
ment, forced upon all minds the absolute necessity for the acquisition of New Orleans, whatever might be the hazard. 
Louisiana, indeed, occupied an unenviable position at this time. She had been abandoned by France, and the French 
people had regarded the cession with regret and indignation, so much so, indeed, that on the breaking out of hostilities 
with tlie Spaniards, Mons. Genet, the young and rash minister from France, employed himself, immediately after hla 
arrival, in devising and carrying out a comprehensive scheme for the invasion of Louisiana with troops and arms procured 
in the United States. How his course was denounced at "Washington — how he appealed from tlie President to the people — 
and though his conduct was disowned by his own government, how that same government demanded the restoration of 
Louisiana to the French Republic, are matters of general history. In other respects was the position of Louisiana remark- 
able. The United States had long been regarding with jealousy the existence of a territory in the hands of a foreign 
power, capable of influencing the destiny of the great central valley. A plot had been laid, too, by an American citizen, 
Blount, then governor of Tennessee, the object of wliich was to throw down upon Louisiana, during the wars between 
England and Spain, in 1797, through the medium of the western waters, large numbers of British troops from Canada. 
The plot was discovered, Blount degraded by the Senate, and the English Government exonerated from the charge of any 
knowledge of the proceedings. The eyes of Spain were not closed to the difficulties of her position. Bonaparte had by 
this time assumed the reins of government, and he cherished the idea of bringing back to the parent country a province 
he conceived had been unnaturally severed from her. His sophisms soon prevailed over Spain ; he represented " that 
Louisiana, restored to France, would be a bulwark for Mexico, and a security for the tranquillity of the Gulf." On the Ist 
October, ISOO, was concluded the celebrated treaty of San lldefonso, and Louisiana again became a French colony. 
Bonaparte took immediate steps to enter upon his new possession. Gen. Victor was appointed Commissioner for accept- 
ing the transfer, and proclamations announcing the changed circumstances of tlie colony were issued. The Louisiaiiians 
prepared an adtlress in reply, in which they declared that the proclamations had filled the people with joy, and that they 
already felt the happiness of their reunion with their ancient nationality. Every thing, indeed, seemed favoraljle for the 
re-establishment of the French government in the province — and all was rojoicing and congratulation, when a vessel 
arrived at the levee from Bordeaux, and the news soon spread that the Corsican had sold their country and themselves to 
the neighboring republic. The treaty of Paris, signed 13th April, 1803, had coded Louisiana and aU its appurtenances for- 
ever to the United States ; and the United States had agreed to pay 60,000,000 francs to discharge certain claims of their 
citizens on France. The difficulties which immediately fcjllowed the acquisition were perplexing ; and even in the United 
States many there were who viewed the treaty as unconstitution.al ; but, like all difficulties, these came to an end, and the 
American flag waved over the city of New Orleans on the 20th December — the same day having witnessed the descent 
of the Spanish ensign and the elevation of the tri-color, fhe latter only having been raised to be re-placed by the stars and 
stripes. 

The first act of Governor Claiborne, on taking the chair of authority, was to organize a judiciary, which he did by es- 
tablishing a Court of Pleas, consisting of seven justices. The Act of Congress, 20th March, 1S04, established a territorial 
government, Louisiana was divided into two sections, of which that now constituting the State of the same name was to 
be known as tho Territory of Orleans. The Act provided for a governor, appointed for three years, a secretary for four 
years, a legislative council of thirteen freeholders, a judiciary, according to the regulations of the legislative council, but to 
be appointed by the President. The period that elapsed between the Act of 1S04 and the one of 2d March, 1S05, which 
set up another territorial government, was one of dissatisfaction to the people. They complained that the governor was 
unacquainted with the language, their laws, and their interests, and that he favored only his own countrymen, etc. On these 
subjects the citizens memorialized Congress. The council as established in tho meanwhile passed several acts bearing 
upon tlie proper organization ot the territory, dividing it into 12 parishes or counties, with inferior courts in each, institut- 
ing modes of procedure, defining crimes, etc., chartering the city, and establishing (on paper) a university. The effect 
of the dissatisfaction before alluded to produced the territorial act of 1S05, by which Congress set up a government in 
Louisiana similar to that of the Mississippi Territory, and provided for its admission into the Union when it should hare 
60,000 inhabitants. This act gave to the people the election of a legislature, and to the legislature the election of a legis- 
lative council or Upper House. The first acts of the new government were the adoption of the " code Noir," or black code, 
for the government of the slaves, and the appointment of a commission to prepare a civil code based upon the former 
laws of the country. The latter was completed in 1803, and embraced, besides the compilation of the old codes, many of 
the provisions of the " code Napoleon." 

Having settled tliese points, Louisiana was prepared to meet the position of things which was forced upon her in 
relation to Spain, and in the anxieties which arose in relation to boundaries, and the opposing claims of the two nations, 
it is likely that hostilities would have occurred, had not the intimation of a vast scheme on foot for the separation of the 
■western country from the Union, at the head of which was Aaron Burr, influenced Gen. Wilkinson and the Americans 
to compromise matters with the Spaniards, and concentrate every thing to meet the threatened danger. The reports 
which reached Louisiana each day in relation to this plot were alarming ; military preparations were being urged on all 
sides, and Burr himself, after a reward offered for his arrest, was taken at Fort Stoddard, and conveyed to liielimond. 

The conflicting claims of the United States and Spain, to the strip of territory east of the Mississippi Elver, and south of 
the 31st parallel to the I'erdido Biver, were brought to something like a crisis in ISIO, by the seizure of the Spanish 
post at Baton Rouge, the holding a convention at St. Francisville, declaring their independence, and setting up a 
constitution, and, by a proclamation of the President, taking possession of the territory. The event was peaceable, and 
the parishes of Feliciana, East Baton Rouge, St. Helena, St. Tammany, Biloxi, and Pascagoula were soon after established. 

On the 11th February, ISll, an act of Congress was passed to enable the inhabitants of Louisiana to form a constitution 
and State government, if the same should be the desire of the people, signified by the calling of a convention. This body 
124 



THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. 



l)eiug called, assembled at New Orleans, and unanimously signed a constitution based upon that of Kentucky, on the 22d 
January, 1S12. This constitution was superseded by that of 1S45, and another constitution, or a revision of the latter, ia 
now about to be voted on by the people. 

The share that Louisiana took in the war of 1812, though signalized in history, is so familiar as to require only a short 
notice. Wilkinson took possession of the country west of the Perdido, then in the occupation of Spain. The English 
colonel, Nichols, arrived at Pensacola, and made proclamation to all Englishmen, Spaniards, and Frenchmen to join his 
standard, and resist the encroachments of the United States. To the people of Kentucky this officer proposed similar 
terms ; and to the privateer La Fitte and his followers at Barrataria, he was most prodigal in his offers. The overtures, 
says Marbois, were repelled with indignation, and the men who saw no degradation in enriching themselves by plunder, 
had a horror of treason. The course of General Jackson, in relation to the Spaniards and English at Pensacola, is 
familiar to all. 

An attack on New Orleans being now inevitable, the most extraordinary preparations were made to raise forces, and 
provide fortifications and armaments to meet the impending danger. The city was all excitement. " The people were 
preparing for battle, as if for a party of pleasure," says a historian; "the streets resounded with martial airs, several corps 
of militia were constantly exercising, every bosom glowed with the feelings of national honor." The west was pouring 
down upon the city— martial law was proelauncd. The battle of New Orleans, of Sth January, 1S15, was fought and won 
to the high honor of the American people ; and the lasting laurels of the great man who commanded, and who, whatever 
his faults, is becoming every day more and more honored in the memory of his grateful and admiring countrymen. 

The history of Louisiana, since she has become a State, has yet to be written. The uninterrupted prevalence of peace 
in our country takes away from this chapter those lively features which characterize anterior periods. The records of 
revolution, of changing dynasties, of deeds of arms, and high renown, are not presented here, and perhaps to the general 
reader the whole is a hopeless blank. But to those seeking higher views of individual good and national destiny, the 
onward march of the arts of peace, the extraordinary development of industrial resources, the umnatched augmentation 
of population and wealth, the erection of an opulent State, with laws, government, and order, in a former French and 
Spanish province, are events worthy of the highest efforts of the historian, replete with interest, and deserving of careful 
study. 

Succession of Governors. — Territorial Go^'eenoe: "William 0. C. Claiborne, 1804 ; and — Constitutional Govkenors : 
William C. C. Claiborne, 1S12 ; James Villere, 1816; Thomas B. Robertson, 1S20; IL S. Thibodeaux (acting); Henry 
Johnson, 1824 ; Peter Derbigny, 1S28 ; A. Bauvois (acting), 1829 ; Jaques Dupre (acting), 1830 ; Andr6 B. Koman, 1830 ; 
Edward D. White, 1834; Andre B. Roman, 1833; iUexaiiderMouton, 1841 ; Isaac .Johnson, 1845; Joseph Walker, 1850. 

Baton Eouge, on the east bank of the Mississippi, has been the scat of government since the constitution of 1645 went 
into effect, until which time New Orleans w.as the State capital. 

125 



THE STATE OF MAIIE. 



Maine, occupying a Utile less than one half the surface of New England, is of a long, irregular shape, extending between 
latitudes 4;j° and 47° 30' N., and between longitudes 66° 52', and 71° 06' W. from Greenwich, or 5° 06' and 10° 10' E. from 
Washington. The boundaries of Maine* as established by the treaty of Wasliington, 1S42, are the result of a controversy 
■with Great Britain of a quarter of a century's standing, and one which came near involving llie two countries in a war. 
By the treaty, the St. Croix, and a line running due north from a monument at its source to St. John's Kiver form the 
boundary on the east. On the north the line follows the St John's and St. Francis rivers to Lake Pohenagamook. On 
tlio north-west it follows the highlands from that lake in a south-west dircctii»n to the north-east corner of New Ilampsliire, 
■which State forms the greatest length of its west boundary. The Atlantic lies on the south. Within these limits the esti- 
mated area contains 80,000 square miles. 

There arc said to be as many islands on the coasts, and in the bays of Maine, as tliere are days in the year. Most of 
these are small, but many are of considerable size, fertile, and inhabited. The bays and inlets are proportionally numer- 
ous, and afford a scries of excellent harbors. The length of the coast in a straight line from Kittery Point to Quoddy 
Head is about 2'25 miles, but following its windings, nearly 1,000 miles. The Isles of Shoals are seven in numbcr,t and 
lie about eight miles south-easterly from the mouth of the Piscataqua River. Four of them belong to Maine, and the three 
others to New Uampshire. These islanils are little more than masses of rock, but at one time bad 500 or 600 inhabitants, 
attracted thither by the superior advantages they afforded for the pursuit of the fisheries, and they became celebrated for 
their dried fish, known by the name of Isles of Shoal duu-flsh, which were prepared by drying them slowly and carefully 
on the rocks. Their population in 1850 was 132. Casco Bay, a spacious basin between Cape Elizabeth and Cape Small 
Point, contains a great number of fine islands, among which Great Gebrag and Sebaseodegan Islamls are the largest. 
The shores of the bay afford several excellent harbors. Seguin Island, further east, is a no^ed landmark at the mouth 
of the river Kennebec. Parker's Island, on which is Georgi'town, the island of Cape Newagen, and Jeremiscjuam, are 
large bodies of land betweeen the Kennebec and Damariscotta rivers, south of which are the Damariscove islands, a 
group of small but inhabited islets. Farther from the shore are Monhegan, St. George's, Matinic, and Matinicus islands. 
Monhegan was formerly famous for its fisheries. The Fox Islind, Long Island, and Deer Island, are the principal islands 
in Penobscot Bay, which extends from White Head, on the west, to He au Haul on the east, and runs up about 35 miles 
inland. But the largest island on the coast is Mount Desert, containing about 60,000 acres. Several of its heights are 
consy/icuous objects far off at sea, and some of them attain an elevation of from l,5iX) to l.SOO feet. Farther east is Petit 
Menan, often corrupted to Titmenan, and at the entrance of Passamaquoddy Hay is Grand Menan, belonging to New 
Brunswick, to which province, also, Campobello and Deer Island, in that bay, are politically att^iched. Moose Ishuida 
belong to Maine. 

The surface of the interii.ir country beyond the coast region, which is somewhat fl.at an'l sandy, is, in general, pleasantly 
■varied with hills and valleys. There is no connected ridge of mount;uns in the State, but the north-western part contains 
numerous detached elevations, which may be considered as "outliers" of the White Mountains, and from this section all 
the principal rivers descend in different directions. The Bald Mountain, to the west of Moosehead Lake, Katahdin 
Mountain, between the east and west branches of Penobscot Biver, Saddleback, Mt Abraham, and Mt. Bigelow, be- 
tween the Androscoggin and the Kennebec, and the Sugar Loaf Mountains at the head of the west branch of the 
Walloostook are thought to be the loftiest points. The highest pcnnt of land in the State is Mt. Katahdin, which rises 
6,385 feet above the sea level. 

It is estimatt'd that one tenth part of the State is covered with water; and every portion is abundantly supi)lied with 
streams and rivulets which, for the most part, flow from or through lakes, and are copiously supplied froni these reser- 
voirs throughout the year. The rivers of Maine are characterized by numerous falls, which, while they impede the 
navigation of large craft, do not interrupt the desomit of logs and rafts, and furnish excellent mill-seats. Along the coasts 
the tide-waters often penetrate far inland, filling natural channels, which take the name of rivers, but which are, in 
truth, arms of tlie sea. The whole of the northern part is drained by the constituents of St. John liiver — the St. 
Francis, and Madawaska from the north, and the Walloostoolc, Allag;ish, and Aroostook from the south. The great 
river of the sonthern section is the Penobscot, which collects its tribute of waters from the wliole lirea<lth of the State. Its 
■western branch rises near the heads of the Chaudiere, and flows east, receiving in its course several streams from the 
Ticinity of the sources of the AUagash and Walloostook, and passing through Chesuncook and Pemadumcook lakes 

* The following arp the astronomical positions of several important points on tbe line of tlie new boundary survey, 



I.at. N. Long. W. 



Fish River, mo.itti of 47 15 13 .... 68 35 2i> 

Fort FairfielJ, (upper blockhouse) 40 46 07 .... — 

Fort Fairfield, (lower block house) — 67 49 42 

Fort Kent (block house) 4T \r> 09 .... 6S 3> V- 

Hancock Barracks (flag st.-\ff) 46 07 39 .... 67 49 00 

HeadofL. Bl.ack Kapids (St. Jolin Kiver) 47 05 30 .... C9 OS 34 

He.-»d of Connecticut Kiver 45 14 58 71 12 57 

Houlton (hotel) 46 07 28 .... 67 49 2.5 

t Tlie '• Isles ol Shoals" are seven in number, viz., Hog. Smutty Nose. Star, Duck, White, Malaga, and T.on.lonner Islands. Tlie three fir.it consti- 
tute the town of Gossport, A'. Ilamp., and the four latter the town of Isles of Shoals, Mt. lliey were origin.illy <ailed Smith's Islands, having been 
discovered by the celebrated John Smith ial614. The present population is 132— in N. Hamp. 103, and in .Maine 2". 
126 



Lat. N. Long. ■W. 

D. M. B. D. U. 6. 

Pinelslandof Seven Islands (St. John River)... 46 46 63 6' 35 55 

Pohenagamook Lake (monument at outlet) 47 27 .33 69 13 19 

Pohenagamook Lake (head of) 47 31 39 .... 69 17 31 

S.addleback Moun-ain 45 20.56 .... 71 01 13 

St. Croix Kiver (monument at source) 45 56 37 67 47 00 

St. Francis R. (Hammond's Barn near n/tli of ) 47 10 57 .... 68 .53 ,59 
Taschereau's House 45 48 37 70 24 10 



5 1 ®<8v«*© #«>«><© ©#^>® ©"®^^ ^#^^e e-@«s>o ®e®© »<&^^ ®<s^s>o «^^ 




"^k 



THE STATE OF MAINE. 



below which it has a fall of 50 feet It receives tlie eastern or Seboois branch formed by confluents coming from tho 
same tract which sends oflf the Aroostook to the north. The Mattawamkeag and the Piscataquis, its prhicipal tributa- 
ries, then come in from opposite sides, and at Orono the river falls about 50 or 60 feet to the tide level. The tides at 
Bangor, (iO miles from the sea, and 30 from Belftiat Bay, rise 15 foet, and the river is navigable for the largest vessels 
to that place, but navigation is closed four or five months in the year by ice. The total length of its course is about 
850 miles. The Kennebec preserves a remarkable parallelism with the Penobscot, but drains a less extent of country. 
Its head stream, the Moose, rising in the highlands, from which issue the south-eastern branches of the Chaudiere, 
flows east into Moosehead Lake, the outlet of which takes the name of Kennebec, and runs south to the sea. It is 
broken at Embden by the Carratuek Falls; at the mouth of Sandy Kivor by the Norridgewock Falls; below Norridge- 
wock by Skowhegan Falls, and at Waterville by Teeonnet Falls. The tide flows up to Augusta, 50 miles from the 
sea, and small vessels and steamboats go up to that place, and its whole length is about 200 miles. Below Merry 
Meeting Bay, where it unites with the Androscoggin, it often has the name of Sagadahock. The Androscoggin runs in 
a winding course, much broken by falls from the north-west corner of the State, south through Moosetogmaguntic and 
Umbago lakes, into New Ilampshire, then turning east repasses into Maine, and pursues a south-easterly direction to 
Merry Meeting Bay. At Brunswick, a few miles from its mouth, are Pejepscot Falls, with a total descent of 50 feet, and 
higher up are Lewiston Falls, and Pennacook Falls in Eumford. The Magalloway, which flows into Lake Umbagog, is 
its principal tributary. The Dead Kiver and Sebasticook are useful mill streams flowing into the Kennebec. The Saco, 
Union, and Machias, are small streams. The St. Croix, or Schoodic, which forms a part of the boundary toward New 
Brunswick, is formed by the confluence of two largo branches, each issuing from a cluster of Iakele*s ; the northern 
branch, called also the Cheputnatecook, is a rapid and broken stream, and there are several falls below the junction of the 
west branch. At Calais, 12 miles from its mouth, the tide rises 15 feet. 

The lakes of Maine are so numerous, and some of them so extensive, as to form one of the characteristic features of 
the country. Some of them are remarkable for the picturesque beauties of their scenery, and many of them will be use- 
ftil channels of communication when their neighborhoods become more thickly peopled. In the north tho Temiscouata 
discharges its waters into the Madawaska, and the Baamchenungamook and Pongokwahem are the reservoirs from 
which the Allagash is fed. In the centre are Moosehead Lake, the largest in the State, being about fifty miles in length, 
but very irregular — from five to fifteen miles in width, Chesuncook, twenty miles long, and Pemadumcook. The Moose- 
togmaguntic and Umbagog are on the western border, and the Schoodic, and the Upper Shoodic lakes on the eastern 
border. These are the largest and most conspicuous on the map, but there are hundreds of others, iu every direction, 
giving rise to, and receiving streams of various magnitudes. 

Maine is a country chiefly of primary rocks, with a large division of those that refer to the transition period, and toward New 
Brunswick it has an important region of the lower secondary formation. Everywhere it has alluvial and diluvial deposits, 
and vast igneous formations, not only in the interior, but forming a barrier against the ocean surge along a considerable part 
of an immense sea-coast, Its mineral deposits are various, and extensively distributed throughout its limits. Iron ore of 
excellent quality is found in great abundance, and in the south-eastern district, between the Kennebec and the St. Croix, 
there are indications of the existence of bituminous coal. Marble, granite, and limestone, however, ooustitute the principal 
mineral products, and all are extensively quarried. Lime is abundant, particularly at Thomaston and Camden, where 
It is burnt in greut quantities for exportation. Maine, indeed, supplies most of the States with this article. Granite is 
chiefly found near Ilallowell, and is peculiarly well adapted for material in public buUdings. It is abundant also in 
many other parts. Mica, taleose, and other slates occur in extensive beds between the Kennebec and the St. John 
Soapstone, sandstone, and brecciated rocks of many varieties are found ; also jasper, including the beautiful greenstone 
trap and its varieties and porphyry. The trap-dykes are numerous and exceedingly distinct; they cut thrcmgh most of 
the other rocks, and produce upon them most distinctly those peculiar effects which to a demonstration prove their igneous 
origin; while the diluvial deposits, the boulders and ruins, the diluvial furrows in the rocks, the Sea-shells now adhering 
to and inherent in rocks, which once formed the sea-coast, although now elevated 26 feet above the water, a salt spring at 
Luhec, and many other interesting phenomena illustrate other parts of scientific geology. Maine is also said to have its 
gold region, and of late some excitement has been produced among the inhabitants, by reports of successful mining, but 
it does not seem that any great amount of the mineral has been collected, nor is the estimate important enough to beguile 
the more wary (Vom their usual occupations. There is no doubt, however, of its existence in the State. It is found on 
the streams that rise on the east side of the height of land, and flow east into the west branch of the Penobscot, and also 
in the tributaries of Moose River. The whole neighboring country is mountainous, and similar, in many resjx'cts, to the 
muling regions of oUier countries. The Chaudiere Eiver, on the British side, is also said to yield the metal in considerable 
quantities. 

The soils of this State are of various compost and fertility : near the sea the lands arc sandy, and generally unsuited to 
the purposes of agriculture. In the more mountainous regions, though the soil is thin and not of the best quality, extensive 
tracts are found which might be used as grazing lands. The district between the Penobscot and Kennebec rivers, 
however, is eminently rich, fertile, and productive. That part of the State lying between the Penobscot and the Passama- 
quoddy, is what is called " White Pine Land" — the soil is moist and of consiilerable strength, and the principal natural 
growth is the white pine mixed with oak, white ash, and beech. At Wells and Scarboro are several tracts of salt marsh. 

Maine has a climate of extremes, but it is seldom so severe as to interrupt farm operations. Vegetation commences 
late, but it is rapid and vigorous. The season of growth extends from the middle of April to the middle of October, but it 
does not continue in its full force for more than three and a half months. The temperature ranges between 100° above and 
20° below zero, but the changes are seasonal, and seldom interfere with personal health. Near the coast the summers are 
tempered and rendered pleasant by the recurrence of sea breezes, and in the eastern districts the atmospheric temperature 
is modified by the fogs and vapors rising from the Gulf Stream whidi in these latitudes sweeps the shores. The frosts 
ot winter are uninterrupted, and the lakes and rivers may be passed upon the ice from December to the beginning of 
April. The less hardy cereals frequently suffer from the early frosts. 

The greater part of the surface of Maine is covered with dense forests of pine, oak, beech, birch, etc. White pine and 
spruce, when dressed into masts, boards, and shingles, are largely exported. There is also abundance of timber suitable 
for ship-building, and from the facilities with which it is procured, Maine has become the greatest ship-building State of 
the Union, and in this department of industry on an average of years produces more tonnage than the three great States 
of Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania together, or more than one-third that of the whole Union. 

Of the aboriginal tribes that formerly hunted in the deep forests of Maine, but few now inhabit the country. There are 

127 



THE STATE OE MAINE. 



about 500 still in Iho State ; they live principally on the islands of the Penobscot River, which tlioy own, and enjoy a consid- 
erable annuity secured to them by the government There is also an Indian settlement on the western side of Passama- 
quoddy Bay. The pre-seiit inliabitants are chiefly of British descent, and the greater portion of them tlie immediate 
descendants of the oriujinal colonists of New England. There are, however, large numbers of emigrants from other 
European countries, but the proportion of these classes is by no means so great as in most of the other States. The 
colored races form l)ut a small moiety of the people. 
Maine is divided into 13 counties, the general statistics of which and the capitals of each, in 1S50, were as follows : 



Counfe.,. Dw^n. Pop. f„";;-'» J^,"°';'; Capitals. 

Penobscot 10,.3T4. .68,089. .3,99.?. .40T. .Bangor 

PiecaUiquis 2,5S9. .14,735. .1,779. . 61. .Dover 

Somerset 5.917. .35,581. .3,813. .155. .Norridgewock 

Waldo 7,631. .47,2.30. .4,415. .847. . Belfast 

Washington .... 5,S35. .38,810. .1,875. .310. .Machias 
York 10,564 . . 60,101 . . 5,004 . . 352 . . Alfred 



Counties. Dwell. Pop. ^,""1,, Estab.' Capitals. 

Aroostook 2,038.. 12.535. .1,228.. 59..IIoulton 

Cumberland 12,762. .79,549. .5,352. .644. .Portland 

Franklin 3,4S7. .20,027. .2,.521 . .135. Farraington 

Hancock 5,550 . 84,372 .. 2,27 1 .. 205 .. Ells worth 

Kennebec 10,162. .62,521 . .5,266. .881 . . AtratrsTA 

Lincoln 12,176. .74,875. .4,975. .526. . Wiscasset 

Oxford 6,712 . . 39,663 . . 4,2SS . . 150 . . Paris 

The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 95,797; of families, 103,787; and of inhabitants, 
583,088; viz., whites 581,763— males 296,6:35, and females 285,123; free colored 1,825— males 705, and females 620. Of 
the whole population there were, deaf and dumb — wh. 229, fr. col. 1 — total 230; blind — wh. 201, fr. col. — total 201; 
insane — wh. 533, fr. col. 3 — total 536, and ^di<ltlc—^yh. 555, fr. col. 8 — total 55S. The number of free persons born in the 
United States was 551,129, the number of foreign birth 81,456, and of birth unknown 584; ««?«•« population originated as 
follows: 3faine 517,117, N. Ilamp. 18,509, Verm. 1,177, Mass. 16,535, E. I. 410, Conn. 460, N. Y. 973, N. J. 134, Penn. 201, 
Del. 36, Md. 118, Dist. of Col. 2% Virg. 94, N. Car. 27, S. Car. 31, Ga. 24, Flor. 24, Ala. 6, Mbs. 1.6, La. 21, Tex. 9, Ark. 6, 
Tenn. 6, Ky. 14, Oh. 68, Mich. 19, lud. 5, lU. 3S, Mo. 11, la. 1, Wise. 10, Calif. 2, Territories 4. And the foreign 
population was composed of persons, from — England 1,949, Ireland 13,871, Scotland 532, Wales 60, Germany 290, 
France 143, Spain 18, Portugal 58, Belgium 2, Holland 12, Turkey 4, Italy 20, Austria 8, Switzerland 11, Paissia 2, Den- 
mark 47, Norway 12, Sweden 55, Prussia 27, China 3, Asia 5, Africa 5, British America 14,181, Mexico 2, Central 
America 0, South America 31, West Indies 61, Sandwich Islands 1, and other countries, 51. 

The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the 
United States authorities : 

ColoreJ Persons. Decennial Increase. 
White , ' , Totnl , ' , 



Census 
Year. 

1790 .... 
1800 .... 

ISIO 227,736 

1820 297,340 



Persorw, Free, 

96,002 533 

150,901 818 

969 
995 

1880 

1840 500,483 1,855 

1850 561,763 1,825 



Numerical. 



Percent. 



Slave. Total. Population. 

— 533 96,540 — — 

— SIS 151,719 55,179 57.1 

— 969 223,705 76,9S6 50.T 

— 995 293,3.35 69,630 80.4 

398,263 1,190 2 1,192 899,455 101,120 33.9 

— 1,355 501,798 103,838 25.6 

— 1,325 583,083 81,295 16.2 



The statistical returns of the wealth and industry of Maine, as furnished by the census of 1st June, 1850, and other 
oflScial documents referring to that period, are as follows : 

Occtipied Lands, efc— Improved lands 2,039,596 acres, and unimproved lands 2,515,797 acres— valued in cash at 
$54,861,748. Number of farms under cultivation, 46,760 ; value of farming implements and machinery, $2,284,554. 

Live-stock.— \loraa%, ^1,121; assos and mules, 55; milch cows, 1.33,556 ; working oxen, 83,893; other cattle, 12.5,890 ; 
sheep, 451,577 ; and swine, 54,598— total value of live-stock, $9,705,726. In 1840, there were in the State— horses, mules, 
etc., 59,208 ; neat cattle of all descriptions, 327,255 ; sheep, 649,264 ; swine, 117,886, etc. 

<?m?» Crops.— Wheat, 296,259 bushels; rye, 102,916 bushels; Indian corn, 1,750,056 bushels ; oats, 2,181,037 bushels; 
barley, 151,731 bushels ; and buckwheat, 104,523 Inishels. The same crops in 1840 amounted to— wheat, 848,166 bushels; 
rj-e, 137,941 bushels; Indian corn, 950,528 bushels; oats, 1,076,409 bushels; bariey, 355,161 bushels; and buckwheat, 
51,543 bushels. Thus, while the wheat and bariey crops have diminished about flve-eightlis, all the other crops have 
increased, and most of them have doubled in quantity. 

Other Food Crops.— Teas and beans, 205,541 bushels ; Irish potatoes, 3,436,040 bushels. In 1840, the production of the 
potato crop amounted to 10,392,230 bushels, or nearly three times that of 1850. 

ifiscellanfous Crops.— ll&y, 755,839 (in 18-10, 691,358) tons ; clover-seed, 9,097 bushels ; other grass-seed, 9,214 bushels ; 
hops, 40,120 (in 1840, 86,940) pounds; flax, 17,081 pounds; flax-seed, 530 bushels; maple sugar, 93,542 pounds; molasses, 
8,167 gallons; beeswax and honey, 189,618 pounds; silk cocoons, 252 (in 1840, 211) pounds; wine, 724 gallons. The 
value of orchard products was $342,865, and of market-garden products, $122,337. 

Products of Animals.— '^oo\,\,UifiU (in 1340,1,465,551) pounds; butter, 9,243,811 pounds; cheese, 2,484,454 pounds; 
and the value of animals slaugiitered during the year was $1,646,773. 

Home-made Manvfactures for the year ending 1st June, 1850, were produced to the value of $513,599. 

J/(nH//;/r*Miv.«.— Aggregate capit.il invested, $14,700,452; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $13,555,806; 
average number of hands employed, -males, and females, monthly cost of labor, $ -males 

$ and females $ —total value of products for the year, $24,664,185. The whole number of m.anufacturiug estab- 

lishments in the State, in 1850, producing to the value of $500 and upward, was 8,032 ; and of these, 12 were cotton factories 
86 woolen factories, 218 tanneries, and 26 establishments for tlie manufacture of iron— 26 for castings, and 1 for pig iron. 

The cotton manufactures emjiloy a capital of $3,329,700; v.ilue of all raw material consumed, $1,573,110; monthly 
cost of labor— male $22,895, and female $:>5,973 ; value of entire ]iroducts, $2,596,3.')6. In this department of manufactures 
81,581 bales of cotton were used, and 2,921 tons of coal consumed ; and the number of hands employed — males 780, and 
females 2,959. The products for the year were 82,852,556 yards of sheeting, etc. 

The u'ooUn manufactures employ a capital of $467,600; and usel,48S,4;W pounds of wool, ralued at $495,940 ; number 
of hands— males 310, and fem.iles 314; montlily cost of labor— male $0,998, and female $3,697; value of entire products, 
$753,300, and quantity of products, 1,023,020 yards of cloth, and 1,200 pounds yarn. 
123 



THE STATE OF MAINE. 



In tanneries, the invested capital is $732,747; value of liides and skins, $S92.34-3; hands employed — males, 787, and 
females 3; monthly cost of labor— male *17,229, and female $23; skins tanned 31,350, and sides of leather tanned 
632,068; value of products, ^1,020,036. 

In the manufiicture of ;v/f/ iron, the capital invested is $214,000 ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., $14,939 ; hands 
employed — males, 71 ; monthly cost of labor, $1,562 ; pig iron made, 1,4S4 tons ; value of products, $36,616. The material 
consmned consisted of 2,9u7 tons ore, and 213,970 bushels coke and charcoal. 

In the mamifacture of iron eastings, the invested capital is $150,100; value of raw material, fuel, etc., $112,570; 
number of hands employed — males 2-43, and females 1 ; average wages per month — to males $29, and to females $5 ; 
entire value of products — 3,691 tons castings — $265,000. The material and fuel consumed consisted of pig iron, 3,591 tons ; 
old metal, 245 tons; mineral coal, 1,319 tons; and coke and charcoal, 14,000 bushels. 

Besides the above, Maine has other considerable interests— numerous mills, and various mechanical establisliments, 
etc., which, in the aggregate, make up a long list of industrial pursuits, for the profitable prosecution of which the fine 
streams of the country aflford special facilities. 

Commerce, jSTavigation, etc. — The total value of merchandise exported to foreign countries, from Maine, during the 
year ending 80th January, 1850, was $1,556,912, of which $1,536,818 was the value of domestic produce and manufac- 
tures, and $20,094 that of foreign goods re-exported. The value of domestic merchandise, exported in American vessels, 
was $1,135,998, and in foreign vessels $400,820 ; and the value of foreign merchandise, re-exported in American vessels, 
was $14,564, and in foreign vessels $5,530. The total value of imports for the same year was $856,411, of which $609,155 
was the value of goods carried in American vessels, and $247,256 in foreign vessels. The following table exhibits the 
statistics of shipping employed in the foreign trade : 



SHIPrlNG EKTEBED. 
Natiimality. Vessels. Tonnage. Crews. 

American 253 53,309 2,084 

Foreign 1,040 89,877 5,083 



Total. 



.1,293 



143,186 



7,167 



BHIPPINO CLEARED. 
Nationality. Vessels. Tonnage. Crews. 

American 585 111,123 4,548 

Foreign 1,046 91,014 5,131 



Total 



.1,631 



202,137 



9,674 



The tonnage cleared from Passamaquoddy district was 63,367 tons ; from Machias, 5,145 tons ; from Penobscot, 3,441 
tons; from Waldoboro", 2,546 tons; from Wiscasset, 4,509 tons; from Belfast, 11,950 tons ; from Batli, 19,382 tons ; from 
Bangor, 12,310 tons; from Portlaml, 77,645 tons; from Kennebvick, 1,343 tons; and from Saco, 496 tons; and the tonnage 
entered at Passamaquoddy was 58,453 tons ; at Machias, 3SD tons ; at Penobscot, 4,140 tons ; at Waldoboro', 492 tons ; at 
Wiscasset, 1,025 tons; at Belfast, 820 tons; at Bath, 10,094 tons ; at Bangor, .3,.365 tons ; at Portland, 64,195 tons, and at 
Saco, 213 tons. The shipping owned in the State, on the 30th of June, 1S50, amounted to 501,421 tons; registered — 
permanent, 193,955 tons, and temporary, 41,524 tons ; eiu"olled and licensed — permanent, 259,845 tons, and temporary 
499 tons ; licensed (under 20 tons) — empkiyed in coasting 904 tons, and in the cod fisheries 4,694 tons. Of the registered 
shipping 821 tons, and of the eurnlled and licensed shipping 5,259 tons, were navigated by steam. The proportion of the 
enrolled and licensed shipping employed — in coasting was 209,079 tons, in the cod fisheries 37,218 tons, and in the mackerel 
fisheries 12,046 tons. 

The statistics of the commerce of Maine for a series of years exhibit the following movements : 

Year. Export". Imports. Year. Exports. Imports. Year. Exports. Importa. 

1820 $1,108,031 .... $ — 1831 $805,578 .... $941,407 1842 $1,050,523 .... $606,864 

1821 1,040,848 .... 930,294 18.32 981,443 .... 1,123,-326 184-3 632,891 .... 250,260 

1822 1.036,642 .... 943,775 183.3 1,019,8-31 .... 1,880,-308 1844 1,176,185 .... 570,824 

1823 895,501 .... 891,644 1S34 815,277 .... 1,060,121 1845 1,255,105 .... 855,645 

1824 900,195 .... 768,443 1835 1,059,367 .... 88.3,-3S9 1846 1,328,863 .... 787,092 

1825 1,031,127 .... 1,169,940 1S36 850,986 .... 9-30,086 1847 1,634,203 .... 574,056 

1S36 1,052,575 .... 1,245,235 1837 955,952 .... 801,404 1S4S 1,957,895 .... 79.5,565 

1827 1,070,134 .... 1,333,390 1S38 935,5-32 .... 899,142 1S49 1,236,681 .... 721,409 

1S28 1,019,517 .... 1,240,809 1839 895,485 .... 982,724 1850 1,556,912 .... 856,411 

1S29 737,832 .... 747,781 1840 1,018,269 .... 628,762 1851 1,551,433 .... 1,176,590 

18-30 670,522 .... 572,600 1841 1,091,565 .... 700,961 1852 — .... — 

Internal Cammu7iicatian.—T'he bays and estuaries of Maine, many of which, however, penetrate to a considerable 
distance inland, are the only natural ways for internal intercourse enjoyed by the State. The great interior back from the 
sea-board district is beyond their reach, and the chief rivers, except as far as they can be made to float down the timber 
and rafts of the vast forests which abound at their upper courses, are almost useless to navigation. The State, then, has 
had to depend on artificial channels for travel and transportation ; and from necessity, these are extensive and systematic. 
But the position of Maine to the British provinces has demanded of it something more than roads to the interior, and 
hence we find its system, completed and projected, extending into Canada on the one hand, and into New Bnmswick 
and Nova Scotia on the other ; while lines of railroad are in operation from the south-east part of the State to Boston, 
connecting with the general system of the Union, and furnishing a link in the great chain extending from Halifax, the 
northern terminus of European steam navigation, to the ports of the Gulf of Mexico. The Atlantic and St. LawTcnce 
Railroad, one of the greatest enterprises of the age, gives to Montreal and Quebec an outlet on the Atlantic, and avoids 
the tedious navigation down the St. Lawrence Eiver. The European and North American Kailroad will greatly facilitate 
and shorten the period of travel between Europe and the Union. The first of these is already complete, and the latter 
has so far progressed as to insure its completion within the next four or five years. With the exception of one or two 
short lines, the railroads as yet complete are found in the south-east part of the State, between the Kennebec Eiver 
and the line of New Hampshire. The total length of completed railroad in the State, on the 1st January, 1853, was 417 
miles. The State has also constnicted the Cumberland and Oxford Canal, connecting Portland with Sebago Pond, twenty 
and a half miles long. It has 25 locks, and by another lock, in Saco Eiver, it is extended through Brandy and Long Ponds, 
making its whole length 50 miles. 

Banks.— The bank returns for October, 1S50, reported 32 banks. The following statement exhibits their condition at 
ihat period: Ziaifiiities—C3.inta.\ $8,248,000, circulation $2,651,208, deposits $1,223,671, due other banks $48,036, and oiher 

I 129 



THE STATE OF MAINE. 



liabilities $33,285 ; and «««<?«.«— loans and discounts $5,830,330, real estate $111,805, due by other banks $778,955, notes 
of other banks $1S7,4;35, and specie $475,539. Tl>e banks are subject to the control of Bank Commissioners appointed 
by the Governor. 

Ocycernment, etc. — Tlie constitution of Maine went into operation in 1820, on tlie separation of the State from Massa- 
chusetts. It confers the right of suffrage on every white male citizen (except paupers, persons under guardiansliip, and 
Indians not taxed) 21 years of age, and for three nionihs next preceding any election a resilient, and such citizen may 
vote in the town where a residence is so established. The general election is held annually on the second Monday in Sep- 
tember. 

The Le^gidature is composed of a House of Kepresentatives and a Senate ; representatives nut loss than 100, nor more 
than 200 in number (now 151), and elected annually, must be 21 years of age, five years citizens of the United States, one 
year residents of the State, and three months next preceding the election inhabitants of the town they may represent. A 
town having 1,500 inhabitants, is entitled to one representative; having 3,750, <m)o; having 6,775, </«'«« / having 10,500, 
four; having 1 5,000, ^t"e ; having 20,250, tsix; and having 2G.250, seve7i; and no town can ever be entitled to more tban 
seven representatives. Senators not less than 20 nor more than 31 in number (now 31), must be 25 years of age, and 
otherwise their term of office and qualifications same as for representatives. Vacancies in the Senate shall bo filled by 
joint vote of the senators and the representatives, from those who had the highest number of votes in each district at the 
popular election. The Senate tries all impeachments, and a two-thirds vote is necessary to conviction ; but judgment in such 
cases only extends to removal from and disqualification for office, the party being still liable to indictment. No senator or 
representative shall, during his term, be appointed to any civil oflice of profit that may ha\'e been created, or its emolu- 
ments increased during such term ; and no member of Congress, or person holding office under the United States, post- 
oflBcers excepted, can hold a seat in either house. The legislature convenes on the second Wednesday in January 
annually. 

The Governor is chosen by a plurality of votes, and holds office for one year. He must be 30 years of age, a natural 
bom citizen of the United States, and for five years, and at the time of his election, and during his teTin, a resident of tho 
State. If no person has a majority of votes, the House of Kepresentatives, from those having the four highest numbers, 
if there be so many, shall elect two, and return their names to the Senate, one of whom the Senate shall elect and declare 
governor. No person holding office under the United States, this State, or any other power, shall be governor. If tho 
office become vacant, the president of the Senate, and after him the speaker of the Representatives, shall act as governor, 
A two-third vote of both houses in favor of a bill vetoed by the governor, nullifies his objection, and it becomes law never- 
theless. The gubernatorial term commences on the second Wednesday of May. 

The Eweciitive Council, consisting of seven councilors, not more than one from any senatorial district, is chosen annually 
by joint ballot of tlie senators and representatives. They must be citizens of the United States, and residents of the State; 
and their proper office is to advise tho governor in the executive part of the government. 

The principal administrative officers are the Secretary of State and the State Treasurer. They are chosen annually in 
the same manner as the executive council. The Treasurer is not eligible more than five years successively. 

The constitutional organization of the judiciary was essentially altered by an act of the Legislature of 1852. The dis- 
trict courts, ^vhich took tlie place of the old courts of Common Pleas were, abolished, and all their jurisdiction transferred 
to the supreme judicial court, to which three additional justices were authorized by the above act. The Slate is now 
divided into three judicial districts— western, middle, and eastern, and for the purpose of hearing and determining ques- 
tions of law and equity, instead of being as heretofore hold in the several counties, the terms are annually held for these 
districts; at Portland for the western district, at Augusta for the middle district, and at Cangor for the eastern district. 
The other classes of cases are tried as formerly in the several counties where they are commenced. There is a probate 
court in each county, with a judge and register; and each county has a clerk of the judicial court. Municipal and police 
courts are established at Portland, Bath, Bangor, Augusta, Ganliner, Belfast, Calais, Rockland, and Brunswick. All State 
judges are appointed by the governor, with the advice and consent of the council, and hold office for seven years, unless 
sooner removed for cause. 

Among the general provisions of the constitution, are the following: Quakers, Shakers, justices of the Supreme Court 
and ministers of the gospel, shall be exempt from military duty. Suitable provision shall be made by towns to support 
and maintain public schools. No grant shall be made by the legislature to any literary institution, unless it has control 
over its charier. No religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or trust. In all libel cases, the truth 
may be given in evidence, and tlie jury shall determine both the law and the facts. 

Amendments to the constitution must receive a two-thirds vote of both houses, and be submitted to the people at the 
next general election ; and if a majority is in favor of the amendment, it shall become a part of the constitution. 

Themilitia of Maine, according to the returns of 1S51, consists of 62,.533 men of all arm's and grades, of which 1S3 are 
commissioned officers, and 62,350 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned 
officers, 12 are general officers, 18 general stafi" officers, 24 field officers, and 129 company officers. All persons between 13 
and 45 years of age, not exempt by law, arc liable to do military duty. 

Maine has several benevolent inj<iitutions, among which the Insane Hospital at Augusta stands pre-eminent. On the 
4th of December, 1S50, the two wings and most of the main building were destroyed by flre ; the books, library, and 
papers of the institution were saved, but 27 of the inmates and one of the assistants perished in the flames. The 
north wing was made habitable by the 1st of January, 1851, and has since been occupied. The returns for the year 
ending 31st March, 1850, exhibitfd the condition of the hospital at that time as follows: number of patients in ho.spital at 
the commencement of the past year, 127 ; and received during the year, 126— total 253, of which number 142 were males, 
and 111 females. Discharged during the year: recovered— males 38, and females 28; improved- males 10, and females 
10 ; unimproved— males 8, and females 8 ; and died— males 8, and females 7 ; making a total of 117. Of the 126 admitted, 
64 were married— males 85, and females 20; 50 were single— 28 males, and 22 females; and 12 were widows; and of 
the number, 97 had been diseased less than one year, and 29 more than a year. In ordinary cases, the expenses, in- 
cluding board, washing, medical attindance, etc., do not exceed, for males, $250, and for females, $225 per week. In 1850 
a commission was appointed to esUdilish a Reform School, and construct appropriate buiMings therefor. 

Finances, Delt, rtc.— According to the annual report of the State Treasurer, the amount of receipts for the year ending 

30th April, 1S50, was $525,688 26, which, with a balance remaining from the last past year of $79,033 26, made the total 

resources of the Treasury $604,726 52. The expenditures for the same period amounted to $478,802 45, leaving a surplus 

of $125,924 07 for future appropriation. The principal objects of expenditure were— pay of Legislature, $41,090 ; execu- 

180 



THE STATE OF MAINE. 



live expenses, $5,007 93; salaries, $25,163 02; clerks, $3,800; roll of accounts, $13,0-44 20; iiriiiting, etc., $2,500; cost of 
crittiinal prosecutions, $2o,5TS 66; officers of the State prison, $4,756 23; Insane Hospital, $1,519 50; deaf, dumb, and 
blind, $9,750 09; school fund. No. 16, $24,435 56 ; Teachers' Institute, .$2,600; Board of Education, $TS5; Penobscot In- 
dians' fund, $4,187 33; agricultural products of Indians, $219 SO; Indian annuities, $1,500; State roads and bridges, 
$1,SOO; militia pensions, $2,123; Maine Reports, $1,560; Ea.stman's Digest of the same, $1,875; agricultural societies, 
$2,202 90; county taxes, $24,479 92; furniture and repairs, $1,100; contingent fund of Treasurer, $1,000 ; State prison, 
$3,300 ; public debt paid, $124,250 ; interest on debt, $61,574 29 ; temporary loan, $82,350, etc. ; and the chief sources of 
income were— direct taxes, $190,976 60 ; land office, $132,340 95 ; permanent school fund, $2,009 30 ; school fund. No. 
17, $27,230 21; counly taxes, $14,508 14; interest on United Slates loan, $8,100; premium on United States stock sold, 
$7,725 ; interest, $3,678 08 ; bank dividends, $700 ; dulies on commissions, $2,170, etc. The resources of the State are esti- 
mated at $819,267 39, among which are enumerated, besides cash on hand and the proceeds of the annual taxes, 109 
shares in the Augusta Bank, $10,000, and United States six per cent, stock due 1856, $20,000. The whole amount of the 
public debt at the date above referred to was $854,750, which pays an annual interest of about $.55,000. 

Federal liepreiieiitdtion.—yLSime, according to the proi'isions of the Act of 23d May, 1S50, apportioning representation, 
is entitled to send 6 representatives to the United States Congress. 

lieliffious Denominations. — According to the census returns of the United States, taken in 1850, the statistics of the 
several religious denominations in this State were as follows : 



Denomiiia- No. af 
tions. Churcbes. 

Baptist 283 . . 

Christian ... 9 . . 

Congregat'l.. 165 . . 

Dutch Kef. . - . . 

Episcopal . . 8 . . 

Free 19 , . 

Friends 24 . . 



Church 
accorn. 

93,079 . . 

3,580 . . 

67,153 . . 

3,937 . . 

6,742 . . 

7,225 . . 



Value of 
Property. 

$426,787 

13,800 

626,270 

52,000 
25,700 
14,530 



Deuomjiia- No. of Church 

tioii?. Churches, accom. 

German Eef. — . . — 

Jewish — . . — 

Lutheran ... — . . — 

Mennonite.. — .. — 

Methodist . . 171 . . 55,111 

Moravian ... — . . — 

Presbvter'n.. 7 .. 4,084 



Value of 
Property. 



259,695 
32,000 



Denomiaa- No. of 

tioas. Churclies. 

R. Catholic. 11 .. 

Swedenbo'n 2 . . 

Tunker — . . 

Union 83 . . 

Unitarian. . . 15 . . 

Univer.salist. 53 . . 
Minor Sects .. 1 . . 



Church 
accoin. 

6,650 . . 
640 .. 

26,087 . . 

10,144 .. 

19,893 . . 

150 .. 



Value of 
Property. 

$20,700 

8,000 

108,070 

103,000 

120,150 

200 



— making a total of 851 churches, with accommodation for 304,475 persons, and valued as property at $1,712,152. Maine 
constitutes a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and a part of the Roman Catholic diocese of Boston. 

Education. — The Board of Education has been abolished, and an Act has been passed, authorizing, instead thereof, the 
appointment by the governor of a school commissioner fur each county, to hold office for one year from 1st May, and it is 
made the duty of each commissioner to spend 50 days at least in his county during the winter term of the schools, in 
visiting and examining the scholars, etc. 

In 1828 twenty townships of public land were reserved aa a basis for a school fund — the proceeds of the land already 
sold are $104,363 63, which constitute the permanent school fund of the State; and in 1850. twenty-four half town,<hips 
were added to this fund. The banks pay one-half of one per cent, of their capital stock semi-annually for school use. 
This tax in 1350 amounted to $'J7,230 27. Of the sehoiil fund thus constituted, $33,492 10 was aijportioncd among the 
towns, and the towns receiving their share are obliged to raise an amount of school money equal to 40 cents for each in- 
habitant. In 3,948 districts and 279 piirt districts, which made returns for 1850, there were 2,706 male and 3,921 female 
teachers ; average monthly wages — male $16 60, and female $5 92 ; average length of schools in weeks, 18.8 ; schools sus- 
pended by incompetency of teachers, 152; number of good school-houses, 1,596; number of poor school-houses, 2,012 ; 
number of school-houses built the past year, 120 ; whole number of scholars, 230,274 ; whole attendance in winter, 151.360 ; 
average attendance, 91,519. The whole amount of school money raised by tax was $264,351 17, which was $41,010 31 
more than required by law. The sum of $29,921 46 was expended for private schools. There were school libraries in 9 
towns. The whole number of chartered academies in the State in 1850 was 92, of which 64 sustain schools during a 
greater or less part of the year. Teachers' institutes have been in successful operation for several years; 1,732 teachers 
attended them in 1850 — 801 males, and 931 females ; and the session of each institute lasted ten days. 

The two great colleges of Maine are Bowdoin and Waterville colleges. Bowdoin College, at Brunswick, was founded 
in 18U2, and in 1S50 had 14 professors, 1,062 alumni, of whom 187 had entered the ministry, 129 students, and a library of 
27,500 volumes; and Waterville College, of WaterviUc, under Baptist jurisdiction, was founded in 1820, and in 1850 had 
5 professors, 267 alumni, of whom 82 had entered the ministry, 88 students, and a library of 15,500 volumes. There is a 
Theological Seminary at Bangor, under Congregational auspices. It was founded in 1816, and in 1850 had 3 professors, 
37 students, 202 graduates, and 7,000 volumes in its library. The Maine Medical School, at Brunswick, was founded in 
1820, and in 1850 had 5 professors, 51 students, and 0>1 graduates. These institutions are liberally endowed, and have 
all the appliances, apparatus, etc., necessary to illustrate the various subjects taught. 

Palllc Libraries. — One State library — 9,000 volumes ; two social libraries — 6,370 volumes ; two college libraries — ^16,800 
volumes ; six students' libraries — 13,134 volumes ; two academical and professional libraries — 10,800 volumes ; one scientific 
and historical library — 300 volumes; seventeen public school libraries — 152 volumes — total 31 libraries and 56,856 volumes. 
There is a great discrepancy between the account of the college libraries given by the census as above and that published 
in the annual catalogues of the respective institutions. 

Periodical Press. — The whole number of periodicals in Maine, according to the ascertainments of the census of 1850 
was 55, of which 15 v>"ere whig in polities, 15 democratic, and 25 neutral or devoted to literature, science, religion, etc. ; 
and of the whole number 4 were published daily, 3 tri-weekly, 4 semi-weekly, 43 weekly, and one semi-monthly. The 
aggregate circulation of each issue of the dailies was 6,100 ; of the tri-weeklies, 370 ; of the semi-weeklies, 1,350 ; of the 
weeklies, 53,567 ; and of the setni-monlhly, 2,500. Of the dailies 2 were published in Portland, and 2 at Bangor ; of the 
tri-weeklies, 2 at Portland, and 1 at Bath; of the semi-weeklies, 1 at Gardiner, 1 at Bath, 1 at Thomaston, and 1 at 
Biddeford; of the weeklies, 9 at Portland, 1 at Farmingtou, 4 at Augusta, 1 at Ilallowell, 2 at Waterville, 4 at Bath, 1 at 
Newcastle, 1 at Lewiston, 1 at Rockland, 2 at Paris, 2 at Norway, 1 at Dover, 4 at Bangor, 2 at Skowhegan, 3 at Calais, 2 at 
Belfast, 2 at Saco, and 1 at Limerick ; and the semi-monthly, the " Scholar's Leaf,*' at Portland. The " Maine Farmer," 
an agricultural paper, published at Auausta, circulates 5,300 copies at each issue, and has the highest circulation of any 
periodical in the State. The " Transcript," a literary issue, published at Portland, cu-culates 4,608 copies, and has the 
second highest circulation. 

Pauperism ami Crime. — The whole number of paupers who received support within the year ending 1st June, 1850, 
was 6,503, of which 4,553 were natives, and 950 foreign bom ; and the whole number of paupers on the list at the above 

181 



THE STATE OF MAINE. 



date was 3,535, of which 3,209 were natives, and 32G foreign born ; annual cost of support, $154,664. The State prison b 
located at Thoiiuiston. The whole number of convicts in this institution 30th April, 1S49, was 97, and the number received 
in the year next following was 81 — total 93. Discharged by e-xpiration of sentence 17, by pardon 5, and by death 1 ; and 
on the 30th April, 1350, 75 remained incarcerated. Of those convicted in 1349-50, 4 were for arson, 5 for burglarj-, 2 for 
forgery, 49 for larceny, 5 for murder, and 1 for passing counterfeit coin. The whole number of convicts received into the 
prison since 2d July, 1S24, up to the end of tlie official year 1850, was 931. 

ffistoHcxd Sketch. — The first settlements of Maine were for a long period interrupted by savage incursion. Though 
visited at an early period, no permanent colonies wore established until the commencement of the seventeenth century. 
In 1004 the French settled on the Kennebec, and in 1607 Sir John Gilbert arrived at the mouth of the same river with 100 
colonists, but having passed the winter in great suffering, the party returned to England, representing the country as a 
" cold, barren, and mountainous desert." The unfortunate result of this enterprise discouraged any further attempts on 
the part of the English for some years. The French, however, had established themselves on dilTerent parts of the coast, 
and the Dutch also had a settlement at a place called Newcastle. After the formation of the Plymouth Company a more 
regular system of colonization was attempted, but no effectual settlement by the English was made before 1635. In that 
year the country was parceled into shares, but none of the holders, except Sir Ferdinand Gorges, who received a grant of 
the lands between the Piscataqua and Kennebec, obtained their patents. Ills charter, granted in 1039, gave him despotic 
power over the district, and the laws he promulgated on taking possession were aristocratic and feudal in their chiu-aeter, 
and little suited to the English emigrant of the time. The population of the province seems accordingly to have increased 
but slowly. The first general council was held at Saco in 1040. The government was administered in the name of Gorges 
until 1017, when, on his death being announced, the people took the administration of affairs into their own hands, and 
elected a governor from among themselves until 1652, in which year the province was incorporated with Massachusetts, and 
so remained until Charles 11. restored it to the heirs of Gorges. The government of Massachusetts, however, shortly after- 
ward purchased the whole countrj' for £1,200 sterling, and thenceafter it was governed as part of her territory, and was 
included in the new charter of >Iassachusetts in 1691. At that time the present State of Maine was divided into two 
parts — the country between the Piscataqua and Kennebec, which contained the principal settlements, and was exclusively 
called Maine, and that between the Kennebec and the St. Croix, which was known by the ancient French name of Acadie. 
The province was not supposed to extend back from the sea farther than 120 miles, and the territory beyond that distance 
was considered as crown lands. The whole country, from the Piscataqua to the St. Croix, was now granted to 
Massachusetts. 

From its first settlement to the middle of the eighteenth centurj- Uie inhabitants suffered grievously from Indian warfare. 
The savages opposed step by step the progress of the colony. In 1675 almost all the settlements were destroyed, and from 
1692 to 1703 the province was a uniform scene of rapine. In 1720 the harassing conflict was renewed, and the settlers 
suffered severely until 1726, when a treaty was concluded which secured peace for several years. So late .as 1744 and 
174S many of the inliabitants were killed or carried off from the towns. Since 1749, however, when another treaty was 
made, tranquillity has prevailed, and at the present time few Indians remain within the State. 

From the period of the union with MassaehusetLs to the final separation in 1820, the history of Maine has been merged 
in that of Massachusetts. "We hear little of the former during the Eevolutionary "War. In the war of 1312-15 a portion of 
the district was compelled to submit to the Erilish arms, and remained under their control until the return of peace. 
No attempt was made to dislodge the enemy. 

The separation of the district from the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, and its erection into an independent State, were 
frequently attempted, but without success. In October, 1785, a convention met at Portland for the purpose of considering 
the subject. In the succeeding year the question was submitted to the people of Maine, to be decided in town meetings, 
when it was found that a majority of the freemen were against the measure. The subject was renewed in 1802, when 
again a majority appeared adverse to a separation. In 1319, numerous petitions having been presented to the Legislature, 
an act w.as passed for ascertaining the will of the people, in conformity to which a vote was taken in all the towns. A 
large majority now voted in favor of the separation, and in consequence of the desires of the inhribitants thus expressed, a 
convention was called under the authorization of the Legislature of Massachusetts. A constitution was adopted which 
received the approbation of the people, and on the 15th March, 1320, the District of Maine became an independent State 
and a member of the United States. 

Succession of (?(>rer«o/-«.— William King, 1320; Albion K. P.iris, 1321 ; E. Lincoln, 1826 ; Jonathan G. Iluuton, 18.30; 
Samuel E. Smith, 1331 ; Robert P. Dunlap, 1334 ; Edward Kent, 1838 ; John Fau-fleld, 1339 ; Edward Kent, 1341 ; John 
Fairfield, 1342 ; Edward Kavanagh (acting), 1343 ; Hugh J. Anderson, 1844 ; John W. Dana, 1&17 ; John Uubbard, ISol. 
■ Augusta, on the Kennebec Kiver, is the political capital and seat of the State Government. 
182 



THE STATE OE MAEYLAID. 



Maryland, the most southern part of that division of the United States of America usually called the "Middle 
States," is situate between the latitudes 88° and 39° 43' north, and between the longitudes 75° 03' and 79° 32' west from 
Greenwich, or 2° 31' and 1° 58' east from Washington. Its outline is extremely irregular, except on the north and east, 
where Mason and Dixon's line constitutes the frontier, and separates Maryland from the adjoining states of Pennsylvania 
and Delaware. On the south the Potomac River, with a winding channel and circuitous general course, is its limitary 
stream, and divides it from Virginia. The main body of the eastern section is bounded by Delaware State line ; but a 
narrow strip, projecting eastward to the sea, intrudes itself between that State and the Virginia portion of Chesapeake 
peninsula. The periphery of the State is estimated to be about 766 miles, namely : from the mouth of Potomac Eiver to 
the source of its north branch, 320 miles ; thence north to the Pennsylvania line, 85 miles; thence along that line east- 
ward, 199 miles ; thence along the west and south line of Delaware, 122 miles ; thenee along the Atlantic Ocean, 82 miles ; 
thence across the peninsula to the mouth of Pocomoke Eiver, 20 miles; and directly west to the confluence of Potomac 
Eiver with Chesapeake Bay, the place of beginning, about 38 miles. Within this outline is contained a superficies of 
13,959 square miles ; but of this extent only 9,074 square miles are laud, the residue being covered by the waters of 
Chesapeake Bay and its numerous inlets and bays. 

Maryland is naturally divided into three distinct geographical sections. The J; rst section comprises that portion lyin"' 
to the east of Susquelianna Ei\'er and Cliesnpeake Bay, known locally as the "Eastern Shore," and which contains the 
counties of Worcester, Somerset, Dorchester, Talbot, Caroline, Queen Anne, Kent, and Cecil. It forms a part of that 
long peninsula which, projecting southward toward and into the Atlantic Ocean, divides the waters of Chesapeake and 
Delaware bays, and which, thougli of very limited extent, comprises the whole of one slate, and portions of two others. 
The surface of the whole tract is level, and but slightly elevated above the sea ; and in every part its soils are more or less 
sandy, but, in their general character, may be considered as above the average in respect of their adaptation to the pur- 
poses of agriculture. Few rocks are found in any part, and the mineral deposits are chiefly bog-iron ore, chromes, etc., with 
aluminous and magnesia salts. Marl, shell-lime, marsh mud, peat or turf, and other agents used as fertilizers, abound. 
In the northern districts of this region, however, the country is hilly, and in some parts has a rocky substratum — the 
rocks chiefly sandstone and slate. The forest growths consist principally of oaks of various species, hickory, chestnut, 
pine, locust, walnut, cedar, gum, beech, and a great variety of shrub and herbaceous annuals. Wheat, Indian corn, and 
tobacco are the staple productions ; and in the more southern counties, the cotton plant is said to succeed well. The 
climate is temperate, and highly favorable to the enjoyment and extended duration of life. The land area of this section 
is computed at 3,386 sqare miles, or 2,167,040 acres. The peninsula, of which this portion of Maryland forms a part, is 
about 180 miles in length from the north line of the State to Cape Charles, and has an area of about 5,980 square miles; 
the neck between the inclosing bays is only about 17 miles wide ; but as it stretches southward, it expands gradually to the 
width of 70 miles, and then as gradually contracts until it terminates in a long, narrow tongue, called Accomac Penin- 
sula, about 50 miles In length and 10 miles wide. The coast on the Chesapeake is deeply indented by numerous spacious 
gulfs and estuaries ; such as those at the confluence with the bay of the Pocomoke, Nanticoke, Choptank, Chester, and 
Elk rivers, each receiving considerable streams from the interior and aflbrding great facilities to navigation. The eastern 
coast presents a striking contrast when compared with the western coast. " Between the ocean and the cultivated 
portion of the country, there is a prolonged sandy beach, varying from a few hundred yards to a quarter of a mile or 
upward in breadth, and extending the whole length of the coast, without a single outlet to the ocean, from Indian Eiver, 
in Delaware, to the southern extremity of Chincoteague Island, in Virginia. Between this beach and the mainland lies 
Sinepuxent Bay, from one to four or five miles wide, and nearly 30 miles in length. It is a shallow sheet of water, 
navigable only to a short distance above South Point, at the lower end of Sinepuxent Neck." Some inlets that formcj-ly 
existed in this beach, and admitted the sea, are now closed, and the waters of the bay have become comparatively fresh. 
The second section, comprising what is usually called the Western Shore, consists of another peninsula lying inland 
between the Potomac Eiver and Chesapeake Bay, and up to the line of the river falls, which extend from above Port 
Deposit to above Georgetown. In its general features, soil, and productions, it closely resembles the section of country 
already described. It is alluvial in its formation, and lying principally on the western shores of the bay, or upon the 
eastern bank of the lower Potomac, has the same climate as the "Eastern Shore." The counties comprised in this section 
are St. Mar>-'s, Calvert, Charles, Prince George, Anne Arundel, Howard, parts of Montgomery, Baltimore, and Harford. 
The territ<:)rial extent of these counties is about 3,098 square miles, or 2,366,520 acres. The leading geographical feature 
of the north-western part of this section, is the ledge of primitive rocks which runs from the left bank of the Potomac, in 
Montgomery County, north-eastwardly to the Susquehanna Eiver, where it crosses the north line of the State. The 
primitive ledge forms a natural boundary between the alluvial region and the mountainous district of Maryland, which 
latter constitutes the thirc7, or western section, passing through which wc meet with, in succession, South-East Mountain, 
or Parr's Eidge, terminating with Sugar-Loaf Mountain, on the Potomac; Catoctin Mountain, reaching the same river at 
the Point of Rocks ; South Mountain, or Blue Ridge, crossing it at Harper's Ferry ; the Kittatinny, crossing it at Hancock ; 
Rugged Mountain, Wills Mountain, and other detached ridges ; and the great Alleghany ridge, traversing the far western 
part of the State. Many fine valleys interlie the mountains, which in climate and soil are not surpassed by the most favored 

138 



THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 



regions of the earth. This section extends along the left bank of the Potomac to the western boundary of the State, and 
following the sinuosities of the river, is nearly 175 miles in length, but so irregular in shape, that though it is more than 100 
miles wide at the eastern end, it is compressed in the middle by the near approach of the border lines of Virginia and 
Pennsylvania to a width of less than 3 miles. From the base of the primitive letigc, which is, in fact, a lower branch of 
the Appalachian chain, the surface gradually rises to the head waters of the Potomac Pviver 2,0ii0 or more feet. This 
represents the rise from tide-water at Baltimore to the dividing grounds in Alleghany County, between (he waters of the 
Potomac ami those falling into Ohio Kiver. ICmbraced in this section are Carroll, Frederick, AVasliington, and Alleghany 
couirfies, which together cover an area of 2,590 square miles, or 1,657,600 acres. 

Chesapeake Bay, which divides the State into two unequal parts, in its greatest extent, lies within Maryland. It is a 
noble sheet of water, equaled in its commercial capacities by few of the great estuaries that in various parts of the world 
have attracted the notice and admiration of the mariner. Its entrance between Cape Charles and Cnpc Tlenry, in 
Virginia, is about 15 miles in width, and opens from east to west; but on penetrating the land it suddenly changes its 
direction, and stretches from south to north over a distance of ISO miles, with a width in the southern part of 2i» to 80 
miles, and in the northern part of about 10 miles. It is, throughout, deep and navigable for large vessels, and it receives 
a great many deep and navigable rivers, of which the largest and principal are from Virginia. Its area is about 3,500 
square miles. The Susquehanna lliver has its lower course in Maryland ; the tide reaches Port Deposit 5 miles from its 
mouth, above which there are falls; the Patapsco Piiver is a fine mill stream falling into the bay of the same name below 
Baltimore; the Patuxent, the principal river of the Western Shore, is a wide stream, flowing nearly parallel with the 
Potomac, and navfgaljle to Nottiiigliam, about 50 miles, for large vessels; the Elk, Chester, Choptank, Nanticoke, and 
Pocomoko, on the Eastern Shore, are na\'igablc for 80 or 40 miles; and the Monocacy Kiver, Antietam and Coneco- 
cheague creeks are the principal tributaries of the Potomac in Maryland. All these contribute to the volume of the 
waters of Chesapeake Cay, and, in their several courses, furnish fine avenues of internal trade, or provide water-power 
sufficient for all the purjioses of extensi\e manufacturing operations. The Potomac, common to Virginia and Maryland, 
forming the boundary Ijetween the two, is the most important of. all the streams of the latter, and the largest of the 
tributaries of the Chesapeake. It rises in the recesses of the Alleghany Mountains, and reaches the bay between Point 
Lookout and Smith's Point. This river is "J miles wide at its mouth, and navigable for ships of the greatest burden for 
300 miles from the sea, 3 miles below the head of tide-water. Above this point, the navigation is obstructed by a succes- 
sion of falls, around which, however, canals have been dug, and the navigable channel so far improved as to render 
the river passable for boats to Cumberland, 191 miles above Washington. The descent of the Potomac, from the mouth 
of Savage River to Cumberland, a distance of 31 miles, is 445 feet; from Cumberland to the Shenandoah Falls, ISO miles, 
it is 490 feet ; hence to Great Falls, 40 miles, .99 feet; and between these and tide- water, 12 miles, 143 feet; making the 
whole descent from the mouth of Savage P.iver to tide-water, a distance of 213 miles, 1,117 feet, or on the average 5i feet 
in each mile. Piising westward of the Alleghany Mountains is the Youghiogeny, the only river of Marjland that does 
not empty its waters into Chesapeake Bay ; it flows northward through AUeghany County, and passing into Pennsylvania, 
falls into Monongahela Kiver, IS miles south-east of Pittsburg; and thence its waters are carried through the Ohio and 
Missi-ssippi rivers to the Gulf of Mexico. 

Commencing at the ocean and proceeding westward, we find a low and almost level region. This plain extends from 
New Jersey through the Southern States. As the soil composing this plain consists of incoherent materials, which are 
easily washed away, the tide flows across it and forms large estuaries, where it meets the rivers which flow from the 
interior. This plain does "not now present an unbroken surface, but is marked by minor irregularities and undulations, 
which have been due to the action of brooks, creeks, and rain torrents ; still, the general character of a broad level is 
preserved, as it is in the ocean, notwithstanding its surface is broken by waves. The portion of the plain lying in Mary- 
land, which is sometimes called the tide-water district, embraces nearly one-half of the territory of the State. This great 
region, which once formed the bed of an ancient ocean, and lias risen by means of those elevatory forces which have 
acted upon all the continents, contains beneath its surface unquestioned records of the epochs when its materials were 
deposited. In the strata which compose this plain toward the north, in New Jersey, fossils are found indicating that the 
strata belong to the cretaceous or chalk formation, which occupies in the geological scale the upper part of the secondary 
formation. The cretaceous strata, if tliey exist in Maryland, are concealed by the overlying deposits ; but they probably 
form the floor of these deposits iVom Ni'w Jersey to North Carolina, where they again appear at the surface. The fossils 
found in the cliffs and banks of the Atlnntic plain, prove that the strata which eomjiose it belong principally to the ter- 
tiary formation, which lies next the chalk. All the tertiary deposits, with the exception of the pliocene, occur in the 
State. The inclination of the tertiary beds in Maryland is very slight, and toward the south-cast, s* that the Potomac 
below Washington presents sections of each of the divisions, the lower beds rising to the surfa(X> as we proceed west. 

The later tertiary, or post pliocene, which represents the epochs next anteedcnt to the introduction of the human race, 
occurs in Maryland only in limited patches. The principal one is in St. Mary's County. To this period are referred the 
numerous beds of oysters which skirt the low margins of the islets and rivers of Maryland, and which are usually 
attributed to the agency of the aborigines. The deposit in St. Mary's County is interesting, as containing several southern 
species, and particularly the f/natlKUlmi caneatus, which is now found oidy in the warmer waters of the Gulf of Mexico; 
a fact indicating the prevalence in this region of a climate like that of Florida, at the period of the formation of this 
deposit. The miocene formation, which underlies the last named deposits, is the most widely extended of the tertiary 
beds. The principal marl beds are in this formation. It occurs near Chestertown, AVye Mills, on Choptank River, near 
Easton, and at other places near the Eastern Shore ; also through the counties of St. Mary's, Calvert, etc. Within the 
miocene, at Pisc.itaway, has been traced a remark.ible bed of silicious clay, entirely composed of silicious cases (of infusoria) 
so minute as only to be detected by a powerful microscope, yet containing distinct specific characters, enabling us to refer 
them to the miocene. Of the shells in the miocene deposits in this State, about seventeen per cent, have been identified 
with living species. Thus, at this remote period, the peculiar distribution of living moUusca, which now exists, had 
begun to prevail in the region of Maryland, while at this geological era the fauna were so distinct fVom the present, that 
four-flfths of the .species now living had not come into existence. 

An abrujtt line of <lemarkation exists between the fossil groups of the miocene and eocene, which lies next below the 
former. Before the deposition of the miocene beds, some event has occurred, like a sudden fall in the temperature of 
the ocean, which h.as destroyed every kind of animal life; for in the miocene deposits not a single form of the lower 
tertiary bed exists, even where the two beds are in juxtaposition. The eocene, wl:ich toward the ocean has been 
Bunk beneath the miocene, rises shortly after passing a line from Fort Washington to Annapolis. Of two hundred 
134 



THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 



species of shells found in this formation, not one now exists on the coast, or is found in the more recent deposits of the 
United States, altliough many are identical with tlie eocene fossils of the Taris basin. A circumstance of much econom- 
ical interest in relation to this formation is the occurrence, in many localities of the eocene, of that most valuable fertilizer, 
the o-reen sand, which occurs in the secondary beds of New Jersey, and has added so much to the agricultural wealth of 
that State. The decomposed shells, or marl, of the tertiary have contributed, in scarcely a less degree, to the fertility of 
the lower counties of Maryland. 

The head of tide-water tbrms the limit of the tertiary. On the western borders of this formation, all aleJng the Atlantic 
coast, all the great rivers descend by falls and rapids. At these points the navigation is stopped, and large cities have 
sprang up. Thus the western boundary of the tertiary is a line of great geographical and political interest. Proceeding 
westward from the limit of the tertiary, we find a belt of stratified metamorphie, or hypogeue rocks, which ranges nearly 
parallel with the Atlantic coast. These rocks include gneiss, micaceous, chloritic, and talcose slates, and beds of serpen- 
tine, granite, and limestone. The width of this belt, in Maryland, from its eastern border to the points where its rocks 
begin to be covered unconformably with new red sandstone, is from 20 to 30 miles. This region is characterizeil by hills 
generally of moderate height, but sometimes rising as high as 900 feet above mid tide. Their summits are rounded, and 
present a striking contrast to the long, steep, parallel ridges of the AUeghanies. The beds of the rivers which pass 
through this region are in deeply-cleft valleys, with rounded or abrupt sides, that afford small tracts of alluvial soil. The 
general incliuati.m of these hypogene rocks is to the south-east, at an angle of about 45° ; the direction of the range is 
north-east and south-west. The principal minerals and rocks of economical value in this belt are the gneiss, which forms 
an excellent and indestructible material for ordinary building purposes ; primary limestone, or saccharoidal marble, 
extensively used for building purposes in Baltimore and Washington; hydrosilicates of magnesia, which furnish a 
material for the production of a large amount of magnesia. The serpentine of Harford County, and the northern border 
of Cecil County, has yielded a large amount of ferroxide of chrome, for making pigments and dyes; titaniated iron, 
which occurs in gneiss, has been worked with success in Harford County. Ores of brown hematite, extensively used ia 
Maryland for the manufacture of iron of excellent quality, occur in beds of clay and loam, particularly on the borders of 
the primary limestone within this belt. 

Near Frederick, in passing westward, we perceive that the hypogene rocks begin to be covered with unconformable 
beds (jf red sandstone. This group of rocks is one of the most remarkably uniform in the country, possessing the same 
characteristics from the Hudson to North Carolina. It consists of dark reddish brown argillaceous sandstones, of 
crumbly-brown sliales and coarse conglomerates. The strata dip gently toward the north-west, or toward the mountains. 
The beds, which show themselves along the south-eastern edge of the tract, consist mostly of coarse sandstones, alternat- 
ing with red shales. The central parts consist more exclusively of brown shales and brown argillaceous sandstone. The 
uppermost beds, or those occurring along the north-western margin of the formation, have frequently the character of 
coarse eonglotnorates, made up of pebbles derived from a great variety of rocks, chiefly those which occur at the base or 
on the side of the adjoining South Mountain. The beds of rock on the Potomac, which have furnished the material 
from which the columns in the House of Eepresentatives in the Capitol at AVashington have been constructed, belong to 
this formation, the pebbles and the cementing materials in these beds being of limestone. The few fossil fishes and shells 
found in this formation establish its age to be that of the upper new red sandstones of Europe, or the period of the middle 
ages of geological history. To this formation belong the most important localities of copper ores in Maryland. ludeed, 
this formation is the depository of the principal copper mines in the United States, the beds containing the copper of 
Lake Superior being referred to this formation. 

After passing the formation of new red sandstone, which occupies, as we have seen, a narrow trough in the hypogene 
or metamorphie rocks, proceeding westwardly, we approach the first ridge of the Alleghanies, or the great Apalachian 
chain. A rapid glance at the general features in the structure of the whole chain will enable us to comprehend more 
fully the portion of the chain which exists in this State. This chain, geologically considered, extends from Vermont to 
Alabama, being more than 1,000 miles long, from 50 to 100 miles broad, and varying in height from 800 to 4,000 feet 
Unlike the great chains of many countries which contain a principal central mountain, to which all the minor ranges 
tend, this system consists of a broad zone of almost innumerable parallel ridges of nearly equal parallel height. The 
characteristic features of the ridges are great length, narrowness, and steepness, the evenness of their summits, and their 
remarkable parallelism ; many of them are almost straight for more than 50 miles. This feature, combined with their 
steep slopes and sharp and level summits, gives them the appearance, seen in perspective, of so many colossal intrench- 
ments. The first belt of the chain, lia^ing in a less degree the characteristics above mentioned, is the narrow undulating 
mountain range, called in New York and New. Jersey, the Higlilands ; in Pennsylvania, the South Mountain ; in Mary- 
land, the South Mountain or Blue Ridge— the latter name being applied to the range in Virginia — the Catoctiu Mountain, 
which is the first chain of importance which presents itself in Maryland as we proceed west, being a spur of the Blue 
Ridge. The rocks of this belt are, for the most part, of the older metamoqihic strata, including gneiss, micaceous, 
chloritic, argillaceous, and talcose slates, and the Pottsdam sandstone. Such is the character of the rocks exposed by the 
canal and railroad excavations at Harper's Ferry. Immediately north-west of this mountain range is the great Apala- 
chian Valley, which ranges from Vermont to Alabama undfer various local names. The portion lying in Maryland is 
called the Hagerstown Valley. The latter, like the continuation of the same valley north and south, is principally based 
upon the Trenton limestone, remarkable as containing all the great caverns in the country. Beyond this valley to the 
north-west is a wide belt of long, narrow, parallel ridges and included valleys, spreading north-westward to the foot of 
the great plateau of the Alleghany or Cumberland Mountain. This belt has a breadth varying from 30 to 60 miles. These 
narrow and parallel ridges consist of strata folded into a succession of convex and concave strata, which have been sub- 
sequently laid open by denudation. They consist of Silurian, devonian, and carboniferous formations, adopting the terms 
applied to similar formations in England — the older groups, or Silurian, lying chiefly along the south-eastern flank of the 
Apalachians, and the carboniferous making their appearances as we proceed west. It is evident that these beds, now so 
much folded and fractured, were originally horizontal, and formed continuous deposits with the rocks of the great western 
coal field. It appears that the bending and fracture of the beds is greatest on the Atlantic side of the chain, and the 
strata becomes less and less disturbed as we proceed toward the west The most important feature in the geology of the 
Apalachian chain, as it exists in Maryland, is the occurrence among its strata of the carboniferous formation, and its 
included beds of coal and ores of iron. There are three important coal areas within the State ; two north-west of the 
so-called Backbone of the Alleghany Mountain; the north-west, or Yioughiogeny field, estimated to contain 250 square 
miles; the middle area, between Negro and Meadow mountains, estimated to contain 120 square miles. These flelds, 

135 



THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 



lying in tlie midst of a forest region, have not been thoroughly explored. The estimates of tlicir value can not be much 
relied on. This is of comparatively little importance, as from their location they must remain for a long time undisturbed. 
The Friistburg, or Cumberland coal basin, lies between Davis Mountain to the east, and Savage Mountain to the west, 
extending within the State 20 miles in length, with an average breadth of 4] miles. The carboniferous strata, composing 
the coal series, consisting, as elsewhere, of shale, grit, sandstone, limestone, argillaceous iron ore, and coal, dip on every 
side toward the centre of the trough. The successive beds have been compared, in shape, to a great number of Indian 
canoes, placed one within the other. The entire thickness of the coal measures about 1,500 feet. The present surface 
of the basin is irregular, as it has been intersected by numerous deep ravines, formed by streams and rivers. By Iheae 
naeans large portions of the beds have been swept away. "Wherever the beds have been cut off by the intervention of a 
valley, they are seen on the opposite sides at the same level, showing that the beds were once continuous. The whole 
amount of denudation has been estimated at '20,250 acres, S6,84T acres or 135 square miles, being the supposed present 
area of the coal. This denudation has given great facility for exploration of the strata and working the coal, and saves 
the large expeuditures necessary in other regions for draining the mines. The whole quantity of coal may be extracted 
without the use of a shaft. The principal seam has been 10 feet in thickness of workable coal, and there are several 
other workable beds of less thickness ; the whole thickness of available coal having been estimated at 45 feet. The data 
above given, supposing the wht)le coal to be accessible, would make the gross amount in this basin 6,305,137,827 tons, and 
the available quantity, making the ordinary deductions, over four thousand million tons. The analysis of the Cumberland 
coal shows it to be of the kind denominated dry or close burningj or intermediate between the fat coal of Pittsburg and 
the anthracite of Pennsylvania. Experiments prove that this coal, in evaporative power, occupies the very highest place 
among American coals. This is further demonstrated by its extensive use in the ocean steamers. 

It will be seen from this rapid sketch, in which, from want of space, many interesting details are omitted, that the State 
of Maryland, in the extended range of its geological formations, is favored with one of the most important physical 
elements of prosperity. The same cause has been, in a high degree, conducive to the wealth of England. The tertiary 
of Maryland has contributed a soil of easy tillage and inexhaustible supplies of the best and cheapest material for enrich- 
ing it. Its incoherent beds have suffered the tide to penetrate far inland, thus giving the advantages of the sea-board to 
the inhabitant of the interior. The metamorjMti rocks furnish the best materials for construction near the points where 
they are most needed, and producing waterfalls on the rivers at the borders of the Atlantic plain, have placed the sites 
of manufactures near the great water highwajs. The shales and sandstones of the secondary have formed new varieties 
•f soil, and contributed new material for architecture and metallurgy. To the silurkin formation is due the broad and 
fertile valley resting on the Trenton limestone, and to the peculiar structure of the Apalachian chain, the rich glades 
of the upper mountain valleys. Finally, the carboniferovs bcxls supply without limit the minerals most essential to 
commerce and the arts— coal, the indispensable aliment of industry, and iron, the instrument with which all wealth is 
created. 

Maryland, in 1S50, was divided into twenty counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, was as 
follows : 



Counties. 



Dwell. 



Alleghany 3,S50. 

Anne Arundel. 3,710. 

Baltimore 30,065. 

Calvert 1006. 

Caroline 1,526. 

Carroll 3,476. 

Cecil .3,056. 

Charles 1,835. 

Dorchester 2,705. 

Frederick 6,897. 



Pop. 
. 22,769., 
. 32,893. 
.210,646. 
. 9,646. 
. 9,692. 
. 20.616. 
. 18,939. 
. 16,162. 
. 18,877. 
. 40,987. 



892. 
1,295. 
1,655. 

434. 

730. 
1,3S7. 
1,203. 

709. 
1,049. 
1,933. 



^1 Capitals. 
24. .Cumberland 
. 159. .Annapolis 
. 2,377.. Balt'e City 
O..Pr. Fredto'n 
0.. Denton 
. 121.. Westminster 
. 170..Elkton 
O..Pt. Tobacco 
12. .Cambridge 
. 253.. Frederick 



Harford 2,977. 

Kent 1,584. 

Montgomery . . .1,923. 
Prince George's 1,875. 
Queen Anne's . .1,864. 

St. Mary's 1,512. 

Somerset 3,158. 

Talbot 1,751 

Washington 5,052 . 

Worcester 2,884 



Pop. 

.19,-356. 
.11,386. 
.15,860. 
.21,.549. 
.14,434. 
.13,093. 
.22,456. 
.13,811. 
.30,348. 
,.13,859. 



in cult. 

1,278. 
667. 
,1,051. 
885. 
, 936. 
, 813. 
,1,435. 
. 793. 
,1,292. 
.1,818. 



Eetab. Cr,p,t.ils. 
. 70.. Bel- Air 
. 84. .Chestertowa 
. 80..PvOckville 
. 28.. Up'r Marlboro' 
. 29.. Centre ville 
. 11 . . Leonardstowa 
. 90... Princess Aiiue 
. 36 . . Easton 
.169. .Hagerstown 
. 45..SnowHm 



The whole number of dwellings in the State, at the period referred to, was 81,703, of families 87,834, and of inhabitants 
683,034, viz. : whites 417,94-3— males 211,137, and females 206,756 ; free colored 74,723— males 35,192, and females 39,531 ; 
and slaves 90,368— males 45,944, and females 44,424. Of the whole population, there were deaf and- dumb—wh. 195, fr. 
col. 36, and si. 23— total 254 ; blind— v.'h. 193, fr. col. 71, and si. 43— total 307 ; iJisane—^vh. 477, fr. col. 52, and si. 24— 
total 553 ; and idiotic— \\h. 203, fr. col. 53, and si. 72— total 393. The number of free persons born in the United States 
was 4.33,910; the number of foreign birth 53,233; and the number of birth unknown 462. The native population 
originated as follows : Maine 456, N. Ilamp. 260, Verm. 262, Mass. 1,421, K. I. 209, Conn. 484, N. York 2,646, N. Jer. 1,-821, 
Penn. 1C,076, Del. 4,373, Maryland 400,594, Dist. of Col. 1,940, Virg. 7,030, N. Car. 225, S. Car. 158, Ga. 74, Flor. 87, Ala. 
61, Miss. 143, La. 131, Tex. 24, Ark. 14, Tenn. 39, Ky. 131, Ohio 535, Mich. 16, Ind. 05, III. 54, Mo. 86, la. 5, Wise. 4, Cilif. 
1, and territories 1 ; and lhe/w«^?! population was composed of persons from— England 3,407, Ireland 19.557, Scotland 
1,093, Wales 260, Germany 26,930, France 507, Spain IS, Portugal 29, Belgium 5, Holland 106, Turkey 11, Italy 82, Austria 
16, Switzerland 63, Russia 23, Denmark 85, Korway 10, Sweden 57, Prussia 133, Greece 0, China 1, Asia 2, Africa 
10, British America 215, Mexico 8, Central America 0, South America 52, West Indies 279, Sandwich Islands 2, and other 
countries 251. 

The following table will exhibit the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the 
United States authorities : 

Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. 

Census White , ' , Tcital , • , 

Yearj. Persons. Free. .«laTe. Total. Populnlion. Numerical. Percent. 

1790 203,649 8,043 103,036 111,075 319,728 — — 

1800 216.326 19,537 105,635 125.222 841.543 21,820 6.32 

1810 285,117 83,92T 111,502 145.429 830,546 38,998 11.41 

107.,39S 147,123 407,-350 26.804 7.04 

102,994 155,982 447,040 39,690 9.74 

89,737 151.815 470,019 22,979 5.14 



1820 260,222 39,730 

1880 291,108 52,938 

1840 818,204 62.078 

1&50 



417,943 74,723 90,863 165,091 633,034 113,015 



24.04 



136 



THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 



The statistics of the wealth and industry of (he State, as ascertauicd by the census of 1850, and in accordance with other 
ofiBcial documents referring to the same period, are as follows : 

Oc'jicjjied Zff?K7s.— Improved lands 2,T9T,905 acres, and unimproved lands 1,836,445 acres — valued in cash at 
$87,178,545. The whole number of farms under cultivation on the 1st June, 1850, 21,860. Value of farming imple- 
ments and machinery, $2,403,443. 

Live-stock. — Horses, 75,634 ; asses and mules, 5,644 ; milch cows, 86,859 ; working oxen, 84,135 ; other cattle, 98,595 ; 
sheep, 177,902; and swine, 352,911— the value of these in the aggregate, $7,997,634. In 1840 the number of horses, 
mules, etc., was 92,220 ; of neat cattle, including milch cows, working oxen, and other cattle, 225,714 ; of sheep, 257,922 ; 
and of swine, 416,943. These statistics exhibit in the decade intervening, a decrease of 10,892 horses, mules, etc., of 6,125 
cattle, of 80,020 sheep, and 64,032 swine. 

Grain C/'O^js.— "Wheat, 4,494,680 bushels; rye, 226,014 bushels ; Indian corn, 10,749,859 bushels; oata, 2,242,151 bushels; 
barley, 745 bushels ; buckwheat, 103,671 bushels. The production of the same crops, according to the census of 1840, was : 
wheat, 3,345,785 bushels; rye, 723,577 bushels; Indian corn, 8,233,086 bushels; oats, 3,534,211 bushels; barley, 3,591 
bushels; and buckwheat 73,606 bushels. 

Otlter Food Crops.— Peas and beans, 12,816 bushels ; and potatoes— Irish, 764,939 bushels, and sweet, 208,993 bushels. 
The potato crops together in 1839-40, were 1,036,433 bushels. 

Miftcellmieous Crops.— 'Yoha.cao, 21,407,497 (in 1840, 24,816,012) pounds; hay, 157,956 (in 1840, 106,087) tons; clover- 
seed, 15,217 bushels; other grass-seed, 2,561 bushels; hops, 1,870 pounds; hemp — dew-rotted, 63 tons, and water-rotted, 
tons; flax, 35,686 pounds ; flax-seed, 2,446 bushels; maple sugar, 47,740 pounds, and maple molasses, 1,430 gallons (all 
from Alleghany County) ; wine, 1,431 gallons, etc. Value of orchard products, $164,051 ; and of market-garden products, 
$200,809. 

Products of Animals.— ^oo\, iSfi.126 (in 1840, 488,201) pounds; butter, 3,806,160 pounds; and cheese, 3,975 pounds. 
Value of animals slaughtered during the year, $1,954,800. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 39 pounds ; and 
beeswax and honey to that of 74,802 pounds. 

Aggregate value of home-made mdiinfuctures for the year, $111,821. 

Manufactures— Ca.\>\taS. invested, $18,108,793; value of raw material, fuel, etc., $17,320,734; average hands employed, 
80,124— males 22,641, and females 7,483; average monthly cost of labor $614,556— male $544,931, and female $69,625; 
annual value of pr.iducts $29*592,019. The amount of capital invested in 1840 was $0,450,234, and heucc the manufacturing 
interests of Maryland have duplicated in the decade. 

The whole number of industrial establishments, manufacturing to the value of $500 and upward, on the 1st June, 1850, 
was 3,708, comprising 148 several pursuits, and of these 70 were agricultural implement factories, 232 blacksmith shops, 464 
boot and shoe shops, 61 brick flelds, 141 eabmet-ware factories, 234 carpenters' and builders' shops, 125 cigar factories, 265 
clothing shops, 52 coach, etc., factories, 99 coopers" shops, 21 curriers' shops, 16 distilleries, 33 cotton factories, 4;3 woolen 
factories, 5 forges, 10 brass founderies, and IS iron founderies, 19 furnaces, 15 machine shops, 245 flour-mills, 147 grist- 
mills, 25 paper-mills, 118 saw-mills; mines— 8 coal, 3 copper, 1 gold, and 21 iron; 10 piano-forte factories, 12 plumbing 
shops, 71 saddleries, 24 ship-building yards, 116 tanneries, 33 wheelwright shops, etc., the remaining handicrafts being 
those common to every civilized country. The following table will show the details of some of the largest manufactures : 



Manufactures, 



Ciip;t;il In- Value r,f Raw Average Hands Montlily Cost Value of Annual 

vested. Material, etc. Employed. of Laljor. Products. 

Boot and Shoe $297,905 $504,210 2,756 $50,264 $1,372,853 

Brick-kilns 280,536 124.279 1,881 38,334 471,450 

Cabinet-ware 301,215 208,895 903 23,0.S1 705,175 

Clothing 628,940 1,827,481 5,293 70,616 2,662,127 

Distilleries 184,300 457,638 52 1,435 560,064 

Factories— Cotton . . 2,248,600 1,353,361 3,247 88,112 2,021,396 

" Woolen . 258,100 176,518 870 6,144 319,240 

Forges— Iron 94,500 78,985 90 2,353 186,000 - 

Foundries " 253,100 230,562 555 15,444 515,863 

Furnaces " 1,0.33,500 576,225 1,351 26,071 1,048,250 

Machinery 257,500 120,848 458 12,591 497,550 

Mills— Flour 1,833,460 4,126,324 502 9,055 4,918,576 

" Grist 264,150 432.588 185 2,806 589,689 

" Paper 134.800 118,668 186 2,401 2.34,365 

" Eolling 190,000 210,564 175 5,015 282,531 

" Saw 19.5,350 185,6.30 804 5,191 399,778 

Mining— Coal 605,000 — 210 5,450 196,000 

" Iron 84,750 — 274 5,.844 171,675 

Ship-building 164,000 278,985 673 26,722 832,100 

Tanneries 628,900 725,612 479 8,034 1,103,139 

In the cotton manufacture there were consumed 23,825 bales of cotton ; in the woolen manufacture, 430,800 pounds 
of wool ; and in the tanneries, 169.585 hides and 68,810 skins. 

Internal Communication.— Maryland has projected and completed a magniflcent system of railroads and canals. At 
an early period of its State history the necessity of opening communication with the west and the interior was agitated, 
and in some measure the projects of that day were matured by opening the navigation of the Upper Potomac, and more 
recently by building the great national road west from Cumberland. These works, however, have been superseded by 
the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, extending from Alexandria in Virginia to Cumberland, 191 miles, and the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroad, from Baltimore to Wheeling, on the Ohio River, 819 miles. These two great thoroughfares secure 
to the principal sea-port of the State a vast amount of Western commerce, and open to the m.arkets of the East the rich 
mineral deposits of Alleghany County, etc. The other great avenues within the State are the Philadelphia, Wilmington, 
and Baltimore Railroad, the Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad, and the Washington Branch Railroad, etc., which, 
with their external connections, communicate with every portion of the Union. Besides these there is a short canal and 
raih-oad across the neck of the Delaware Peninsula, the canal being navigable for sloops and barges, and also the Susque- 

13T 



THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 



hanna and Tide-water Canal. The total length of completed railroad within Marjdand in January, 1S53, was 544 miles, or 
in the proportion of 1 mile to every IS square miles of its territory, or to every 1,072 inlial)ilant3. 

Forc-ign Commerce. — In regard of foreign commerce, Maryland ranks fli'lh or sixth among the United States. Accord- 
ing to the report of the Register of the Treasury fur the year ending .3i)th -June, 1S51), the total export-s were valued at 
$6,967,:553 ; the value of domestic produce was $6,!5Sy,-lSl, of which the value of that portion carried in American sliips 
was $4,057,185, and of that carried in foreign, $1,932,296; and the value of foreign produce was $377,872, of which the 
value exported in American ships was $250,861, and in foreign ships, $127,011. The value of imports amounted to 
$6,124,201, of which $5,529,632 was the value of merchandise carried in American ships, and $594,515 of that carried in 
foreign ships. The character, tonnage, and crews of the shi])ping employed in the foreign trade were as follows — 
Entrances : Vessels 438, burden 99,588 tons, and crews 4,111 men and bi^ys, viz., American, 295 v&ssels, 70,427 tons, and 
2,770 men and boys ; and foreign, 143 vessels, 29,161 tons, and 1,-341 men and boys ; and — Clearances ; Vessels 521 , burden 
126,819, and crews 5.275 men and boys, viz., American, 359 vessels, 89,296 tons, and 3,605 men and boys; and foreign, 162 
vessels, 37,.^^23 tons, and 1,670 men and boys. The shipping owned within tlie State, at the date above appearing, was 
as follows : 

Registered. 



oiled and Licensed. 



Districts. Perm't, Tenip'ry. Perin't. 

Baltimore 67,061 23,609 57,012 



Temp'rj. 



Oxford 

Vienna 

Snow Hill... 
St. Mary's... 
Town Creek. 
Annapolis .. . 

Total . 



12,066 
14,941 , 

9,226 . 

2,143 . 

2,22T 

2,299 , 



Licensed 
(unuer-20 tons.) 

... 737 ... . 



Aggregate 



149,019 13,115 

277 12,843 — 

537 15,478 — 

285 9,511 — 

42 2.1S5 — 

— 2,227 — 

25 2,324 . . . 



07,061 



2,3,609 100,514. 



1,903 , 



836 
193,087 13,151 



The total amount of shipping built in the State, in the year endin; 
of 15,905 tons, of which 10 were ships, 5 brigs, 125 schooners, and 
(11,683 tons) were built in Baltimore district, 31 schooners (1,753 tons) 
26 schooners (990 tons) in Snow Hill. 

The following table exhibits the movements in the values of imports and exports for a series of years embraced between 
1791 and 1850 inclusive : 



; as above, was 15 vessels, of an aggregate burden 
4 steamers; and of the whole amount, 66 vessels 
in Oxford, 27 schooners (1,533 tons) in Vienna, and 



Years. Exports. 

1791 $2,239,691 . . . 

1792 2,623,808 . . . 

1793 8,665,056 . . . 

1794 5,686,191 . . . 

1795 5,811,880 . . . 

1796 9,201,315 . . . 

179T 9,811,380 . . . 

1793 12,746,190 ... 

1799 16,299,609 ... 

1800 12,264,.331 ... 

1801 12,767,.530 . . . 

1802 7,914,225 . . . 

1808 5,078,002 . . . 

1804 9,151,939 ... 

1805 10,859,480 ... 

1806 14,580,905 . . . 

1807 14,298,984 . . . 

1808 2,721,106 . . . 

1809 6,627,320 . . . 

1810 6,489.018 . . . 



Import.^ 



Yenra, E.xporls. 

1811 $0,333,987 

1812 5,885,979 

1S13 8,787,805 

1814.. 243,4.34 

1815 5,036.601 

1316 7,333,767 

1S17 8,9.33,9-30 

1318 8,570,034 

1319 5,920,216 

1S20 6,609,364 

1S21 3,350,394 

1322 4,536,796 

1823 5,030,228 

1824 4,863,283 

1325 4,501,304 

1320 4,010,748 

1327 4,510,406 

1828 4,8-34,422 

1329 4,804,455 

1330 3,791,482 



Imports, y 



4,070,841 
4,792,436 
4,946,179 
4,551,442 
4,751,815 
4,923,569 
4,405,708 
5,629,694 
4,804,135 
4,523,866 



Exports, 

1831 $4,308,647 

1832 4,499,918 

1833 4,062,467 

1334 4,163,245 

13:35 8,925,2-34 

1330 8,j675,475 

1337 8,739,917 

1333 4,524,575 

1339 4,.570,501 

1840 5,768,703 

1341 4,947,166 

1842 4,904,766 

1343 5,015,556 

1844 5,133,166 

1845 6,369,053 

1346 6,369,055 

1847 9,762,244 

1348 7,129,782 

1849 8,000,660 

1350 6,967,353 



Imports. 
$4,826,577 

4,029,803 
5,437,057 
4,647,483 
5,047,153 
7.131,807 
7,357,033 
5,701,869 
6,995,285 
4,910,746 
6.101,313 
4,417,078 
2,479,132 
3,D 17,750 
4,042,915 
4,042,915 
4,4:32,314 
5,343,043 
4,970,731 
0,124,201 



Banl-^.—Ihe aggregate condition of 23 banks and 2 branch banks in Mar)land, according to the returns of Jan , 1851, 
were as follows: LiabiliUe,'i—capitxil ,$18,128,331, circulation $3,532,809, deposits $5,883,706, due other banks $1,923,206, 
and other liabilities $9,895 ; and assets— ]oiu\s and discounts $14,900,816, slocks $760,417, real estate $405,245, other invest- 
ments $763, due by other b.tnks $1,178,200, notes of other banks $965,796, specie funtl $78,552, and sjiccie $2,709,055. 

Gwermncnt. — The present constitution of Maryland was done in convention 13tli May, 1351, ratified by the people 4th 
June, 1351, and went into operation 4th July, 1351. It supplanted the old constitution of 1776, which ha<l, however, been 
amended more than twenty times. This constitution provides that every free white male citizen of the United States, 21 
years of age, resident in the State one year, and in the county, town, or city where his vote is offered, for the six months 
next preceding tlie election, may vote. Citizens removing from one part of the Slate to another do not lose one residence 
before acquiring another. Persons convicted of giving or receiving bribes, and persons knowingly casting illegal votes, 
are forever disqualified to hold any office of trust or profit, or to vote at any election thereafter, and are in addition pun- 
ishable by fine and imprisonmenL No citizen convicted of larceny or other infamous crime, unless pardoned, and no 
lunatic or nan, compos can vote. The general election is held on the first Wednesday in November. 

The Legislature is composed of a Senate of 22 members, one from each county and the city of Baltimore, and chosen 
for four years, ami a House of Delegates, composed of not less than 65 nor more than SO members (now 74) chosen for 
two years from single districts. Members of both houses must have resided in the State for three years, and in the district 
for which elected for the last year thereof, and Senators must be at least 25, and delegates 21 years of age. After the 
returns of each fediral census are published, commencing with that of 1350, the Assembly shall reapportion the delegates 
according to population, but Baltimore city shall always have four delegates more than the most populous county, and 
no county shall liave less than two members. After 1854 the sessions will be biennial. No bill shall become a law unless 
138 



THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 



passed by a majority of all the members elected, and on its final passage the ayes and noes shall be recorded ; and no law 
shall take effect until the 1st Juno next after the session when it is passed. The Legislature meets at Annapolis on the 
first Wednesday in January annually. 

The Governor is chosen Iiy a jdurality of votes, and his term, commencing on the 2d "Wednesday of January, shall 
continue four years. lie must be 30 years of age, a citizen of the United States, and a resident of the Stale for five years 
preceding his election, and three years a resident of the district from which he is elected. For the purpose of electing the 
Governor the State is divided into three districts, and he is elected from each successively. The first district comprises 
St. Mary, Charles, Calvert, Prince George, Anne Arundel, Montgomery, and Howard counties, and Baltimore City; the 
second district, the eight counties of the Eastern shore, and the third district, Baltimore, Frederick, Washington, Alleghany, 
and Carroll counties. He is obligated to reside at the seat of government during his official term. He may grant pardons, 
but not until after a publication in the newspapers of the applications made therefor and the day when a hearing will be 
had, and he shall report every case to the Legislature. In case of vacancy the President of the Senate, and alter him the 
Speaker of the House of Delegates shall act as Governor until an election by the people. 

The administrative officers of the Slate are — a Secretary of State, appointed by the Governor to hold office during his 
term ; a State Treasurer and Comptroller, wliose accounts the Governor is bound to examine semi-annually, or oftener if 
necessary; Commissioners of the Land Office, of Stamps, and of Public Works, and an Adjutant-general, the latter of 
which is appointed by the Governor, with the consent of the Senate, to hold office for six years. 

The Jiuliciar-y consists of a Court of Appeals, Circuit Court, Orphans' Court, etc. The Court of Appeals has appellate 
jurisdiction only ; the judges, four in number, are elected from districts by the voters therein for 10 years, unless they 
before reach the age of 70 years. They must be above 30 years of age, citizens of the State at least five years, resident of 
the judicial district from which elected, and have been admitted to practice in the State. The court appoints its own 
clerk, to hold olBee six years, and he may be re-appointed at the end thereof. The Governor, with the consent of the 
Senate, may designate any one of the four judges elected to be Chief Justice. The judicial districts are, 1st — Alleghany, 
Washington, Frederick, Carroll, Baltimore, and Harford counties ; 2d— Montgomery, Howard, Anne Arundel, Calvert, St. 
Mary, Charles, and Prince George's counties ; 3d — Baltimore City ; and 4th — the eight counties of the Eastern shore. 
For the holding of circuit courts the State is divided into eight circuits, each of which elects a judge of the circuit court to 
hold olfice for 10 years. The circuits are, 1st— St. Mary, Charles, and Prince George counties; 2d — Anne Arundel, 
Howard, Montgomery, and Calvert counties ; 8d — Frederick and Carroll counties ; 4th — Washington and Alleghany 
counties; 5th— Baltimore city; Gth— Baltimore, Harford, and Cecil counties; 7th — Kent, Queen Anne, Talbot, and 
Caroline counties; and Sth — Dorchester, Somerset, and Worcester counties. The qualifications of judges of the circuit 
courts are the same as those required for judges of appeals, except that they must be citizens of the United States, aud 
residents for two years in their judicial districts. There is in the 5th district a court of common pleas, with jurisdiction in 
civil cases between $100 and $500, and exclusive jurisdiction in appeals from justices of the peace in the city of which it 
is composed ; and a superior court, with jurisdiction in cases over $500. Each of these courts consist of one judge, elected 
by the people for ten years. There is also a criminal court, consisting of one judge, elected for six years. Clerks of the 
circuit courts in each county, and of the Baltimore courts, are chosen for six years, and are re-eligible. Each county, and 
Baltimore city, elects three persons as judges of the orphans' court, to hold office for four years; a register of wills for six 
years; justices of the peace, two sheriffs, and constables for two years. Attorneys for the commonwealth are chosen in 
each county by the people for four years. The office of Attorney-general was abolished by the new constitution. The 
court of chancery will cease to exist on the 4th July, 1853, having been granted that time to finish up its business. 

Among the provisions of the constitution are the following: "Teachers of religion, and those holding offices of profit 
under the State or United States, except justices of peace, are ineligible to the House of Delegates; two commissioners to 
revise and codify the laws of the State, and one or more to revise and simplify the practice, form of pleading, and con- 
veyancing, were to be appointed by the legislature at its first session ; persons any way engaged in any duel shall be for- 
ever incapable of holding any office of honor or trust in the State, and holders of public money are ineligible until they 
pay the same into the treasury ; the Assembly shall pass laws to protect and secure the property of married women ; im- 
prisonment for debt is abolished ; a reasonable amount of debtor's property, not exceeding in amount $500, is exempt 
from seizure; the relation of master and slave, as now existing, shall not be altered by the legislature ; no bank shall be 
established, except with the individual liability of the stockholders to the amount of their shares; corporations shall not 
be created by special laws, except for municipal and other specified purposes ; private property shall not be taken for 
public use unless compensation be first paid or tendered ; the rate of interest shall not exceed six per cent. ; in all criminal 
cases the jury shall be judges of the law as well as the facts; all officers, except the Governor, whose pay exceeds $3,000 
per annum, shall account for the excess under oath ; after 1st April, 1859, no lottery scheme shaU be drawn nor ticket 
sold, and until that time the system shall be under a commissioner of lotteries ; no debt shall be contracted exceeding 
$100,000, nor unless the act creating it shall provide for a tax sufficient to pay the interest as it falls due, and the principal 
in 15 years, nor shall such taxes be repealed or applied to other purposes; the credit of the State shall never be given nor 
lent, nor shall the State be any way concerned in internal improvements ; the monies levied to pay the public debt shall 
never be diverted until the debt is paid, or until the sinking fund equals the outstanding debt. 

At its first session after every federal census, the legislature shall pass a law to ascertain the sense of the people in 
regard to calling a convention to revise the constitution ; and if a majority vote therefor, a convention shall be called at 
the earliest convenient day — the delegates to be elected by the several counties, and Baltimore city, in proportion to their 
representatives at the time when the convention may be called. 

The militia of Maryland, according to the Adjutant-general's return of 1S50, consisted of 46,864 men of all arms, of 
which 2,397 were commissioned officers, and 44,407 non-commissioned officers, musicians, privates, and artificers ; and of 
the commissioned officers, 22 were general officers, 63 general staff officers, 544 field officers, etc., and 1,763 company ofiS- 
cers. All free white male persons between IS and 45 years of age, and not exempt by law, are liable to do military duty. 

FinanceK, PuUic DeU, cfc.— The nominal debt of the State on the 1st December, 1850, amounted to $15,424,381 46; 
but, deducting Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad loan, $3,266,000, total county loan, $163,689 67, and Susquehanna and Tide- 
water Canals loan, $1,000,000, otherwise provided for, the real debt amounted only to $10,960,691 79. The sinking fund at 
the above date amounted to $2,000,726, and must be deducted from the debt to get the present liabilities of the State. To 
meet these liabilities, in addition to the proceeds of a special annual tax, the State has $5,341,801 84 in productive prop- 
arty, consisting of stocks, bonds, etc., aud $15,910,013 17 in property not now productive. 

The balance in the treasury 1st December, 1849, was $484,892 96, and the receipts during the year were $1,227,986 24, 

139 



THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 



being a total of resources for the year ending 1st December, 1850, amounting to $1,712,879 20; and the expenditures in 
the same year were $1,467,470 36, leaving a balance of $245,403 84 for future appropriation. The principal objects of ex- 
penditure were — for Annapolis and Elridge Kailroad .$-3,950 83, civil officers $14,014 97, colleges, academies, and schools 
$21,899, indigent deaf and dumb $2,340 50, judiciary $38,813 50, legislature $50,0:30 01, militia $1,100, penitentiary $.30,000, 
pensions .$5,079 GS, surplus revenue $34,009 36, State colonization $10,(X)0, interest on public debt $690,846 36, redemption 
of funded arrears of interest $500,509 09, State tobacco inspection and warehouses $21,901 77, contingent e.xpenses $9,333 49, 
and miscellaneous expenses $21,172 94; and the chief sources of income were — auction duties and licenses $25,635 44, 
railroads $129,840 30, bank dividends and bonus $37,356 06, fines and forfeitures $5,032 36, licenses by county clerka 
$127,835 02, road stock dividends $46,490, stamps $52,579 75, lotteries and stamps on lottery tickets $38,633 82, canal com- 
panies $67,090, direct lax $438,086 38, taxes on State and city of Baltimore stocks $46,386 24, on collateral inheritances 
$23,060 73, on commissions of executors and administrators $29,106 26, on commissions of trustees $5,289 26, on foreign 
assurances $7,484 87, on policies of insurance $6,056, on protests $4,923, on certain officers $10,551 56, on civil commis- 
sions $7,221 80, and on incorporated institutions $25,870 58, tax on colonization $8,668 04, and State tobacco inspection in 
Baltimore $51,519 93. 

The assessed value of all real and personal estate subject to taxation in 1850, according to the returns of the census of 
tliat year, was $196,603,625, but truly assessed. It would amount to $207,257,523. The aggregate of all taxes assessed 
amounted to $1,3:54,429; of this amount $444,866 was for State purposes, $380,727 for county purposes, $89,810 for school 
purposes, $22,651 for support of paupers, $14,866 for road repairs, etc., and $381,509 for other purposes. 

Federal liepresentation.— Maryland, in accordance with the provisions of the act of Congress, 23d May, 1850, sends 
six representatives to the national legislature. 

Education.— Tlu;. provisions for education in Maryland, though by no means sufficient for the amount of population in 
the State, are still very respectable. The law with regard to schools has been recently amended, and in consonance with 
its provisions, the counties have been divided into school districts, in which it is imperative on the inhabitants to establish 
and maintain schools for a certain period in each year. Many of the counties, however, have not yet complied with the 
law, but nevertheless there have been great improvements effected, and the prospect of future efficiency in all that per- 
tains to public schools is very promising. The means of obtaining education in this State, as they existed 1st June, 1850, 
are returned in the census as follows : 

1. Primary schools— number 923, teachers 1,104, scholars 34,467, total annual income $225,260— namely, income from 
endowment $2,959, from taxation $75,296, from public funds $07,412, and from other sources $79,563. 

2. Academies, etc.— number 174, teachers 427, scholars 7,759, total annual income $206,430— namely, income from 
endowments $12,365, from public funds $15,227, and from other sources $178,808. 

8. Colleges and universities— number 12, professors 95, students 1,112, total annual income $124,714— namely, income 
from public funds $3,200, and from other sources $121,514. The principal collegiate institutions of the State are— St. .John's 
College at Annapolis (formerly a branch of the University), founded in 1784; St Mary's College (Catholic), at Baltimore, 
founded 1805 ; St. James' College (Episcop.-il), in "Washington County, founded 1842 ; Mount St. Mary's College (Catholic), 
at Emmettsburg, founded 1830; Washington College, at Chcstertown, founded 1783; Medical School of the University, at 
Baltimore, founded 1807; \Va.shington Medical College, also .at Baltimore, founded 1827, etc., etc. 

The whole number of white children who attended school within or during any part of the year, was 60,417, of which 
32,214 were males, and 28,233 females ; and the total number of free colored children Wiis 1,616, of which 886 were males, 
and 730 females. Of all classes, amounting to 62,063 ; those of native birth numbered 60,386, and those of foreign birth 1,679. 
Of those classed, "adults who can not read or write,"' the whites numbered 20,815-8,557 males, and 12,258 females; and 
the free colored numbered 21,062—9,422 males, and 11 640 females ; and of the total number of white persons of this 
class, 17,364 were native born, and 3,451 foreigners. 

Libraries.— VnhWc libraries 17, containing 54,750 volumes; private libraries 325—222,455 volumes; school libraries S— 
6,3.35 volumes ; Sunday-schofil libraries 84—28,315 volumes ; college libraries 10—33,792 volumes ; and church libraries 5— 
1,850 volumes ; total 449 libraries, and 347,497 volumes. 

Periodical Press.— The whole number of periodicals published in Maryland in 1850 was 68, circul.ating at each issue an 
aggregate of 124,287 copies, and annually 19,612,724 copies. Of this number, 39 were political— 22 whig in principle, 
circulating ateach issue 19,172 copies; and 17 democratic, circulating 12,465. copies; 20 were miscellaneous— 71,000 copies; 
6 religious— 13,950 copies; 1 agricultural— 0,000 copies ; 1 musical— 1,000; and 1 colonization— 700 copies; and of the whole 
number 6 were published daily, and issued annually 15,806,500 copies ; 4 tri-weekly — 499,700 copies ; 54 weekly— 3,166,124 
copies ; 1 semi-monthly-^S,000 copies ; and 3 monthly— 92,400 copies. The dailies are all published in Baltimore citj-— the 
"Sun," the " Clipper," the "American," the "Patriot," the "Eepubliean and Argus," and the "German Correspondent;" 
the tri-iceeHi/;s are also published solely in Baltimore, and, with the exception of the "B. Herald," are editions of the 
daiUes, viz. : the " American," the " Patriot," and the " Republican and Argus ;" the iceeklies are published— 3 at Cumber- 
land ; 2 at Annapolis; 1 at EUicott's Mills ; 10 at Baltimore, four of which are editions of dailies, namely, of the " Sun," 
of the " Clipper," of the " Patriot," and of the " Republican and Argus ;" 2 at "Washington ; 2 at Elkton ; 1 at Port To- 
bacco; 1 at Denton; 2 at Cambridge; 5 at Frederick; 1 at Caloctin; 1 at Emmettsburg; 1 at Uavre de Grace; 1 at 
Bel- Air ; 1 at Charlestown ; 1 at Roekville ; 1 at Upper Marlboro' ; 2 at Centreville ; 1 at Princess Anne ; 1 at Leonards- 
town ; 2 at Easton ; 1 at Boonsboro' ; 1 at Clear Spring ; 7 at Hagerstown ; and 1 at Snow Hill ; the semi-monthly— the 
Lutheran Christian Messenger, was published at Baltimore; and the three monthlies also at Baltimore. 

Peli'jious Denominations.— 1\\c statistics of the several religious denominations in the State, in 1850, which are taken 
from the census returns of that year, were as follows : 



Denomina- No. of 


Church 


Value of 


Denomina- No. of 


Church 


Value of 


Denomina- No. of 


Clmrch 


VaUie of 


tions. Chunhes. 




Property. 


tions. Churclies 


accom. 


Property. 


tions. Churches 


accom. 


Property. 


Baptist 48 .. 


10,800 . 


. $132,810 


German Eef. 22 . . 


14,800 . 


. $197,800 


R. Catholic. 65 .. 


81,100 . 


.$1,161,6.33 


Christian — . . 


_ 


_ 


Jewish 3 . . 


1,400 . 


. 41,000 


Swcdcnbo'n. — . . 


— 


— 


Congregafl. . — .. 





_ 


Lutheran 42 . . 


26,800 . 


. 287,950 


Tunker 6 . . 


14,100 . 


8,400 


Dutch Eef... — .. 


_ 


_ 


Mennonite. . . 4 . . 


850 . 


2,000 


Union 10 . . 


4,250 . 


13,000 


Episcopal.... 133 .. 


60,105 . 


. 610,877 


Methodist.... 479 .. 


181,715 . 


. 837,065 


Unitarian.. . . 1 . . 


1,000 . 


. 104,000 


Free — . . 








Moravian ... 12 . . 


5,350 . 


. 82,500 


Universalist.. 1 . . 


1,000 . 


20,000 


Friends 26 .. 


7,760 . 


. 114,050 


Presbyterian 57 . . 


23,235 . 


. 378,300 


Minor Sects. — .. 


— 


— 



—making a total of 909 churches, having accommodation for 890,065 persons, and owning property to the aggregate value 
140 



THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 



of $3,947,SS4. Maryland forms a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church ; and with the District of Columbia, and the 
county of Alexandria, in Virginia, the Roman Catholic archdiocese of Baltimore, which has for its sulfragan sees, Phila- 
delphia, Pittsburg, Charleston, Savannah, Kichmon<!, and "Wheeling. 

Patiperism ami fz-Zr/w.— The whole number of paupers who received support within the year ending 1st June, 1850, was 
4,494—2,591 native-born, and l,9i)3 foreigners ; and the whole nnnibcr of paupers in the State, at that period, was 2,001— 
1,GS1 native-bom, and 820 foreigners. Annual cost of support .$T1,6G8. The whole number of criminals convicted within 
the same year was 2u7— 1S3 native-born, and 24 foreigners ; and the number in prison cm the 1st June, 1S50, was 397— 
325 native-born, and 72 foreigners. 

ITintoi-ical Si-etch.— Kc-at Island was the site of the first white settlements within the limits of Maryland. In 1631, 
William Claiborne commenced a colony on this island. But the charter under which Maryland was permanently established 
was granted to Cecilius, Lord Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, by Charles I., and bears date 20th June, 1632. The name 
Terra Marias, or Maryland, was given it in honor of Henrietta Maria, queen of the reigning monarch. The first settlers, 
chiefly Roman Catholics, sailed from the Isle of Wight, 22d November, 1633, and landed on the island of St. Clement, 
25tli March, 1634, and unmediately took possession of the country with religious ceremonies. On the 27th, they commenced 
a settlement on the main land, at St. Mary's ; and this is counted the date of the foundation of the colony. These settlers 
of Maryland were ref\igees from ecclesiastical tyranny ; and have been denominated by historians the " Pilgrims of St. 
Mary's." The first governor was Leonard Calvert. The first legislature convened in 1639, and adopted many wise and 
useful laws. Tobacco had already become so important a staple, that it was deemed expedient to tax its exportation, as a 
source of revenue. The great revolution in England now began ; the proprietary was a Catholic and adherent of the 
king, and a congregation of Puritans, from Virginia, who had been expelled as non-conformists, in 1642, having settled iu 
Maryland, now attempted to gain ascendancy in the government, and to some extent succeeded ; but they were overthrown 
again in 1646. In 1649, the Assembly passed that noble act of religious toleration, which threw the mantle of charity over 
all, and in the benefits of which Catholic, Quaker, and Puritan, participated, for all had experienced the rigors of persecution. 
Monarchy having been overthrown in England, the Puritan power rapidly increased, and again the proprietary was for a 
time suspended. In 1654, Lord Baltimore made efforts to regain the colony, and succeeded ; but scarcely had he resumed 
the reins of government when the Puritans again deposed him, and for the space of three years thereafter the peace of 
the colony was compromised by excesses on both sides. During this period the Puritans were concentrated at Providence, 
uow Annapolis, which they considered the actual seat of government, although St. Mary's continued to be the nominal 
capital. The power of the proprietary was now restored, and Philip Calvert, his brother, was appointed governor. In 
1660, twenty-six years from the foundation of the colony, the population of Maryland was about 12,000; iu 1C65, it was 
16,000; and in 1671, it had increased to 20,000. The extension of political organization had kept pace with population. 
Up to this period, seven counties had been founded, but there were no considerable tovvns. Importations supplied the 
place of domestic manufactures, except such as were made in the families of the settlers. Mention of negro slaves is first 
made in the laws of Maryland in 1663, but it is probable that slavery existed in the colony anteriorly to that time. In 
1671, an act was passed to encourage their importation. Philip Calvert was superseded in 1662, as governor, by Charles, 
son of the Lord Proprietary, who acted in that capacity until 1675, when, on the death of his father, he succeeded to his 
rights, and appointed Thomas Notely as his representative. On the occurrence of the Revolution, in 16^8, the king assumed 
the government, and in 1791, appointed Sir Lionel Copley governor. Among the first acts of the new government was 
the removal of the capital from St. Mary-'s to Providence, thenceafter known as Annapolis. The governiueut was again 
restored to the family of the proprietary, in 171.5. At this period, the population was estimated at 30,000, and the almost 
exclusive staple of production was tobacco. Before 1697, the colonists had been without manufixctures of their own ; but 
in that year an effort had been initiated to make woolen and linen cloths. Every attempt of this kind, however, was 
closely watched by the English government, and hence these efibrts to supply a domestic manufacture either failed at once, 
or languished out a sickly existence. In 1714, Charles, Lord Baltimore, died, and his son, Benedict Leonard Calvert, 
succeeded to the province, but lived only long enough to have his rights acknowledged. The principal obstacle to the 
recognition of the claim of this family was now removed, for the young heir h ad been educated a Protestant In 1715, 
therefore, the authority of the proprietary was restored, and a commission in his name was issued to Hart, the last of the 
governors appointed by the king. From this period until the breaking out of the French war, in 1753, the history of 
Maryland is not marked by any great event. Its local annals are filled with relations of contentions between the proprietary 
and the people— the one struggling to maintain his hereditary privileges, and the other to establish their liberties. In all 
these struggles are discernible the germs of the Revolution of 1776. In 1740, Maryland contributed 500 men and £7,500 
to the disastrous expedition against the Spanish Main. A noble fleet of nearly 100 vessels, including 30 ships of the line, 
commanded by Admiral Vernon, and an army of 12,000 men, under General Wentworth, assembled at Jamaica, in 1741. 
With this imposing force, a descent was made on Cartagena, which was rendered abortive rather by the malignity of the 
climate than the prowess of the enemy. It was calculated that nine out of ten of these levies perished in this most fatal 
enterprise. The province, in 174S, contained about 130,000 inhabitants, of whom 94,000 were white, and 86,000 colored 
persons. In 1745, the first, and for a long time the only newspaper in the colony, the " Maryland Gazette," was published 
at Annapolis, but a printing press had been set up some forty years before this, for printing the laws and public documents. 
In 1756, the number of inhabitants was computed at 154,183, exhibitmg the very satisfactory increase of 24,188, or about 
18.6 per centum in t ight years. 

The development of the resources of the province had perhaps hardly kept pace with this advancement of population. 
The policy of England continued to be rigorous in the discouragement of domestic manufactures, and its repressive meas- 
ures were not without effect. Meanwhile the legislature of the province offered bounties in land for the erection of flour- 
milLs, iron furnaces, and forges, and other works of Industry, and its efforts succeeded to a considerable extent. In 1749, 
there were in the colony eight furnaces and nine forges. In 1742, copper works were in operation. The great staple 
export, however, was tobacco — in 1747, 5,000 hogsheads were exported. For many purjioses tobacco was the currency 
of the province, and in certain years the great depression in the price of this article drew out the specie of the colony to 
meet the balance accruing in Its foreign trade. The government sought to remedy this evil by an issue of bills of credit, 
■which experiment, of course, proved unavailing. In 1782, tobacco was made a legal tender at one penny per pound, and 
Indian com at 20 pence a bushel ; but the issue of paper money continued, even after this expedient, to supply the place 
of a safe and convenient currency. 

The boundary disputes of Maryland with the adjoining provinces have become somewhat famous among controversies 
of that kind ; the most celebrated was that which concerned her northern and part of her eastern frontier, and -which 

141 



THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 



resulted in the establishment of -'Mason and Dixon's Line." This dispute had an even date almost with the original 
grant to Lord Baltimore. His grant, it was contended, covered all the territory bordering the Atlantic and Delaware 
Bay, between 33° and 40° N. hit,, including the whole of the present Slate of Delaware and a considerable strip of Penn- 
sylvania ; but lliis portion of Ids grant was at the time occui)ied by settlements tif the Swedes, wlio were subsequently 
conquered liy tlie Dutch. After the latter were dispossessed, tlie tc^rritory wrested from them was conferred by a special 
grant from tlie Duke of Tork, in 16S2, upon William Penn. A decree was obtiiined in 16^5 by Penn, confirming to him 
the boundaries named in his grant; but the Proprietary of Maryland refused to subnut, and from this time to 1732 the 
dispute was the cause of almost ceaseless litigation between the Proprietaries of the two colonies, and of violence and 
outrat'e on the border. At length, in consequence of a decree in chancery in favor of the heirs of William Penn, i;ranted 
in 1750, comndssioners were appointed to determine and mark the line mentioned in the decree of 1GS5. The " scienliflc 
gentlemen' employed in this important service, probably the chief surveyors, were Messrs. Mason and Di.xon, from whom 
this celebrated boundary received its name. They began at the angle formed by the intersection of the boundary lin« 
between Delaware and Marykind with that between Pennsylvania and Maryland, and proceeded westward 130 miles, 
when their ot>erations were suspended by fear of hostilities from the Indians. At the end of every mile they set up a 
stone, with the letter '• P" and the arms of the Pcnns engraved on the north side, and *' M," with the escutcheon of Lord 
Baltimore, on the south. In 17S2-3 a continuation was made of " Mason and Dixon's line" to its western terminus ; this, 
however, was looked upon as a mere temporary arrangement, and the controversies and recriminations continued ; and 
complaints were made to the Governor of Virginia, who appealed to the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania to 
come into some arrangement to effect a permanent and acknowledged boundary. " For this desirable purpose each 
State selected the best and most suitable men within its reach, so that their work, when completed, would merit and 
receive entire confidence in its accuracy." The commissioners on the part of Pennsylvania were David Kittenhouse, John 
Ewing, and Captain llutcliins; those on the part of Virginia were Andrew Ellieott, Rev. James Madison, Pev. Pobert 
Andrews, and T. Page. They performed the duty assigned them in the fall of 1784. The line having been thus carried 
to its western terminus, it only remained to run a meridian line from that point to the Ohio River to close this long-pro- 
tracted controversy. This task was committed to Messrs. Rittcnhouse an<l Porter, on the part of Pennsyhaiiia, and 
Andrew Ellieott and Joseph Neville on that of Virginia. They entered on their work in May, 17S5, and on the 23d August 
they had made a final report, locating the western boundary of I'ennsylvania, as now acknowledged, from the soutU-wct-tern 
corner of the t!tate to the Ohio lUver ; for Virginia had no special interest in extending the line further north, having 
finally relinquished in favor of the general government her claims to territory north and west of the Ohio the year 
before. 

In the contest which annihilated French dominion in America Maryland bore a gallant part. Braddock's unfortunate 
cxpediticm against Fort Duquesne was organized in this province, and marched from Frederick in the si)ring of 1754. 
After the dellal and death of this general a fearful panic pervaded the frontier region of all the Middle States, and ex- 
tended in Maryland even to the Bay Shore. IS'umbers of the inhabitants fli^d to Baltimore, and even prepared to leave 
the country altogether. From this lime until the capture of Fort Duquesne in 175S, the western part of Maryland was 
kept in constant terror, and of course the incidents of the war fully occupied the attention of the people and the public 
authorities. Tlie progress of pojiulation during these years of Indian warfare was necessarily slow. The inhabitants in 
1761 numbered 164.007, of whom 114,332 were whites, and 49.G75 slaves, showing an increase for Ave years following 1756 
of somewhat less than 10,000. The relative increase was but little over half as great as that of the preceding five years. 
The extension of settlements toward the west was also suspended during the war. 

From the conclusion o-f the French war until the commencement of the Revolution, the history of Maryland, like that 
of most of the other colonies, is a narrative of usurpations upon public liberty attempted by the royal government and 
resisted by the people. In 1 705, the stamp act, and afterward the tea tax, excited general indignation and hostility. 
The most violent opponents of these measures took the name of " Sons of Liberty." As the contest drew toward the 
issue which had been inevitable from the beginning, the Proprietary government fell, as a matter of course, giving place 
to local and general committees of safety, and to conventions assembled in the name of the people, to supply the want of 
a more regular authority. The war, which had long been expected, and for which great preparations were made, com- 
menced with the desultory fight at Lexington, 19th April, 1775. 

The Revolution having now fairly commenced, elections were held throughout the province in August, 1776, for dele- 
gates to a convention to frame a Constitution and State Government. This body assembled August lltli, and by the lOlh 
September a bill of rights and a constitution were reported. On the 3d November the constitution was adopted in con- 
vention, and elections ordered to carry it into effect. The system of government established by this first constitution of 
Maryland was republican, and as nearly democratic as the state of public opinion of that day, and the circumstances under 
■which it was adopted, gave reason to e.xpect. 

The elections took place in November, as provided for in the constitution, and the legislature convened at Annapolis on 
the 5th February, 1777. On the 13th February Thomas Johnson was chosen first constitutional governor of Maryland. 

Throughout the Revolutionary War the services of the Maryland troops were marked by gallantry and efllciency. In 
the first consid.rable action after that of Bunker's Hill, the "Maryland line" signalized its valor and took a high position 
among the several corps of the continental army. They were under the command of Col. Wm. Smallwoo<l. who after- 
■ward became a m.ajor-general, and one of the most distinguished officers whoso achievements in the struggle illustrate the 
bravery of his native state. In the battle of Long Island, and in those of Harlem Heights, White Plains, and Fort Wash- 
ington, the Maryland regiments were conspicuous for their courage and discipline ; nor were they less so in the memora- 
ble actions at Trenton and Princeton. With the exception of actions in the campaign against Burgojnie, indeed, there 
was no prominent battle of the war, from Brooklyn Heights to Yorktown, in which the Marylanders did not take an 
active part: and under every commander— Washington, La Fayette, De Kalb, and Greene— they earned special notice 
and applause for gallantry and good conduct. The number of troops furnished by Maryland during the war was 15,228 
regulars, ;md 5.4o7 militia; and the expenditures of the St.-ite amounted to $7,568,145 in specie, a large portion of which 
was raised by the sale of confiscat^'d British property within the State. 

■ On the 23d December, 1783, the brilliant drama of the Revolution was closed' by Washington's resignation of his com- 
mission. This event took place at Annapolis, in the presence of Congress, the State legislature, many officers who had 
served through the war, and a crowd of deeply interested spectators. The ceremony constitutes a scene in our history 
second in soKinnitv and importance only to the reading of the Declar.ation of Independence. 

The Federal Constitution was readily and heartily adopted by Maryland. The convention that accepted it on the part 
142 



THE STATE OF MARYLAND 



of the State met on the 21st April, 17SS, and adjourned on t!ie 28th, having agreed to the instrument, without reservation 
or amendment, by a vote of 63 to 11. 

From this period to the war of 1812, tlie history of Maryland presents nothing calling for special notice. During that 
war Admiral Cockburn, commanding the Kritish naval forces, committed on the shores of Chesapeake Cay a series of 
wanton outrages against the proiK-rly and persons of the citizens. Ir the spring of 1SI3 the villages of Frenehtuwn, Havre 
de Grace, Fredcricktown, and Georgetown, were plundered and buined by his orders and in August, 1814, occurred the 
expedition of General Eoss against the city of Washington. Cockbu.'n, since the opening of the preceding year, had been 
cruising about the bay and the mouth of the Potomac with four ships of the line and six frigates; in the course of the 
summer he was largely re-enforced, and in August a landing was elfectcd at Benedict, on the Patuxent, some thirty-fivo 
miles south-east of Washington. The land force was under the command of General Ross, an^i was 5,000 strong. It 
proceeded toward Washington; the militia of Maryland and of the District assembled under Geni-ral Winder to oppose 
their march; but the Americans were in no condition to resist their numerous and well disciplined enemies. The army 
retired to Bladensburg, and was re-enforced by General Stansbury with 2,100 Maryland troops, including the sailors and 
marines of Commodore Barney. At this point it was resolved to risk an action in defense of Ihe national capital. The 
result of the conflict that ensued was not fortunate to the American arms. 

The British gained a complete victory, though at a cost of life much greater than the loss sustained by the Americans. The 
victors marched on to Washington, occupied the city as long as they thought advisable, and then returned to their ship- 
ping at Benedict. They, however, sullied the laurels which their daring and successful expedition might have gained for 
them by an act of Vandalic barbarism to which the annals of modern warfare among civilized nations hardly furnishes a 
parallel. While in secure possession of the seat of government, they burned and destroyed the Capitol, the president's 
house, the offices of the treasury, war, and navy, all the national records accessible to them, the public library, and other 
property belonging to the public and individuals. Their loss in this expedition is said to have been four hundred in killed 
and wounded, and five hundred prisoners. At nearly the same time Alexandria was occupied and plundered, or laid 
under triljute. The remaining principal incidents of the war particularly belonging to the history of Maryland, are the 
battle of North Point and the defense of Baltimore. The British forces engaged at North Point numbered 5,000, and were 
under General Eoss. He was killed in a skirmish between parties of the advance immediately before the battle. The 
Americans were commanded by General Striker, who had under his command 3,200 men. The result of the engagement 
was unfjivorable to the invaders, though the American general judged it prudent to retire toward Baltimore. The British 
lost about 400 men, and the Americans about half that number. The battle of North Point was fought 13th Sept., 1814. On 
the evening of next day the enemy commenced a bombardment of Fort M'llcnry, the work chiefly relied upon for the de- 
fense of the city. The attack was gallantly repelled, and the failure of the operations during the night, which were con- 
ducted by land and water, was so complete that a day or two after the land forces were taken on board the sli)|iping, and 
all attempts against Baltimore were abandoned. On the 16th of the month the hostile fleet was seen standing down the bay. 

From the earliest period the conrlition of the African race in Maryland had attracted much attention. By gradations, 
■which there are now no means of tracing, this class of the population had attained in 1790 the number of 111,079, of which 
8,043 were free, and 103,036 were slaves. The ten<leney of public opinion in this State, for many years subsequent to the 
commencement of the Revolution, seemed favorable to emancipation, and its effect was perceived in the gradual increase 
of free blacks. It was shown by the census of 1800 that the free colored had gained 11,544 during the preceding ten 
years, equal to 143 per centum, while the slaves had increased only 2,590, or about 2| per centum. The decennial census 
from this period exhibited an equally remarkable increase of free negroes and decrease of slaves, so that from 1790 to 1850 
the free negroes had increased 821 per centum, and the slaves had decreased more than 12 per centum. The decennial 
movement is shown elsewhere. But during the first twenty years of this period there h.id been a small increase of slaves, 
so that for the next thirty years to 1540 the falling off had been 21,765, or about 19 per centum; which decre;ise, if sus- 
tained, would have extirpated slavery in Maryland in a very short time ; but owing to various circumstances in the 
history of the times, the policy of emancipation, without a provision for the removal of the persons whose condition was 
affected by it, began to be looked upon with disfavor, and a provision was inserted in the constitution of 1836, declaring 
"That the relation of master and slave in this State shall not be abolished, unless a bill for that purpose shall be passed 
by a unanimous vote of both branches of the General Assembly, be published three months before a new election, and be 
unanimously confirmed by a succeeding Legislature." Thus was checked efTectually the disposition to public emancipa- 
tion; but individuals continued to exercise it, and (he prevalence of this desire to confer freedom upon slaves gave 
occasion to the institution of the American Colonization Society about the year 1819; a branch of the association was 
established in Maryland, but in order to obviate certain feature? In the org,anization and proceedings f f the General 
Society not acceptable to the friends of colonization in this State, i'l was determine 1 to establish an Independent colony in 
Africa for the blacks of Maryland. The Legislature extended its fostering car:; to the entei prise, and an annual appro- 
priation of $20,000 was allowed to the Society, which is yet continued. The Maryland colony I'as flourished, having now 
a considerable trade, and being visited at stated periods by regular packets from Baltimore. 

Succession of Governors. — Pkoprietap.y and Royal Govep.noes: Leonard Calvert, 16.33; Thomas Greene, 1647; 
William Stone, 1649; Parliamentary/ Cornm issioners, 165i to W6S: Josiah Fendall, 1658 ; Philip Calvert, 1660 ; Charles 
Calvert, 1662; Lord Baltimore, 1675; Thomas Notlcy, 167S; Lord Baltimore, 1681; Lionel Copley, 1692; Francis 
Nicholson, 1694; Crov>n Commissioners, 1697 to 1699; Nathaniel Blackstone, 1699; Thom.is Tench, 1703; John Sey- 
mour, 1704; Edward Lloyd, 1704; John Hart, 1714; Charles Calvert, 1720; Benedict Calvert, 1727; Lord Baltimore, 
1733; Samuel Ogle, 1737; Thomas Bladen, 1742; Samuel Ogle, 1747; Benjamhi Tasker, 1751; Horatio Sharpe, 1753; 
Kobert Eden, 1769 ; Robert Eden, 1773 ; and — Constitutional Governors : Thomas Johnson, 1777 ; Thomas Simm Lee, 
1779 ; William Paca, 1782 ; William Smallwood, 1785 ; John Eager Howard, 17SS ; George Plater, 1792 ; Thoma-s Simm 
Lee, 1792; John Haskens Stone, 1794; John Henry, 1797 ; Benj.amin Ogle, 1793; John Francis Mercer, 1801; Eobert 
Bowie, 1803; Eobert Wright, 1805; Edward Lloyd, 1809; Eobert Bowie, 1811; Levin Winder, 1812; C, Rilgley, of 
Hampton, 1815; C, W. Goldsborough, 1818; Samuel Sprigg, 1819; Samuel Stevens, 1822; Joseph Kent, 1826; Daniel 
Martin, 1829 ; T. K. Carroll, 1830 ; Daniel Martin, 1831 ; George Howard (acting), 1831 ; George Howard, 1832 ; James 
Thomas, 1833; Thomas W. Veasey, 1836 ; William Grason, 1838; Francis Thomas, 1841 ; Thomas G. Pratt, 1844; Philip 
F. Thomas, 1848; Enoch Louis Lowe, 1851. 

Annapolis is the political capital of the State. 



THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS.' 



Massachusetts, the parent State of New England, and the cliief manufacturing district of the United States, is bounded 
north by New Ilamshire and Vermont, east by tlie Atlantic Ocean, south by the Atlantic, Khode Island, and Connecticut, 
and west by New Tork. It is situated between 41° 15' and 42° 52' latitudes north, and between G9° 54' and 7:P 34' longi- 
tudes west from Greenwich, or 3° 28' and 7° OS' east from Washington. This State has a general' breadth of not more 
than 5l) miles, with a length of about IGO miles; but in the eastern part it extends abruptly to the breadth of 90 miles, 
and shoots a long narrow tongue of sand into the ocean, which extends nearly 50 miles beyond the mainland. The area 
of the State is estimated at 7.S00 square miles. Although the surface is generally hilly, and in some places rugged, no part 
of it rises to an elevation of 4,000 feet, the isolated peak called Saddle Mountain, in the north-western corner of the State, 
the loftiest summit within its limits, being not more than 8,000 feet above the level of the sea. The Green Mountains 
enter the western part of Massachusetts from the north, forming the lloosic and Taghkannuc or Taconie ridges, which 
run nearly parallel to each other southward into Connecticut, The Taghkannuc ridge is near the western boundary of 
the State— its most elevated peaks are Saddle Mountain, above referred to, on the north, and Taghkannuc Mountain, in 
the south, the latter being 3,000 feet in height. The Hoosic ridge has no summits above half these elevations ; it divides 
the waters of the Connecticut from those of the llousatonic. The White Mountain range enters this State from New 
Hampshire, a little to the east of the Connecticut, and running southerly, divides below Northampton into the Mount Tom 
and Lyme ranges. Mount Tom and Mount Holyoke are peaks in this range — the first 1,214 feet and the latter S30 feet 
above the level of the Connecticut Kiver, which flows between them ; Waehusett, a solitary mountain in the north-eastern 
part of Worcester County, is 2,018 feet above the level of the sea. Eastward of these ranges, the surface is for the most 
part broken by gentle swells, and in the south-east spreads out into a level sandy plain, which extends from the margins 
of the ocean, and is continued in the peninsula of Cape Cod. 

The county of Barnstable is a peninsula commonly called the Peninsula of Cape Cod. Its shape is that of a man's 
arm bent inward both at the elbow and at the wrist. A great part of this peninsula is barren, and in many places wholly 
destitute! of vegetation. The inhabitants derive Uieir support principally from the ocean. Nantucket Island lies south 
of Cape Cod. It is of a triangular form, 15 miles long, and in its widest part about 11 miles ; and is little more than a 
heap of sand without a tree of native growth upon it — yet it maintains a numerous population distinguished for activity 
and enterprise. The island affords some pasturage, and cattle and sheep in considerable numbers are raised on it. The 
climate is much milder than that of the neighboring continent. South-east of this island, out of sight of land, lie the Nan- 
tucket Shoals, a dangerous s.and-reef about 50 miles long and about 45 miles broad, and which has been the scene of many 
dreadful shipwrecks. Martha's Vineyard, to the west of Nantucket, is about 21 miles long, and from 2 to 10 miles broad. 
The soil is for the most part poor, but many sheep and cattle are raised, and the people are nmch employed as pilots or in 
the fisheries. There is a spacious harbor on the north side of the island called Holmes's Hole, and vessels bound to the 
eastward are frequently seen here in great numbers, waiting for a wind to enable them to double Cape Cod. It is calcu- 
lated that more than 1,000 vessels anchor here in the course of a year. The Elizabeth Islands arc sixteen in number, ex- 
tending in a line from the elbow of Cape Cod Peninsula westward, and forming the south-eastern side of Buzzard's Bay. 
No lilan's Land is a small island south-west of Martlia's Vineyard. Plum Island, off the east coast, extends from Ncw- 
buryport southward to Ipswich. It is 9 miles long and 1 broad, and is separated from the mainland by a narrow sound, 
over which a bridge has been built. In the season when plums are ripe, this island is the resort of the neighboring iu- 
habitants, and a scene of lively amusement. 

The v.alley of the Connecticut, which, varying in width, extends through the State in a direction north and south, con- 
sists, for the most part, of a sandy alluvion. The lower flats are fertile, and jjroduce rich crops of grain. In the vicinity 
of Iladley in this valley are extensive fields of broom-corn, and the manufacture of this article into brooms absorbs a con- 
siderable portion of the labor of the towns in the neighborhood. A portion of this valley is occupied by sandy tracts, 
w hich yield light crops of rye and maize. Some of these plains are covered with low pine forests. The valley of the 
llousatonic extends nearly in the same direction with that of the Connecticut, and consists of alluvial tracts of the same 
description. The valley of the lloosic in the north-west consists of an almost uninterrupted succession of intervale, about 
a mile in width, extremely rich, and ornamented with the liveliest verdure. The waters of this stream are remarkably 
limpid, and wind their way along this valley through luxuriant meadows and pastiu-es, green to the water's edge, and 
fringed with willows and other moisture-loving growths. 

Every part of the State is well watered ; but in general the streams are more useful for agricultural and manufacturing 
purposes than as channels of communication. The Connecticut crosses the western part of the Slate from north to south, 
intersecting the counties of Franklin, Hampshire, and Hampden, and passes into Connecticut. By means of short canals 
round several falls of the river, it has been made navigable for small vessels through its whole course in this State. Its 
principal tributaries are the Deerficld and Wesffield Pvivers from the west, and Miller's and Chicopee Pivcrs from the 
eastr-all of which afford the best of water-power, and at their several falls are scenes of busy industry. The upper waters 
of the llousatonic lie on the west of the mountains, and flow southward into Connecticut. The Quinnebaug and Black- 
stone Kivers have also their sources in this State. Charles' Eiver, reaching the sea at Boston, and Taunton Paver, which 
falls into Narragansett Bay, arc useful mill-streams. The Nashua and Concord Rivers are tributaries of the Merrimac, 
which last finds the sea at Newburyport, near the northern boundary line. The Merrimac, after entering this State from 
New Hampshire, has a course east and north-east, and is navigable for sloops to Haverhill, 20 miles fl-om its mouth. 

* The n.ime of this State probably arose from the name of a tribe oflndians formerly at Barnstable, or from tivo Indian words, mas and wetusel, 
the former signifying an Indian an-otehcad, and tlie latter a hilt. It is stated that the Sachem who governed in this region, on the landing of tUa 
pilgrims, lived on a hill in the form of an Indian arrow-he.ad, a few miles south of Boston, and was called by the natives Miswsxossi. 
144 



THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



The norlhcm shore of ^Massachusetts is bold and rocky, and the coast everywliere is deeply indented, and presents 
several far jirojectitig peninsulas and headlands, forming bays of immense extent. Massachusetts Bay, wliich gives its 
name to the StiUe, extends between Cape Ann, which projects sea-ward about IS miles on tlie north, and Cape Cod on the; 
south. It is about 70 miles in length, and comprises Boston Bay and Cape Cod Bay. On the southern coast is Buzzard's 
Bay, alwut 30 miles in length, and comprising a large number of fine and secure harbors. Boston Harbor is one of the 
finest in the world — capacious, safe, easy of access, and easily defended ; but in the winter season it is often ice-bound. 
New Bedford on ]!uzzard"s Bay has a fine harlior, and is the greatest whale-ship dop6t of the Union. The Peninsula of 
Nahant, a few miles north of Boston Harbor, is connected with the mainland l)y Lynn Beach, two miles in length, and 
from its fine open situation, has been a favorite place of resort during the hot season of summer. 

Massachusetts is not, as far as yet ascertained, rich in minerals. Iron is found in various parts of the State, and is ex- 
tensively worked. It appears chiefly in the form of bog ore. Sulphurct of iron, or pyrites, occurs in the central districts, 
where it is used for the manufacture of copperas ; and the plumbago found at Worcester and Stockbridge is used in the 
manufaclure of lead pencils and crucibles. Lead mines exist in the Connecticut valley. The white clay of Martha's 
Vineyard furnishes alum ; and anthracite coal is now obtained in the graywacke district to the west of Taunton River. 

It is on its building material, however, that Massachusetts relies for distinction. Granite of excellent quality abounds in 
Quincy and vicinity, and is extensively quarried and shipped to nearly every Atlantic port, in greater or lesser degree. 
The Astor House at New York, the front of the Tremont House at Boston, and the Bunker Hill Monument, are built 
of this stone. Blocks and shafts of almost any dimensions may be obtained. Granite suitable for building is also found 
at Gloucester, Fall Eiver, Fitchburg, and many other places. Gneiss, nearly answering the same purjioses, is found in 
many parts, and serpentine, suitable for ornamental architecture, exists in Middlefield, West Field, Newbury, etc. Lime- 
stone is extensively distributed. Berkshire is renowned for the fine marble it produces, denominated primitive marble. 
Its prevailing color is white, and some of the varieties admit of a fine polish; more or less is quarried in almost every 
town of Berkshire. The City Hall in New York, and the Girard College in Philadelphia, are built of marble from 
this district. Soap-stone, and argillaceous or roofing slate, are found in various parts, and potter's clay, used in the manu- 
facture of common delft, and kaolin, or jioreelaiu clay, are abundant. Peat is found and used as a common fuel in many 
towns in the eastern part of the State ; and what adds to the importance of this article is, that it is frequently situated where 
wood is scarce. / 

The clirrrffte of Massachusetts, though identical in many respects to that of the three States lyiiag north of it, is not so 
extreme as that of either. It is very favorable to health, and a large ratio of the inhabitants attain to a good old age. The 
extremes of temperature are from 20° below zero to 100° above, but such are rare and of short continuance. The season 
of growth commences earlier than in the more northern States, and the summer is more prolonged. On the eastern and 
southern shores the summer season is dt-lightfuUy tempered by the breezes from the ocean. 

The Indian population, a small remnant of the once powerful tribes that inhabited Massachusetts prior to the arrival 
of Europeans in the country, now numbers less than 1,000 souls. With the exception of the Naticks, who are scattered 
over the Commonwealth, they all live in separate communities ; but few of those are of pure blood, the majority coming 
under those classes which in South America would be termed Meztizos or Zambos, mixtures of white and Indian, and 
of black and Indian. The following tribes are enumerated in a report of a coimnission appointed in 1S4S to inquire into 
the condition of these people : 



Names of Tribes, 

Chappequiddic Tribe 

Christiantown " 

Gay Head " 

Marshpee " 

Herring-Pond " 

Fall Kiver « 

Dudley " 

Ilassanamisco " 

Punkapop " 

Yarmouth " 



Number, Resilience, Occupatiou, 

. , 8.5 Chappequiddic Island .". Agriculture. 

. . 40 N. W. shore of Martha's Vineyard Agriculture and fishing. 

. , 174 Gay Ilead.W. part of " " Agriculture — also alum manuf. 



.. 305 
,. 55 
,. 87 
., 4S 
. 26 



S, W, shore of Cape Cod Agriculture and navigation. 

Near Pl)'mouth and Sandwich Agriculture and fishing. 

Fall River Township Very improvident 

Town of Webster Men beg — Women do worse. 

Grafton 



.. _, ' . "ja/ 'r\ J Industrious, but have no par- 

10 Canton and Stoughton jd- ,. , ,. * 



5S Town of Yarmouth 



-f 



ticiilar occupation. 



Naticks Scattered over the State, and extinct as a tribe. 

The more industrious of these tribes not only enjoy the necessaries of life, but also many of the comforts and even 
luxuries of civilization. Nearly all live in good houses, most of them decently furnished ; and their schools and churches 
are represented to be in a flourishing condition. Only two of the tribes are represented as degraded. The Indians are 
not members of the body politic ; they pay no taxes, nor do they have a voice in legislation. The State, indeed, allows 
to each tribe a small annuity for the promotion of their civilization. 

Massachusetts is divided into 14 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each in 1S50, were as follows : 

Counties. Pwell. P<.p, f^^^'J- 

85,276,. 789,, 



Barnstable., 6,532 
Berkshire . , , 8,638 



49 ,591,, 2,897, 

Bristol 12,134., 76,192, .2,550, 

Dukes 771.. 4,540,, 265. 



Manuf, 
Estab, 

423.. 
387,, 

5C3, . 



Capitals. 

, , Barnstable 

, , Lenox 

) New Bedford 



Counties, 



Dwell. 
5,905, 



^"P- in cult, E.stab. Capitals. 

Hampshire . 5,905 , . 35,732 , . 2,965 . . 319 ... . Northampton 

"] Concord 
Middlesex., 23,450, ,161,383.. 4,345,. 1,089, . [Cambridge 

J Lowell 
Nantucket,, 1,2S5,. 8,452.. 58.. 60... .Nantucket 
Norfolk . , . ,12,545, , 78,892, .2,637. . 906. . . .Dedham 
Plymouth.,, 9,506,. 55,697. .2,447. . 511. ,., Plymouth 

BuflTolk 16,567 ., 144,507 . . 76 . . 1 ,989 .... Boston 

Worcester , .21,709. .130,789. .7,239. .1,161 . . . .Worcester 



f Taunton 
18 Edgartown 

■] Ipswich 
Essex 18,878. .181,300, .2,816. .1,588, , i Newburj^jort 

J Salem 
Franklin . , , 5,832, , 30,867, ,2,535, . 286, , , , Greenfield 
Hampden... 9,083,. 51,281, ,2,616. . 389. .. .Springfield 

The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 152,835 ; of families 193,679, and of inhabitants 
994,499, viz, : whites 9S5,7M— males 484,284, and females 501,420, free col. 8,795— males 4,314, and females 4,481. 

Of the whole population, there were deaf and dimib—vi\\. 360, fr. col, 4— total 364 ; Uind—V!\i. 490, fr. col. 7— 
—total 497; insane— Yih. 1,629, fr. eol. IS— total 1,647; and idiotic— vih. 7S5, fr. col. 6— total 791. The number of free 

J 145 



THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



persons born in the United States was S30,OG6; the numl)er of foreign birth 160,009, and of birth unknown 3,539. The 
native population orisrinated as follows: Maine 29,5oT, N. Ilanip. 39.592, Verm. 17,040, 3f(imichu.ietU 695,230, E. I. 
11,414, Conn. 1.5,002, N. York U,4S3, N. Jer. 778, Penn. 1,S81, Del. 90, Md. 744, Dist. of Col. 196, Virg. 790, N. Car. 196, 
8. Car. 224, Ga. 237, Flor. 32, Ala. 71, Miss. 34, La. 179, Tex. 10, Ark. 10, Tenn. 25, Ky. 75, Ohio 59-3, Mich. 122, Ind. 60, 
111. 165, Mo. 5S, la. 12, Wise. 32, Calif. 7, Territories 9: and ihn foreign population was composed of persons from — 
England 16,085, Ireland 115,917, Scotland 4,469, Wales 214, Germany 4,319, France S05, Spain 178, Portugal 290, Belgium 
86, Holland IMS, Turkey 14, Italy 196, Austria 10, Switzerland 72, Kussia 38, Denmark ISl, Norway 69, Sweden 253, 
Prussia 99, Sardinia 1, Greece 23, China 2, Asia 31, Africa 27, British America 15,862, Mexico 32, Central America 7, South 
America 81, West Indies 303, Sandwich Islands 81, and other countries 466. 
The following table will show the decennial progress of the population : 

Colored Persons. Decennial Incre.ise. 
Cer.sui Wliite , ' , Total , > . 



Year. Persons. Free. SKlve. Tut.il. Population. Numerical. Percent. 

1790 873,254 5,463 — 5,403 378,717 — — 

1800 416,793 6,452 — 6,452 42-3,245 44,.528 11.7 

ISIO 46.5,803 6,737 — 6,737 472,040 48,795 11.6 

1820 516,419 6,863 — ........ 6,863 523,287 "51,247 10.8 

1830 603,359 7,048 1 ........ 7,049 610,408 87,121 16.6 

1840 729,030 8,609 ~ 8,669 7-37,699 127,291 20.8 

1850 985,704 8,795 — 8,795 994,499 256,800 34.8 

The stiitisljeal returns of the wealth, industry, products, and institutions of the State, according to the census of 1350 and 
other official documents referring to the same period of time, are as fcjllows: 

Occupied Lands, etc. — Improved farm lands, 2,133,430 acres, and unimproved lands, 1,222,576 acres — valued in cash 
at $109,070,347. Number of farms under cultivation, 34,235. Value of farming Unplements iind machinery, $3,209,584. 

Live-Stocl:— Horses, 42,210; asses and mules, 34; milch cows, 130,099 ; working oxen, 46,611; other cattle, 83,284; 
sheep, 188,651; and swine, 81,119 — valued in the aggregate at $9,647,710. The number of animals of these descriptions 
in 1840 was— horses, mules, etc., 61,484; neat cattle of all kinds, 282,574; sheep, 878,226; and swine, 143,221. 

Products fy^;u'm«Z.s.— Wool, 585,136 (in 1840,941,906) pounds; butter, 8,071,370 pounds; cheese, 7,088,142 pounds; 
and the value of animals slaughtered during the year, $2,500,924. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 7 (in 
1840, 1,741) pounds; and beeswax and honey, to that of 59,508 pounds. 

Grain Crop*.— Wheat, 31,211 bushels; rye, 481,021 bushels: Indian com, 2,345,490 bushels; oats, 1,165,106 bushels; 
barley, 112,385 bushels; and buckwheat, 106,095 bushels. In 1839-40 these crops yielded as follows: wheat, 157,923 
bushels ; barley, 165,819 ; oats, 1,319,680 ; rye, .536,014 ; buckwheat, S7,000 : and Indian corn, 1,809,192 bushels. 

Other Food Crops. — Peas and beans, 43,709 bushels ; potatoes, Irish, 3,585,354 bushels. In 18-39-40 the potato crop 
amounted to 5,385,652 bushels. 

JfisceUanemis (7yo;xs.— Tobacco, 138,246 (in 1840, 64,955) pounds ; hay, 651,807 tons; clover-seed, 1,002 bushels; other 
grass-seed. 5.085 bushels; hops, 121,.595 pounds (in 1840,254,795) pounds; flax, 1,162 pounds: flax-seed, 72 bushels ; maple 
sugar, 795,.'")25 pounds ; molasses, 4,693 gallons ; wine, 4,688 (in 1840, 19-3) gallons, etc. Value of orchard products, $463,995, 
and of market-garden products, $600,020. 

ITmnc-made manufactures for the year ending 1st June, 1850, were produced to the value of $205,333. The same 
class of productions, according to the census of 1840, were valued at $231,942. 

Manufactures. — Aggregate capital invested, $83,357,642; value of raw material, fuel, etc., $85,856,771; average number 
of hands employed, — males an<l females average inouthly.cost of labor, $ — male $ 

and female $ total value ofproducts for the year ending 1st .Tune, 1850, $151,137,145. The whole number of indus- 

trial establishments producing to the value of $500 and upward, annually, was, at the date referred to, 9,637 ; and of these 
213 were cotton factories ; 119 woolen factories, 248 tanneries, and 80 iron manufactories — 68 for castings, 6 for pig iron, 
and 6 for wrought iron. 

The cotUrn manufactures employ a capital of $28,455,630; value of raw material, fuel, etc., $11,259,309; and value of 
entire products $19,712,461; cotton consumed 223,607 bales; coal 46,545 tons; and products— sheeting, etc., 293,751,392 
yards, and yam 853,660 pounds. The number of hands employed is— males 9,293, and females 19,437; and the monthly 
cost ol labor— male $212,892, and female $264,514 ; average monthly wages— to males $23 01, and to females $13 55. 

The capital invested in the icoolen manufactures was $9,089,342; value of all raw material, etc. $8,671,671, and value 
of entire products for the year $12,770,565. Wool consumed 22,929,952 pounds ; coal 15,440 tons ; and products 25,865,653 
yards of cloth, etc., and 749,555 pounds of yarn. Average hands employed — males 6,167, and females 4,903 ; monthly cost 
of labor— male $141,533, and female $70,581; avcr.age wages — to males $22 95, and to females $14 22 per month. 

The tanneries employ a capital of $1 ,.377,725 ; value of hides, skins, etc. $2,311,178; value of products $3,519,123; skins 
tanned 293,000, and sides tanned 1,500,440; hands employed— males 1,510, and females 82; monthly cost of labor— malo 
$41,245, and female $300. 

The iron manufactures, in extent and value, according to the returns of 1850, were as follows : 

Specifications. Pig Iron. Cast Irou. Wrought Iron, Total, 

Capital invested dollars. . . . 409,000 1,499,050 610,300 2,578,350 

Ore used tons 27,900 — — 27,900 

Pigironuscd " — 81,134 T,080 33,164 

Old metal used " — 8,361 — 8,361 

Mineral coal consumed " -- 12,401 11,022 23,423 

Coke and charcoal bushels. . . .1,855,000 8,500 78,500 1,937,000 

Value of all naw material, fuel, etc.. ..dollars. . . . 185,741 1,057,904 221,194 1,464,839 

Hands employed number... 263 1,596 260 2,119 

Monthly cost of labor dollars.... 7,2.33 49,216 5,850 62,304 

Ironproduced tons 12,2S7 82,074 6,720 51,081 

Value of entire products dollars. . . . 295,123 2,285,6-35 428,820 2,959,078 

The above exhibited manufactures, comprising what may with propriety be termed national manufactures, compose but 
a moiety of the aggregate industrial establishmeuta within the State. Besides these there arc in the Stat" immense iutor- 
146 



THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



esfs ill the mamifucture of shoes and boots, carpeting, sperm candles and oil, soap, carriages and cars, cabinet-ware, cop- 
per-ware, cordage, cutlery, engines and boilers, fire-arms, glass, glue, hats and caps, liollow-ware, etc., hosiery, lead 
paints, linen thread, lumber and shingles, machinery, musical instruments, paper, powder, plouglis, etc., saddlery, etc., 
Bnuff, tobacco, etc., buildmg stone, straw hats, etc., sugar, tin-ware, tools, upholstery, wooden-ware, etc., and a large num- 
ber of minor, but still profitable manufactures. Massachusetts, indeed, is the great manufacturing State of the Union, and 
in reference to its extent and population, has no superior. It manufactures at least one sixth of the aggregate articles pro- 
duced in the workshoj.s of the United States. The products of its cotton-mills constitute one-third of the whole of that 
Elaplc, and its woolen manufacture* are equally preponderant. 

Commerce, Xavigation, efc.— Massachusetts, in the year ending 3nih June, 1850, exported to foreign countries to the 
value of $10,681,763, and imported to that of $.30,374,684. Of the »/>orfe, $8,253,473 was the value of domestic produce— in 
American vessels $7,000,103, and in foreign vessels $1,2.53,370, and $2,428,290 the value of foreign produce—in American 
vessels $1,808,497, and in foreign vessels $529,793; and of the imports $22,106,011 in American vessels, and $8,268,673 in 
foreign \essels. The entrances and clearances in the same year were as follows : 



ENTRANCES. 

Natkmality. Vessel?. Tonnage. Crews, 

American 1,345 839,.508 14,677 

Foreign 2,732 271,941 15,933 



Total 4,077 611,449 80, 

Newburj-port 138 8,605 

Gloucester 178 11,667 

Salem and Beverley 886 86,796 2 

Boston 2,872 478,.S59 22 

Marblehead 177 12,086 



544. 
3,713.' 



Plymouth 10 

Barnstable 42 

Fall River 78 12,739... 

New Bedford 1-34 33,154 . . . 

Edgartown 72 

Nantucket — 



13,286. 



CLEARANCES. 

Nationality. Vessels. Tonnage. Crews. 

American 1,149 272,278 12.533 

Foreign 2,757 274,674 15,755 



Total 3,906 546,952 28,288 

Newburyport 140 9,703 683 

Gloucester 1T7 11,138 766 

Salem and Beverley . . 872 ,35,003 2,091 

Boston 2,839 437,760 20,812 

Marl)lehead 176 11,414 768 

Plymouth 10 

Barnstable 81 

Fall Kiver 87 

New Bedford 118 

Edgartown 6 

Nantucket 1 



544 35 

... 2,810 149 

... 5,479 290 

... 32,027 2,499 

... 1,223 99 

851 25 

The total shipping owned in the State at the date referred to amounted to 684,442 tons ; registered — permanent 411,978 
tons, and temporary 61,350 tons; enrolled and licensed— permanent 208,767 tons; and licensed (under 20 tons)— in the 
coasting traile 1,821 tons, and in the cod fisheries 1,748 tons. Of the registered shipping 122,676 tons were engaged in the 
•whale fishery, and the enrolled and licensed tonnage was employed — in the coasting trade 115,846 tons, in the cod fishery 
40,008 tons, and the mackerel fishery 42,895 tons; and 7,903 tons were navigated by steam-power. The tonnage of the 
several districts was — Newburyport 23,262 tons, Ipswich 578 tons, Gloucester 22,474 tons, Salem 28,916 tons, Beverley 
3,173 tons, Marblehead 6,842 tons, Boston 320,687 tons, Plymouth 10,722 tons, Fall Kiver 13,102 tons, New Bedford 127,960 
tons, Barnstable 91,102 tons, Edgartown 7,609 tons, and Nantucket 29,018 t(jns. 

The shipping built in the State during the year amounted to 121 vessels of all kinds — 51 ships, 19 brigs, 46 schooners, 
3 sloops, and 2 steamers- of an aggregate burden of 85,836 tons; and of the whole number 10 (4,657 tons) were built at 
Newburyport, 26 (1,996 tons) at Gloucester, 1 (298 tons) at Salem, 3 (817 tons) at Marblehead, 43 (23,480 tons) at Boston, 
5 (579 tons) at Plymouth, 5 (1,254 tons) at Fall Kiver, 4 (7S1 tons) at New Bedford, 23 (1,864 tons) at Barnstable, and 1 
(109 tons) at Edgartown. The statistics of the foreign commerce of the State for a series of years — 1791 to 1850 — exhibit 
the following movements in the value of exports and imports : 



Year, Kxporta, 

1791 $2,519,651 . . . 

1792 2,888,104 . . . 

1793 3,755,347 . . . 

1794 5.292,441 . . . 

1795 7,117.907.... 

1796 9,949.345 . . . 

1797 7,.502,(l47 ... 

1798 8,639,252 . . . 

1799 11.421,.';91 ... 

1800 Il,.326,s76 ... 

1801 14,870,556 . . . 

1802 13,492,632 . . . 

1803 8,768,566 . . . 

1804 16,894,378 ... 

1805 19,435,657 . . . 

1806 21,199,243 . . . 

1807 21,112,125 ... 

1808 5,128,322... 

1809 12,142,293 . . . 

1810 13,013,048 . . . 



Inipurts. 



Year. E.vp^.rts, 

1811 $11,2.35,465 ... 

1S12 6,533,338... 

1813 1,807,923 ... 

1814 1,1.33,799... 

1815 6,280,083... 

1816 10,1-36.4.39 ... 

1^17 11,927,997 ... 

1818 11,998,156 ... 

1819 11,399,913 ... 

1820 11,008,922 ... 

1821 12,484,691 . . . 

1S22 12,598,525 . . . 

1823 13,683,239 ... 

1824 10,434,328 ... 

1825 11,432,9S7 ... 

1826 10,098,862 . . . 

1827 10,424,883 . . . 

1828 9,025,785 ... 

1829 8,254,937 . . . 

1830 7,213,194 . . . 





Year. Exports. 

1331 $7,733,763 . . 

1832 11,99.3,768.. 

1833 9,683,122 . . 

1834 4,672,746 . . 

18.35 10,043,790 .. 

1836 10,380,346 . . 

1837 9,728,190 . . 

1838 9,104,862.. 

1839 9,276,085.. 

1840 10,186,261 .. 

1841 11,487,343 . . 

1842 9,807,110 . . 

1843 6,405,207 . . 

1844 9,096.286 . . 

1845 10,.951,0.30 .. 

1846 10,81.3,118 .. 

1847 11,248,462 . . 

1.843 ...... 1-3,419,699 .. 

1849 10,264,862 . . 

1850 10,681,763 .. 



Imports. 

$14,209,056 
18,118,900 
19,940,911 
17,672,129 
19,800,373 
25,681,463 
19,984,663 
13,800,925 
19,385,225 
16,513,858 
20,318,003 
17,986,433 
16.789,452 
20.296,007 
22,7:^.024 
24,190,963 
34,477,008 
28,647,707 
24.745,917 
30,374,054 



Internal Imivovements. — In proportion to surface no other State of the Union is so thoroughly supplied with railroads 
and other means of communication as Massachusetts. It was the first State to adopt the railroad, and it h.as ever since 
maintained a pre-eminence in respect of railroads, and at the present time the several lines extend in every direction, 
forming a net-work of iron bands. The principal lines are those extending from Boston and "Worcester toward Maine 
and New Hamp.shire, passing through the great manufacturing towns of the north-east section, and those extending 
southward from those centres to the Atlantic and Long Island Sound. Two great lines also extend through the length 
of the State from Boston via Worcester to Albanv, and from Boston via Greenfield to Troy on the Hudson Kiver, both 

147 



THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



forming links in the chains toward tlie great lakes and the for "West. The total length of railroad in the Slate in 1353 was 
1,261 miles, or al)out 1 mile of road to every 6i miles of surface. Massachusetts has also several canals, as the Blackstoiie 
Canal, from AVoreesler to Providence, 1.5 miles long; tlie Middlesex Canal, from Boston to the Merrimac IViver, '27 miles 
long; the Hampshire and Ilamjxlcn Canal, 22 miles long, and several short canals and river improvements for the 
purpose of overcoming falls and rapids in the rivers. The canals in this State, however, are at the present time little 
used as means of commercial intercourse, but in some instances their waters are valuable for manufacturing purposes. 

Bciiil\s and Savings Institutions. — In 1S51 there was a total of 130 banking institutions in Massachusetts, of which 30 
were in Boston and 100 in other parts of the State. Tlie following exhibits their condition in the aggregate in that year: 

Liabilities. Boston Uiinks. Otlipr nniika. Totiil. Resources. Boston lianks. Otlier Bal^ks. Total. 



Capital ?;21,760.000 $10,505,000 $.38,265,000 

CircHla.— $5 and upward G,6TS,31G 9,6S6.8T9 16,365,195 

" —less than $5... 1,001,363 2.323,140 3,329,503 

Net profits on hand 2,465,3"3 1,359,235 3,824,608 

Dire other banks 6,787.148 214,773 7,001,921 

Deposits without interest 8,796,575 4,173,200 12,969,775 

" at interest 601,317 263,811 870,128 



Total $48,000,092 $34,537,559 $82,627,051 



Specie $1,S17,.388 $661,471 $2,473,859 

Real estate 590,394 407,819 Wi^lS 

Bills ofothcr banks in State 5,3ii2,591 535,245 5,S37,&36 

" ■> " clsewh'e 344,340 53,111 397,951 

Due from other banks . . 3,223,354 3,326,879 6,550,233 
Notes, bills of exchange, 

and all other stock ... 36,311,525 29,529,583 66,341,110 



Total $48,090,092 $84,514,109 $82,604,202 



Average dividends of 30 Boston banks in October, 1850, was a fraction over 3.4 per cent.— in April, 1851, it was a fraction 
over 3^9 per cent. ; average dividends of 100 other banks in October, 1850, a fraction over 3.39 per cent., and in April, 
1851, a fraction over 3.7 per cent. In 45 savings institutions that made returns there were 86,537 depositors, and $15.5.54,033 
deposits securely invested. The average dividends for the year was 4.78 per cent. The whole expense of managing 
these institutions has been $43,707 during the year. 

Goretument.— The constitution of this State was framed in 1780, amended in 1821, and since that period has undergone 
several modifleations. According to its provisions every male citizen, of the age and upward of 21 years, paupers and 
persons under guardianship excepted, resilient the last past year in the State, an<l the last past six months at the place of 
voting, and who, unless exempt from taxation, shall have paid any state or county tax within the last two years, enjoys 
the right of voting at all popular elections. Tlie general election is held on the second Monday in November annually. 

The lt'(/islative authority is vested in a General Court, consisting of a Senate and House of Keprcsentatives. The 
representatives, at present 299 in number, arc chosen by towns in ratio of their population. "Every town containing 
1,200 inhabitants may elect one, and an addition.al representative for every 2,400 above that number; and every town of 
less than 1,200 inhabitants may elect a representative as many times within 10 years as 160 is contained in 1,2U0 ; and 
every two or more towns may unite and form a representative district; an<l all these numbers siiall be raised one-tenth 
when the popuV.ition of the State shall be 770,000, and at the same rate for every increase of 70,000 thereafter." Eepre- 
sentativos must be residents for the last past year of the towns which return them. The Senate consists of 40 members, 
elected from districts of equal population, but no county is divided in the apportionment, and Nantucket and Duke's 
counties have only one senator conjointly. The Legislature meets annually on the first Wednesday in January. For the 
purpose of settling the ratio of representation and the senatorial districts a census is taken every ten years. 

The chief executive power is vested in a Governor, and a Lieutenant-governor is elected with the same qualifications 
and in the same manner as the governor, ri:., annually by a majority of votes. lie must have resided in the State fur the 
last past seven years, and be seized of a freehold of $1,000 value. If there be no choice by the people, the representatives 
choose two of the four candidates, if so many there be, having the highest number of votes, and of which two the Senate 
cliooses one for governor. The giwcrnor can veto any bill of the general court, btit two-thirds of the members thereof 
afterward voting in favor of such negatived bill it becomes law nevertheless. The governor is advised and assisted in his 
duties by an Executive Council, of which the lieutenant-governor is ea'-officio a member, and which is chosen annually 
by joint ballot of the legislature. The lieutenant-governor, in case of a vacancy occiu-ring in the office of governor, 
exercises the chief executive powers, and both failing, the same is exercised by the council. 

The Judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, Courts of Common Pleas, Probate Courts, etc. The supreme court has a 
chief justice and four other justices, who are appointed by tlie govemor and council, and hold office during good 
behavior. It has exclusive cognizance of all capital crimes, and exclusive chancery jurisdiction, and concurrent original 
jurisdiction in all civil eases where the amount in dispute exceeds $600 in Sutfolk and $300 in the other counties. It 
holds law terms in eight of the fourteen counties, and nisi prius terms in all the counties. The court of common pleas is 
held for the trial of civil cases above $20, ami, except in Suffolk County, has criminal jurisdiction in all cases not capital. 
There are six judges, one of whom is chief judge, and frequent terms are held in each county. In Sutfolk criminal juris- 
diction is exercised by the municipal coiu-t. Trial justices and justices of the peace exercise local civil and criminal juris- 
diction in cases of minor importance. A court of insolvency is held in each county on the first Tuesday of each month 
before special commissioners, and a probate court, consisting of a judge and register, is established at each county seat 
Permanent and honorable salaries are provided for all judicial oflicers. 

The St-ate militia of Massachusetts in 1350, according to the returns of the Adjutant-general, consisted of 119,690 men 
of all arms, of which number 549 were commissioned officers, and 1 19,141 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, 
and privates. Of the commissioned officers 10 are general officers, 35 general staff officers, 112 field officers, etc., and -592 
company oflicers. The enrolled militia consists of all able-bodied white male citizens of the age of 18 years, and under 
that of 45 years, and the active militia consists of volunteers who have a per diem allowance when on duty. Tlie latter 
arc comprised in three divisions and six brigades, embracing two division corps of cadets, one troop of cavalry, four 
regiments, one battalion, and one company "annexed" of artillery, and nine regiments of light infantry. 

Among a large number of benevolent institutions for the relief of the unfortunate which exist in Massachusetts, tlie 
following are conspicuous for their extent and efficiency: The Stale Lunatic Asylum at Worcester, founded in 1S33 ; the 
Massachusetts General ITospital, at Boston, incorjiorated in 1311; Perkins Institution, or Massachusetts Asylum for the 
Blind, at Boston, instituted in 1831 ; the Boston Lying-in Hospital, instituted in 13.32 ; the U. S. Marine Hospital, at Chelsea; 
the Lowell Hofpital ; and the M-Lean Asylum for the Insane, at Somerville, a department of the General Hospital. The 
Asylum at Worcester is one of the best institutions of the kind anywhere established. On the 1st December, 1849, Ihe 
number of inmates was 429—220 males and 209 females; admitted during the year 241—129 males and 112 females; 
remaining in the Hospital, 30th November, 1350, 441-223 males and 213 females, and of this number 109 were foreigners. 
148 



THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



Of those admitted during tlie yearl9-t were committed by the courts, 16 by the overseers, and 31 were private boarders ; 
and of the number discharged, 125 were recovered, 15 improved, 28 incurable and harmless, 4 incurable and dangerous, 
and 57 died. Total means of the institution for the year, $62,470; expenditures, $46,776. The average annual expense 
of each patient, for the IS years the hospital has been in operation, is $118 75. Besides the mstitutions above named, 
there is a School for Idiots, at Newton, and an Eye and Ear Infirmary, at Boston. The deaf and dumb of the State are 
provided for in the American Asylum, at Hartford. In 1S50, the sums appropriated by the legislature for the support of 
unfortunates were as follows: Asylum for the Blind, $14,000; Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, $S,206; Eye and Ear 
Infirmary, $7,000 ; State Lunatic Asylum, $3,200 ; School for Idiots, $2,500, etc. 

Finances, Deht, etc. — The ordinary revenue received into the public treasury, during the year ending 1st January, 1S51, 
amounted to .$492,810 64, and all other receipts (including $495,600 temporary loans), to $983,950 38— total receipts, 
$1,481,761 02 ; to which add cash on hand, 1st Janaury, 1850, $58,558 88, and the total means of the treasury is e.xhibited 
at $1,540,319 40. Ordinary expenditure, .$566,055 54 ; expenditure on other accounts (including $495,600 loans repaid), 
$850,225 25 — total eirpenditt/res, $1,416,280 79. Excess of expenditures on account of ordinary revenue, $7.3,244 90; 
excess of receipts on other accounts, $138,725 18 ; and excess of aggregate receipts, $65,480 28, or, including the cash on 
hand at the commencement of the year, $124,088 61, of which sum $5,809 22 is (m account of ordinary revenue, aud 
$118,229 89 on all other interests. 

The public debt of Massachusetts on its own account, on the 1st January, 1851, was $1,210,375 ; liability for scrip loaned 
to the various railroads, $5,1140,555 56 — total absolute and contingent debt, $6,259,930 50. The value of all property 
belonging to the commonwealth, at that date, was $10,386,357 45. Excess of resources over liabilities, .$4,126,426 89. The 
total value of personal and real estate assessed for taxation, in 1850, was .$546,003,057; but the estimate, or true valuatioa, 
according to the census of that year, was $573,342,286. 

Federal Jiepresentation. — Massachusetts, in pursuance of the provisions of the Act of Congress, 28d May, 1850, is 
entitled to send eleven representatives to the National Legislature. 

Education. — According to the school report of 1S50, the to-wns raised by taxation for school purposes $864,667, and 
besides this, $8,714, income of the " surplus revenue," was so appropriated — total, $873,382, to which must also be added 
$34,704, contributed as board and fuel. Amount of school fund, 1st December, 1850, $958,921, of which only $740,361 was 
productive, and yielded $40,000 for distribution among the towns. The whole number of children in the State, from * to 
15 years old, was 193,232 — the number under 5 years attending school was 17,782, and over 15 years, 18,208. Number of 
public schools, 3,878, taught by S.427 teachers — males 2,442, and females 5,985. Average scholars in winter schools, 
194,403; .and in summer schools, 176,344. Average monthly wages, inclusive of board to males, $34 89, and to females $14 42. 

There were, at the date above referred to, 07 incorporated academies in tliis State, with 8,717 pupils, and an aggregate 
expenditure of $57,444 for tuition; also, 845 unincorporated academies, private schools, etc., with 19,584 scholars, and an 
aggregate income for teaching of $261,241. There are also local funds (endowments) for the support of academies, etc., 
to the amount of $354,620, yielding an income of $21,584. Value of school libraries $42,707, aud of apparatus $23,826. 
The value of public schciol-houscs, in 1S4S, was $2,750,000, of which $2,200,000 had been expended since 1883 ; probably 
in 1850 the value would not fall short of three milUon.'i. There are three normal schools supported by the State at an 
annual cost of $6,500 — one at Westfleld, one at West Newton, and one at Bridge water — averaging annually, in all, 225 pupils. 

Massachusetts lias four celebrated colleges : Harvard University, at Cambridge, founded 1633 ; William's College, at 
Williamstown, founded 1793; Amherst College, founded 1821 ; .and College of the Holy Cross (catholic), founded 1843. 
There is also a Theological Seminary, at Andover, founded 1307, and the Newton Theological Institution, at Newton, 
founded 1825. Phillip's Academy, incorporated 1780, and located at Andover, stands first among the academic institutions 
of the State. Harvard University is generally considered as the best collegiate institution in the United States, and 
certainly is the best endowed. It has Divinity, Law, and Medical departments, aud the Lawrence Scientific School, lately 
endowed by Hon. Abbot Lawrence, is also a department. Its libraries contain 84,200 volumes. In the college department 
proper, in 1850, there were 20 professors, 293 students, and 6,842 alumni ; in the Law School, 3 professors and 98 students; 
in the Divinity School, 2 professors and 23 students ; and in the Medical School, 6 professors, 117 students, and 575 
graduates. There is also the Berkshire Medical School, at Pittsfleld, founded in 1823, which, in 1850, had 5 professors, 103 
stiidents, and 473 graduates. William's College had S professors, 1,317 alumni, 179 students, and a library of 18,751 volumes. 
Amherst College had 12 professors, 968 alunmi, 182 students, and a library of 14,000 voUtmes ; and this college has recently 
added a scientific department to its foundation. Holy Cross College hail 14 professors, 120 students, and a library of 4,220 
volumes — this last institution, however, has been destroyed by fire, and at present its collegiate exercises are suspended. 

lieliijious Denomiiiations.—ln the table underneath will be found the statistics of the several religious denominations, 
as returned in the census of 1350 : 



Denomina- No. of 


ClmrcU 


Value of 


Denomina- .Vo. of 


Church 


Value of 


Denomina- No. ol" 


Cliurcli 


Value of 


tions. Ciiurclies 


atc^oin. 


Property. 


tions. Cliurclies. 


accoui. 


Property. 


tions. Chuidie 


.. accom. 


Property. 


Baptist 263 


.114,140 


.$1,460,850 


Germ'nPvef. — .. 


— . 


$ - 


Pv. Catholic . 36 . 


. 30,315 . . 


$477,500 


Christian... 29 


. 11,020 


84,250 


Jewish 1 . . 


200 . 


1,200 


Swedenb'g . 3 . 


. 1,340 . 


66,000 


Congregat'1.489 


.237,237 . 


. 3,279,089 


Lutheran . . 1 . . 


450 . 


11,193 


Tunker — . 


. — .. 


— 


Dutch Eef.. — . 


— . 


— 


Mennonite. — .. 


— . 


_ 


Union 6 . 


. 1,810 . . 


9,550 


Episcopal . . 53 . 


. 28.595 . 


. 697,250 


Methodist.. 255 .. 


94,011 . 


984,380 


LTnitarian . . 163 . 


. 92,933 . . 


2,820,147 


Free 3 . 


. 1,000 . 


11,750 


Moravian . . — . . 


_ . 


— 


Universalist.117 . 


. 49,864 .. 


643,873 


Friends ... 37 . 


. 13,823 . 


. 108,600 


Presbyter'n. 15 . . 


7,785 .. 


82,500 


Minor Sects 11 . 


. 3,830 . . 


17,450 



—making a total of 1,430 churches, having accommod.ation for 682,908 persons, and valued as property at $10,205,284. 
Massachusetts constitutes a diocese of the Episcopal Church, and is a portion of the Eoman Catholic diocese of Boston. 

PuUia Libraries.— Ow& Statu, 7,400 volumes ; 23 social, 126,269 volumes ; 4 college, 71,693 volumes ; 15 students', 28,735 
volumes ; 9 academic and professional, 45,450 volumes ; 10 scientific and historical, 44,572 volumes ; 700 public school, 
91,539 volumes— total, 762 libraries, and 415,658 volumes. 

Periodical Press.— The whole number of periodicals and newspapers published in Massachusetts, in 1850, was 209, of 
which 70 were devoted to politics — i6 whig, and 24 democratic in opinion ; and 139 were devoted to literature, religion, 
science, etc., including .all the character of which is not specially denoted in the returns ; and of the whole number, 23 
v^'ere published daily, 4 tri-weekly, 11 semi-weekly, 125 weekly, 3 semi-monthly, 29 monthly, and 7 quarterly. The tot.al 
circulatioii of the dailies at each issue was 133,085 copies, of the tri-weeklies 3,000 copies, of the semi-weeklies 19,904 

149 



THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



copies, of the weeklies 3S9,li'2 copies, of the semi-monthlies 2,570 copies, of the monthlies 113,100 copies, and of tho 
quarterlies 6,fHiO copies. Boston is one of the principal literary cities of the Union, and many of its publications are 
favor.ibly known throughout tho world ; and in many other towns the periodical issues arc conducted with great talent. 

Pmipermn and Crime. — ThenumtH-r of persons relieved or su])i)orted as paupers, in 1S50, was 25,9S1, of whom 7,900 
were town paupers, and 16,05S Slate paupers; and of these State paupers 12,334 were foreigners. There were in the State 
204 alms-houses, with 20,054 acres attached, tlie whole valued at $1,255,125. Number relieved in the alms-houses 12,547, 
(the average being 4,S25). of whom 0,429 weri' unable to labor. Number relieved out of alms-house, 13,757. Average 
weekly cost of each i)aiiper — in the alms-house $1 OSi, and out-doors $0 93. Net expenses of alms-houses, including 
interest, $407,959. Estimated value of paujier labor in alms-houses, $17,900. And the report shows that 1,S91 foreign 
paujjcrs had come into the State during the year; that 670 insane persons and 390 idiots had been supported, and that 969 
are paupers by reason of insanity or idiotcy, and that 14,074 were made paupers by intemperance in themselves or others. 

There were in the Slate prison at Charlestown, on the 1st October, 1S49, 349 convicts, and 221 were received during the 
year immediately fdllowing, and 130 were diseharged. The number in prison, on the 30lh September, 1S50, was 440, of 
which !^73 were committed for otTenses against property, and 07 for offenses against the person. Sentences — for life 21, 
for -35 years 1, for 30 years 1, for 20 years 1, for IS years 8, for terms below IS and above 2 years 270, and for two years or 
less 143 : and 101 were natives of Massachusetts, 143 of other Slates, and 130 foreigners. Average number of convicts for 
the year, 411. The expenses of maintenance, etc., was $45,201, and the pn/ceeds of eonviet labor $45,517. 

At Westboro'' there is a State reform school for juvenile <lelinfiuents. 

IRstoricul SkeMi. — The first ac-euntte account of the country now called New England, was furnished by Bartholomew 
Gosnold, wlio, sailing from England in 1002 in a course nearly west, discovered a [iromontor)- which he called Cape Cod. 
Navigating the coast southwest, he toiuhed at various poinLi and examined the countrj-. On his return, he ga\e so favor- 
able an account of its climate and S')il, as at once to revive the slumbering spirit of adventure and colonization. By the 
exertions of llaekluyt, a man of science and learning, two companies were formed in 1000 — the first consisting of adven- 
turers chiefly of Luudon, and tlie other of nierehants of Plymouth and Bristol. The former settled Virginia, and the 
latter the provinces of New England. The Plymouth company was unf irtunate in its first attmipts. In 1C07. a party of 
about one hundred persons were landed, but th-se, discouraged, returned the ensuing year, and no further attempts were 
made for some time afterward. Keligious fervor, however, effected what commercial enterprises had failed to accomplish. 
In 1020, a congregation of English i)uritans, wluim oppression had driven to Holland, obtained from the London company 
grants of land within their jKitent, and (in number 102) sailed from Plymouth for the river Hudson, on the banks of which 
they had intended to have formed settlements. They were carried further north, however, and landed near Cape Cod. 
Their first care was now to form a civil government. Tliey chose a governor, and to aid him an assistant, but the 
number of assistants was aflenvard increased to seven. The supreme power resided with the whole people, and it was 
not until 1039 that they established a representative body. In imitation of the prinulive Christians they threw all 
their properly into common stock, but experience soon taught them theimpracticability of such a system. In 10.30, they ob- 
tained from the Plymouth comp.iny a grant of the land on which they had settled. These original colonists are now known 
by the title of the '• Pilgrim Fathers," and the anniversary of their arrival is still religiously observed by their descendants. 

Although many detached parties were constantly arriving, the settlement progressed slowly. The first jjcrmanent i»\\\\ 
erected was Salem, and afterward Charlestown was built. A fresh sjiring, however, was given to the exertions of the 
Plymouth company in 1G2S, in which year it received a new pat(Mil, and its powers, which had previously been exercised 
in England, were now removed to America. Emigration hence became considerable; in July, 1630, seventeen ships 
arrived at Salem with 1..500 persons, by some of whom Boston was founded. The early years of the colonies were passed 
imder a com])lication of troubles — the French and Indians hovercMl aromid them, anil the policy of the people was dis- 
tasteful to the Stuart dynasty. In 1G35 Charles I. appointed commissioners, with absolute powers " to make law's and 
constitutions concerning either the State, public, or the utility of individuals." Two years afterward lie forbaile the 
emigration of all non-conformists, and in lO-SS a quo wnn-anto was issued, upon which judgment was given against the 
colonists witliout affording them a liearing. Tlie state of affairs at home, however, prevented any further prosecution of 
these designs on the part of the king. 

The political axiom of the times was, tliat the peace of the State depended upon the unity of religious opinion, and it 
was mainly the enforcement of this axiom that led to the persecution of dissenting seels by the established government. 
The experience of their own sufTeriiigs in ICugland, from religious persecution, unfortunately taught the colonists no 
lesson of toleration. Scarcely had they organized themselves, than they began to put in practice a similar mode of com- 
pelling imiformity to that pursued by their own persecutors, and all not professing the peculiar views of the puritan 
government, then in vogue, were excluded from its protection. In 1035 the famous dispute arose respecting the covenant 
of grace and the corenant of worls, aiul those who espoused the side of the latter being the most numerous, resorted to 
the accepted and ancient mode of glorifying God by perseculing their opponents. The leaders of the Antinomian party 
were banished, anil thus contribute!! to the settlement of IHiode Island, which had been begun the year previous by 
Koger Williams and a party exiled for a similar cause. 

The downfall of monarchy in England checked the progress of emigration, by securing protection to the puritans at 
home, but was, in many other respects, advantageous to the colonies. Tlu'ir civil liberties were safer, and some extraor- 
dinary privileges were granted to their commerce. Tho prospects of hostilities with the Indians, however, comiielled 
Massaelnisetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven to form a defensive confederation. On the Restoration Massa- 
chusetts was found to have increased in importance to such a degree, that the anxiety of the king was naturally awakened, 
lest an impression shouM be made in favor of the superior advantages of democratic institutions, and acconlingly coercive 
measures were ad(ri>ted by the crown, and commissioners were ajipointcd to superintenil affairs. The navigation laws 
were enforced, and the destruction of the colonial charters resolved upon, but death marred the execution of the project 
by Charles II. His successor James was equally hostile to freedom. He determined to unite all the provinces of New 
England into one government under a president and council, and found a fit agent for his purpose in Sir Edmond 
Andross. After dissolving the charter govermnents of Connecticut and Khode Island, the president proceeded to Massa- 
chusetts, where lie compelled a temporary submission. Remonstrances were in vain. The infixluated monarch waa 
determined to crush the spirit of freedom in both hemispheres, and in furtherance of his designs, annexed New York 
and New Jersey to the Union already formed. The government of Andross expired with that of his royal master, and 
the former order of things v/as immediately restored. 

The people of Massachusetts, however, derived no great advantages from the Eevoiution. They petitioned for the legal 
150 



THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



restoration of their charter, which tlic judges of Cliarles II. had declared to be forfeited, but they found to their dissatisfac- 
tion that they were not to expect tlie same liberal provisions as before. The king was to appoint the governor, and bj 
him the assembly was lo be called, prorogued, and dissolved, etc. By the new charter, Plymouth was now finally united t( 
Massachusetts. Notwithstanding its objectionable provisions, the new government went into operation without any inter 
fercnee on the part of the people, and this may not seem extraordinary when it is considered that the right of voting, 
which hitherto had been confined to church members, was now extended to aU freeholders. 

Almost the first act of the governor was the institution of a court to try the unfortunate victims of popular delusion ac- 
cused of witchcraft at Salem. This delusion took possession of the minds of all, and so firmly convinced were the magis- 
trates that the Prince of Daricnoss was in their midst, using human instruments to accomplish his purposes, that the 
slightest testimony was deemed sufficient to justify a committal for trial. Many were tried, and received sentence of death. 
The jails were full of the accused, and, al.ns! before the spell of infatuation was broken, which was not before the rich 
and influential became involved by accusations, no less than twenty unfortunates had undergone the penalty of the law ! 

The war with the French and Indians, which began in 1690, was not yet terminated. For seven years the frontiers 
were ravaged. Peace between England and Fr.ance, which w^is concluded in 1697, was soon followed by peace \\[ith Uie 
savages. When war again broke out in Europe, in 1707, Massachusetts again joined in arms with the mother country, and 
contributed largely in money and men. While thus supporting the wars undertaken by England, however, the assembly 
did not forget its own rights, and was warmly engaged in contests with the royal governor. Every session presented a 
scene of altercation, and public business was with difficulty transacted, through the determination of the representatives 
not to give a fixed salary to theu- governor, which the latter was resolved to obtain. 

War again broke out between France and England in 1745, and an expedition against Louisburg was projected in 
Massachusetts. A powerful armament was prepared principally by this province, and the command given to Colonel 
Pepperell, a rich merchant of Boston. The fort was taken, but at the subsequent peace Louisburg was restored to the 
French, a proceeding which caused great discontent in Massachusetts. In the war which ended in the subjugation of 
Canada, Massachusetts surjiassed her former exertions in supporting the arms of England. In the year 1757 she had 
9,000 men in the field, and maintained this number until the return of peace in 1763. 

The extraordinary exj'jenses of this war led to the imposition of internal taxes on the very colonies which had expended 
BO much blood and treasure in their support. Massachusetts was the first to remonstrate against, and the most strenuous 
to oppose, this injustice. At the recommendation of her court it was that the first continental congress was convened. 
When, after the repeal of the stamp act, the duty on tea was attempted to be imposed, the earliest popular movements 
appeared at Boston. The attempts of the British ministry to enforce obedience only strengthened the cause of the 
colonists, and the flame of w^ar which broke out in Massachusetts gradually extended itself over the whole Anglo-Americau 
possessions. Massachusetts was, in the early part of the contest, the theatre of hostilities, by which she suffered much, 
while she contributed greatly by her exertions to the successful issue of tlie conflict. 

The extreme pressure of the taxes consequent on these exertions led to serious discontent among the people after the 
peace of 17SS. The government was feebly administered, and at length, in 17S0, an open insurrection took place in the 
western counties. The insurgents, under a popular leader, named Shays, Committed great excesses, and all order for a 
time was suspended. They were at length overcome by General Sheppard, and their leaders driven out of the State. 

Massachusetts ratified the federal constitution on the 6th February, 1788. 

The poUcy of the State, during the war of 1812, was in opposition to that of the general government. Her political 
weight had always been cast in the scale of the federal party. The whole people were vehemently opposed to the war, 
and her governors refused to place the State militia under the control of their political opponents. From this period to 
tlie Convention at Hartford, in which Massachusetts took an active part, the acts of her party leaders uniformly tended to 
embarrass the government. Massachusetts suffered somewhat in her commerce during the latter part of the war, but 
except in the occupation of a part of the then district of Maine by British forces, experienced little injury from the contest. 
It was during the wars which succeeded the French Revolution, and tliis war, that the raanutixcturing interests of Massa- 
chusetts took root, and obtained a permanent stabilit}'. 

Maine hitherto had been attached to Massachusetts, but in 1820 this connection was dissolved by mutual consent, and 
the former was admitted as an independent State of the United States. 

Succe»f:ion of Governors. — Colonial Governors, elected annually by the people — "Plymouth Colony:" John Carver, 
1620; William Bradford) 1621 ; Edward Winslow, 1633 ; Thom.as Prince, 1634 ; William Bradford, 1035 ; Edward Wins- 
low, 1686 ; William Bradford, 1637; Thomas Prince, 16-38; William Bradford, 1630; Edward Winslow, 1644 ; William 
Bradford, 1046; Thomas Prince, 1657; Josiah Winslow, 1673; Thomas Hinckley, and— "Colony of Massachusetts Bay:" 
John Winthrop, 1680; Thomas Dudley, 1034; John Haynes, 1635; Henry Vane, 1636; John Winthrop, 1637; Thomas 
Dudley, 1640; Eichard Bellingham, 1641 ; John Winthrop, 1643; John Endicott, 164ri; Thomas Dudley, 1645; John 
Winthrop, 1646; John Endicott, 1649; Eichard Bellingham, 1054; John Endicott, 1655; Eichard Bellingham, 1665; 
John Levcrett, 1673 ; Simon Bradstreet, 1079. Presidents of New England: Joseph Dudley, appointed 8th October, 
1685 ; Sir Edmond Andros assumes the government 20th December, 1686, and is deposed by the people April 18th, 16S9, 
■when the last governors of the separate colonies are re-elected, viz., Thomas Hinckley for Plymouth, and Simon Brad- 
street fur Massachusetts. EoYAL Governors under the Second Charter : Sir William Phipps, 1692; William Stoughton 
(Lieut.-Gov.), 1694; Earl of Bellamont, 1099; AVilliam Stoughton (Lieui.-Gov.), 1700; Joseph Dudley, 1702; Wiiliam 
Taylor (Lieut.-Gov.), 1715 ; Samuel Sluite, 1716; William Dummer (Lieut.-Gov.), 1723; William Burnett, 1728; William 
Dummer (Lieut.-Gov.), 1729 ; William Taylor (Lieut.-Gov.), 1730 ; Jonathan Belcher, 1730 ; William Shirley, 1741 ; Spencer 
Phips (Lieut.-Gov.), 1749; Thomas Pownall, 1757; Thomas Hutchinson (Lieut-Gov.), 1760; Francis Bernard, 1760; 
Thomas Hutchinson (Lieut.-Gov.), 1770; Thomas Hutchinson, 1770; Thomas Gage, 1774. Provincial Congress from 
1774 to 1780. Constitutional Governors : John Hancock, 1780 ; James Bowdoin, 1785 ; John Hancock, 1787 ; Samuel 
Adams, 1794; Increase Sumner, 1797; Caleb Strong, 1800; James Sullivan, 1807; Christopher Gore, 1809; Eldridge 
Gerry, 1810; Caleb Strong, 1S12; -John Brooks, ISlC; William Eustis, 1523; Levi Lincoln, 1S25; John Davis, 1834; S. T. 
Armstrong (Lieut.-Gov.), 1835; Edward Everett, 18:36 ; Marcus Morton, 1840; John Dav;3, 1841: Marcus Morton, 184-3,; 
George N. Briggs, 1844 ; George S. Boutwell, 1851. 

Boston, on Massachusetts Bay, is the political capital of the State. 

131 



THE STATE OF MICHIGAI. 



MicuiGAN, consisting of two peninsulas, lies between latitudes 41° 45' and 48° N., ami between longitudes S'2° 25' and 
90° 34' W. from Greenwich, or 5° 23' and 13° 32' from Washington. It is bounded* north, north-east, and east by 
Canada, from which it is separated by Lake Superior, the Saiilt St. Marie, Lake Huron, the Strait and Lake St. Clair, De» 
troit Strait, and Lake Erie; on the south by the States of Ohio and Indiana; and on the west by Lake Michigan, which 
divides it from Illinois and Wisconsin, and the Monomonie and Montreal rivers, separating it from the latter State. 
The total land surface comprises an area of 56,243 square miles, and the area of the waters within the constitutional 
limits of the State is computed at 36,324 square miles. The lake coast of Michigan is more than 1,400 miles long. 

The location of the separate peninsulas determines their nomenclature. The Southern^ or Michigan Proper, is bounded 
on the south by Indiana and Ohio ; on the cast by Lake Erie, Detroit Strait, the Lake and Strait St. Clair, and Lake 
Huron ; on the north by the Strait of Miehilimackinae, and on the west by Lake Michigan. In these limits are comprised 
nearly two-thirds the land surface of the State. The Northern Peninsula extends from the Montreal and Monomonie 
rivers to the St. Marie River, and has Lake Superior on the north and Lake Huron on the south of it. 

The surface of the Northern Peninsula is much diversified by mountains, hills, valleys, and plains. The eastern 
portion, from the head of the peninsula to the " Pictured Eocks," is represented as undulating, rising gradually from lakes 
Michigan and Superior to the interior, where it terminates in a more elevated table-land, with a shore on the north sandy, 
and on the south calcareous rock. Westward the country becomes broken into hills, with intervening plains, until it is 
interru])ted by the Porcupine Mountains, which form the dividing ridge separating the waters of Lake Superior from those 
of Lake Michigan. The highest peaks toward the western boundary have been estimated at from 1,800 to 2,0U0 feet high. 
The ridge is often broken through by the larger streams, bordered by extensive valleys. The spurs of these mountains 
project in different directions, often exhibiting their denuded cliffs upon the northern shores. This ridge has a greater 
proximity to the northern coast, which it lines with roek, from the Pictured Pvocks to the western extremity of this penin- 
sula, except where interrupted by occasional plains of sand. The stnicture of a part of the northern and eastern portion 
is of the primitive, and the southern of tlie secondary formation. Many parts exhibit little else than "developments of 
sublime scenery, and some portions appear like a dreary, deserted solitude, surrounded by all the frightful terrors incident 
to such northern latitudes. The greater portion of the peninsula, the sand plains excepted, is covered with immense 
forests, principally of white and yellow pine, a portion of spruce, hemlock, birch, oak, and aspen, with a mixture of maple, 
ash, and elm, especially upon the rivers. Of the pine lands, there are millions of acres stretching between the Sault St, 
Marie, the Ontonagon, and Montreal rivers. To convert this material into lumber, there are discharging into the lakes 
forty large and sixty smaller streams, which will furnish a hydraulic power sufficient for all purposes. These streams, the 
largest of which does not exceed 150 miles, irrigate the country abundantly, and by their facilities for navigation, furnish 
easy access to the interior. The head branches of the opposite lake-streams often interlock, and when they do not com- 
municate, furnish an easy portage from one to the other, by which navigation between the lakes is easily effected 
with the lighter craft. The lake coast of this section of the State has been estimated at between seven hundred and 
eight hundred miles in length, and that five-sevenths of the entire peninsula may be reached by the common lake vessels. 
This peninsula (the northern part of whicli has sometimes been called the Slheria of Michigan), it is probable will never 
be noted for its agricultural productif)ns, or immediately for the density of its poi)ulation. With the excei)lion of the 
fertile intervals on the rivers, the soil of the northern portion has aU the evidences of sterility, .xs is exhit<ited in its 
mountains and barren sand plains. The southern part is more congenial in climate and soil. This is the limestone 
region, which extends to an undetermined line, separating the primary and secondary formations. Throughout this 
region the sugar maple tree is abundant, interspersed with the white and red oak, the beech, and occasionally tracts of 
spruce and other forest trees. It is here that the more even and fertile tracts of land are found, and where, at some future 
day, will cluster the agricultural population of the peninsula. The soil is admirably fitted for grasses and all esculent 
roots ; the potato also finds here a congenial locality, and the ordinary garden vegetables grow luxuriantly. Wheat and 
other small grains may be cultivated, but for corn the country ami climate appears to be uncongenial. The lake fisheries, 
on both sides of the peninsul.i, are destined to be of no mean importance to the welfare of the settlers. In variety numer- 
ous, and in the greatest abundance, the fisheries in these waters have long attracted the attention of those counting the 
resources of the section. The Indians formerly derived a considerable ])ortion of their subsistence from this source, and 
from the first settlements of the French to the present d.ay their value has alw.ays been asserted. But this peninsula is 
also the great mineral region — not only of the State, but of the Union, and on that interest will its future prosperity 



* Ttie boundarieB of Mir-liiiian, as defined by an Ac-t of Congress, passed IStli June, 1836, are as follows : ** Beginning at ttie point where a line 
drawn direct from the southern extremity of I^ake Mir-liigan to tlie most northerly cape (c.ilted Nortli Cape) of Maumee (Miami) Ray. intersects 
the eastern boundary line of t'ne State of Indiana, and running tlient-e with the said line to the said most northerly cape of the Maumee Hay, — and thence 
from the said north cape of the said B.ay, norllieast to the boundary line between the United States and the province of Upper Canada iu Lalce 
Erie, — thence, with the said boundary line between the United States and Canada, through the Detroit Itiver, Lake Huron, and Lake Supt^rior, to a 
point where the said line last touches Lake Superior" (being the mouth of Pigeon Uiver),— " thence, in a direct line through Lake Superior, to the 
mouth of the IHontreal River,— thence, through the middle of the main channel ofthe said. River Montreal, to the middle of the Lake of the Desert, — 
thence, in a direct line to the nearest head water of the Monomonie River, — thence, through the middle of that fork of the sa-id river first touched 
by the said line, to the main channel of the said Monomonie River, — thence, down the centre of the main cliannol of the same, to the centre of the 
most usual ship channel of the Green Bay of Lake Michigan, — thence, throjgh the centre of tlie most usual ship channel of the said bay, to the 
middle of Lake Michigan, — tlienoe, through the middle of Lake Michigan, to the n-^rthern boundary of the State of Indiana, as that line was 
established by the Act of Congress of the nineteentli of April, eighteen hundred and sixteen,— thentM?, due east, with the north boundarj* line ofthe 
said State of Indiana, to the nortli-east corner thereof, — and thence eoutli, with the east boundary line of Indiana, to the place of beginning " 
152 



THE STATE OF MICHIGAN. 



mainly depend. Iron and copper are found in all the western and northern parts, from the Pictured Rock.s and 
the Kewonaw Point to the Montreal River, the iron being chiefly a magnetic ore, equal in purity and quality to that 
of Missouri and the copper, often in native boulders, more plentifid than elsewhere occurring. The production of 
these minerals, however, has hitherto been small, on account of the distance and inaccessible nature of the country ; but 
the time has now arrived for the mines to be opened on an extensive scale, and such, indeed, has in a partial degree been 
aeconiplished; yet, until the difliculties opposing navigation to Lake Superior be overcome, the expense of transportation 
•will be too great to admit of a full development of the wealth of this region. It has been proposed to form this peninsula 
into the State of North Michigan, and thus separate it from Michigan Proper politically, as it now is physically separate. 
There are many reasons that would indicate the necessity of such a change. 

The Southern renitmda has generally a level or rolling surface, and in some parts is broken and hilly. The eastern 
portion, for a distance varying from 5 to 25 miles from the shore, is almost a dead level ; but westward the land rises into 
an irregular ridge, in some parts of which it attains a height of from 600 to 700 feet above the sea level. This ridge has a 
much greater proximity to the e:istern than to the western margin, and serves to separate the tributaries discharging into 
Lake Michigan from those flowing into Huron, the Strait, and Erie. The portion of the southern part of the Slate denom- 
inated hilly, branches oflT from tlie principal ridge in different directions through the adjoining counties. Tlie hills con- 
sist of an irregular assemblage of somewhat conical elevations, occasionally attaining a height of from 150 to 200 feet, but 
ordinarily of not more than from SO to 40 feet. From the main portion of the table land passing westward' to Lake 
Michigan, the country, with the exceptions noted, assumes a very gradual descent, exhibiting a gently undulating but very 
rarely broken surface. The ridge of land before spoken of, again takes its rise near the mouth of Au Sable river, and is 
seen from the lake to stretch on for many miles along and beyond the coast. This constitutes the Higlilands of Au Sable. 
Its height has not been ascertained, but it has hitherto been estimated to be much the highest part of the peninsula. A 
considerable portion of it has generally been unfavorably represented, as being interspersed wilh sand ridges and marshes, 
having an abrupt descent from the highlands eastward, and a gradual slope toward the west. Taking the great extent 
of the lower peninsula into consideration, it may, in a comparative point of view, be said to possess a gi-eat evenness of 
siu-faee, with a sufficient declivity, however, to allow its waters to drain off in lively and healthy streams. Such are tho 
general features of the interior. The coasts form an exception. The coast of both Michigan and Huron is sometimes 
exhibited in high, steep banks. Tlie coast of the former is frequently seen in bluffs and banks of sand, varying in height from 
100 to 300 feet. To tho traveler, the country presents an appearance eminently picturesque and delightful. Through a 
considertible portion the surface is so even and free from brush, as to admit of carriages being driven through it, with tho 
same facility as over the prairie or common road. The lowering forest and grove, the luxuriant prairie, the crystal lake 
and limpid rivulet, are so frequently and happily blended together, especially in the southern section of the peninsula, as 
to confer additional charms to the high finishing of a landscape, the beauty of which is probably second to that of no 
other part of the Union. 

The geological structure of Michigan is extremely various. The Southern Peninsula is exclusively secondary in its 
formation. The Northern Peinnsuia, bordering on Lake Superior, is primitive, but the portions bordering on Lake 
Michigan and Green Bay secondary. Primitive boulders, or '"lost rocks," are discoverable in every part of the State, 
especially upon the coasis, and upon the margin or in the beds of the rivers. These are found of enormojis dimensions 
on the coast of Huron, especially north of Saginaw Bay. Here granite masses exist, weighing from 1 to 100 tons, or even 
more. Michigan bears evident marks of once having been partially or entirely inundated. It is skirted by a belt of 
heavily timbered land, about 25 miles deep, surrounding the entire lake coast, which lies several feet below the adjoining 
plains and openings, and seems to have been the bed of the lakes long after the waters receded from the j)lains and 
burst their barriers through the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The Southern Peninsula is of the same geological formation as 
"Western New York, its rocks consisting of mostly horizontal strata of limestones, sandstones, and shales; the limestones 
being generally found in the beds of the rivers, near the lakes, and the sandstones in tlie interior. The soil covering these 
shales is either alluvial or diluvial, and has a deplh varying from 1 to 150 feet. The upper sandstone occupies the central 
and more elevated portions of the peninsula, and discovers itself often immediately under the surface of the soil. Its 
thickness and general inclination are uncertain. Quarries of this stone have been opened in numerous localities on and 
south of Grand Elver. It generally admits of being easily quarried, furnishing a good building material, and is frequently 
used for grindstones. The stratum underlying the sandstone is a gray-colored limestone. It has been traced from the 
rapids of the Maumee, in Ohio, to Charity Islands of Saginaw Bay, and has been noticed at the river Raisin, the bed of 
which it fornas at several places, at Stony Point, and other points along the coast of Lake Erie, and in numerous other 
places. Associated with this rock is ound calcareous spar, strontian, barytes, gypsum, etc., varying with locality. The 
limestone of Michigan is for the most part of a subgranular structure, quite compact, and well adapted to agricultural pur- 
poses, and though at many points it is capable of producing a valuable lime upon burning, it is not unfrequently too 
silicious to answer that purpose. Below ilie gray limestone formation the graywacke, or lower sandstone, stratum is sup- 
posed to exist. This is noticed on the Lake Huron shore, on the St. Mary's Strait, at the Pictured Rocks, and at various 
other jjoints in the upper peninsula. Gypsum is found in several places ; and in all those localities where the superior 
stratum, or carboniferous limestone formation exists, there are indications of the existence of bituminous coal. Marl is 
abundant; it is composed of deposits of recent shells, and when submitted to the process of calcination, it has been found 
to produce lime of a superior quality. It is likewise an excellent manure for lands when judiciously applied. Deposits 
of marly clay are quite common. A fine bed occurs in the county of Macomb, near the middle branch of Clinton River, 
and it exists also near Ann Arbor, where pottery is manufactured from it with success. The sand comprising the downs 
that border Lake Jlichigan shore is said to be of a quality in some instances fitted for the manufacture of glass. The best 
bed of sand for this purpose, however, occurs near Monroe ; it is composed of small, snowy white, angular grains of pure 
quartz, which has proceeded from the disintegration of a silicious lime rock. 

In the upper peninsula tho great mineral region lies in the primitive formation; here are the most stupendous copper 
and iron deposits in the world, containing a sufficiency of mineral to sujiply the markets for many centuries. Of the iron 
mention has been made heretofore. The great copper region is principally confined to the KewenaW peninsula. 
The extreme length of the deposit is about 135 miles, and it has a width varying from 1 to 6 miles. The mineral, how- 
ever, docs not exist in every portion of this region, for miles may intervene and no trace be ascertained. In some of the 
river beds immense boulders of native copper arc met with. These mines are now being actively wrought, and are in 
general proving remunerating to the companies working them, but until the navigation of Lake Superior is opened to 
Bhipping, the expenses of transportation to market will prove a formidable obstacle to the full development of the capaci- 

153 



THE STATE OF MICHIGAN. 



ties of the mines. Salt springs are also known to exist in different parts of the State. The saline district lies mostly 
north of a line drawn from Monroe to Orandville. Medicinal waters, mostly chalybeate, and sulphur springs, also occur in 
numerous localities, and are useful in cutaneous and chronic disorders generally. One near Havre is 35 feet deep and 150 
feet in circumference, and produces a volume- of water suflieieut to proj)el a run >>( stones. 

The rivers of Michigan are in general comparatively smaller but more numerous, having in the lower peninsula a 
greater length from their mouths to where they head, than is commonly observed in most other sections of the Union. 
This latter circumstance may, perhaps, be attributed not only to the uniformity of descent, but to the more favorable struc- 
ture of the interior to furnish them constant supjilies. The Dc^troit, St. Clair, and St. Mary's are more properly called 
straits and not rivers. They are tranquil, deep, copious, and expansive streams, uniting the great lakes, the waters of 
■which they conduct toward the ocean. Tlie largest rivers of the lower peninsula are the Grand, Maskegon, St. Joseph, 
and Kalamazoo, which flow into Lake Michigan ; the Cheboygan and Thunder Bay rivers, that discharge into Lake 
Huron, and the Saginaw into Saginaw Bay. The streams flowing eastward are small, owing to the position of the dividing 
ridge, which is considerably east of the middle of the peninsula; the largest are the liaisin, Huron, Clinton, and Itouge. 
The largest rivers of the upper peninsula are the Montreal, the Great Iron, the Ontonagon, the Uuron, the St. John's, and 
the Chocolate, which put into Lake Superior; anil the Menomonie and Manistee, which flow, the former into Green Bay, 
and the latter into Lake Michigan. There are several other considerable streams, though of a smaller grade, and these 
with few exceptions, are lively, pure, and healthy, supplying mill-power, and draining the fine agricultural lands through 
which they course. 

Michigan is encompassed by five lakes, four of which are the largest collections of fresh water on the globe. These are 
Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake St. Clair, and Lake Erie, which are connected by the Straits of Detroit, 
St. Clair, Michilimackinac, and St. Mary. Of tlu-se Immense Mediterranean waters, LdK-e Superior is by far the largest. 
It lies directly north of the upper peninsula, and the greater part of its southern coast is bordered by it. Lake i[ichigan 
is the second in size. It is a long narrow lake, stretching a little north-eastwardly between the lower peninsula and the 
Stati'S of Wisconsin and Illinois. The northern part, together with the straits, separate the two peninsulas from each 
other. Luke Ifuron is next in dimensions, and is situate on the north-eastern border of Lower Michigan, separating it 
from Canada West. The shape of this lake is extremely irregular ; its principal indentations are Saginaw Bay, which 
extends down into the interior, and two others, one immediately north of Manito islands, and the other south-east of them. 
The latter, sometimes called the Manito Bay or Georgian Lake, is very large, estimated at one-fourth of Lake Huron. It 
empties through the Strait St. Clair, into St. Clair Laics, the smallest of the five bordering on Michigan, and this again 
discharges itself through Detroit Strait into Ijxke Erie. More than ZVi miles of this latter borders Michigan, and opens 
to the State a free navigation to the principal ports along its coasts, Buffalo, Dunkirk, Erie, Sandusky, etc. Nor is this 
State merely surrouruled by lakes, but the interior is interspersed with them from one border to the other. The country 
indeed is literally maculated with small lakes of every form and size, from .'in area of 1 to 1,000 acres, though, as a 
general rule, they do not perhaps average 500 acres in extent. They are sometimes so frequent that several of them may 
be seen from the same position. They are usually very deep, with gravelly bottoms, waters transparent, and of a cool 
temperature at all seasons. This latter fact is supposed to be in consequence of springs which furnLsh them constant 
supplies. Water fowl of various sorts inhabit their .shores, and their depths are the domain of abundance of fish, trout, 
bass, pike, pickerel, dace, perch, cat-fish, sucker, bull-head, etc., which often grow to an extraordinary size. It is usual to 
find some creek or rivulet originating in these, but what is a singular fact, and not easily accounted for, many of these 
bodies of living water have no perceptible outlet, and yet are stored with fish. A lake of this description, with its rich 
stores of fish and game, forms no unenviable appendage to a farm, and is properly appreciated. But with all its length of 
lake coast. Michigan can boast of but few good harbors, yet there are several that afford excellent shelter from the storms 
that frequently sweep over these great inland seas, and lash them into turmoil. 

Michigan is divided into 4:3 counties, the general statistics of which and the capitals of each, in 1850, were as follows 



Counties. Dwell. Pop. , 

Allegan 997.. 5,125.. 

Barry 1,037.. 5,07-2.. 

Berrien 2,126. .11,417. . 



'::^.'^: capitals. 

270.. 36..Alleg.m 
733.. 2G..Ha.stlngs 
690. . 64. .Berrien Spring 



I Counties. 



D\. 



Branch 2,300. .12,473. .1,442. . 53. .Cold Water 

Calhoun 3,433. .19,162. .1,724. . 61. .Marshall 

Cass 1.914.. 10,907.. 950.. 21. .Cassopolis 

Chippewa 1S7.. 893.. 17. . 10..Ste. Marie 

Clinton 946.. 5,102.. 614. . 13. .De Witt 

Eaton 1,323.. 7,053.. 746.. 4S. .Charlotte 

Genesee 2,257. .1-2,031. .1,255. . 33. .Flint 

Hillsdale 2,965. .16,159. .1,411. . 45. . Hillsdale 

Houghton 116.. 708.. 13.. 5. .Eagle lliver 

Huron 52.." 210.. 18.. 0.. — 

Ingham 1,.5S3.. 8,C31.. 991.. 32.. Mason 

Ionia 1,367.. 7,597.. 601.. 17.. Ionia 

Jackson 3.540. .19,431. .2,250. . 95. .Jackson 

Kalamazoo 2,387. .1.3,179. .1,098. . 51 . .Kalamazoo 

Kent 2.2.51.. 12,016.. 849.. 67. .Grand Kapids 

Lapeer 1,286.. 7,029.. 628.. 45.. Lapeer 



■584. 



Pop. 


in cult. 


Estab.' Capitals. 


136.. 


0. 


0.. Marquette 


3,598.. 


13. 


89.. Mackinac 


93.. 


0. 


5.. — 


65.. 


4. 


0.. — 


891.. 


26. 


6..6reenviUo 



Marquette 18 . . 

Michilimackinac & 
21 other counties 

Mason 12. 

Midland 10., 

Montcalm 164., 

Monroe 2,544. ,14,698.. 1,277. . 45.. Monroe 

Newago 92.. 510.. 0..12.. — 

Oakland 5,699. ..31,270. .3,446. .146. .Tontiac 

Oceana 58.. 800. 

Ontonagon 46.. 389. 

Ottawa 1,129. . 5,587. 

Saginaw 473.. 2,609. 

Sanilac 372.. 2,112. 

St. Clair 1,816. .10,420. 

St. Joseph's 2,301 . .12,7-25. .1,879 

Schoolcraft 5.. 16. 

Shiawassee 972.. 5,230. 

Tuscola 65.. 291. 

Van Buren 1,053. . 5,800. 

Washtenaw 5,142. .23,567. .2,.54;3 

Wayne 7,063. .42,756. .1,635. .244. .Detroit 



0. 


. 2. 


— 


0. 


0. 


. Ontonagon 


278. 


36. 


.Grand Haven 


72. 


. 14. 


.Saginaw City 


61. 


27. 


.Lexington 


492. 


68. 


.St. Clair 


,879. 


. 82. 


. Centreville 


0. 


. 0. 


— 


640. 


48. 


.Corunna 


18. 


. 0. 


— 


459. 


IS. 


.Paw Paw 


,.54:3. 


.154. 


. Ann Arbor 



Lenawee 4,892. .26,372. .2,470. .156. . A<lrian 

Livingston 2,368, .13,485. .1,614. . 40, .Howell 

Macomb 2,666, .15,5-30. .1,277. . 65. .Mount Clemens 

The whole number of dwellings in the State was. at the above date, 71,616; of families, 72,611; and of inhabitants, 
897,654 ; viz., whites 395,097— males 203,471, and females 186,626; free colored, 2,557— m.ales 1,412, and females 1,145, Of 
the whole population there were, deaf and dumb — wh, 121, fr, col. 1 — total 122; blind — wh. 122, fr. col. — total 122; 
innane — wh. 135, fr. col. 1 — total 136, and idiotic — wh. 187, fr. col. 3 — total 190. The number of free persons born in the 
United States was 341,591, the number of foreign Wrth 54,852, and of birth unknown 1,211 ; native population originated 
154 



THE STATE OF MICHIGAN. 



as follows : Me. I.IIT, N. Ilamp. 2,744, Verm. 11,11.3, Mass. 8,1 G7, R. I. 1,081, Conn. 6,751, N. Y. 1.33,736, N. .J. 5,.572, Pcnn. 
9,451, Del. 3G3, Md. 537, Dist. of Col. 45, Virg. 1,504, N. Car. 812, S. Car. 81, Ga. 68, Flor. 12, Ala. 19, Miss. 34, La. 80, 
Tex. 4, Ark. 25, Tenn. 101, Ky. 402, Oh. 14,677, dfickigaii 140,648, Inil. 2,003, 111. 496, Mo. 92, la. 59, Wise. 332, Calif. 8, 
Territories 36; and the foreign, population was composed of persons, from — England 10,620, Ireland 13,430, Scotland 
2,361, Wales 127, Germany 10,070, France 945, Spain 10, Portugal 2, Belgium 112, Holland 2,542, Turkey 2, Italy 12, 
Austria 21, Switzerland IIS, Kussia 75, Denmark 13, Norway 110, Sweden 16, Prussia 190, Sardinia 2, Greece 1, Cliina 1, 
Asia 0, Africa 3, British America 14,003, Mexico 4, Central America 0, South America 5, West Indies 34, Sandwich 
Islands 2, and otlier countries 66. 

The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the 
United States authorities : 

Colored Persona. Decennial Increase. 
Census White ,— ' , Total , > , 



Years. I'ersons. Free. .Slave. Total. Pojiulation. Numerical. Per cent. 

ISIO 4,613 120 24 144 4,762 — — 

1820 8,591 805 — 305 8,896 4,134 86.8 

1S30 31,346 261 32 298 31,639 22,743 255.6 

1840 211,560 707 — 707 212,267 180,623 570.9 

1S50 895,097 2,557 — 2,557 397,654 185,887 87.3 

The statistics of the wealth, production, manufactures, and institutions of Michigan, as exhibited by the census of 1S50, 
and other official returns rcRrring to the same period, are as follows : 

Occupied Lands, etc. — Improved lands 1,929,110 acres, and unimproved lands 2,454,780 acres — valued in cash at 
$51,872,446. The whole number of forms 84.089. Value of farming implements and machinery, $2,890,371. 

Zive-Stoci:~'ilorses, 58,506; asses and mules, 70; milch cows, 99,676; working oxen, 55,350; other cattle, 119,471; 
sheep, 746,435; and swine, 205,847 — valued in the aggregate at $8,008,734. The returns of 1840 exhibited the live-stock 
in the State as follows: horses, mules, etc., 30,144; neat cattle of aU descriptions, 135,190; sheep, 99,618; and swine, 
295,890. 

Products of Animals.— 'Woo], 2,043.233 (in 1840, 153,875) pounds; butter, 7,065,873 pounds; cheese, 1,011,492 pounds; 
and value of animals slaughtered during the year, $1,328,327. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 8 (in 
1840, 266) pounds ; and beeswax and honey to that of 359,232 pounds. 

Grain <7?-ops.— Wheat, 4,925,839 bushels ; rye, 105,871 bushels ; Indian corn, 5,641,420 bushels; oats, 2,866,056 bushels ; 
barley, 75,249 bushels ; and buckwheat, 472,917 bushels. The crops of the same cereals, in 1840, were : wheat, 2,157,108 
bushels; Indian corn, 2,277,039 bushels; oats, 2,114,051 bushels; rye, 84,286 bushels; barley, 127,302 bushels; and 
buckwheat 113,592 bushels. 

Ot?>er Food Crops. — Peas and beans, 74,254 bushels; and potatoes — Irish, 2,359,897 bushels, and sweet, 1,177 bushels. 
The potato crop of 1340 amounted to 2,109,205 bushels. 

Miscellaneoiis Crops. — Tobacco, 1.245 pounds; hay, 404,934 tons: clover-seed, 16,989 bushels; other grass-seed, 9,785 
bushels; hops, 10,663 (in 1840, 11,-331) pounds; hemp — dew-rotted 106 tons, and water-rotted 87 tons; flax, 6.994 pounds 
(crop of hemp and flax in 1840, 755^ tons); flax-seed, 1,421 bushels; maple sugar, 2,438,937 pounds ; molasses, 19,323 gal- 
Ions; wine, 1,654 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products was $132,650, and of market-garden products $14,7-38. 

Ilome-made manufactures for the } ear 1349-50 were produced to the value of $1,828,327. In 1839-40 the same de- 
scription of product.3 were valued at $113,955. 

M'unufaci-wres. — Aggregate capital invested, $6,443,816; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $6,221,.34S; aver- 
age number of hands employed — males , and females ; average monthly cost of labor $ — male 
$ , and female $ ; tnt.nl v.ilue of products for the year ending 1st June, 1850, $10,729,892. The whole number 
of manufacturing establishments in the State producing to the value of $500 and upward annually, at the above date, was 
1,979, distributed among the several counties, as shown in the general table, and of these 15 were woolen factiiries, 64 iron 
factories — 63 for eastings, and 1 for pig iron, and 60 tanneries. 

The u-oolen manufactures employed a capital of $94,000, consumed annually 162,250 pounds of wool, valued at $43,402, 
employi'd 78 males and 51 females, at a monthly cost — for male labor, $1,639, and for female labor, $585, and produced 
141 ..570 yards of cloth, valued at $90,242. 

The foundries manufacturing castings employed a capital of $195,450 ; used 2,494 tons pig metal, 901 tons mineral coal, 
and 16,200 bushels coke and charcoal, valued at $91,365; employed 337 hands, at average wages amounting to $23 68 to 
each hand, and produced 2,070 tons of castings and other products, valued in the aggregate at $279,697. The capital em- 
ployed in making ^}j(7 iron was $15,000, and the quantity manufactured was 660 tons, valued at $21,000. 

In the taimeries, the invested capital amounted to $236,000; value of raw material used, .$208,460 ; hands employed, 
265 ; monthly cost of labor, $6,782 ; skins 28,600, and sides 144,730 tanned ; value of both, $363,980. 

The manufactures of Michigan, other than those enumerated, are various and large, consisting of flour-mills, saw-miUs, 
asheries, potteries, machine-shops, axe and edge-tool factories, distilleries, paper-mills, etc., etc.. There are about 260 
flour-mills in the State, chiefly driven by water-power, and captible of making between 700,000 and 800,000 barrels of 
flour annually ; and the number of saw-mills is not far short of 650, of which 79 are driven by steam. 

Foreign Commerce. — The total value of the exports from Michigan to foreign countries during the year ending 30th 
June, 1350, was $132,045, of which $57,232 was the value of products carried in American bottoms, and $74,818 in foreign 
bottoms; and the total value of imports was $144,102, all of which were brought in American bottoms. 

The shipping employed in the carrying trade was 56,963 tons inward, and 54,701 tons outward — in detail as follows : 



INWABD. 
Nationality. Ships. Tonnage. Crews. 

American... 97 7,254 699 

Foreign 394 49,709 8,944 



Total 491 56,963 4,643 



OtTTWAUD. 
Nationality. Ships. Tonnage, Crews, 

American 112 7,9S2 7^0 

Foreign 890 46,719 8,903 



Total 502! 54,701 4,628 



Of the aggregate shipping inward, 54,130 tons entered in Detroit district, and 2,8-33 tons in that of Michilimackinac; and 
of the aggregate outward, 52,554 tons cleared from Detroit, and 2,147 from Michilimackinac districts. The shipping owned 
in the two districts amounts to 38,144 tons, all of the class enrolled and licensed, and of which 18,015 tons are navigated 

165 



THE STATE OF MICHIGAN. 



by steam-power. In the Detroit district 14 vessels— 5 schooners, 6 sloops, and 3 steamers — of an aggregate hunk-n of 2,062 
tons were built during the yoar above referred to. The greater portion of the external eommerc* of Mielngan is with 
the adjoining British provinces. The following table exhibits the movements of the foreign commerce of the State for a 
series of years : 

Year. Exportn. Imports. Ve.ir. E.xjiorU. Imports 

1336 $6l:>-n .... $502,259 1S44 $ — .... $19,379 

1837 G'.l,790 .... — 

1S3S 125,060 .... 256,062 

1S.39 — .... — 

1340 162,229 .... 139,610 

1S41 SS,529 .... 137,800 

1S42 202,229 .... 80.734 

1S43 262,904 .... 76,370 



1S45 251,220 .... 41,953 

1S46 251,890 .... 164,923 

1S47 9-3,795 .... 37,603 

1843 111,635 .... 115,760 

1S49 1.32,851 .... 98,141 

1S50 132,045 .... 144,102 



Year. ExpurU. Imports. 

1828 $— .... $3,440 

1S29 — .... 2,957 

1330 1,533 .... 21,315 

1831 — .... — 

1832 9,2:34 .... 22.643 

1833 9,054 .... 63,^76 

1834 36,(;21 .... 1116,202 

1S35 64,330 .... 130,629 

Lake Commerce. — ^This department of commerce in Michigan is large, and yearly increasing. Twenty years ago it 
had no existence, and even ten years ago it w;is of very trifling importance compared with its present extent. Of the 
commercial movements on Lake Superior, no statistics have been published, but it is well understood that all the pro- 
ducts of the country bordering on it, from their very nature being mineral, must seek a distant market, and that the great 
bulk of necessaries o1' life must bo carried to the miners— thus creating a large commerce, and that an increasing one. A 
navigable canal, 5,267 feet long, around the Sault Ste. Marie, is about to be constructed, and hence the commerce on Lake 
Superior will be at once established on a sure and lasting basis. On Lake Huron the exports from the two districts of 
Sault Ste. Mtirie and Michilimackinac in 13.50-51 amounted to .^553,613, and the imports to .$294,534; on the lake and river 
St. Clair, from the districts of Algonac, St. Clair, Trenton, and Moimt Clemens, the exports in the same year amounted to 
$433,660, and the imports to $155,363 ; and on Lake Michigan, from district of St. .Joseph's, the exports were valued at 
$543,394, and the imports at $672,392— making a total of exports by lake valued at $1,531,172, and of imports valued at 
$1,823,289. The above figures embrace the total imports and exports on Lake Huron, and also on the river and Lake St 
Clair, so far as domestic ct)mmerce is concerned ; the total commerce on Lake Michigan, inclusive of that of St. Joseph's 
above, was in the same year — exports $8,836,103, and imports $15,434,723, or a total value of exports and imports amount- 
ing to $24,320,336, of which $398,083 belonged to Indiana, $11,903,777 to Illinois, and the remainder to AVisconsin. 

Internal Communication. — Michigan has two transverse railroads — one extending from Detroit, via New Buffalo, to 
Chicago, and the other from Toledo and Monroe, via White Pigeon and the Indiana Nortliern Eailroad, to the same 
destination. These two roads form links in Uie great chains running east and west connecting the northern Atlantic States 
and sea-board with the Mississippi, and ultimately with the shores of the Pacific Ocean. On these lines the transit of goods 
and passengers is immense, being tlie shortest routes hitherto constructed on the longitudinal extent of the country. Their 
connections with the railroads and steam navigation lines of other States and of Canada give to Michigan access by 
railroad and water to vast regions hitherto accessible only by ordinary roads, and tend to swell the already large com- 
mercial coimection of the State. There arc also several short railroads in the State, as the one from Detroit to Pontiac,and 
from White Pigeon to Constantine; and others are projected, as the line from Toledo to Detroit, and from Detroit to the 
mineral regions in the upper peninsula. A line is also projected from Jackson, on the Central Boad, to Lansing, the 
capital. The total length of completeil railroad in the State, on the Ist of January, 1853, was 481 mUes, which had cost 
about $12,000,000, or about one mile of railroad to every 117 square miles of territory. A canal is also about being 
constructed around Sault Ste. ^Marie, which will connect the waters of Lake Superior and the lower lakes, and thus open 
up the commerce of the richest mineral region of the world to the markets of the east. 

Banks. — On the 1st January, 1851, there were in the State five banks and one branch bank, the financial condition of 
which, at the date afilxed, was as follows: Liabilities— CB.\>\ia\ $764,022, circulation $397,364, deposits $416,147, due 
other banks $42,559, and other liabilities $.342,810 ; and assets— \oa.na and discounts $1,319,303, stocks $420,521, real estate 
$221,020, oilier investments $65,03-3, due by other banks $404,691, notes of other banks $109,036, specie fund $195, and 
specie $125,722. 

Government.— The government is based on the constitution approved by the people, in November, 1850. It provides 
that the 7'igM of suffrage be enjoyed by every white male citizen ; every white male inhabitant who, six mouths previously, 
has declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States, or who has resided in the State two an<l a h.alf years, 
and dcclari^l his intention as aforesaid, and every civilized male Indian, not a member of any tribe. Every elector shall be 
above 21 years of age, and have resided in the State three months, and in the township or ward in which he offers his 
vote ten days preceding an election. Duelists are disqualified from voting, or being elected to any oflBce. The general 
elections are held on Tuesday succeeding the first Monday in November, biennially (even years). 

Legislative jxncer-la vested in a Senate and House of Representatives. Senators, 82 in number, are elected from 
single districts for two years, and Kepresentatives, not less than 64 nor more than 100 in number (now 66), Irom 
districts, and for the same term. When any town or district is entitled to more than one representative, the immber to 
which it is entitled is elected by general ticket, but cftunties entitled to more than one are divided into districts. Senators 
and representatives shall be citizens of the United States and qualified electors, and shall hold no other oflice under the 
State. A subsequent vote of two-thirds of all the members elected abnegates the governor's veto to any bill, and it becomes 
law. The legislature meet.« biennially (odd years), cm the first Wednesday in February. 

Executive jwicer is vested in the Governor. The Governor and Lieutenant-governor are elected biennially by a 
plurality of votes. Each nmst have attained the age of 30 years, have been a citizen of the United States for five years, 
and of the State two years next preceding. The powers of the governor are those usually enjoyed by that oflicer. No 
person holding any other office nndcr the authority of the United States or of Michigan shall execute the ofKce of 
governor, nor ^shall the governor or lieutenant-governor be eligible for any other office during the time for which they 
may have been chosen. 

The adm inUtrative officers are, a Secretary of State, State Treasurer, a Commissioner of the Stale Land Office, Super- 
intendent of Public Instruction, an Auilitor-general, and an Attorney-general, elected at the biennial election, their terms 
to commence on the 1st January, l^.'iS, and of every second year thereafter. The three first-named constitute a Board 
of State Atidltors, to examine and adjust all claims against the State not otherwise provided for by general law, and also 
a Board of State Canvassers, to determine the results of all elections for State officers. 
156 



THE STATE OF MICHIGAN. 



The judiciary is vested in onu Superior Court, in Circuit Courts, in Proljate Courts, and in justices of the peace. 
There are also municipal courts of civil and criminal jurisdiction. All judges and justices are elected by the people. The 
Supreme Court has general superintending control over all inferior courts, and holds four terms annually. It has povk'er 
by general rules to modify, amend, and simplify the practice of tlie courts, and the legislature is enjoined to abolish, as far 
as practical, the distinctions belween law and equity proceedings. The Circuit Court consists of eight judges, one for 
each judicial circuit, who hold office for six years. These courts have original jurisdiclion in all matters not excepted in 
the constitution or prohibited by law, and appellate jurisdiclion from all inferior courls. Judges are ineligible for any 
other office during their respective terms, and for one year thereafter. A circuit court is held twice a year in every 
county organized for judicial purposes, and four times in each year in counlies ofmore than 10,000 inhabitants. The 
probate courts of the several counties have jurisdiction as provided by special law— the judges hold office for four years. 
The whole of the above are courts of record, and liave a common seal. .Justices of the peace are chosen for four years, 
and each town may have four— cities may have more than that number. In civil cases, justices of the peace have 
exclusive jurisdiction to the amount of $100, and concurrent to $300, which may be increased by law to $500. They have 
also criminal jurisdiction in minor offenses. Courts of conciliation may be established. Any suitor in any court of 
Michigan has the right to prosecute and defend his suit either in his own person or by an attorney or agent of his own 
choice. In all prosecutions for libel, the truth may be given in evidence. Treason against the State shall consist only 
in levying war against it or adhering to its enemies, giving them aid and comfort, etc. 

Any amendments to the constitulion may be proposed in either house, and if agreed to by two-thirds of each house, 
such sliall be submitted to the electors at the next general election, and if a majority of the electors voting thereon ratify 
and approve them, the same shall become a part of the constitution. All amendments to take effect at the commencement 
of the political year after their a<loption. In 1SG6, and every sixteenth year thereafter, the question of a general revision 
of the constitution shall be submitted to the electors, and in case a majority shall decide in favor of a convention, the 
legislature, at its next session, shall provide by law for the election of delegates to such convention. 

The militia of the State of Michigan in 1S50, according to the report of the adjutant-general for 1S51, consisted of 
64,178 men of all arms, of which number 2,793 were commissioned officers, and CI, 115 non-commissioned officers, 
musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers 30 were general officers, 154 general staff officers, 401 
field officers, etc., and 2,208 company officers. 

The principal benevolent in><tittitions of the State are, the Asylum for the Insane at Flint, and the Asylum for the Deaf 
and Dumb and the Blind at Kalamazoo. These institutions are endowed with lands, and are under the control of a board 
of five trustees elected by the legislature. 

Finance, Debts, etc.— The total available means in the treasury for the year ending 30th November, 1S50, was 
$434,715 67, of which sum $55,447 39 was a balance from the fiscal year 1849, and .$429,208 23 receipts during the yeai 
ending as above. The total expenditures amounted to .$449,-355 40, leaving a b;dance of .$35,360 27 for future appropri- 
ation. The chief sources of income were— gen'eral taxes and sales of land about $300,000, and specific State taxea 
$24,404: and the principal objects of expenditure were— legislation .$54,607 58, constitutional convention $31,463 05, 
executive $11,953 16, judiciary $9,154 83, state prison $6,000, counties for taxes $6,637 27, expenses of sales of tax lands 
$14,045 37, State library $142 86, school moneys apportioned $42,794 44, university $9,644 70, etc. The aggregate debt 
of Michigan as stated by the auditor-general in his report of 1st December, 1850, was $2,809,905 S3, bearing interest 
mostly at six per cent. The resources and property of the State, other than State buildings and furniture, are stated 
at $628,224 35, leaving the actual State debt, over and above the resources of the State, $2,181,631 48. Tlie total value 
of real and personal estate assessed for taxes in 1850, was $30,877,223; but the true or estimated value of the same was 
$59,787,255. 

Federal /Representation.— Wchtgan. in accordance with the provisions of the act of 23d May, 1S50, apportioning the 
federal representation, is entitled to four representatives in Congress. 

Fducation.—^Khigm, in 1350, contained 3,097 schools, of which 2,525 only made returns in that year. According to 
the report of the Superintendent of Public Education, 132,234 children, between the ages of 4 and IS, attended school 
during the year ; the number drawing public money, 125,866. Number of scholars under 4 years of age, 2,056, and over 
IS years of age, 8,346. Amount of school money appropriated, $42,794 44, and raised by tax, $81,392 44 for support of 
teachers. Eaised for purchasing, building, etc., school-houses, $46,797 01. Received from local funds, $5,339 59. Vol- 
umes in township libraries, 84,823. Mill tax for township libraries and support of schools, $7,957 30. Total amount 
expended for school purposes, $194,830 78. The number of scholars attending unincoriwratcd, select, or private schools, 
was 4,065. A State normal school has been established at Ypsilanti, with an endowment of school lands, and is under 
the control of the Board of Education. The principal collegiate institution of Michigan is the University at Ann Arbor. 
It is under a Board of Regents, who have control of the University fund. In 1350 it had 7 professors, 91 alumni, 6-1 stu- 
dents, and a library of 6,000 volumes. The medical department of the University in the same year had 5 professors and 
95 students. An agricultural department is provided for by the new constitution. St. Philip's College, near Detroit, is a 
Roman Catholic institution, founded in 1S39, and in 1850 had 4 professors, 30 students, and a library of 3,000 volumes. 
There are numerous academies and other literary institutions in the State, the former connected wiUi the University, and 
receiving an apportionment of the University Fund. 

Libraries.— One State library, 4,400 volumes ; 2 social libraries, 3,315 volumes ; 4 college libraries, 10,800 volumes ; 374 
school libraries, 47,220 volumes— total 331 libraries, and 65,235 volumes. The number of volumes in the school libraries, 
as given in the report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, differs esscnti.ally from the above census account, being 
stated at 34,323 volumes. 

Periodical Press.— The whole number of periodicals published in the State in 1850 was 67, of which 37 were devoted 
to politics — 16 whig and 21 democratic— and 30 were devoted to literature, science, religion, etc. Of the whole number 3 
were issued daily and semi-weekly, 53 weekly, 2 semi-monthly, and 4 monthly; and the circulation of the dailies at each 
issue was 5,000, of the semi-weekly, 200, of the weeklies, 31,568, of the semi-monthlies, 2,600, and of the montldies, 13,300. 
The dailies are published at Detroit; of the iveeklT/ issues, 1 is published at Allegan, 3 at Niles, 1 at Coldwater, 2 at Mar- 
shall, 1 at Sault Ste. Marie, 1 at Cassopolis, 1 at De Witt, 1 at Eaton Rapids, 2 at Flint, 2 at Hillsdale, 1 at Jonesville, 1 at 
Lansing, 1 at Ionia, 2 at Jackson, 2 at Kalamazoo, 2 at Grand Rapids, 1 at Lapeer, 1 at Adrian, 1 at Howell, 1 at Romeo, 
2 at Mount Clemens, 2 at Monroe, 2 at Pontiac, 1 at Uolland, 1 at Saginaw, 1 at Corunna, 1 at St. Clair, 1 at Port Ilm-on, 
2 at Centre^^lle, 1 at Paw Paw, 2 at Ann Arbor, 2 at Ypsilanti, and 6 at Detroit ; the semi-monthlies are published at 
Lansing and Jonesville, and the monthlies at Adrian, Monroe, and Detroit. 



THE STATE OF MICHIGAN. 



Ret.igions DenomhKitions.- 


-The statistics of the several religious denoniinalions in this State were, 


in accordance with 


the census of 1850, 


as follows 












Denomina- No. of 


Clmrch 


Value of 


Denomina- No. of Cliurtli Vnlue o( 


Denomina* No. of 


Church 


Value of 


tione. Clmrdjes. 


aucom. 


Property. 


titms. Cliurchea. arcom. Properly. 


lions. Churrlies 


aciom. 


Property. 


Baptist 58 . . 


17,015 . . 


$84,050 


German Ref. — . . — . . $ — 


R. Catholic. . 42 . . 


15,972 . 


. 1159,775 


CliristiuD ... 1 . . 


850 .. 


1,000 


Jewish — .. — .. — 


Swedenljo'n — . . 


~ .. 


— 


CongregiU'l.. 29 .. 


10,5U0 .. 


59,5511 


Lutheran... 12.. .3,205.. 12,G25 


Tunkcr — . . 


— . 


— 


Dutch Rof . . 6 . . 


1,575 .. 


6,250 


Mennonite . . — . . — . . — 


Union 3 . . 


800 . 


1,400 


Episcopal . . 25 . . 


8,425 . . 


S2,S00 


Methodist . . 103 . . 33,610 . . 142,650 


Unitarian. . . — . . 


— . 


— 


Free 1.. 


700 .. 


3,000 


Moravian ... 1 . , 200 . . 500 


Univcrsalist. 6 . . 


1,210 . 


. 7,100 


Friends 7 .. 


1,400 . . 


4,850 


Tresbyter'n.. 67 . . 22,5.30 . . 142,650 


Minor Sects .. 1 . . 


800 . 


. 15,000 



making a total of 862 churches, with accommodation for 118,892 persons, and valued as property at $423,200. Micliigaa 

constitutes a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church; and also the lloman Catholic diocose of Detroit. 

Patipcri.\m and Cn'me. — Whole number of paupers who were relieved or received support within llie year ending 1st 
June, 1850, 1,190 — 649 native-born, and 541 foreigners; whole number of paupers receiving support at the date siiccifled, 

429 248 native-born, and ISl foreigners ; total annual cost of support $27,556. The State prison is located at .Tacksoii. 

The number of convicts on tlie 80lh November, 1849, was 109; received during the year 50, and discharged during the 
year 2S, leaving in prison 80th November, 1850, 131, of whom 115 were white, and 16 colored. Of the 50 received, 25 
were committed for larceny, 3 for burglary, and 5 for burglary and larceny; and of the 28 discharged, 21 by expiration of 
sentence, 2 by pardon, 2 by death, 2 by escape, and 1 by order of Supreme Court. The income of the prison was -t 10,700 58, 
and the e.xpendiiures $16,730 14, the deficiency being supplied by the State. Of the 131 prisoners remaining under sen- 
tence, 5 were educated at college, 1 at a medical school, 8 in academies, and 91 in comim m schools ; 94 can read and write, 
34 can read only, and 3 can not read; 19 learned to read in prison; 86 were native-born, and 46 foreign-born. 

Jlistorical Sketc7i,—'T\\e discovery and early settlement of Michigan is due to tlie French, whose motives seem to have 
been the prosecution of the fur trade, and incidentally the conversion of the Indians. In prosecution of the latter object, 
Father Sagard reached Lake Huron in 1632, seven years subsequent to the founding of Quebec, but the present site of 
the city of Detroit had been visited as early as 1610. Soon after the middle of the 17th century, trading-posts were estab- 
lished at Sault Ste. Marie, Michilimackinac, and Green Bay— the two first, in a military point of view, important positions, 
and the latter post is noted as the starting-point of the expe+lition of Joliet and Marcpiette in search of the Mi^si.*sippi, in 
167.3. In 1702, an expedition sent out by the Governor of New France laid the foumlation of Detroit From this period 
until the erection of the country into a territory of the United States, the history of Michigan is simply a history of that 
post, and though full of romantic interest, and perhaps of useful information relating to the progress of settleiutnt, is not 
of sufficient importance to require notice in this place. The Indian wars may also be passed over in silence. The defini- 
tive treaty of peace which acknowledged the independence of the United States, gave to the young republic a v.xst west- 
ern domain, of which Michigan formed a part It had been ceded to the English in 1703, when France renounced her 
vast American possessions. The disturbed state of affairs at the period referred to, however, delayed the United States 
in taking possession of the territory ; nor was it until 1796 that the Americans eutereii Detroit Michigan from this time 
was included under the government of the territory north-west of the Ohio, and hence has ever been amenable to the 
ordinance of 1787. In 1805, the territory of Michigan was constituted, and on (he 1st July of that year the government 
was organized at Detroit by Gen. William Hull, its first governor. In 1812, war against Great Britain was declared by 
Congress, and the first shock fell upon Michigan. Detroit was given up to the British, and the country became the scene 
of rapine and bloodshed. The history of this war is one of the most disgusting episodes of which cruelty and treachery 
can boast, and in which the Briton and the Indian were competitors for distinction. On the re-occupation of Ihe territory 
the governorship was vested in Gen. Lewis Cass. In 1835, it having been found that Michigan had a population greater 
than required by law to enable her to become a State, a convention was ordered, and having convened at Detroit, a con- 
stitution was framed ; and by an act of Congress, approved 20th January, 1837, Michigan was declared " to be one of the 
United States, and admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original St;ites in all respects whatever." 

SiKceasioii of Governors.— Ti!.v.v.\tov.ix\. Goverxohs: William Hull, 1805; Lewis Cass, 1814; George B. Porter, 1831; 
S. T. Mason (acting), 1834; and John S. Homer, 1835; and— Coxstitutional GovEitNOits: S. T. Mason, January, 1336; 
William Woodbridge, 1S40 ; James W. Gordon (acting), 1841 ; John S. Barry, 1842; Alpheus Felch, 1840; William L. 
Greenley (acting), 1847; Epaphroditus Ransom, 1348; John S. Barry, 1850; and Robert McClelland, 1852. 

Lansing is the political capital of the State; until December, 1847, Detroit was the seat of government, and is still the 
largest and most important place. 
158 



THE TERRITORY OF MINNESOTA, 



Minnesota occupies "all that part of the territory of the United States which lies within the following limits, to wit: 
beginning in the Mississippi lliver, at the point where the line of 43° 30' of north latitude crosses the same; thenco 
running due west on said line, which is the northern boundary of the State of Iowa, to the north-west corner of the said 
State of Iowa ; thence southerly along the western boundary of the said State to the point where the said boundary strikes 
the Missouri River; thence up the middle of the main channel of the Missouri River to the moutli of the "White-earth 
River; thence up the middle of the main channel of the White-earth River to the boundary lino between the possessions 
of tlie United States and Great Britain ; thence east and south of east along the boundary line between the possessions of 
the United States and Great Britain to Lake Superior; thence in a straiglit line to the northernmost point of the State of 
Wisconsin in Lake Superior; thence along the western boundary line of said State of Wisconsin to the Mississippi River; 
thence down the main channel of said river to the place of beginning." — Act of Congress, 3d March, 1S49. Within this 
territory the area may be computed at 140,000 or 150,000 square miles ; according to the census report it is only S3,000 
square miles, which is evidently an error. 

This immense region is bountifully watered by the Mississippi, of which it contains the true sources, the Minnesota, the 
Missouri River, and the Red River of the nortli, and their numerous tributary streams, which traverse it in every part. 
There are also innumerable bodies of fresh water, which abound in fish of various kinds, the while fish especially being 
found in great numbers in the more northern or large lakes. The general character of Minnesota is that of a high rolling 
prairie, but the streams and lakes are bordered with heavy bodies of timber, whicli contain every species of wood known 
along the Mississippi below, except beech and sycamore. At a point about 8 miles ab(ive the Falls of St. Anthony, west 
of the Mississippi, commences a large and remarkable forest, whicli extends to the south nearly at a right angle across the 
Minnesota, or St Peter's River, to the branches of the Makato, or Blue-earth River. This vast body of woodland is more 
than 120 miles in length and from 15 to 40 in breadth. Many beautiful lakes of limpid water arc found within its limits. 
In this fine country are to be found all the requisites to sustain a dense population. The soil is of great fertility and un- 
usual depth, covered as it is with the mold of a thousand years. The soil of Minnesota, indeed, is admirably adapted to 
the cultivation of all the cereal grains. Wheat, oats, and barley are safe crops, even as far north as the Red River settle- 
ment on the British line. The country is destined to become a great agricultural region, and its prairies are well calcu- 
lated for the raising of stock. There is also such an extent of water-power throughout its broad surface that no reason 
can be perceived why manufactures would not flourish also. The reports of those scientific men who have explored the 
country justify the belief that the territory is rich in copper ores, and also in galena or lead ores. Whether coal exists is a 
problem yet to be solved. If it should be finmd in any considerable quantities, the discovery will be of more real ad- 
vantage than the richest mines of silver and gold. 

On the upper portion of the Mississippi and St. Croix valleys lies the great region of pine which has been and will con- 
tinue to be a great source of wealth to the Territory and State for centuries to come. The manufacture of pine lumber 
already occupies a large part of the industrial labor of the people; Much of this is needed for home consumption, caused 
by the rapid increase of population, but the larger portion is sent to St. Louis, where it meets with a ready sale. The 
climate of Minnesota is not subject to sudden variations, especially in winter. Although in some years the snow falls to a 
great depth, yet, as a general rule, it is far less than is experienced in New England or the northern part of the State of 
New York. The comparative absence of moisture in the country is attributable, doubtless, to tlie fact that no very large 
bodies of water are to be found, although, as before stated, small lakes abound. During the coldest weather in winter the 
air is perfectly still ; consequently the weather is much more tolerable, and even pleasant, than could be supposed by those 
who reside in the same latitude on the Atlantic coast. The navigation of the Mississippi, however, is not to be relied on 
after the first week in December, and steamboats arrive in the spring about the middle of April, so that the river may be 
considered as closed about five months in the year. 

Minnesota, in 1850, according to the census of that year, was divided into nine counties, the general statistics of which 
and the capitals of each were as follows : 



Counties. 


Dwell. 


Pop. 


Farms Manuf. 
in cult. Estab. 


Capitals. 


Benton 


. . 71 . . 


. 418 . 


.. 20 ... 1 .. 


. Sauk Rapids 


Dakotah . . . 


.. 73 .. 


. 584 


.. — ...- .. 


. Fort SneUing 


Itasca 


. . 23 . . 


. 97 . 


. . 86 . . . - . . 


— 


Mankatah.. 


. . 16 . . 


. 158 . 


.. 4 ... - .. 


— 


Pembina 


.. 188 .. 


. 1,134 . 


.. 17 ... - .. 


Pembina 



Counties. Dwell. 

Ramsey 3S4 . 

Wabashaw 55 . 

Wahnahta 26 . 

Washington 161 . 



Pop. 

2,227 

, 243 

160 

1,056 



Farms Mauuf, 
in cult. Estab. 

. . 19 . . . - . . 



Capitals. 

. St. Paul 



5 .. 

48 .. 



4 . . . Stillwater 



Tlie whole number of dwellings in the Terrritory was, at the above date, 1,002, of families 1,016, and of inhabitants 
6,077, viz. : whites 6,038 — males 3,695, and females 2,343 ; and of free colored persons 39— males 21, and females IS. Of the 
•whole population, there were deaf and dumb — wh. 0, fr. col. — total ; lli7id — wh. 0, fr. col. — total ; i/isane — wh. 0, 
fr. col. — total 0; and idiotic — wh. 1, fr. col. — total 1. The number of free persons bom in the United States was 
4,007 ; the number of foreign birth, 2,048 ; and the number of birth unknown, 22. The native population originated as 
follows : Maine 365, N. Hamp. 47, Verm. 100, Mass. 92, R. I. 3, Conn. 48, N. York 488, N. Jer. 115, Penn. 227, Del. 3, Md. 
81, Dist. of Col. 3, Virg. .'iO, N. Car. 6, S. Car. 4, Ga. 4, Flor. 0, Ala. 6, Miss. 0, La. 4, Tex. 0, Ark. 11, Tenn. 21, Ky. 71, 
Ohio 291, Mich. 41, Ind. .35, 111. 168, Mo. 90, la. 81, Wise. 301, Calif. 1, and territories 7 ; and the foreign population was 
composed of persons from— England 84, Ireland 271, Scotland 39, Wales 2, Germany 141, France 29, Holland 16, Spain 

169 



THE TERRITORY OF MINNESOTA. 



1, Piirliitral 0, Bi'lgiiiin 1, Turkey 0, Italy 1, Austria 1, Switzerland 32, Bussia 2, Norway 7, Deumark 1, Sw^eden 4, Prussia 
5, Sardinia 0, Greece 0, China 0, Asia 0, Africa 0, British America 1,417, Mexico 0, South America 0, Central America 0, 
West Indies 0, Sandwich Islands 0, other countries 4. 

The statistics of the wealth, industry, institutions, etc., of the Territory, according to the seventh census of the United 
States taken in 1S50, and other official returns referring to the same period of time, are as follows: 

Occiipicil Lfunli, f^t'.— Improved farm lands PjtlSS acres, and imimproved lands 23,846 acres, valued in cash at $161,943 ; 
number of farms under cultivation, 157 ; v.alue of farming implements and machinery, $15,9S1. 

Zive-iitocA: — Horses S60, asses and mules 14, mileh cows 607, working oxen 605 ; other cattle 740, sheep 80, and swine 
734_valued in the aggregate at $92,S59. 

Animal ProducU. — Wool 85 pounds, butter 1,100 pounds, cheese pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered 
during the year had been $2,840. 

Grain and Food Crops. — "Wheat 1,401 bushels, rye 125 bushels, Indi.an com 16,725 bushels, oats 38,582 bushels, barley 
1,216 bushels, and buckwheat 515 bushels. Peas and beans were produced to the amount of 10,002 bushels, and potatoes 
— Irish 21,145 bushels, and sweet 200 bushels. 

IfiscMineous Crops.— llay 2,019 tons, maple sugar 2,950 pounds; value of the produce of market gardens $150. 

Man ii/acUirfis, of course, can not be looked for in so young a community as that of Minnesota. According to the census 
there were in the Territory only Jive industrial establishments producing to the value of $500 and upward annually. 
The cotnvierce of the coimtry is wholly carried on by means of steamboats navigating its rivers, and there is some over- 
land intercourse maintained between the Pembina settlement on the Ke<l River and the south-eastern towns, but to no 
great amount. Regular steamers ply between St. Louis and St. Paul fin Fevre River, etc. 

Government. — The government is based on the act of Congress constituting the Territory, passed 80th March, 1849. 
This act gives the right of suffrage to every free white male inhabitant 21 years old, and who has taken an oath to 
support the Constitution of the United States and the act forming the Constitution of the Territory. All electiirs are 
eligible to be elected. 

The Legislature consists of a Council and Ilouse of Representatives. The Council has 9 members elected in districts 
by a plurality of votes, for two years, and the House 18 members elected for one year. The legislature may increase the 
number of councilors to 15, and the number of representatives to 39. Members of either body must reside in their district, 
and every district shall be represented according to its population after deducting Indians. No session of the Legislative 
Assembly shall ex'ceed si.xty days. No law shall be pa.ssed interfering with the primary disposal of the soil ; no tax shall 
be imposed on the property of the United States; nor shall the property of non-residents be taxed higher than that of 
resident^. All laws shall be submitted to Congress, and if disapproved sliall be null. 

The G'irtrnor is appointed liy the President and Senate for four years, and until his successor be appointed and 
qualified, unless sooner removed by the President. He is ex-offlcio superintendent of Indian affairs, and commander-in- 
chief of the militia. He may grant pardons for offenses against territorial laws, and reprieve, until the decision of the 
President be known, for offenses against the laws of the United States. His veto may be defeated by a subsequent two- 
third vote of the Legislative Assembly. The Secretary of the Territory, wliose mode of appointment and tenure of 
office, is the same as the Governor's, would assume his functions in case of his absence, or the vacation of his office. 

The judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, District Courl-s, etc. The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and 
two associates, appointed by the President and the Senate for four years, any two of whom constitute a quonim, and hold 
an annual term at the seat of government. The Territory is divided into three districts, in each of which one of the three 
justices reside, and hold a District Court, having the jurisdiction of the United States District and Circuit Courts in all 
eases arisins: under the laws or constitution of the United States, for jury trials, subject to appeal to the Supreme Court, in 
which issues at law only are heard. From the Supreme Court writs of error and appeals lie to the Supreme Court of the 
LTnited States (as from a Circuit Court), where tlie matter in dispute exceeds in value .$1,000. Both the District and 
Supreme Courts possess chancery powers. .Justices of tlic peace have no jurisdiction where the title or boun<laries of 
land are in dispute, or where the sum claimed exceeds $100. An attorney and marshal of the Territory are appointed by 
the President and Senate for four years. Inhal)it:mts of the Territory are secured all the rights heretofore granted to the 
inhabitants of Wisconsin, and the laws of Wisconsin, at the date of its admission as a Stale, so far as compatible with the 
present organization, until repealed or modified. A delegate to the House of Representatives in Congress is chosen by a 
plurality of votes for two years. 

The financial condition of the Territory is exhibited in the official reports to the 1st .January, 1S52 : Territorial taxes 
for 1S50, collected $561 41, and delinquent $271 0=i, or a tot.-il of $S32 49 ; territorial taxes for 18,51, due, etc., $1,282 31— 
making a total revenue for 1S50 and '51 amounting to $2,114 SO. Warrants drawn on the Treasury, in 1850, $1,181 50, 
and in 1S51 $5.50— total for the two years $2,031 50. Excess of revenue, including unpaid tax, $S3 30. 

The militia force of Minnesota, in 1S50, consisted of 2,003 men of all arms, of which 7 were commissioned officers, and 
1,996 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers 2 were general officers, 
and 5 general staff officers. 

Education. — Schools are established in the more thickly popidatod sections, and are supported chiefly by local tax. 
The United States Government approjiriates also $12,000 to the purposes of education. Two sections of the land from 
every township are reserved for the support of schools— in the older settled States only one section in each to^N-n was thus 
set apart Congress also appropriated $20,000 for a public library. 

Relirjious Benominationri. — ^The census of 1S50 does not record any thing respecting the denominations in this 
Territory. The following are from the annual reports of the several churches: The Roman Catholics, in 1853, had 7 
churches, and 10 clergymen, chieSy employed on missions. The Territory was erected into the Roman Catholic diocese 
of St, Paul, on the 2^ih June, 1850. The Episcopalians have a church at St. Paul, ami several others in different parts, 
and are under a missionary bishop. The Methodists and Baptists have also congregations, and perhaps number larger 
than any of the other sects, but it seems that the newness of the settlements, or distance from the central establishments, 
has prevented the usual reports being sent in. So little, indeed, is known of the religious condition of the people of 
Minnesota, that it were perhaps better to advance no opinion on the subject until reliable information can be obtained. 

Nor is there any definite information respecting the public press. The census is silent on this point, but there are at St. 
Paid at least two newspapers, and others may or may not be published elsew^here. Nor have any records of crime and 
pauperism as yet been published. 
Uistorical Sketch.— Fraviovia to Minnesota being erected into a Tcrriloryby the Act of Congress of 8d March, 1849, that 
160 



THE TERRITORY OF MINNESOTA. 



portion of it east of the Mississippi Paver formed a part of Wisconsin Territory, and that west of that river a part of Iowa 
Territory. The Territory derives its name from miiDii-sottih, the Indian name for St. Peter's River — minni in their lan- 
guage meaning "water," and sotah "muddy or slightly turbid." Tlie country originally belonged to the French by 
priority of discovery. At an early period their traders, missionaries, and soldiers had penetrated into the western wilder- 
ness. The United States had little authority in this region until 1S12. In 1816 a law of Congress excluded foreigners 
from the Indian trade, and for the encouragement of our own citizens the military post at Fort Snelling was established in 
1819. Among the explorers of this country the names of Carver, Pike, Cass, Long, Beltrami, Schoolcraft, NicoUet, Owen, 
etc., will ever be intimately connected with its history. The honor of verifying the sources of the Mississippi belongs to 
Schoolcraft. The Territorial Government was organized by Governor Ramsey. The first legislature, which adjourned 
after a session of 60 days on the 1st November, 1S49, was chiefly employed in consolidating the government and dividing 
the Territory into suitable civil districts, and appointing civil officers to enforce the laws. Among its most important acts 
were those establishing the judiciary, a school system, and relative to the improvements of the roads. All these will have 
a paramount influence over the future destiny of the country. Perhaps one of the most humane and politic acts of the 
legislature was the admission to citizenship of " all persons of a mixture of white and Indian blood who shaU have 
adopted the habits and customs of civilized men ;" and not less politic is that law which requires the establishment of 
schools throughout the Territory. The act of the General Government, erecting the Territory, appropriates two sections 
in every township for the support of common schools. No other^tate had previously received more than one section in 
each township for such purpose. In June, 1849, the citizen population numbered 4,780 ; in June, 1850, it had increased 
to 6,077 — a fact which speaks well for the future progress of this rising Territory. 

" Congress may hereafter divide said Territory, or annex any portion of it to another State or Territory." — Act of 
Congress, Zd March, 1849. 

St, Paul, on the left bank of the Mississippi Eiver, is the political capital of the Territory. 

E 161 



THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. 



Mississippi is bounded on the north by Tennessee, on the east by Alabama, on the south by the Gulf of Mexico and 
Louisiana, and on the west by Pearl and Mississippi rivers, which separate it from Louisiana and Arkansas. Like 
Alabama, it has a narrow strip of land about 90 miles long and 50 miles wide, south of the main body of the State to the 
Gulf of Mexica Independently of this tract, it lies between 3P and 30= latitudes north, and extends from 68° 12' to 
91° 36' longitudes west from Greenwich, or 11° 10' and 14° 3i' from Washington. In the north, the width is about 116 
miles, but it expands pretty regularly to 1*9 miles in the south, and its length, exclusive of the strip above mentioned, is 
about 27G miles, comprising an area of 47,156 square miles. 

The surface of Mississippi has a general slope to the south-west and to the south, as appears from the course of the 
rivers ; but a small section sends off its waters to the south-east. There are no mountains within the limits of the State, 
yet numerous ranges of hills of moderate elevation give to the greater part of the surface an undulating and diversified 
character ; some of these eminences terminate abruptly upon a level plain, or upon the banks of a river, and bear the 
names of bluffs or river hills. The western border on the Mississippi is an extensive region of swamps ; and between the 
Mississippi and Yazoo there is a tract of 170 miles in length by 50 in width, with an area of nearly 7,000 square miles 
annually overflowed. '• The broad and extensive low grounds or flats, between Memphis and Vicksburg, are subject to 
frequent inundations to the depth of many feet, and a width of from 10 to 20, and even occasionally 30 miles. Much of 
the surface is occupied by swamps, morasses, lagoons, slashes, etc., through which the Yazoo Kiver has its course ; the 
whole of which, from the junction of the Cold Water and Tallahatchee rivers, lies between this valley region. From the 
circumstances already detailed, this extensive tract has been denominated by some the Mississippi, and by others the 
Yazoo Swamp. During the prevalence of high floods, it assumes the character of a marine forest rather than that of a 
woodland bottom." The south-eastern counties are generally low, but have an undulating surface ; and the southern part 
of the State, generally for about 100 miles from the Gulf of Mexico, is mostly a sandy level country, covered with a pine 
forest, interspersed with cypress swamps, prairies, water-marshes, and a few hills of slight elevation. 

Every portion of the State is well watered ; clear and running streams penetrate it in every direction, and its rivers are 
numerous and wide-spreading. The Tennessee Eiver laves the north-eastern corner, and the Tombigbee, which rises in this 
section, has been navigated by steamboats to Aberdeen, in Monroe County. The Mississippi washes the whole western border 
for a distance, by the circuitous course of its channel, of 530 miles, but in a straight line of not half that distance. From 
Memphis, just above the northern frontier of Mississippi, to Vicksburg, a distance of 450 miles, the uplands or river hills are 
separated from the river by inundated bottoms of greater or less width, and afford no site suitable for a port ; below 
Vicksburg, the only eligible port is Katchez, 100 miles south, and below this point there is no bank of much magnitude 
above the reach of high water till we come to Baton Eouge, in Louisiana. The Mississii^pi, however, receives several 
considerable streams from the most valuable part of the State. The Yazoo is formed by the junction of the Yallabusha 
and Tallahatchee, which rise in the nofticrn part of the State, near the head waters of the Tombigljee, and flows into 
the Mississippi 12 miles above Vicksburg, after a course of 200 miles, 50 miles of which are navigable for large boats. 
Big Black Kiver is next in point of size, and enters the Mississippi immediately above Grand Gulf by a mouth 40 yards 
wide. Its length is 200 miles, and it is navigated by steamboats for 50 miles. The Bayou Pierre and the Ilomochitto aro 
the otlier principal tributaries of the Mississippi from this State ; the latter enters the Mississippi 43 miles below Natchez. 
The other rivers have a southerly course to the Gulf of Mexico and the lagoons connected with it. The Amiti6 has but 
a small part of its course in Mississippi. The Pearl Ptiver rises near the centre of the State, and flows through a fertile 
and populous region into the Rigolets, or outlet of Lake Pontchartrain. Below 31° north latitude it divides the State from 
Louisiana, and has been navigated by steamboats to -Jackson. The Pascagoula waters the south-eastern section. It is 
formed by the confluence of the Chickasawha and Leaf rivers, and empties into the sound of the same name. It is 
navigable for 50 miles for vessels of 6 feet draft of water, and for boats 100 miles farther, but the bay at its mouth has only 
4 feet of water. 

The coast, which extends along the Gulf of Mexico for about 60 miles, has no harbors except those of Mississippi City 
and Shieldsboro', which, however, do not admit large ves.sels. A chain of low sand islands, six or seven miles from the 
shore, inclose several bays or sounds, the largest of which are Pascagoula Sound and Lake Borgne. Ship and Cat islands 
arc eligible stations for ocean steamers. The ports on the Mississippi are Vicksburg, Grand Gulf, and Natchez. 

The upper portion of the Stat« is generally known as North Mississippi, though the region thus designated includes a 
portion only of the north. This section of the State (the Chickasaw cession) came into market and culti^ ation some 
fifteen years ago. The surface of the ground is rather rolling, but generally is very clean ; has an open champaign 
appearance, and is beautifully wooded with oak, hickory, etc., devoid of undergrowth. The uplands produce very 
abundantly, but the substratum of the country being sandy, they are soon ruined by the heavy rains. The valley lands, 
as they arc termed, are much more durable, the soil being heavier and darker, and are highly productive; but they are 
liable to be and frequently are submerged, acres at a time, under billows of sand washed from the uplands during heavy 
(Veshets. Cotton has hitherto been the staple product The chief outlet of this region is by wagons to Memphis. Another 
section of North Mississippi is called the " Prairie," or '' Tombigbee" country, covering the north-east part of the State, 
and sweeping far down on the Alabama line. This country is uniformly level, with scarcely a tree, covered by rank 
grass, dotted sometimes with pools and marshes, and intersected by dull, sluggish branches. The soil is a dark, heavy 
loam, coal-black, and of surprising strength and fertility. The mold is different from that of Lower Louisiana in this, 
that it is more of an original and less of a depository character; and also in being thick and higUy adhesive, instead of 
16i 



THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. 



light and ashy, as the former. It is also corrosive and deeply impregnated with lime— strong and apparently inex- 
haustible. The crop is and ever will be cotton, of which the yield is abundant Corn also yields pro'usely. This region, 
though lying by the Chickasaw counties, finds its mnrket at Mol)ile by means of the Tombigbeo Kiver principally. The 
border counties, down the Alabama line, change from the prairie and partake more of the character of the Chickasaw 
lands. It is a beautiful and healthy range of counties, finely watered, and produces cotton and the lighter grains. A 
large portion of the State is known as East Mississippi, which really includes the south-east and part of the southern 
sections. Though one of the oldest, it is one of the thinnest settled parts of the State. The character of the land is mixed 
— some poor and some very rich; broken Iiills and fertile valleys. Cotton is produced, bnt to no great extent; corn and 
small grain abundantly, and sometimes rice ; it is also famous for its cattle. Indeed, the region possesses many of the 
pleasant characteristics of a pastoral country. The natural market of this section is Mobile, although a small portion of 
its trade is done at Jackson, and some of it seeks New Orleans by way of Pearl Elver. The portion of the State border- 
ing on the sea-shore, with its bathing, fish, oysters, and pleasant summer retreats, is well known to the dust-covered 
denizens of New Orleans, and is becoming to the South what Newport and Cape May are to the North. Back from the 
sea-coast is generally a sandy, broken tract, covered by quantities of fine pine, which is now being worked off the land 
for timber and naval stores. The south-west and country above it is the oldest settled portion of the Slate; the soil is 
rich, and the population wealthy. Commencing some 50 miles below the mouth of the Yazoo River, inclining to the 
interior for about 100 miles in a line gently circling northward up through the centre, then diverging to the north-west to 
a point below Memphis, is to be found as noble a sweep of country as any in the world. It is washed by the Mississippi 
from Memphis to Vicksburg, and is intersected by the Yazoo, its head waters and tributaries, throughout its greatest 
extent. The facilities for market are unequaled. The Yazoo Elver running through nearly its whole extent, is an 
excellent stream, affording steam navigation as high as the south-west corner of Marshall County. The soil is of a most 
productive character, being, as it is called, mcamj) land. It possesses all the strength of the prairie lands without their 
adhesive and corrosive nature. This region has but recently come into cultivation, it having hitherto been considered 
damp and unhealthy; but this idea experience has much modified. One drawback on these lands, however, is their 
liability to overflow from freshets in the Mississippi Eiver. The section last spoken of embraces the counties of Yazoo, 
Sunflower, "Washington, Bolivar, Coahoma, Tunica, Tallahatchie, and a portion of De S(jto, Panola, Yallabusha, Carroll, 
and Holmes, and is generally known as the region of the " Elver Counties." [Sever.nl valuable articles on the topography 
ete, of Mississippi will be found in " Be Bow's IiuJmtrial Itemtirce^," eU'., volume II.] 
Mississippi is divided into 59 counties, the general statistics of which in 1850 were as foUows: 



KOKTUERN MISSISSIPPI — 23 countics. 



Attala 1,431. 

Bolivar 95. 

Carroll 1,441. 

Chickasaw. ..1,64T. 

Choctaw 1,405. 

Coahoma 260. 

DeSoto 1,644. 

Itawamba.. . .1,855. 
Lafayette.... 1,352. 

Lowndes 1,163. 

MarshaU 2,806. 

Monroe 1,576. 



Pop. 

.10,999. 

. 2,57T. 

.13.491. 

.16,863. 

.19,042. 

. 2,T30. 

.19,042.. 

.13,.523., 

.14,069. 

.19.541. 

.29,639 

.21,172. 



Farms 
in cult. 

.1,336. 
. 57., 
. 9S6.. 
.1,167.. 
.1,132.. 
. 161.. 
.1,257. . 
.1,499.. 
.1,044.. 
. 725.. 
.1,611.. 
. S43.. 



Matn 
Esta 

..44. 
. 0. 
.45. 
.29. 
.17. 
. 0. 
.33. 
.16. 
.49. 
.63. 
..54. 
.13. 



'^; Caritals, 

...Kosciusko 

...Bolivar 

...Carroll ton 

. . . Houston 

...Greensboro' 

...Delta 

. . .Hernando 

...Fulton 

...O.vford 

...Columbus 

. . . Holly Springs 

. ..Athens 



Counties. Dwell. 

Noxubee 957. 

Oktil)beha 744. 

Panola 891. 

Pontotoc 2,001. 

Sunflower 75. 

Tallahatchie.. 368. 

Tippah 3,655. 

Tishemingo.. 2,201. 

Tunica 73. 

"Winston S66. 

Yallabusha... 1,491. 



Pup. 


in Lult. 


Eslab. 


Cnpitals. 


..16,299. 


. 676. 


...31.. 


..Macon 


.. 9,171. 


. 560. 


..13.. 


..StarkviUe 


..11,444. 


. 618. 


.. 0.. 


. . Panola 


..17,112. 


.1,243. 


..32.. 


. . Pontotoc 


.. 1,102. 


. 4:3. 


.. 0.. 


. .M'Nutt 


.. 4.643. 


. 232. 


.. 0.. 


. .Ch.arleston 


.20,741.. 


.1,890.. 


..26.. 


.Eipley 


..15.490. 


.1,247. 


..16.. 


..Jacinto 


.. 1.314.. 


. 41.. 


.. 0.. 


.Austin 


.. 7,956. 


. 551.. 


..IS.. 


.Louisville 


..17,253. 


. 872. 


..32.. 


..Coffeeville 



Counties. 



Dwell. 



Adams 900.. 

Amite 660. 

Claiborne 659 . 

Clark 631... 5,477. 

Copiah 1,148. . .11,794. . . .951 



Fop, 

.18,622.. 
. 9.694.. 
.14,941.. 



Covington 343.. 

Franklin 447.. 

Greene 217.. 

H.-incock 492.. 

Harrison 727.. 



SOUTilERN MISSISSIPPI- 

Farms Mannf. Canitils 

in cult. Estab. l-apn.».s. 

.136.... 15.... Natchez 
.510.... 1.... Liberty 
.310.... 19.... Port Gibson 

.500 7 Quitman 

21.... Gallatin 

.272 5 "Williamsbg. 

.330 5 Meadville 

. 93 Leakville 

. 77....11....Shieldsboro' 
. 84....19....Mississip. C. 



3,333. 

5,904. 

2,018. 

3,672. 

4,375. 

Hinds 1,656. . .25.340. . . .352. . . . 3. . . .Jackson 

Holmes 995. . .13,928. . . .640. . ..21. . . .Lexington 

Issaquena 110. 

Jackson ..... 440. 

Jasper 674 . 

Jefferson 514. 

Jones 319. 



. 4,478,. 


.. 76.. 


. 0. 


..Tallulah 


. 3.196.. 


..212.. 


. 8.. 


.. Jackson C.H. 


. 6,184.. 


..540.. 


. 9.. 


..Paulding 


.13,193.. 


..239.. 


. 7.. 


. . Fayette 


. 2.164.. 


..274.. 


. 0.. 


..EUisviUe 


.12,517. . 


-.730.. 


. 1.. 


..DeKalb 



36 counties. 

Counties. Dwell. 

Lauderdale... 1,008.. 

Lawrence 613.. 

Leake 6-35.. 

Madison 767.. 

Marion 377.. 

Neshoba 545 . . 

Newton. 536.. 

Perry 265.. 

Pike 698.. 

Eankin 698.. 

Scott 422.. 

Simpson 526... 4,734. . ..451.. 

Smith 515. . . 4,071. . . .425. . 

"Warren 1,230. . .18,121. 

"Washington.. 126... 8,339. 

"«'ayne 281... 2,892. 

"Wilkinson ... 736 . . .16,914 . 

Yazoo 9.35... 14,418. 



P.,n rarms luarim. nnitall 

•^"I"- mcult. Estab. ^-T't^ls.. 

3,717.... 922.... 31.... Marion 
6,478. . . .158. . . .12. . . .Montieello 

.4 Carthage 

.10... 

. 7... 

. 0.., 

. 0. 

. 0. 

.19. 

. 5. 



..158. 
. 5,533.... 4.37, 
.13,173.... 552. 
. 4,410.... 322. 
. 4,728.... 426. 
. 4,465.... 350. 
. 2,438.... 131. 
. 7,360.... 558. 
. 7,227.... 420. 
. 3,961.. 



. .Canton 
. . Columltia 
, . Philadelphia 
..Decatur 
. .Augusta 
,,Holmesville 
..Brandon 
257....14...,IIillsboro' 
. 8...."Westville 
. 8....Ealeigh 

.25 Yicksburg 

. Greenville 

. "Winchester 

.18 "Woodville 

.17 Bentou 



.435. 
.109. 
.162. 
.404. 
.464. 



Kemper. 1,249. . .12,517. . 

The whole munber of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 51,631, of families 52,107, and of inhabitants 606,565, 
viz. : whites 295,758— males 158,260, and females 139,498, free colored 839— males 473, and females 426 ; slaves 309,893. 
Of the whole population, there were deaf and dumb—v/'h. 81, fr. col. 1, si. 26— total lOS ; Mind—wh. 130, fr. col. 1, si. 86— 
total 317 ; inmne—-wh. 127, fr. col. 0, si. 22— total 149 ; and idiotic— yiti. 141, fr. col. 5, si. 64— tot.al 210. The number of 
free persons born in the United States was 291,114 ; the number of foreign birth 4,9.53, and of birth unknown 576 ; the 
ncttive population originated a."* follows: Maine 139, N. Hamp. 100, Verm. 141, Mass. 339, E. I. 62, Conn. 243, N. York 
952, N. Jer. 221, Penn. 981, Del. 67, Md. 791, Dist. of Col. 93, Yirg. 40,777, N. Car. 17,0U9, S. Car. 2,919, Ga. 1,354, Flor, 
■ 163 



THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. 



67, AI.1. 2,06T, JllJisi-xmppi U0,Ss5, La. 2,557, Tex. 139, Ark. 456, Tenn. 27,439, Ky. 3,94S, Ohio 564, Mich. 101, Ind. 413, 

111. 311, Mo. 30o, lii. 7, Wise. 4, Calif. 1, Territories 5; and iha foreign popuhuioii was composed of persons from — 

England 503, Irel;ind 1,928, Scotland 317, Wales 10, Germany 1,064, France 440, Spain 49, Portugal 2, Belgiuni 3, Holland 

8, Italy 121, Austria 16, Switzerland 41, Kussia 9, Denmark 24, Norway S, Sweden 14, Prussia 71, Asia 2, Africa 6, 

British America 79, Mexico 13, Central America 1, South America 4, West Indies 25, and other countries 110. 

Tlie following tabU^ will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State, taken by the 

United States authorities in ISOO : 

Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. 
Census White , ' , Total , ■ , 



I'e.ir. rcrsdiis. Free. Slave. Total. Population. Numerical. i'ercenu 

1800 5,179 1S2 3,4S9 3,671 8,850 — — 

ISIO 23,024 240 17.0S.? 17,.32S 40,-352 31,502 355.9 

1S20 42,176 4oS 32,814 3-3,272 75,448 35,096 86.9 

1830 70,443 519 G5,659 66,173 136,621 61,173 81.0 

1S40 179,074 1,366 195,211 196,.077 375,651 239,030 175.1 

1850 295,758 899 309,893 310,797 606,555 2-30,904 61.4 

The statistics of the wealth, industry, and institutions of the State, as exhibited by the seventh census of the United 
States, taken in 1850, are as follows: 

Occupied Landx, etc. — Improved farm lands, 3,444,359 acres, and uniraproTed lands, 7,046,061 acres — valued together 
at 154,733,634. Total number of farms under cultivation 1st Jime, 1850, 33,960 ; in the Northern District, 19,851 ; and in 
the Southern District, 14,109. Value of farming implements and machinery, -$5,702,927. 

live-Stocl-.—JloTi^vs, 115,460; a-sses and mules, 54,547; milch cows, 214,231; working oxen, 83,485; other cattle, 
436,2.>4; sheep, 304,929; and swine, 1,582,734— valued in the aggregate at $19,403,662. According to the census of 1S40, 
there were in the State at that date, 109,227 horses, mules, etc. ; 023,197 neat cattle of all kinds; 123,367 sheep; and 
1,001,209 sheep. 

/'/■<)(?!;efeo/,4»?m«?.s.— Wool, 559,619 (in 1840,175,196) pounds; butter, 4,346,2-34 pounds ; cheese, 21,191 pounds; and 
the value of animals slaughtered in the year was $3,636,582. The quantity of beeswax and honey produced was 397,460 
pounds. 

0)ai?i (7/(>p.s.~Wheat, 187,990 bushels; rj-c, 9,606 bushels; Indian corn, 22,446,552 bushels; oats, 1,503,283 bushels; 
barley, 229 bushels, and buckwheat, 1,121 bushels. The crops of the several grains, according to the census of 1840. were 
—wheat, 196,626 bushels; rye, 11,441 bushels; Indiancorn, 13,161,2-37 bushels; oats, 668,624 bushels ; barley, 1,654 bushels; 
and buckwheat, 61 bushels. 

Other Food O-op-s.—Eice, 2,719,856 bushels; peas and beans, 1,072,757; potatoes— Irish, 261,482, and sweet, 4,741,795 
bushels. The rice crop, according to the returns of 1840, amounted to 777,195 pounds; and the crop of potatoes to 
1,630,100 bushels. 

MUcellaneom O'ops.— Tobacco, 49,900 (in 1S40, 83,470) pounds; ginned cotton, 484,293 bales of 400 pounds (in 1840, 
193,401,577 pounds); hay, 12,505 (in 1840, 171) tons; clover-seed, 84 bushels; other grass-seed, 533 bushels; hops, 473 
I)ounds ; hemp — dew-rotted, 7 tons, and water-rotted, tons ; flax, 605 tons ; flax-seed, 26 bushels ; silk cocoons, 2 pounds ; 
sugar— maple, pounds, and cane, 338 hogsheads of 1,000 pounds ; molasses, 18,813 gallons ; wine, 407 gallons, etc. ; value 
of orchard protlucts, $50,405, and of market-garden products, $46,250. 

The table annexed exhibits the absolute and relative difference in the chief crops, as ascertained under the censuses 
of 1340 and 1850 : 

Stiijiles. ISlO. IS50. Movement 

Wool 175,196 pounils 559,619 pounds incr. 834,423 pounds, or 219.4 per cent 

Indian Corn 13,161,237 bushels 22.446,552 bushels incr. 9,285,315 bushels, or 70.5 " 

Kice ; 777,195 pounds 2,719,856 pounds incr. 1,942,601 pounds, or 249.9 " 

Tobacco 83,471 " 49,960 " deer. 33,511 " or 40.1 " 

Cotton 193,401,577 " 193,717,200 " incr. 315,623 " or 0.16 " 

Sugar 77 " 838,000 " incr. 887,923 " or 503.796.1 " 

Thus it would appear that of all the staples, except tobacco and cotton, the ratio of increase has been immeasurably ahead 
of the ratio of the increase of the population. Cotton has almost exactly kept its absolute status, which, in fact, is a relative 
decline in the production of the staple ; and if it had increased in like proportion with the population, the crop should have 
been about 322,350,000 pounds. This result in the crop of 1350 is accounted for by the terrible inundations of the Missis- 
sippi in 1849, and may in part be set down to drafting of labor to other fields ; the decline, however, is not permanent. 

mnne-made Ifanufactures for the year ending 1st June, 1850, were valued at $1,164,020. The same denomination of 
manufactures in 1339-40, according to the census ot the latter year, were valued at $032,945. 

Manuf(ict'ires.--ToU\\ cR\n\.i\\ invested $ ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $ ; average 

number of hands employed, —males , and females ; average monthly cost of labor, $ —male 

$ , and female $ ; value of manufactures produced in the official year $2,749,838. Amount of capital invested 

in manufactures in 1340, $1,797,722. The whole number of industrial establishments in the State, producing to the value 
of $500 and upward on the 1st Juno, 1350, was SCO— in the northern district 536, and in the southern district -3-30, and dis- 
tributed to the counties, as shown in the general table. Of the whole number, 2 were cotton factories, 92 tanneries, and 8 
forges, besides which there are several machine-shops, carriage factories, etc. ; but the greater part of the capital invested 
is in grist and saw mills, and other establishments usual in an agricultural country. 

Capital employed in the eoUon manufacture, $9SfiOQ; annual consumption of cotton, 430 bales, valued at $21,500; 
hands employed, 36 ; monthly cost of labor, $371 ; annual products, 171,000 pounds yarn ; value ol entire products, $30,500. 

Capital invested in the iron manufacture, $100,000; material consumed in the year- pig iron 1,197 tons, mineral coal 
243 tons, and coke and charcoal 92,000 bushels— valued together at $50,370 ; hands employed, 112 ; average wages per 
month, $37 91 ; castings made, 924 tons; total value of products, $117,400. 

Capital invested \n^t<inner!es, $145,015; value of all raw material, $111,474; hands employed, 269 ; monthly cost of 
labor, $4,949; skins tanned 9,7-30, and sides tanned 104,630; value of products, $229,407. 

Internal (>«»»; K?i-ieffi/OT).— Mississippi has hitherto been most miserably provided with the means of interconimnnica 
lion; and had it not been that nature bad given it highways in the form of navigable rivers, its great and fertile interior 



THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. 



must Jiave remained a wilderness in the midst of thriving populations. Its present condition, even, is little removed from 
such abnormal uselessness. Excepting its ordinary roads, which, however, are none of tlio best, the genius of modern 
times had done little or nothing to facilitate its access to the marlcets. True, it has not been backward in projects, yet 
none but in the single instance of the Yicksburg, Brandon, and Jackson Railroad has been brought to fruition. Here, 
then, is the present condition of the commercial avenues of the State. Its prospects for the future are more encouraging. 
There are now in progress the Mobile and Ohio Eailroad, and the New Orleans, Jackson, and Northern Eailroad 
traversing the State north an<l south, and forming in Mississippi links in the great cliain that is to unite the Upper Mis- 
sissippi and the great lakes with two of the great ports of the Gulf of Mexico ; and tr.iversing the State east and west are 
the Menipliis and Charle-slon Railroad on the nortli Ihie ; a line of railroad from Selma, Ala., westward to Brandon, ther; 
uniting with the already complete railroad to Yicksburg, and a line from Madisonville, on Lake Poiitchartrain, eastward 
to a junction with the Mobile and Ohio Eailroad near Mobile. These are the trunk lines now in progress, from which it 
is proposed to build lateral lines to the principal centres of production, and so build up a system convenient both for 
through travel and transportation and for local communication. The exterior coimections of these lines wlU connect the 
State with every part of the Union ; with the Atlantic througli the East Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia lines and their 
continuations ; with the north-eastern portion of the central valley through the lines going to and diverging from Nash- 
ville, and with the upper country through the luies terminating at and diverging from the mouth of the Ohio River 
Westward it will connect with Texas through tlie lines from New Orleans and Yicksburg in that direction. The bene- 
ficial effect of these great lines on the development of the resources of tlic State, its commerce and general welfare, can not 
be doubted. Its rich agricultural regions will be rapidly settled, and the lands which are now lying waste will become 
the scenes of a busy industry in the cultivation of tlie great staples for which the State is famous, while its consumption 
of manufactures to be exchanged f<ir its productions, will create a commerce as extensive as it will be profitable to all 
sections of the Union concerned in the interchange. 

Commerce. — The commercial material of Mississippi is carried to New Orleans and Mobile l:)y river for exportation to 
foreign countries and the home ports, and its imports are received through the same channels. The direct commerce 
of the State is therefore inconsiderable, and in fact it is very seldom tliat an arrival or departure in the foreign trade is 
recorded ; years may pass by and the Treasury reports make no mention of either. In 1849-50 no direct foreign com- 
merce or navigation is noted. Its navigation is consequently almost entirely confined to its rivers and the Gulf. The 
shipping employed in the coasting and river trade is chiefly owned in tiie adjoining States of Louisiana and Alabama. 
The tonnage owned in this State amounts only to 1,827 tons, of which 67.5 tons is navigated by steam ; and of the whole, 
1,867 tons is owned in the district of Pearl River, and 400 in that of Yicksburg. Of all the States having a front on the 
sea, Mississippi is most destitute of harbors, and has the least direct seaward navigation ; but its access to its natural ports 
by river fully compensates lor tlie specified disability. 

Banking. — No returns of the banks of this State are made public, and as a general thing their issues are of a doubtful 
character. The Nfirthern Bank of Mississippi, at Holly Springs (capital $100,000), is said to be the only sound banking 
institution in the State. 

G&venuiient. — ^The government is based on the constitution that went into effect in 1817. The right of suffrage is 
granted to every adult free white male person, a citizen of the United States, resident in the State one year and in the 
town or county four months next before the election. The general elections are held on the first Monday and Tuesday 
in November. 

The Legidature is composed of a House of Representatives and a Senate. Representatives, not fewer than thirty-six, 
nor more than one hundred in number (and not less than one to each county), are chosen every second year for two 
years ; they must be qualified voters, and have resided two years in the State, and one year in the place they represent. 
A census is taken at intervals of not more than eight nor less than six years, and the appointment of members mado 
accordingly. Senators, in number not less than one-fourth nor more than one-third the number of representatives, must 
be thirty years of age, for four years citizens of the United States, and for one year residents of their district, and be 
chosen for four years, one half biennially. The legislature meets at Jackson on the first Monday in January biennially. 

The Governor must have attained the age of .30 years, have been a citizen of the United States for 20 years, and for five 
years a resident of the State. He is chosen by a plurality of votes for two years, and can not hold the office for more than 
four out of any six years. He may veto a bill, but it may be passed and become law, notwithstanding his veto, by a subse- 
quent vote of both houses of the legislature. 

All officers are elected either in districts or counties, or by the people at large. No person denying the being of God or 
a future state of rewards and punishments, can hold oflice. No money can be expended for internal improvements, ex- 
cept by a vote of two-thirds of both houses ; and no State loan can be raised unless the bill be passed by a majority of each 
house, be published three months before the next election, and be confirmed by a majority of each house, at the next 
legislature. The legislature can not emanci])ate slaves without the owner's consent, except on account of great public 
services, and then must pay for them; nor can it prevent immigrants from importing slaves of the same description 
with those in the State, if they be hona fide property, and not criminals. It may pass laws enabling owners to emanci- 
pate slaves, saving the rights of creditors and the public from being at their charge; and laws directing a sale, on the 
owner's account, if he treat his slaves cruelly. The introduction of slaves as merchandise after 1st May, 1833, is pro- 
hibited, but settlers may import them for their own use until 1845. (These two periods being passed, it is probable that the 
importation of slaves is now prohibited). No grand jury is necessary in the prosecution of slaves for crimes not capital. 

The Judiciary consists of a High Court of Errors and Appeals, a Superior Court of Chancery, District Chancery Courts, 
and District or Circuit Courts. The jurisdiction of the " High Court" is exclusively appellate. There are two terms each 
year at .Jackson, commencing on the first Monday of January and November. The court may continue in session as long 
as business requires, and may order a special term, or adjourn to meet at any time. The judges are also authorized to 
meet annually on the third Monday in June, in the town of Oxford, to receive the written, and hear the oral, arguments 
of causes from the third district, provided the State is not a party. The Legislature appoints the reporter, and has 
abolished the common law form of pleading, and adopted a system somewhat similar to that of chancery or civil law 
The "Superior Court of Chancery," held by the chancellor at the capital, is in law considered always open. The chan- 
cellor is authorized to hold the same at such times and for such periods as business may require, upon giving three weeks' 
notice in the public newspapers. There are in the State three chancery districts ; the " District Chancery Courts," each 
with a vice-chancellor, have concurrent power and jurisdiction with the Superior Court within their respective districts 
where the amount in controversy does not exceed $500,000. Special terms of these courts may be held by giving thiity 

105 



THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. 



days' public notice. For tlio purpose of holdiui» district or circuit courts, the State 13 dividtii into seven districts. The 
"Circuit Court" hixs orii;in;il jurisdiction in civil cases in which the sum in controversy e.vceeds $50, and it has also 
exclusive criminal jurisiliotion. For eat'h of the districts a judge and attorney are elected every four years. 

AmemhnenU to the constitution, if they bo passed by two-thirils of eacli house, shall be submitted to the people six 
months before the next gt'neral election, and if approved l)y them sliall be adopted. 

The Militia force of Mississippi consists of 36,0S4 men of all arms, of which 825 are commissioned officers, and 35,259 
uon-eonimissioned oflieers, musicians, anii privates. Of the commissioned officers 15 are general officers, 70 general staff 
officers, 392 field officers, etc., and 34S company officers. 

The benerolent in-'ititutions of the State are the Institution for the Blind, and the Mississippi Lunatic Asylum at Jackson, 

Finances, etc. — The receipts into the treasury for the year ending 80lh April, 1S50, amuunled to $397,4li2 63, and the 
expenditures by warrant during the same year to .$'2.54.999 5S. Excess of means, $94,403 05. The chief sources of income 
and the amounts collected from each, were — State tax $3:^4,680, internal improvement fund $13,196, the sinking fund 
$19,857, penitentiary $3,189, the seminary fund $1,251, redemption of lands $4,001, land sales $2,720, etc. ; and the princi- 
pal objects and amounts of expenditure, were — Legislature $43,731, judiciary $S2,3o7, executive $S,S69, contingent fond 
(executive) $4,195, appropriations $26,179, penitentiary $25,266, printing $5,323, executed slaves $3,762, University 
$10,957, Common Schools $17, Lunatic Asylum $5,000, Institution for the Blind $2,465, seminary fund $3,920, commissiona 
for assessing $9,540, elections $2,024, ten per cent, fund $38,313, etc. The State tax is based on personal and real estate, 
and the objects of taxation are occuitied lands and town lots, money at interest, merchandise sold, bank stock, auction 
gales, pleasure carriasres, watches, t^locks, ton-pin alleys, race-tracks, bowie-knives, pistols, cattle over 20 hea<l, horses, 
stallions, jacks, pianos, male free negroes, slaves untler 60 years old, free white polls, etc. The absolute debt of the State 
amounts $2,271,707, and the contingent debt to $5,UUO,000— total, $7,271,707. The annual interest on the at^solute debt is 
about $136,000. The State has property to the value of $2,000,000, but this is at present unproductive. The total assessed 
value of taxable property in the State in 1850 was $208,422,167; the true value of property, as ascertained by the census 
of 1850, amounts to $223,304.3;i2. 

Federal Representation. — Mississippi, in accordance with the act of 23d May, 1850, apportioning representation, sends 
five representatives to the Congress of the United Slates. 

Education. — Mississippi has never had an efficient common school system, the sparseness of the population having 
proved a formidable obstacle to the success of any general system. A law was jiassed in 1840 giving the appointment of 
school commissioners to the Board of Policy in each county, with power to levy taxes, etc. All the large towns organized 
schools under this system ; but by a later act essential alterations have been made in the law, and special laws for partic- 
ular counties now govern these institutions. The means of the State for school purposes are ample, consisting of funds 
arisiug from leases of the sixteenth sections of land, from fines and forfeitures, and from licenses of hawkers and pedlars, 
keepers of billiard-tables, retailers of liquors, and brokers. Besides the common schools, there are in the State numerous 
seminaries, to the support of which the State contributes annually. The collegiate institutions of Mississippi are — the 
University at Oxford, founded 1844; Oakland College, founded 1830, and Mississippi College at Clinton. The University 
is partly supported by the State, and in 1850 had 6 professors and 134 students. 

Fuhlic Libriirie-i. — One Slate library, 5,000 volumes; 3 college libraries, 5,189 volumes; 2 students' libraries, 2,411 
volumes ; 102 pulilic school libraries, 3,050 volumes — total libraries, lOS, and 15,650 volumes. 

Periodical Prenfi. — \Yhole number of periorlicals and newspapers, 50 — 16 whig, 21 democratic, and 19 neutral in poli- 
tics, the latter number, including also those devoted to literature, science, religion, and all the character of which is not 
ascertained. Of the whole number, 2 are issued tri-weekly, and circulate 3,5iX) copies at each issue, or 546,000 copies 
annually ; 2 .semi-weekly, SS8 copies, or annually 92,352 copies ; and 52 weekly, 26,482 copies, or annually 1,377,064 copies. 
The tri-u-eeklies are the " Vicksburg Sentinel" and the '• Vieksburg Whig ;" the setni-weekliev are the '• Natchez Courier" 
and the "Katcbez Free-Trader ;"' and the ireeklies are published — 2 at Vicksburg, editions of the tri-weeklies ; 2 at 
Natchez, editions of the semi-weeklies; 3 at Kosciusko, 1 at Liberty, 2 at CarroUton, 1 at Port Gibson, 3 at Houston, 1 
at Gallatin, 1 at Hernando, 1 at Gainesville, 1 at Biloxi, 4 at Jackson, 2 at Lexington, 1 at Paulding, 2 at Fayette, 1 at 
Monticello, 1 at Marion, 2 at Oxford, 1 at Columbus, 2 at Canton, 2 at Holly Springs, 2 at Aberdeen, 1 at Macon, 1 at 
Holmesville, 1 at Panola, 2 at Pontotoc, 1 at Brandon, 1 at Jacinto, 1 at Ripley, 2 at Wood viUe, 1 at Louisville, 1 at Grenada, 
and 1 at Coffeeville. 

lieligiom Denominntions. — The statistics of the several religious denominations in the Stale, according to the census 
of 1850, were for that year as follows : 



Denomina- Ko. of 


Cliuroli 


Value of 


Denomina- No. of 


CImreli 


Value of 


Denomina- No. of 


Church 


Value of 


tioiis. Cliurches. 


acctun. 


Property. 


tioiis. Cliurclie 


. arcom. 


Property. 


tions. Ciiurclied. 


accom. 


Properly. 


Baptist 336 .. 


105,050 . 


. $186,192 


Gorman Ref. — . 


— 


%- 


R. Catholic. 8 .. 


3,000 . . 


$66,000 


Christian 8 . . 


2,3.')0 . 


. 9,950 


Jewish — . 


— 


— 


Swedenbo'n . — . . 


— 


— 


Congregafl. . — . . 


— . 


— 


Lutheran . . . — . 


— 


— 


Tunker — .. 


— 


— 


Dutch i:ef... — .. 


— . 


— 


Mennonite . . — . 


— 


— 


Union 5 . . 


130 . 


400 


Episcopal ... 13 . . 


4,550 . 


. 66,800 


Methodist... 406 . 


112,983 . 


W0,265 


Unitarian.. . . — . . 


— 


— 


Free 3 .. 


700 . 


. 1,850 


Moravian ... — . 


— 


— 


Universalist.. — . . 


— 


— 


Friends — . . 


— . 


— 


Presbyterian 1.35 . 


47,166 . 


133,085 


Minor Sects. — . . 


— .. 


— 



—making a total of 914 churches, with accommodation for 275,979 persons, and valued as property at $754,542. Mississippi 
constitutes a diocese of the same name of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and also the Roman Catholic diocese of Natchez, 
a suffragan of the ecclesiastical province of New Orleans. 

Pauperism and Crime. — The whole number of paupers relieved or supported in the year ending 1st June, 1850, was 
260, of which 248 were native-born and 12 foreigners; and the whole mmiber of paupers at the date specified, 257, of 
which 245 were n.itive-born, and 12 foreigners; annual cost of support, $18,132. The Stale prison is located at Jackson. 
The whole number of convicts on the 30th November, 1848, was S8, and the whole number received since the establish- 
ment of the prison in 1840 was 247, averaging 31 per annum. Of the number in prison in 184S, 7 were foreigners, and 81 
natives, and 5 were confined for attempts to kill, 13 for manslaughter, 14 for negro stealing, 5 for forgery, 29 for petty lar- 
ceny, and 11 for grand larceny. The discharges for the year ending as above were— by expiration of sentence 10, by 
pardon of governor 1.3, and by writ of error 1. 

Historical /Sketch. — Mississippi was discovered by De Soto in 1512, but no permanent settlement was attempted by 



THE STATE OP MISSISSIPPI. 



him. The Indians inliabiting the country were the Choctawa, Chickasaws, Natchez, etc., with which, from the time of 
the first white trespasser on their lands to the cession of 1T63, there was a constant warring. La Salle, descending the 
rivers from the Illinois country, visited the section bordering on the Mississippi in 16S1 ; and in 169S the first attempts to 
found permanent settlements were made by Iberville, the Governor of Louisiana. His colony arrived at Ship Island in 
1700, and after exploring the country along and beyond the Mississippi, the parties returned and built a fort at Biloxi, at 
the mouth of the river of the same name, about 20 miles north of the island. Other settlements were made on the 
Mississippi Kiver, as New Orleans, Natchez, etc. Fort Kosalie, on the present site of Natchez, was surprised and cap- 
tured by the Natchez Indians in 1729, and great distress was also, at this time and for many years after, caused by the 
hostility of this tribe and the Chickasaws. The Choctaws were generally allies of the white settlers, and fought bravely 
on their side. These hostile tribes were subsequently brought to sue for peace under Bienville, and are now only known 
by the history their warlike opposition has made for them— not one remains to tell the story of their wrongs. The war 
between England and France, which forms so conspicuous a page in the history of the middle of the 18th century, ended in 
1763, France relinquishing to Britain all her possessions east of the Mississippi, and to Spain all west of that river. Spain 
at the same time gave up Florida to the British. In 17S3 the country north of the parallel of 31° north was included in the 
limits of the United States l)y the treaty acknowledging the independence of the Union ; and the Floridas reverted to the 
Spanish crown. By its charter granted in 1732, Georgia extended westward to the Mississippi, and hence, though at that 
period Mississippi was de facto a French colony, yet, on its coming into the possession of the English, it of course fell 
into the Umits of the Georgia charter. These extensive territories were subsequently ceded to the United States, both in 
sovereignty and ownership. In 1798, they were formed into a Territorial Government, which included also the present 
State of Alabama. In ISll, that portion of the country south of 31° was attached to the territory, having been WTCsted 
from Spain — because that nation could not take eare of it. In 1817, the territory was divided, the eastern portion forming 
a territory under the name of Alabama, and the western portion was erected into the State of Mississippi. The date of 
its admission into the Union as a State was the 1st March, 1817. 

Succession of Governors. — Terkitobial Goveknoes: Winthrop Sargent, 1798; W, C. C. Claiborne, 1802; Robert 
Williams, 1S0.5; David Holmes, 1S09; and— Constitutional Goveenoks: David Holmes, 1817; George Poindexter, 
1819; Walter Leake, 1 821 ; David Holmes, 1825; Gerard C. Brandon, 1827 ; Abraham M, Scott, 1831; Hiram G. Eun- 
nels, 1833 ; Charles Lynch, 1S.35 ; Alexander G. M-Nutt, 1837 ; TUghman M. Tucker, 1841 ; Albert 6. Brown, 1843 ; Joseph 
W. Matthews, 1S4S ; John A. Quitman, 1850 ; John J. Guion (acting), from 8d February to 3d November, 1851 ; inter- 
regnum from 3d to 25th November, 1851 ; James Whitfield (acting), elected by Senate, and served from 25th Novembefj 
ia51, to 9th J.inuary, 1852; Henry S. Foote, 1862. 

Jackson, on the west bank of Pearl Eiver, is the political capital of the State. 

167 



THE STATE OF MISSOURI. 



MiBBOTJBi is situated generally between the latitudes of 36° 80' and 40° SC north, and the longitudes of 88° 65' and 95° 88' 
west from Greenwich, or lio 53' and 18° 36' from "Washington. It is bounded on the north by Iowa, on the east by 
Illinois and Kentucky, on the south by Arkansas, and on the west by the Indian and Nebraska territories. More speci- 
fically its eastern boundary is the Mississippi Eiver, beginning at latitude S(P and running north to the mouth of the Des 
Moines Eiver, whence the line follows the latter up to its rapids (40° 300 ; thence along that line westward to where it 
cuts the Missouri Eiver ; thence down that river to the mouth of the Kansas, whence it runs due south to 36° 30', and 
along that line eastward to the St. Francis ; thence fijllows that river to 86°, and traverses that line to the place of begin- 
ning. Its general extent from north to south is 278 mUes, but including the narrow strip between the St. Francis and 
Mississippi rivers 312 miles ; and greatest extent from east- to west is 818 mUcs, and its least extent less than 200 miles; 
and the area of its superficies is estimated at 67,380 square miles. 

The river Missouri separates this State into two parts, distinguished from each other by dissimilar geographical and 
geological features. South of that river, as far west as the Osage, the surface of the country is rolling, and gradually rises 
into a hilly and mountainous district, forming the outskirts of the Ozark Mountains. Beyond the Osage, at some distance, 
commences a vast expanse of prairie land, which stretches away to tlie Eocky Mountains. The chief geological deposits 
of the region are solid strata of carboniferous and silurian limestone and sandstone, reposing on or around the unstratifled 
primary rocks. In the hilly and broken mineral region, which includes the greater part of the State south of the Missouri, 
the soil is formed of decomposed sandstone, sienite and magnesian limestone. Soils constituted of the two last elements 
are fertile, but in many of the districts of the mineral region their productiveness is impaired by the admixture of oxyde 
of iron. Other districts, as the Bellcvue Valley, and the valleys of the Maramec, Gasconade, and Osage are well fitted 
for cultivation or for pasture. Around the head waters of the White, Eleven Points, Current, and Big Black, where the 
land is most mountainous, the soil is formed of decomposed semivitreous sandstone, and is in general unproductive, 
though it supports a magnificent growth of yellow pine, valuable for its lumber. The intervening valleys, however, are 
decidedly fertile, but of small extent. The lands situated more immediately south of the Missouri are partly sandy and 
partly calcareous, and in gener.il where alumina or clay sufiiciently abounds the soil is excellent and well adapted to the 
production of the staples of the State. 

That part of the State lying north of the Missouri Eiver is in no place mountainous, but either rolling or quite flat. It 
contains a much richer soil than the southern division, and is in a more advanced state of cultivation. Its geological 
substratum is chiefly carboniferous limestone. The coal measure of Illinois extends west of the Mississippi at St. Louis, 
and is probably commensurate with the northern division of the State, being limited ou the south by the narrow strip of 
land above spoken of, lying south of the Missouri. The soils of this region are chiefly calcareous and arenaceous, the 
aluminous being limited in extent. The calcareous, or those abounding in lime, which are predominant, are fertile, 
particularly near the margins of rivers. Of this character are the lands in the western parts along the Missouri. The 
counties of Clay, Platte, and Buchanan can not readily be surpassed in productiveness, and the other western and interior 
counties are nearly equal in fertility. In the eastern part of this region arenaceous or sandy soil predominates. These 
lands, which are comparatively barren, are found on the southern flank of the prairies which have their origin in nortii 
Missouri, and extend to the head waters of the Mississippi Eiver. 

The south-eastern part of the State, the surface of which was once capable of cultivation, became after the earthquakes 
of 1811-12 marshy. This district contains on estimate 1,517,237 acres, and extends south from the neighborhood of Cape 
Girardeau into the northern part or Arkansas, a distance, in Missouri alone, of IDS miles, and westwardly as far as the 
river St. Francis. The land is well located, as regards facilities of transport, and is said to be as fertile as any in the 
valley ; and as the greater portion can be reclaimed, it may be brought under cultivation at some future time. This 
inundated tract is for the most part heavily timbered. 

Missouri is bountifully supi)lied with navigable water courses, affording an easy access to every portion of the State. 
Omitting the Mississippi, which washes the eastern boundary for 470 miles, the great river, and the one from which it 
derives its name, is the Missouri. This river rises in the Eocky Mountains, not far from the head waters of the Columbia, 
3,095 miles from its mouth. The last 400 or 500 miles of its course above lie within the limits of this State. The trough 
through which the river flows is from 4 to 5 miles wide, and is bounded by rocky limestone hills, which rise to the height 
of from 100 to 300 feet. Nearly aU the bottoms of the Missouri are on its north side, and ordinarily they are not subject to 
inundation. In this respect they differ widely from those of the Mississippi, which latter are of greater width and 
formed of a less sandy soil, and are less easily percolated by water. The Missouri flows do-mi an inclined plane, the upper 
strata of which are easily disintegrated, and the particles mingling with the rapid current, give a turbid appearance to its 
waters. The alluvial lands lying along its course are subject to be covered during inundations, with drifting sand ; they 
are, however, occupied by a luxuriant vegetation both of trees and herbs. These bottoms are favorites with settlers, and 
are capable of supporting a dense population. The river is navigable to its falls, 2,000 miles, but is rapid and can only be 
readily ascended by steam-power. Of the tributaries of the Missouri, the largest is the Osage Elver, which disembogues 
120 miles from its mouth. At this point it is 400 yards wide, and is navigable for boats of light draft for about 200 miles 
at high water. About the head waters of this stream are found the best cotton lands in the State. The Gasconade comes 
into the Missouri east of the Osage, near the village of Hermann, and is unporljint for the supplies of fine plank and 
timber it furnishes to the country below. The Maramec, a beautiful river, runs through the mineral region, and flows 
into the Mississippi 18 miles below St. Louis. Further south are the rivers St. Francis and White, which pass into 
168 



ii 






crri-p. 






m 



\°M 



^^^^ifS^iFS^^aS^^SS^iS 



TE] 



P! 



THE STATE OF MISSOURI. 



Arkansas after spreading numerous branches over the southern part of this State. Several tributaries of the Arkansas 
water the south-west section, but are not navigable. 

North of the Missouri are Salt and Copper rivers, which empty into the Mississippi ; and the northern tributaries of 
the Missouri are the Grand and Chariton rivers, both navigable, and composed of numerous branches, which drain a 
large country. Further west, and falling also into the Missouri, are the Platte and Nodaway. Many of the rivers of 
Missouri are obstructed by rafts and fallen trees, and more especially is thia the case with the Grand, Osage, Salt, Maramec, 
and St. Francis ; the navigation of these, however, will be improved at no distant period, or as soon as the wants and 
interests of the people demand such improvements. Other rivers than those mentioned are of minor importance. 

The mineral region of Missouri occupies an area of about 18,000,000 acres. As early as 171S it was described in a 
French chart as " au pays plein de mines." It extends from the head waters of the St. Francis to the Maramec River, a 
distance of about 70 miles in length, and from the Mississippi in a south-westerly direction, about 60 miles. The elevation 
of the district above the sea level varies from 600 to 1,200 feet. The climate is equable and salubrious, and the superin- 
cumbent soil moderately fertile. No one of the mining districts of Europe enjoys such facilities of supporting a large 
population ; and yet the Harz Mountains, with an area of 300,000 acres, sustains 60,000 inhabitants ; the Erzgeliirge, 
of Saxony, with about 1,500,000 acres, sustains 500,000 inhabitants; and Cornwall, with 760,000 acres, 300,000 inhabitants. 
Populated as the Erzgebirgc, in the ratio of one inhabitant to every three acres, the mineral region of Missouri would 
sustain 6,000,000 of souls, and probably the working members of such a population might find here employment for ages. 
Excepting gold and platina, most of the important and useful metals and ores are known to exist in Missouri. The 
following minerals, metallic and non-metallic, arranged here according to their intrinsic value, have been found within its 
limits— lead, iron, copper, cobalt, silver, nickel, zinc and calamine, manganese and wadd, coal, rock salt, barytcs, sand 
and quartz, carbonate and sulphate of lime, alumine and potter's clay, fuller's earth, variegated marble and oolite, salt- 
petre, antimony, tin, tungstate of iron and lead, diamonds, chalcedony and feldspar, and some others of perhaps a 
minor importance. 

The lead mines have been wrought since the first settlement of the country. The ore is in the form of sulphuret and 
carbonate, and in the upper mines at Potosi it is found mixed with calamine and blende. The lead region extends over 
the counties of Madison, St. FranQois, St. Louis, Washington, etc. Formerly the carbonate was considered as worthless, 
but it is now reduced in blast furnaces, and yields 72 per cent. The sulphuret yields from 60 to 80 per cent., and contains 
about 6 per cent, of silver. Iron in the form of hematite, and the ochrey, the micaceous and red oxydes, are found in 
the greatest abundance. The ores exist throughout the mineral region, and extend even into the coal formation, which 
occupies so large a surface. Abundant, easily manufactured, and the transportation easy, this is essentially the staple of 
Missouri. Her celebrated mountains of micaceous oxydes — the Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob— are almost inexhaustible. 
They form the eastern extreme of the Ozarks, and are situated in St. Francois County, a few miles east of Potosi, and only 
40 miles from St. Genevieve, on the Mississippi. The two peaks are -about 6 miles apart, the more northerly of the 
elevations, the Iron Mountain, is li miles long and 444 feet high. Its whole top is a solid mass of iron, and one sees 
nothing but iron lumps as far as the eye can reach. The ore yields 60 per cent, of pig, and is deemed a most superior 
metal. Pilot Knob is 1,500 feet high. Dr. Feuchtwanger estimates the quantity of pig iron embedded in these mountains 
alone at 600,000,000 of tons, enough to supply the world for more than a century. The mines of Elba, of Sweden, or of 
Norway, together, do not contain an amount equal to this. The mines of copper are chiefly found in the south and west 
portions of the mineral region, but exist in other parts. The ore is of every variety and usually very rich. It is found 
in combination with lead and iron, frequently with manganese, cobalt, and nickel, and occasionally with silver. It is 
generally pyritous, but oxydes and carbonates are frequently found. The ores appear as a cement uniting angular frag- 
ments of lime rock farming a breccia, .and much of it is easily removed by a pickaxe alone. As a general thing the 
yield is about 34 per cent, of metal. Hitherto mining for copper has been little attended to, but it is now probable that 
operations will be commenced on a large scale, and as the indications of extensive lodes have been traced for miles, this 
product is destined to be one of the most valuable of the State ; indeed, the copper mines of Missouri arc said to be more 
valuable than even those of Lake Superior. The several metals found in combination with the above, namely, silver, 
zinc, manganese, cobalt, nickel, etc., give an additional value to the mines, and as tin has been found near Caledonia, it 
may be said of Missouri, that no other State or country is richer in metallic wealth, or has better prospects of future pros- 
perity. The substantial wealth of England and Belgium is drawn from their mines, but neither of these countries can 
compare in any one respect with this State. 

Mmerals of the non-metallic kinds are everywhere as abundant as could be desired. The carboniferous limestone 
formation, on which St. Louis is built, and which extends throughout the northern division of the State, forms a beautiful 
and compact building material. Sandstones are abundant, but coarse and loose in texture. The white sandstone of St. 
Genevieve makes superior glass. Porphyries, susceptible of a high polish, are numerous in Southern Missouri, and are 
■well fitted for architectural and oniamental uses. Sienite is also found, and marbles of various textures exist in several 
counties. Gypsum has been discovered in Jackson County ; and in caverns near the Maramec, Current, and Gasconade, 
saltpetre exists in vast quantities. Sulphiite of baryta, or heavy spar, is found in the lead diggings. 

The northern coal measures of Missouri are continuous with those of Illinois ; it is in general called bituminous coal. 
At C6te sans Dessein, however, it assumes the form of cannel. It has been discovered at several distinct points in Colo 
and Callaway counties, and as high as forty miles upon the Osage. Some of its layers are of great thickness, and on dis- 
tillation it yields excellent coke and a gas that burns with a bright and copious flame ; and being destitute of sulphur, it is 
well adapted to furnaces and manufacturing purposes. 

A great variety of clays, useful for economical purposes, are found in different parts. The subsoil of the region around 
St. Louis, abounding as it does in oxyde of iron and alumina, makes brick of a handsome red tint and smooth texture ; it 
is fitted, too, for the manufacture of pottery. Variegated clays are found in the same vicinity. Kaolin, or porcelain clay, 
and pipe clays have been discovered near Caledonia and Cape Girardeau, and delft-ware is manufactured in St. Louis 
from clays obtained near Commerce, in Scott County. 

Except on the prairies, Missouri is well timbered. The river bottoms, in particular, are covered with a luxuriant 
growth of oak, elm, ash, hickory, cotton-wood, and black and white walnut. In the more barren districts are found 
white and pin oak, and sometimes forests of yellow pine. Many of the trees and shrubs met with differ from those found 
in the same latitude in Ohio. The crab-apple, pawpaw, and persimmon are abundant, as also the hazel and pecan. 
Three wild species of grape-vine are common throughout the country. The prairies are clothed in the proper season with 
numerous varieties of flowers, and with a coarse, tall grass, which, either green or cured, is excellent fodder for cattle. 

169 



THE STATE OF MISSOURI. 



The general capacity of the country for agriculture is unsurpassed, and every kind of grain and esculent vegetable, with 
flax and hemp, fin<i in one part or another a congenial soil and climate. Tobacco is also a staple production; and table 
fruits, as the ajiple, pear, peach, nectarine, etc., grow in profusion. As a grazing country, Missouri is one of the best ; the 
prairies are excellent natural pastures, and the business of rearing cattle is almost reduced to the simple operation of turn- 
ing them upon those prairies and letting them fatten until the owner thinks proper to claim the tribute of their hides and 
Other products. Hogs are also raised with great ease in the forests. 
Missouri is divided Into 100 counties, the general statistics of which and the capitals of each, in 1S50, were as follows 



Counties. Uwell. 

Adair 38-3. 

Andrew 1,37T. 

Atchison 291. 

Audrian 49S. 

Barry W4. 

Bates 620. 

Benton 7S9. 

Boone 1,924. 

Buchanan 2,030. 

Butler 265. 

Caldwell 858. 

CaUoway 1,612. 

Camden 860. 

Cape Girardeau 2,108. 

Carroll 770. 

Cass 9.33. 

Cedar 561. 

Chariton 1,096. 

Clarke 805. 

Clay l,.3o2. 

Clinton 560. 

Cole 9S4. 

Cooper 1,717. 

Crawford 994. 

Dade 659. 

Dallas 597. 

Daviess 784. 

DeKalb 388. 

Dodge 57 . 

Dunklin 215 

Franklin 1,925. 

Gasconade 950. 

Gentry 70S. 

Greene 2,046. 

Grundy 477. 

Harrison 387. 

Henry. 561. 

Hickory 364. 

Holt 614. 

Howard 1,6.35. 

Jackson 1,719. 

Jasper. 664. 

Jefferson 1,119. 

Johnson 1,080. 

Knox 427. 

LaClede 385. 

Lafayette 1,459. 

Lawrence 743. 

Lewis 905. 

Lincoln 1,239. 



Pop. 
. 2,342. 
. 9,433. 
. 1,648. 
. 3,506. 
. 8,467. 
. 8,669. 
. 5,015. 
.14,979. 
.12,975. 
. 1,616. 
. 2,316. 
.13,827. 
. 2,833. 
.13,912. 
. 5,441. 
. 6,090. 
. 3,361. 
. 7,514. 
. 5,527. 
.10,3-32. 
. 3,786. 
. 6,696. 
.12,950. 
. 6,397. 
. 4,246. 
. 8,648. 
. 5,293. 
. 2,075. 
. 853. 
. 1,229., 
.11,021. 
. 4,996. 
. 4,248. 
.12,785. 
. 3,006. 
. 2,447. 
. 4,052. 
. 2,829. 
. 3,9.57. 
.13,969. 
.14,000. 
. 4,223. 
. 6,928. 
. 7,464. 
. 2,894. 
. 2,498., 
.18,690., 
. 4,859.. 
. 6,578., 
. 9,421. 



Farms Manuf. p., ■,,,, 

5..Kirksvillo 



cuit. 



. 826.. 
. 873.. 
. 188.. 
. 417.. 

3S9.. 
. 472.. 
. 510.. 
.1,376. . 
.1,258.. 
. 143.. 

232.. 
1,169.. 

214.. 
1,019.. 

883.. 
, 729.. 
, 347.. 
, 659.. 
. 425.. 
, 944.. 
. 834.. 
. 033.. 
,1,064.. 
, 715.. 
. 567.. 

301.. 

342.. 

229.. 
49.. 
76.. 
1,096.. 
, 533.. 
. 444.. 
1,28;3. . 

255.. 
, 141.. 

885.. 

190.. 

305.. 
1,105.. 

986.. 

408.. 

704.. 
, 750.. 

803.. 

238. . 

895.. 

410.. 

443.. 



83.. Savannah 

5.. Linden 
10 . . Mexico 

2..Cassville 

O..Batesville 
10. .Warsaw 
21. .Columbia 
89.. Sparta 

0. .Cane Creek 
7. .Kingston 

83.. Fulton 

CErie 
31.. Jackson 
15..Carrollton 
19. .Harrisonville 

7 . . Fremont 
24..Keytesville 
12.. Waterloo 
42. .Liberty 

criattsburg 
28. . JeffersonCity 
79 . . Booneville 

9..Steelsville 
18.. Greenfield 

3.. Buffalo 

3.. Gallatin 

1. .Maysville 
C. Butler 

2. .Chillitecaux 
82.. Union 

16. .Hermann 

0. .Athens 
50.. Springfield 

5. .Trenton 
0. .Bethany 

11.. Clinton 

6. .Hermitage 
5 . . Oregon 

35.. Fayette 

78. .Independence 

8..Carth.'ige 
12.. Hills boro' 
28 . . Warrcnsburg 

7..Edina 

2..Wiota 
67. .Lexington 

5. .Mount Vernon 
15. .Monticello 
10.. Troy 



Counties. Dwell. 

Linn 625. 

Livingston 653 . 

Macon 1,079, 

M'Donald 371 

Madison 878 

Marion 1,595 

Mercer 412 

Miller 592. 

Mississippi 443 . 

Moniteau 901 

Monroe 1,296, 

Montgomery .... 754 

Morgan 754. 

New Madrid 752 . 

Newton 653. 

Nodaway 825. 

Oregon 252. 

Osage 1,082. 

Ozark 861. 

Perry 1,111. 

Pettis 714. 

Pike 1,071. 

Platte 2,490. 

Polk 907. 

Pulaski 630. 

Putnam 265. 

Ralls 777. 

E.andolph 1,157. 

Ray 1,457. 

Reynokls 293. 

Ripley 445. 

St. Charles 1,633. 

St. Clair 531. 

St. Francois .... 704. 
St. Genevieve .. 814. 
St.Louis County 13,430 . 

Saline 950. 

Schuyler 539. 

Scotland 583. 

Scott 500. 

Shannon 204. 

Shelby 6.32. 

Stoddard 719. 

Sullivan 457. 

Taney 680. 

Texas 394. 

Warren 899. 

Washington 1,291. 

Wayne 699. 

Wright 541. 



Pop. 
. 4,058. 
. 4,247. 
. 6,565. 
. 2,236. 
. 6,003. 
.12,230. 
. 2,691. 
. 3.884. 
. 8,123. 
. 6,004. 
.10,541. 
.. 5,489. 
. 4,650. 
. 5,541. 
. 4,268. 
. 2,113. 
. 1,432. 
. 6,704. 
. 2,294. 
. 7,215. 
. 5,150. 
.18,609. 
.16,845. 
. 6,186. 
. 3,998. 
. 1,657. 
. 6,151. 
. 9,439. 
.10,373. 
. 1,849. 
. 2,830. 
.11,454. 
. 3,556. 
. 4,964. 
. 5,313. 
104,978. 
. 8,843. 
. 8,287. 
. 8,782. 
. 3,182. 
. 1,199. 
. 4,258. 
. 4,277. 
. 2,983. 
. 4,373. 
. 2,812. 
. 5,860. 
. 8,811. 
. 4,518. 
. 3,387. 



Farms 
in cult. 
, 429. 

, 467. 
. 711. 
. 826. 
. 515. 
. 810. 
. 272. 
. 869. 
. 271. 
. 761. 
. 926. 
. 607. 
. 455. 

407. 
, 298. 
. 241. 

180. 

711. 
, 253. 
, 743. 
. 500. 

989. 
1,651. 

543. 
, 471. 
. 202. 

541. 
. 993. 
. 833. 

145. 
. 258. 
,1,035. 
. 327. 
, 437. 

425. 
1,294. 

587. 
, 446. 

3'^. 
. 208. 

152. 

897. 

418. 

.317. 

509. 
, 232. 

744. 

713. 

478. 

371. 



. CLinneua 
. 2..Chillicothe 
. 8 . . Bloomington 
. 42..Rutledge 
. 19..Fredericktowu 
. 76.. Palmyra 
. 8.. Princeton 
. . . Tuscumbia 
. 0.. Ohio City 
. 15.. California 
. 21.. Paris 
. 16. .Danville 
. 12.. Versailles 
. 80.. New Madrid 
. 11 . . Nc<isho 
. 3.. Nodaway 
. 8..Thomasville 
. 9.. Linn 
. 5. .Rockbridge 
. 85.. Perry ville 
. 16. .Georgetown 
. 47. .Bowling Green 
. 64.. Platte City 
. 6.. Bolivar 
. 8..Waynesville 
. 0. .Putnamville 
. 13. .New London 
. 47. .Huntsville 
. 80. .Richmond 
. C.Van Buren 
. 7.. Doniphan 
. 33. .St. Charles 
. 5..0seola 
. 11 . . F.irmington 
. 16.. St. Genevieve 
1,409.. St. Louis City 
. 8.. Marshall 
. 5 . . Lancaster 
. 6.. Memphis 
. 9.. Benton 
. CEminenco 
. 14..Shelbyvillc 
. 2 . . BloomflelJ 
. 5.. Milan 
. 0.. Forsyth 
. 15.. Ellsworth 
. 11 . . Warrenton 
. 41..Poto3i 
. 2 . . Greenville 
. C.Hartsville 



The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 96,849 ; of families, 100,890 ; and of Inhabitants, 
682,043*; viz., whites 592,077— males 312,986, and females 279,091 ; fr. col. 2,544— males 1,338, and females 1 ,206, and si. 87,422. 
Of the whole population there were, deaf and dianh—y/h. 244, fr. col. 0, si. 15— total 259; b!ind—\\h. ISO, fr. col. 3, sL 
28— total 211 ; inmn^—v/h. 271, fr. col. 2, si. 9— total 2S2; and idiotic— v/h. 304, fr. col. 0, si. 29— total 883. The number 
of free persons born in the United States was 520,826, the number of foreign birth 72,474, and of birth unknown 1,.322. 
The native poi>ulation originated as follows: Me. 311, N. Hamp. 304, Verm. 630, Mass. 1,103, R. I. 124, Conn. 742, N. Y. 
6,010, N.J. 8S5, Penn. 8,291, Del. 518, Md. 4,253, Dist. of Col. 238, Virg. 8,357, N. C.-ir. 21,487, S. Car. 27,908, Ga. 17,506, 
Flor. 629, Ala. 34,047, Miss. 638, La. 746, Tex. 248, Ark. 2,120, Tenn. 44,970, Ky. 69.694, Oh. 12,737, Mich. 295, Ind. 12,752, 
III 10,917, Jfi.'i/ioiiri 277,604, la. 1,366, Wise. 123, Territories 80; and the foreign population was composed of persons 
from— England 5,379, Ireland 14,7-34, Scotland 1,049, Wales 176, Germany 44,352, France 2,138, Spain 46, Portugal 11, 
Belgium 58, Holland 189, Turkey 7, Italy 124, Austria 71, Switzeriand 984, Russia 29, Denmark 55, Norway 155, Sweden 



' A census of Missouri, taken under State autliority, for 1852, gave the population at 724,687 — 634,934 whites, 2,528 fr, col., and 87,207 slavea. 

170 



THE STATE OF MISSOURI. 



87, Prussia C97, Sardinia 1, Asia 3, Africa 7, Britisli America 1,053, Mexico 94, Central America 0, South America 20, 
West Indies 50, Sandwich Islands 1, and other countries 954. 

The fiillowing table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the 
United States authorities ; 

Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. 

Census White , ' , Total , • , 

Years. J*ersons. Free. Slave. Total. Population. Numerical. Per cent. 

1810 17,227 607 8,011 3,913 20,845 — — 

1820 56,081 283 10,222 10,505 66,586 45,741 219.6 

1830 114,803 561 25,091 25,652 140,455 73,869 110.9 

1840 323,838 1,574 58,240 59,814 33.3,702 24-3,247 173.2 

1S50 592,078 2,544 87,422 89,966 632,044 298,342 77.8 

The statistics of the wealth, industry, and institutions of the State, as exhibited by the census of 1850, and other official 
documents referring to the same period of time, are as follows : 

Oeciij^ied Lands, etc. — Improved farm lands, 2,924,991 acres, and attached lands unimproved, 6,767,937 acres — valued 
together in cash at .$63,057,482. Whole number of farms under cultivation, 54,45S. Value of farming implements and 
machinery, $8,965,945. 

Zive-Stocl:— Horses, 228,593 ; asses and mules, 41,508 ; milch cows, 228,.553 ; working oxen, 111,263 ; other cattle, 445,615 ; 
sheep, 756,309 ; and swine, 1,692,043— valued in the aggregate at $19,766,851. In 1840, according to the census of that year, 
there were in the State : 196,032 horses, mules, etc. ; 433,875 neat cattle of all kinds ; .348,013 sheep ; and 1,271,161 swine. 

Products of Animals.— \ioo\, 1,615,860 pounds; butter, 7,792,499 pounds; cheese, 202,122 pounds; and the cash 
value of animals slaughtered during the year amounted to $3,349,517. The production of silk cocoons was 186 pounds ; 
and the quantity of beeswax and honey obtained -was 1,827,812 pounds. 

Grain Oops.— Wheat, 2,966,928 bushels ; rye, 44,112 bushels ; Indian com, 86,069,543 bushels ; oats, 5,243,476 bushels ; 
barley, 9,631 bushels ; and buckwheat, 23,590 bushels. The crops of these cereals, aceordfng to the census of 1840, were : 
wheat, 1,037,386 bushels; rje, 68,003 bushels; Indian corn, 17,.382,524 bushels; oats, 2,234,947 bushels; barley, 9,801 
bushels ; and buckwheat, 15,318 bushels. 

Other Food Crops. — Eice, 700 pounds; peas and beans, 45,974 bushels; and potatoes — Irish, 934,627 bushels, and 
Bweet, 332,120 bushels. The potato crop reported in the census of 1840 was 783,768 bushels. 

Miscellaneotis Crops. — Tobacco, 17,100,884 pounds ; hay, 116,743 tons ; clover-seed, 615 bushels; other grass-seed, 4,337 
bushels; hops, 8,130 pounds; hemp — dew-rotted 17,207 tons, and water-rotted 5,-351 tons; flax, 520,008 pounds; flax-seed, 
13,641 bushels; maple sugar, 173,750 pounds ; molasses, 5,686 gallons; wine, 10,563 gallons, etc. The value of orchard 
products was $512,527, and of market-garden products $99,454. In the census of 1840 the production of cotton is noted 
at 121,122 pounds— this crop is not noticed in the census of 1850. 

The following table wUl exhibit the increase of Uve-stock, and of the principal crops in the decade ending 1st June, 1850 : 

staples. 1840. 1850. Increase. 

Wheat 1,037,386 bashels .... 2,966,923 bushels .... 1,929,542 bushels, or 186.0 per cent. 

Indian corn 17,332,524 " .... 86,069,543 " .... 18,737,019 " or 108.1 " 

Oats 2,284,947 " .... 5,213,476 " .... 3,003,529 " or 134.6 « 

Tobacco 9,067,913 pounds .... 17,100,334 pounds ... . 8,032,971 pounds, or 88.6 «' 

Hemp, dew-rotted "] f 17,207 tons "l 

" water-rotted I 18,010i tons ] 5,851 " I 10,705,743 « or 26.5 » 

Flax J I 520,008 pounds J 

Neat Cattle 4-33,875 heads .... 785,436 heads .... 351 ,561 heads, or 81.0 " 

Swine 1,271,161 " .... 1,692,043 " .... 420,832 " or 33.1 " 

Sheep 348,013 " 756,309 " .... 403,291 " or 117.3 " 

Wool 562,265 pounds 1,615,360 pounds 1,053,595 pounds, or 187.4 " 

— furnishing results indicative of the more rapid development of the agricultural interests of the State, than the ratio of 
increase in the population would warrant ; and these results are the more astonishing, when the increase of mining and 
manufacturing interests, which have been relatively extensive, are taken into consideration. 

Home-made maniifacture^i for the year ending 1st June, 1850 were valued at $1,663,016. The same class of goods 
made in 1839-40, were valued at $1,149,544. 

Manufactures.— hgs,rega.iQ capital invested, $9,194,999; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed in the year, 
$12,408,457; average number of hands employed —males and females ; average monthly cost of labor 

$ -male $ and female $ ; total value of products for the year ending 1st June, 1850, $24,250,578. The 

whole number of manufacturing establistiments in the State producing to the value of $500 and upward annuaUy, at the 
above date, was 3,030, and of these two were cotton factories, one a woolen factory, 13 iron manufactories— 6 of castings, 
6 of pig iron, and 1 of wrought iron, and 148 were tanneries. Nearly one-half the total number of establishments are in 
and about St. Louis, where almost every trade and handicraft has gained a footing, while in the interior counties the 
manufactories consist of the kinds usually found in agricultural and mining countries. The total capital invested in manu- 
factories in 1840 was $2,704,405. 

The cotton manufactures employ a capital of $102,000, and consume annually 2,160 bales of cotton, and 1,658 tons of 
coal, valued at $36,446 ; employ 155 hands— males 75, and females 80 ; monthly cost of labor, $1,620 ; products, 13,260 bales 
of batting, and value of entire products, $142,900. 

In the woolen manufacture $20,000 are invested ; 80,000 pounds of wool is used annually ; total value of raw material, 
fuel, etc., $16,000 ; hands employed 25—15 males and 10 females, at a monthly cost amounting to $545 ; products of the 
year, 12,000 yards of cloth, and 6,000 pairs of blankets, valued in the whole at $56,000. 

The iron, manufactures are stated, in the census of 1850, as follows : 

Ma„„r-,M„re, Capital In- Value of Raw Average Hands Monthly Cost Product. Value of Annual 

Manufactures. ^1.^^^^^ Material, etc. Employed. of Labor. Tons. llZi^^^k 

Pig u-on $619,000 $97,367 334 $3,112 19,250 $-314,600 

Cast iron 137,000 133,114 297 5,830 6,200 886,495 

"Wroughtu-on 42,100 24,509 101 3,030 963 68,700 

ITl 



THE STATE OF MISSOURI. 



In 1S40 there were SO men eniiiloyed in the manufacture of iron, anJ tlie capital invested in all iron manufactories 
amounted only to $79,000, and hence the increase has been nearly 1,000 per cent, in the 10 subsequent years. 

The lend mines have been comparatively deserted for the past few years, on account of the miners having gone to Cali- 
fornia, and otiier circumstances. The receipts of lead at St. Louis alone, in 1S50, was 563,300 pigs of 70 pounds, being a 
decrease of 210,109 pigs from the receipts of 1S47. Of the receipts at other ports on tlie Missouri there are no accessible 
reports. 

In tan7)eries the capital invested amounts to $228,095 ; value of hides and skins used, $247,956 ; hands employed, 417 ; 
monthly cost of labor, $8,347 ; sides of leather produced, 241,334, and skins tanned, 44,493 ; value of products, $460,214. 

Foreign Commerce. — Missouri, from its inland position, can never enjoy any large share of direct commerce with foreign 
nations. The U. S. Treasury reports, except for the year 1844, have not mentioned exports being made directly, and for 
that year they were Valued at $293,901 ; but for many years imports, increasing in value year by year, are entered at the 
ports. In 1S50 the imports were valued at $3r)9,643. The value of imports in a series of years, commencing with 1833, 
were as follows : in 1833, $5,881 ; in 1836, $3,227 ; in 1833, $15,921 ; in 1340, $10,600 ; in 1341, $33,375 ; in 1842, $31,137 ; 
in 1344, $120,673; in 1345, $544,291; in 1S46, $73,569; in 1347, $167,195; in 1S4S, $14S,560; in 1349, $130,332; in 1350, 
$359,04;3. The shipping owned in the district, of which St. Louis is the port of entry, amouuted in 1350 to 23,907 tons, all 
employed in the river trade, aud of which 24,955 tons were navigated by steam. During the year ending 30th June, 1350, 
five steamers, with an aggregate tonnage of 1,353 tons, were built in the district. 

Biter and Internal Trade. — Missouri, if shut out from foreign commerce, has a river and internal trade, which 
fully compensates its disadvantages. The Mississippi Eiver forms its great external highway, and the Missouri River, 
with its wide-spreading affluents, gives it access to the interior. On these rivers an immense trade is constantly being 
carried on, St. Louis being the great receiving and distributing dep6t of the State. It would be almost impossible 
to estimate the extent or value of this commerce. In 1351 of steamboats alone 2,641 arrived at St. Louis, and of these 300 
were from New Orleans, 401 from ports on the Ohio River, 634 from the Illinois River, 639 from the Upper Mississippi, 
801 from the Missouri River, 43 from the Cumberland River, 119 from Cairo, and 175 from other ports. These bring aud 
take away the material of a vast trade, and give to St. Louis all the advantages that port could have if near the sea-board. 
But beside these, barges and keel boats navigate all the waters, and perhaps transport an equal amount of merchandise 
■with the steamboats. The whole tonnage entered in the year above named was 683,140 tons. 

Internal Improvem-ents. — Common roads and bridges excepted, Missouri is almost blameless of works of internal im- 
provement. Every other interest of the State is far ahead of this, the most needful to its permanent prosperity. At the 
commencement of 1850 there were only five macadamized roads in. the whole country, and these, all centering at St. 
Louis, only passed a few miles into the interior. The spirit of modern improvement, however, has not slept, nor have 
the people been unmindful of the benefit that the railroad wiU realize to the country. A splendid system of raihoads has 
been provided for, which will carry two lines directly across the State — one from Hannibal, on the Mississippi, to St. Jo- 
sephs, on the Missouri, and the other from St. Louis to the mouth of Kansas Eiver — both intended to be carried ultimately 
to the Pacific Ocean, and from the latter a south-western branch will be built to the borders of Arkansas. From St. Louis 
will also be built a railroad northward and through Iowa to the settlements of Minnesota. Besides these a railroad will 
be built from St. Louis to the Iron Mountain ; and other roads contemplated are the Platte County Railroad, the Lexing- 
ton and Daviess County Railroad, and the Canton and Bloomfield Railroad. The whole length of these railroads pro- 
jected is about 1,200 miles, but less than 40 miles was in use on the 1st January, 1353. The following sums have been 
appropriated by the General Assembly to aid in their construction : for the Hannibal and St. Josephs Railroad, $1,500,000 ; 
the Pacific Railroad and its south-western branch, $4,000,000 ; the North Missouri Railroad, $2,000,000 ; the Iron Mountain 
Railroad, $750,000 ; the Platte County Railroad, $500,000 ; the Lexington and Daviess County Raih-oad, $300,000, and the 
Canton and Bloomfield Railroad, $300,000. The right of way through the public lands is also granted by the General 
Government. With these means and facilities the works ought to progress rapidly to completion. 

Banks. — The Bank of the State of Missouri, at St. Louis, and its branches at Lafayette, Jackson, Lexington, Palmyra, 
and Springfield, were the only banking institutions in operation on the 1st January, 1851, and their aggregate condition 
at that date was as follows: Lialilities—ca\>\\.s\, $1,209,181 (of which $954,205 were owned by the State, and $254,926 by 
individuals) ; circulation, $2,522,500 ; deposits, $1,093,981, and duo other banks, $76,230 ; and— rt«.srf.s .• loans and discounts, 
$3,533,403 ; real estate, $123,928 ; other investments, $273,317 ; due by other banks, $63,028 ; notes of other banks]^37,513 ; 
and specie, $1,193,263. There is a constitutional prohibition against establishing more than one bank, with not more than 
five branches, and the capital is limited to $5,000,000, of which at least one half must be held by the State. 

Government. — The government is based on the constitution "done in convention" on the 12th June, 1820. The right 
of suffrage is enjoyed by every free white male citizen of the United States, twenty-one years old, resident in the State 
one year before the election, and three months in the place where he offers his vote. The general election is held on the 
first Monday in August biennially. 

Legidative power is vested in a General Assembly, composed of a House of Representatives and a Senate. Represent- 
atives, in number not above 100, and chosen in counties every second year, shall be fi-ee white male citizens of the United 
fitates, 24 years of age, inhabitants of the State for two years, and of the county for one year next before the election, and 
shall have paid a tax. Senators, in number not more than 33, nor less than 14, shall have attained the age of 30, and bo 
citizens of the United States, resi<lents of the State four years, and shall be chosen for four years, one half of the senators 
retiring every second year. The General Assembly convenes at JefleTson City on the last Monday in December, biennially. 
No laws shall be passed to emancipate slaves without the consent and payment of their owners, or to prevent immigrants 
Trom bringing with them slaves of the same description with those in the State ; but laws may be passed prohibiting the 
importation of the slaves who have committed a high crime, or as merchandise, slaves, or the oflTspring of slaves, im- 
ported into the United States, and permitting emancipation, saving the rights of creditors. Owners are obliged to treat 
iheir slaves with humanity, and slaves, in criminal cases, shall have a trial by jurj-, and have the same protection in their 
lives and persons as white persons. Free negroes and mulattoes are prohibited from coming into the State. The laws 
of the General Assembly shall be revised and digested every ten years. 

The Governor must be 85 years of age, a native citizen of the United States, or a citizen thereof at the adoption of the 
constitution, or an inhabitant of the terrlt<jry now called MLssouri at the time of its cession, must have resided in the State 
four years next before election, and is chosen for a term of four years, but can not serve two successive terms. The lieu- 
tenant-governor, who is ex-officio president of the Senate, must ha\ e the same qu.alifications, etc., as the governor, and is 
elected at the same time and for the same term. The governor may veto a bill of the General Assembly, but a subsequent 
172 



THE STATE OF MISSOURI. 



majority of both houses makes it law notwithstanding. A vacancy occurring in tlie office of governor, is filled first by 
the lieutenant-governor, and after him by the president of the Senate j/jz-o tempore, and he failing, by the Speaker of the 
Hoase ; but a new election shall be had after three months' notice, unless the vacancy occur witliin IS months of the end 
of the term . 

The principal administrative officers of the State are the Secretary of State, who is also Superintendent of Public Schools 
the Auditor of Accounts, the State Treasurer, tlie Attorney-general, the liegistcr of Lands, the Adjutant-general, Quarter- 
master-general, and Surveyor-general, and the President and Cashier of the Uanlv of the State. 

Thejudicianj consists of a Supreme Court and Circuit Courts, County Courts, Justices' Courts, etc. The mpretne 
court has appellate jurisdiction only. The three judges of this court are elected for six years by the qualified voters of 
the State, and are re-eligible at the expiration of the term. Two sessions arc held annually, one at Jefferson City, and one 
at St. Louis. The attorney-general is fsi<^-offi.cio reporter of the decisions of the court. A circuit court is held twice a 
year in each county ; its jurisdiction extends to all matters of cost and contract over $90, where the demand is liquidated, 
and over Ji50, where the agreement is parole ; and it has exclusive criminal jurisdiction, and a supervision over the county 
courts and justices of the peace, suijject to the correction of the supreme court. The judges of the circuit court are 
elected by the quahfled voters of their respective circuits, and for the term of six years. The jurisdiction of the comity 
co^irts is limited to matters of probate and local county affairs, as roads, etc. A county court sits in each county, and is 
composed of three justices, who are elected by the people, and hold their offices for four years. Appeal lies to the circuit 
court. The county court of St. Louis County is coinposed of seven justices. In addition to the circuit and county courts, 
St. Louis has a Court of Common Pleas, with jurisdiction very similar to the circuit court ; a Criminal Court ; a distinct 
Court of Probate, which relieves the county court from probate duties ; and a Recorder's Court. The judges of the circuit 
and criminal court are elected in the same manner and for tlie same term as the circuit judges. There is also a distinct 
Court of Common Pleas for the city of Hannibal. These are local tribunals, exercising jurisdiction only in their counties, 
except the Recorder's Court of St. Louis, the jurisdiction of which is confined to small offenses, and within the city limits. 
From the Court of Common Pleas and the Criminal Court appeal lies to the Supreme Court, and the judges of the Com- 
mon Pleas are appointed liico the circuit judges, with like tenures. The probate judge is elected by the people of the 
county for four years, and the recorder by the people of the city of St. Louis for two years. 

Amendments to the constitution may be proposed by a vote of two-thirds of the members of the General Assembly, 
and shall be published twelve months before the general election ; and if at the first session thereafter they are confirmed 
by a vote of two-thirds of the members, they become a part of the constitution. 

The militia force of the State, according to the Army Register for 1S50, consists of 61,000 men of aU arms, of which 
8,919 are commissioned officers, and 57,0S1 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the com- 
missioned officers 45 are general officers, 94 general staff officers, 790 field officers, etc., and 2,990 company officers. 

The Siiite institutions for the relief of the unfortunate, are the Lunatic Asylum at Fulton, completed in 1S52, and which 
in that year received twenty-three patients ; and the Deaf and Dumb Asylum at the same place, and yet completed but 
partially, which had seventeen inmates. At St. Louis there are several Ijenevolent institutions, hospitals, etc., which in 
part are supported by the State. 

Stitte Finances, Debt, etc. — The receipts into the Treasury for the two years ending SOth September, 1S50, amounted 
to $7S7,0S3 71, to which must be added balance from the biennial period 1847-48 of $405,404 90— making a total means 
of $1,192,493 61. Expenditures in 1849-50, $532,585 82, leaving a balance of $659,907 79, of which sum $569,036 19 be- 
longs to the revenue fund. The State debt, exclusive of the surplus revenue deposited with the State, was $922,261, which 
was the exact amount of State bonds sold and outstanding. Of these bonds, $34,000 have been redeemed and cancelled 
during the year. The sinking fund, at the date of report, amounted to $9,394 7S, and had claims to $3,497 54, di^^dend3 
not re-invested ; and the State owns bank stock in the Bank of Missouri, amounting to $954,205 22, as follows : Of the 
seminary fund, $100,000; of the State school fund, $575,667 96; of the sinking fund, $6,273 66; and in its own right, 
$272,263 60; but the bank claims a due from the State for money advanced and interest, $124,026 47. The value of aU 
property, real and personal, assessed for taxation in 1850, amounted, according to the State reports, to $98,595,463 — but as 
truly estimated by the census of the same year, to $137,247,707. 

Federal Representation. — In accordance with the act apportioning representation, passed on the 23d May, 1S50, Mis- 
souri sends seven representatives to the Congress of the United States. 

Mhtcation. — The public education is under the charge of the Secretary of State, who is ex-offioio superintendent 
of common schools. The principal of the common school fund amounts to $575,667 96, and has been loaned on bond to 
the State Bank, which pays interest on the amount semi-annually. The proceeds of this are distributed among (he 
counties according to the number of children reported, and this proportion is distributed among teachers therein. There 
is also a seminary fund, amounting to $100,000. Private schools and academies are established throughout the State ; a&4 
besides these there are six collegiate establishments: the Missouri University, the University of St. Louis, St. Vincent's 
College, the Ma.sonic College, St. Charles College, and Fayette College. The statistics of these several establishments in 
1850, were as follows 

Names. Location. Founded 

University of Missouri Columbia. 1840 

University of St. Louis (R. Cath.) .... St. Louis 1832 

St. Vincent's College (R. Cath.) Cape Girardeau 1843 

Masonic College New Palmyra 1831 

St. Charles College (Meth.) St. Charles 1S3T 

Fayette College Fayette — 

There are medical departments attached to both universities ; and besides the above, there are several theological sem- 
inaries in the State. 

Liihrarie-% — One State library, 4,637 volumes ; two social, 5,799 volumes; five college, 18,465 volumes; five students', 
1,605 volumes ; one academic or professional, 500 volumes ; one scientific and historical, 800 volumes ; four public school, 
6,200 volumes— total, 19 libraries, 37,506 volumes. 

Periodical Press. — The whole number of periodicals published in Missouri in 1850 was 74, circulating at each issno 
80,000 copies, or annually 4,675,680 copies. Of this number 16 were whig in politics, 17 democratic, and 41 neutral, or 
papers devoted to religious, literary, scientific subjects, etc., including all the character of which is not named in the 

173 



d. Professors, 


Students. 


Alumni, 


Librariea . 


12 


, . . . 52 ... . 


.... 26 .... 


.... 1,800 


17 


.... 160.... 


....25 .... 


.... 12,000 


10 


— 


.... 85 .... 


5,500 


5 


... 45 .... 


....13 .... 


.... 2,350 


4 


... 20 .... 


. ... 17 ... . 


.... 900 


........ 2 


... 76 .... 


— .... 


— 



THE STATE OF MISSOURI. 



returns; and of the whole number 7 were published daily, issuing 10,SOO copies, or 1,220,400 annually; 3 tri-weekly, 1.200 
copies, or aiuiually 1S7,200 copies ; 3 semi-weekly, 2,200 copies, or annually 22S,S00 copies ; 51 weekly, 66,140 copies, or 
annually 2,919,2S0 coiiies; and 7 monthly, 10,000 copies, or annually 120,000 copies. The Oailies are all published at St. 
Louis— the " Times," the " Intelligencer," the •' Organ and Kevcille," the " Republican," the " Union," and two German 
papers ; the tri-weeklks at St. Louis, and are editions of the dailies, the " Times," the " llcpublican," and the " Union" ; 
the senu-iceekUe)f at St Louis, Independence, and Boon ville ; the iceeklies — 12 at St. Louis, 5 of which are editions of the 
dailies, 1 at Warsaw, 1 at Columbia, 2 at Sparta, 1 at Fulton, 1 at Jackson, 2 at Cape Girardeau, 1 at Brunswick, 1 at 
Liberty, 2 at Jefferson City, 2 at Boonville, 1 at Union, 1 at Hermann, 2 at Springfield, 2 at Fayette, 2 at Glasgow, 1 at 
Independence, 2 at Lexington, 1 at Bloomington, 1 at Palmyra, 2 at Ilaimibal, 1 at New Madrid, 2 at Lf)Uisiana, 2 at 
Weston, 2 at St. Genevieve, 1 at St. Charles, 1 at Oseola, 1 at Paris, 1 at Monticello, and 1 at ChiUicothe ; and the montklies, 
1 at Ilermaiin, the " Licht Freund," a German rationalist advocate, and 6 at St. Louis, the " Valley Farmer," the " St. 
Louis Probe," the " Insurance Reporter," the '' Western Journal," the " Bank Note Detector," and the " Signet." 

Jieliffioics DenomhuUions. — The statistics of the several religious denominations in the State for the year 1S50, according 
to the census, were as follows : 



Denomina- No. of 


Clmrch 


Value of 


Denomina- N'o. of 


Church 


Value of 


Denomina- 


1o. of 


Churck 


Value of 


tioiis. Clitirclies. 


accom. 


Property. 


tions. Churches. 


accom. 


Property. 


; tions. CI 


urchei 




Property. 


Baptist 273 . 


71,S5T . 


$154,480 


Germ'nEef. — . 


— . 


$ - 


R. Catholic 


64 .. 


26,102 .. 


$494,575 


Christian ... 61 . 


19,370 . 


43,210 


Jewish 1 . . 


400 .. 


7,000 


Swedenb"g . 


— . 


— .. 


— 


Congregat'l. — .. 


— . 


— 


Lutheran . . 21 . . 


7,200 .. 


84,560 


Tunker 


— . 


— .. 


— 


Dutch Kef.. — .. 


— . 


— 


Mennonite. 1 .. 


200 . 


420 


Union 


11 .. 


2,350 .. 


0,200 


Episcopal.. 10 .. 


4,200 . 


135,600 


Methodist.. 200 .. 


57,850 .. 


280,245 


Unitarian . . 


2 .. 


2,100 .. 


70,000 


Free 13 . . 


2,350 .. 


4,400 


Moravian. . — . . 


_ .. 


_ 


Universalist 


1 .. 


250 .. 


500 


Friends — .. 


— . 


— 


Presbyter'n. lOS .. 


41,750 .. 


285,970 


Minor Sects. 


17 .. 


5,600 .. 


41,430 



— making a tolal of 773 churches, having accommodation for 241,139 persons, and valued at $1,558,590. Missouri consti- 
tutes a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church ; and also the Roman Catholic dioce-se of St. Louis, in the ecclesiastical 
province of the same name. 

Historical Sketch. — Hernando de Soto may be said to have been the first European that beheld the river Mississippi, 
called by him (April, 1541) on its discovery the Rio Grande. Crossing this stream, probably some 30 miles below Helena, 
in the State of Arkansas, he traversed at the head of his adventurous band a goodly portion of the territory beyond. He 
is thought by some, but without sufficient reason, to have come during his march into the present limits of Missouri. The 
Mississippi was first explored in 1673 by Joliet and Marquette, and more fully in 1682 by La Salle, and by the latter all the 
region between the so-called Illinois country and the Gulf of Mexico was called Louisiana, and declared to be an appen- 
dage of France. From this time settlements began to be made in the valley, advancing from its northern and southern 
extremities into the interior. Canada had long (from 1608) been inhabited by colonists from France ; but not till the begin- 
ning of the eighteenth century was the region borJering on the Gulf alike distinguished. Natchez was settled in 1700, 
New Orleans in 1718, and within a few years the whole territory was protected from Spanish invasion by a chain of f irts 
extending from the lakes to the Gulf. Among these was built in 1719 Fort Orleans, near the mouth of the Osage, not far 
from the present capital of the State. In legal proceedings the region, now known as Missouri, was included by the 
French and Sp.mish in the Illinois country, but popularly and historically it was denominated Upper Louisiana. The 
State of Arkansas was included in the same division. Situated in the central part of the valley, the progress of Missouri 
was not rapid. Its lead mines were worked as early as 1720. In 1755 its oldest town, St. Geuevieve, was founded ; St. 
Louis in 1764; .ind afterward a number of towns in quick succession. Meanwhile (1763) the jurisdiction of the valley 
passed from France to Spain and England, the Mississippi being the dividing line between their respective apportion- 
ments ; and by the same treaty Canada also reverted to England. France, after a violent contest, had been desjjoiled of 
all her territorial possessions in North America. During the contest, numbers of Canadian French emigrated by way of 
the lakes, and going southward located in both Upper and Lower Louisiana. Hence the first important impulse to the colon- 
ization of Missouri, The population of Spanish Louisiana, at the time of the public transfer (1769), was estimated at 
13,340 persons, of whom 5,556 were whites, and the remainder negroes. New Orleans alone contidneil 3,190 souls domi- 
ciliated in 463 dwellings. A river trade had sprung up between the northern and southern portions of the province, and 
the exports at this period amounted to .$250,000 annually. 

The character of the new government W!is conciliating. The laws of Spain were promulgated iis the law of the land. 
The highest tribunal in Louisiana was that of the governor, and in Upper Louisiana that of the Lieutenant-governor. 
The commandants of the various posts in the provinces were the inferior tribunals. Lands were granted liberally to 
colonists, and every facility was given to settlers. Numerous emigrants from Spain flocked into the country. In 1775, 
St Louis, originally a depOt for the fur-trade, had increased in population to 800, and St. Genevieve contained 460 inhab- 
itants. At this time the American Revolution was commencing, and Spain, siding with the English colonists, entered 
into hostilities against England. In Lower Louisiana and Florida the arms of Spain were successful. Meanwhile, St. 
Louis was attacked (178i>) by a body of English and Indians, 1,540 strong, from Michilimaekinac and the southern extremity 
of Lake Michigan. During the siege, which lasted a week, about 60 persons were killed in the town and vicinity, and it 
Is impossible to tell to what extent the enemy might have gone, had not the timely .arrival of General Clarke from Kas- 
kaskia turned the tide of fortune in favor of the settlers. The general peace of 1783 put an end to hostilities. Spam re- 
tained her previous possessions, and received, in addition, the whole of Florida, of which she had been dei)rived 20 years 
before. Great Britain resigned East Louisiana, called also the Illinois country, to the United States, retaining only her 
northern possessions. 

Emigration into Spanish Louisiana began once more on the restoration of peace, and trade and agriculture to flourish. 
The hardy settlers of the western part of the Ignited Stiites now built their cabins in numerous places on the west side of the 
Mississippi. As might have been expected, difficulties soon arose between Spain and the Union. The foreign power be- 
came je.ilous of the increasing greatness of the latter. A dispute relative to the navigation of the Mississippi was settled by 
treaty (20th Oct., 1795), by which Spain granted to the United States free navigation of that river. But Spain never acted 
faithfully in this matter, and threw obstacles in the way of Americans n.ivigalinglhatstrc-am. War, indeed, seemed inevit- 
able, and was only prevented by the ces^sion of Louisiana to France, on the 21st March, 1801, and its disposal by that 
power to the United States on the 30th April, 1803. At the time of this last cession, the province contained 49,500 iuhab- 
174 



THE STATE OF MISSOURI. 



itants, of whom 6,028 were living in Upper Louisiana. The products of its agriculture ia 1802 had been chiefly cottoa 
and sugar — of the former 20,000 bales, and of the latter 5,000 hogsheads. The commerce of New Orleans had become 
extensive ; its exports coming from the province and the western States and territory, and consisting chiefly of flour, pork, 
salt beef, tobacco, cotton, sugar, molasses, peltries, naval stores, etc., amounted to 40,000 tons. The commerce of Upper 
Louisiana was flourishing, and a prosperous trade was already carried on between St. Louis and New Orleans, and with 
the settlements on the Ohio, Cumberland, and Tennessee rivers. The annual crop was about 88,000 minots (264,000 bushels) 
of wheat, 84,000 minots of Indian corn, and 28,627 pounds of tobacco. The mines produced 1,700 quintals of lead, and 
the salines about 1,000 barrels of salt. The fur trade brought in about $70,000. Louisiana henceforth formed part of the 
United States, itself'' an empire," bought, to use the words of Napoleon, " fur a mere trifle." 

The new purchase wa.s immediately divided into the "Territory of Orleans" (since 1812, the St.ate of Louisiana) and the 
" District of Louisiana," erected in 1805 into a territorial government, administered by a governor and judges, under the 
title of "Territory of Louisiana." The seat of the government was St. Louis; its districts, St. Charles, St. Louis, Cape 
Girardeau, New Madrid, and Arkansas. In 1812, on the admission of the present State of Louisiana into the Union, the 
name of this territory was changed to "Missouri Territory." The territory extended from latitude 33° to 41° north, and 
the government became representative. The first governor under the new government was William Clarke. The legis- 
lature consisted of a council of 9 members appointed by the President, and a House of Representatives, one member for 
every 500 free white males, elected by the people. The limits of the Territory on the west were gradually extended by 
treaties with the Indians. People from the western States began to move in from the time of the purchase, so that in 1810 
the population numbered 20,845, of whom all but about 1,500 belonging to Arkansas were settled within the present limit* 
of the State of Missouri. The French settlements were now overrun by Americans from Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, 
etc., and American habits, usages, laws, and institutions soon became prevalent. The original settlers were quicklj 
merged and almost lost among the later and more active population, imtil at length the whole became a homogeneous 
people. Immigration was so rapid, that in 1817 the territory contained 60,000 souls. St. Louis counted at this tin^e 5,000 
inhabitants against 1,000 in 1804. It had already become the emporium of the Upper Mississippi. In 1817, application 
was made by the Assembly to Congress for authority to frame a State constitution preliminary to admission- into the 
Union. A fierce and stormy debate arose at once on the subject in Congress. A powerful party demanded that the new 
States should exclude slavery by their constitutions. The discussion raged for two ye.ars, threatening to tear the Union 
asunder ; at length, however, the debate was stopped by the passage of the compromise resolutions of Mr. Clay, by which 
it was agreed that the institution of slavery should be recognized in Missouri, but in no other new State north of latitude 
36° 30'. The State constitution, somewhat modified since its adoption, was framed by a convention of forty delegates, 
■which met at St. Louis on the 12th June, 1S20, and adopted on the 19th July following The new State was found, by a 
census taken the same year, to contain a population of 66,586, of whom 10,222 were slaves. From this time until the 
present there has flowed a constant tide of immigration from the southern, western, and northern States, and fVom Europe ; 
agriculture and corameroo have more than kept pace with the increase, and mining and manufactures, though not made 
prominent industrial pursuits, have been gradually developed. Few other States, indeed, can boast of so rapid a devel- 
opment of the material resources it may possess, which, though in a great measure duo to the fiicilities afforded by the 
country itself, yet much must be accorded to the enterprise of its hardy, intelligent, and industrious inhaliitant*. 

Succession of Governors. — Territorial Governors: Amos Stoddart, 1804; James Wilkinson, 1805; Meriwether 
Lewis, 1807; William Clark, 1813; and — CoNSTmjTioNAi, Governors: Alexander M'Nair, 1820; Frederick Bates, 1S24 
John Miller, 1828 ; Daniel Dunklin, 18.32; Lilburn W. Boggs, 1836; Thomaa Reynolds, 1340; John C. Edwards, 1844 
Austin A. King, 1848 ; Sterling Price, 1852. 

jErFEESON City, on the south bank of the Missouri River, 143 miles from its mouth, is the political capital of the State. 

175 



THE TERRITORY OE lEBRASKA. 



Nebraska is an unorganized Territory of the United States, occupying all the country below the parallel of 42° north 
latitude to the north boundaries of the Indian Territory, the State of Texas, and the Territory of New Mexico, and extend- 
ing east and west between the Roclcy Mountains, bordering Oregon and Utah Territories, and the western line of tho 
States of Iowa and Missouri. The area of this immense region is estimated at 136,700 square miles. 

Across this Territory flow several of the great rivers of the Continent — the Nebraska, or Platte, from which the Territory 
takes its name, the Kansas and its wide-spreading tributaries, the Arkansas, etc. The Missouri Kiver forms a great part 
of its eastern boundary, and is the common recipient of the rivers above named, cxc«pt tho Arkansas. The Nebraska 
rises by two forks in the Rocky Mountains, and these uniting in latitude 41° 05' 05" N., and longitude 101° 21' 24" W., flow 
in a united stream to a confluence witli the Missouri, In latitude 41° 03' 13" N., or about 620 miles above the entrance 
of the latter into the Mississippi, and 52 miles below Council Bluffs. It has few tributaries, and none of any great size; 
the principal are Elkhorn River, Loup Fork, and Wood River on tlie north, and Saline River on the south. It is from 
one to three miles broad, and so shallow, that, excepting in high flood, it is fordable in almost any part. It is full of 
Islands covered with cotton wood, willows, and shrubs, and the shifting sands in its bed, together with the rapidity of its 
current, etfectually prevent navigation. Colonel Long estimates that only 40 miles of its lower course are open to steam- 
boat navigation. The north fork of the river rises in the same region as the Colorado of the West, about 40° 30' N., and 
having received Sweet-water River and other aflluents in its course northward, breaks through the main range of the 
Rocky Mountains, and flows thence in a direction E. S. E., and the South Fork rises near the sources of the Arkansas, 
and flows E. N. E. to the junction. The great emigrant* route to Oregon, Utah, and California, follows this river and its 
North Fork— the Fremont route of 1S43 takes the South Fork. The Kansas River meets the Missouri in 390 06' 03" north 
latitude, and 94° 32' 54" west longitude, nearly equidistant between Fort Leavenworth and Independence. It is naviga- 
ble for steamboats for 150 miles from its mouth, and its width at its entrance into the Missouri is 340 yards. The sources 
of this river are near tlie eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, between the Nebraska and Arkansas, and the distance 
between its two forks — the Republican and Smoky Hill forks— is at least 120 miles through the greater part of their 
course. Republican Fork rises in a considerable lake in latitude 39° 52', and longitude 103O 30', and Smoky Hill Fork 
rises in the mountain region eastward of the South Park ; the junction is made near tlie meridian of 96° 30'. These, as well 
as the main stream, receive numerous large tributaries, which drain at least one half the Territory. The Arkansas rises to 
the south of South Park and Pike's Peak, near the sources of the Rio Grande del Norte, and has a general east course, 
forming in part the north boundary of the Indian Territory, and then taking a course to the south-east, it passes through 
that country to the Mississippi, wliich it strikes on the parallel of 83° 40', and is navigable for steamboats 603 miles from 
its confluence. This river was formerly the boundary between the Mexican Republic and the United States, westward 
of the 100th meridian ; but by tho recent changes in the political divisions of the country, the whole length from that point 
has been thrown into the present Territory of Nebraska. 

The whole of this country is yet in its primitive wilderness state. Little or nothing is known of its topography, and tha 
delineations on maps are but the isolated reminiscences of travelers and traders. The red man still roams over its prairies 
and mountains in quest of game and plunder ; and as the ocean to the sea-farer, so its wilderness to the emigrant, it is 
only traversed as the highway to countries beyond its limits. The great features of the Territory, however, are known ; 
in the east it is chiefly prairie, and in the west are the outliers of the Rocky Mountains, which rise up in grandeur and 
m.ijesty, forming the water-shed between the mighty rivers that drain the western portion of the Central Valley and the 
Pacific slope of the Continent. The central portions are unprofitable, irreclaimable wUdemess, with scarcely an oasis to 
relieve the monotony of its dreariness ; it is the great American Desert, in crossing which the way-farer has more to dread 
than the mariner that dares the deep, not only on account of the inhospitable character of the country, but also from the 
hostilities of the native savages besetting his path and seeking his destruction. Thousands have perished under the rifle 
and tomahawk, and at every step the grave of some unfortunate gives warning of dangers to be avoided, or tells of the 
Bufferings endured by the hardy men whose tracks are the tide-marks of empire flowing to its western destination. 

Nebraska, with the exception of a small strip on its southern border, south of the Arkansas, was a portion of the 
Louisi-ana purchase, and came into the possession of the United States in 1S03. It has never received as yet any white 
settlers, except those engaged in the service of tho United States as Indian agents and military occupants, or missionaries 
of tho several Christian denominations. Fort Leavenworth and Council Bluffs are within this Tenitory — the first a 
military station, established for the surveillance of the Indians, and the latter an Indian agency. But It is now proposed 
to organize the Territory, and prepare it for the emigrant For this purpose, a bill was introduced into Congress as early 
as 1S45, but was not acted upon ; and another bill was brought forward in 1S53, with tho like result. The day, however 
is not far distant when the white settlements will break through their present limits, the Indian be driven back, and the 
portions of the country in the immediate Valley of the Missouri be opened to the enterprising pioneer. Whither will 
the Indian retreat, and what his destiny before the tide of civilization ? The past and present will answer for the future. 

"■ For a minute description of this route, tlie reader is referred to " Horn's Overland Guide to California," published by J. H. Coltim, No. 86 
Cedar-street, New York, 1853. Refer, also, to Fremont's Reports. 

176 



THE STATE OE NEW HAMPSHIRE. 



New HAMPSimiE is situated between 43° 41' and 45° 11' latitudes north, and between 70° 40' and 720 28' longitudes, 
west from Greenwich, or between 4° 34' and 6° 22' east from Washington. It is lx)unded on the north by Lower Canada, 
on tlie east by the State of Maine and the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the State of Massachusetts, and on the east by 
that of Vermont, from whleli it is separated by the Connecticut Eiver. From north to south its length is 168 miles, and 
its width, from east to west, from 90 to 20 miles, its form tapering toward the north. It contains an area of 9,280 square 
miles. 

New Hampshire has a sea-coast of but IS miles in length. The shore is little otherwise than a sandy beach, bordered in 
front by salt marshes, and indented by creeks and coves, which form, however, eligible harbors for small craft. Behind 
there is a narrow, level, or gently undulating tract of 25 or 30 miles in width, and beyond this zone the general siirfacf 
becomes mountainous, principally in the north, the hills increasing in height as they recede from the sea, until they swell 
to the lofly grandeur of the "Wliite Mountains. This range, which may be considered as a continuation of the AUeghanies, 
enters New Hampshire between the Connecticut and Merrimac rivers, and of which the Grand Monadnock, 3,254 feet in 
height, Sunapee, 4,036 feet, and Moosheloc, 4,636 feet, appear to be links, reaches its greatest elevation in Mount Washing- 
ton, the summit of wliich is 6,428 feet above the level of the sea, and the highest culmination east of the Rocky Mountains. 
The other principal peaks in this range, fur as such it may be described, although it is not always continuous, are : Mount 
Adams, 5,960 feet ; Mount Jefferson, 5,800 feet ; Mount Madison, 5,620 feet, Mount Monroe, 5,510 feet ; Mount Franklin, 
B,C50 feet, and others little inferior in elevation, and the Kearsarge Mountains rise to the height of 2,480 feet. These 
mountains are composed of luige rocks of granite and gneiss, and round their bases are forests of heavy timber, which is 
succeeded by a belt of stunted tir trees, from 10 to 15 feet high, above this a growth of thick bushes, and farther up the 
surface is covered with a dark pall of mosses and lichens. The snow lies on their summits for nine or ten months of the 
year, giving them the appearance from which they take their name. The " Notcli" is a remarkable chasm two miles in 
length, and where narrowest it is only 22 feet wide. It is the only pass through the great mountain barrier. Through 
tlie high, steep precipices,whieh form its walls, flows one of the head branches of the Saco River, and in its course receiving 
the waters of several cascades which leap down the declivities. This stream, after a heavy liiU of rain, becomes fearfully 
Bwollen, and frequently at such times sweeps away all opposing obstacles, and fills the valley with ruin. In 1836, a 
violent rain storm caused a slide of earth, rocks, and trees, which choked up the streams, and flooding the country, 
spread desolation far and wide, and in the general confusion a family of eleven persons, residing at the Notch House, were 
overwhelmed. 

The general slope of the State is from north to south, and in that direction the principal rivers flow, following the courses 
of the local valleys. The slope toward the Connecticut valley is short and precipitous, and in this dh-ection the only 
streams of consequence are the Ammonoosuc and Ashuelot. The Androscoggin passes through the north-eastern part of 
the State, but this is properly a river of Maine. The Piscataqua, the only considerable river that has its whole course 
within the State, is formed by the junction of Salmon Falls and Cocheco rivers from the north, and se\'eral smaller streams 
from the west, and it is only from this junction to the sea, a distance of ten miles, that it bears the name of Piscataqua. 
At its mouth is the harbor of Portsmouth, one of the finest in the United States. The Merrimac rises in the White 
Mountains, not far distant from the sources of the Saco, and running south through the centre of the State, passes into 
Massachusetts, where it tarns and runs in a north-easterly direction, and falls into the Atlantic. The principal tributaries 
of the Merrimac are from the west, the Nashua, which, after bending beyond the State line, again enters New Hampshire, 
and empties itself in the town of Nashua ; the Contoocook, which empties itself at Concord, and Baker's River, which 
rises in Moosheloc Mountain, and empties itself at Plymouth ; and from the east the principal tributaries are Winnipiseogee 
River, (he outlet of the lake of the same name, and Squam River, which is the outlet of Squam Lake. None of the 
rivers of New Hampshire, however, are much used for navigation, but afford the best of mill-sites. 

It is estimated that 110,000 acres of the surface of this State are covered with water. Lake Winnipiseogee (Win-ne-pe- 
sok-ee, I)u7kin) is the most extensive sheet of water within its limits. It is 23 miles in length, and from 2 to 10 in breadth. 
Upward of 860 islands are sprinkled over its bosom, and its shores are indented by numerous bays formed by gentle 
swells of land projecting into the lake and rising gracefully from its waters. It abounds in fish, and its waters are remark- 
ably pure. Being on the route to the White Mountains, it is much \isited by travelers, and a steamboat is employed on the 
lake during the summer season. Lake Umbagog, on the eastern State line, and others in the south and west, are smaller 
but all have attractive scenery, and are the recipients and outlets of sever,al streams. 

Ofl' the coast are the Isles of Shoals, seven in number, which belong partly to Maine and partly to New Hampshire (see 
Maine). They lie about eight miles out to sea, between Portsmouth and Newburyport, and are hardly more than a 
cluster of rocks rising above the water. For more than a century before the Revolution they were quite populous, con- 
taining at one time 600 inhabitants, who found there an advantageous situation for carrying on the fisheries. To this day 
the best cod are those known under the name of Isles of Shoals sun-flsh. From 3,000 to 4,000 quintals were once annually 
taken and cured here, but the business has of late years declined. 

New Hampshire has been called the " Switzerland of America." Its scenery is full of grandeur and wild magnificence. 

L 177 



THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 



From the lofty suraniita of its nigged mountains the eye surveys one of the wildest, and at the same time enchanting, 
countries of the world, and is never drowscil by monotony. liocks piled on rocks, clothed in gigantic forest growths and 
Bhrubs, placid lakes embosoming countless verdant islets ; pleasant valleys and farm lands in the highest state of cultiva- 
tion, sui'eessively greet the eye, while the foaming cataract and leaping cascade, now rushing down the slopes .ind dashing 
to the vales, and now reposing into the gently gliding streams, and anon swelling into rivers, coursing like molten silver 
through the plains, and winding their way to the sea, enchant the seizes and cheat the mind of its cares. From Mount 
Washington the prospect is nolile and extensive, only bounded on the one hand by the dim distance of the ocean, and on 
tlie other by the blue horizon resting on the green base of the land. From Monadnock and M<io^heloc, and many of the 
other higher elevations, the scenery is not less alluring. Nor is that of the lakes inferior. Surrounded by forost-elad hills, 
these be.iutiful basins interspersed with islets, and reflctting from their glassy bosoms the bright blue sky, and the neigh- 
boring slopes, are truly a feature of loveliness, and well might the Indian, charmed by the beauties of the scenery around 
Winnipiseogee, call it "The smile of the Great Spirit" Umbagog, Sunapee, and others, have their charms; they are 
emaller, indeed, but all are highly picturesque, and abound with the most lovely scenery. 

The mineral resources of New Hampshire are by no means insignificant The recent geological survey by Dr. Charles 
F. Jackson, one of the most scientific geologists of New England, has resulted In many highly valuable discoveries. His 
examinations have brought to light the existence of several beds of iron, and a valuable one of limestone, not hitherto 
known, which will prove sources of great wealth to the State. Iron exists in almost every county. The ore beds that 
have been chiefly worked are at Franconia and Lisbon, in the northerly part of the State, and these are considered as 
among the richest in the United Slates, the ores yielding from 60 to 70 per cent of metal. Ores of copper are found also 
at Franconia, Warren, Eaton, and other places, which want only a judicious investment of capital and labor to develop 
their treasures. The zinc ore mines of Warren are described as abounding and rich, and a very rich mine of tin ore has 
been discovered in the town of Jackson, near the foot of the White Mountains, which promises to yield from 40 to 60 per 
cent in pure worked metal. This is the first valuable tin mine that has been discovered in the United States. In the 
town of Eaton there are also extensive deposits of ores of zinc and lead, mixed in some of the shale with veins of silver, 
the amount of which is suflScieutly great to allow of its being profitably separated. 

There is no State which possesses greater quantities of granite, suited to the purposes of architecture, than New Hamp- 
shire. At various points on the very margins, or near the banks of the Merrimac and Connecticut, are found immense 
and apparently exhaustless ranges of this stone. It is of the best texture and color, and capable of yielding blocks of any 
required size. Marble is also abundant, as also most of the rocks attributed to the primary era. 

The soils of New Hampshire are generally of a stubborn nature, and not of the most fertile description. They require 
considerable labor to make them moderately productive; those of the intervals are the most profitable, and are moder- 
ately rich. All, however, yield well to the industry applied to them, and under proper management, the natural ruggedness 
of the country has been converted into a garden-like scene. The climate Is somewhat colder than that of Maine, and 
more steady ; the difference of elevation, however, decides the prevailing temperature, and in some cases the difTerence 
between that of the base and summit of the mountains is from 18° to 25°. The temperature of the summer is great, and 
aometuncs rises to 100° Fahr. In the winter season it has been known to sink so low as to freeze the mercury in the 
tube. These extremes, however, seldom occur, and are of short duration. In the neighborhood of the White Mountains^ 
the peaks of which are almost always capped in snow, the winters are excessively cold. No part of the Stale, however, is 
unhealthy, but on the contrary, many instances of longevity are recorded, and it is no unusual thing to find persons enjoying 
good health at the patriarchal age of 100 years and upward. William Perkins, of New Market, died in 1732, at 116 ; AVilliam 
Scory, of Londonderry, in 1754, at 110 ; Robert Metlin, in 1785, at 115 : Samuel Welch, of Bow, in 1823, at 113 ; and more 
recent instances are not wanting. In 1S40 there were living in the State 10 persons of 100 years of age and upward, and 
in 1850, 13 persons. The cold weather sets in about the middle of September, and continues till May ; the severity of win- 
ter, however, does not commence before November, from which time to the opening of the spring season, the country is 
clothed in a thick mantle of snow, and the rivers are frozen to their sources. 

The natural growths of the country are various kinds of useful timber, as oak, j>ine, hemlock, ash, beech, and birch; 
and these in former times constituted the chief merchantable products of the region, and when formed into masts, staves, 
planks, boards, etc., were largely exported. The sugar-maple is also abundant, and the pitch-yielding pine. Wolves, 
bears, and other fur-bearing animals are still found in the State, and although a boimty has long been paid by the govern- 
ment for their destruction, the farmers continue to complain of their visits. The rivers and lakes are well stored with fish, 
and wild fowl and game are plentiful in all parts. 

New Hampshire is divided into 10 counties and 243 townships, the general statistics of the counties and the capitals 
of each, in 1850, were as follows : 



Counties. Dwell. Pop. j^/'™' ^n^b. Capitals, 

Belknap 3,4.36. . .17,721 . . .2,438. . .163. . . .Gilford 

Carroll 3,724. . .20,156. . .2,805. . .135. . . .Ossipee 

Cheshire. . . .5,302. ..30,144. ..2,805. . .377.... Keene 

Coos 2,114. ..11,853. . .1,489. . . 69. . . .Lancaster 

Grafton 7,898. . .42,ai3. . .5,063. . .421. . -j pi^n^^'^f^ 



_, . -r, ,1 Ti Farms Manuf. -, ., , 

Countie?. Dwell. Pnp. / ^.^^ jjjab. Ca]Mtal,«. 

Hillsboro' 9.939. . .57,477. . .3,675. ..399. . . .Amherst 

Merrimac 7,400. . .08,445. . .3,220. . .215 Concobd 

Eockingham. .9,113. . .50,986. . .3,811 . . .934. . i pi^r^^^uth 

Strafford 4,764. . .29,364. . .1,844. . .894. . . .Dover 

Sullivan 3,649. . .19,375. . .2,129. . .141. . . .Newport 

The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 57,339, of families 62,287, and of inhabitants 317,864, 
dz., whites 31 7,.389— males 155,902, and females 161,487; free colored 475— males 143, and females 232. Of the whole 
population, there were deaf and dumb— -wh. 163, fr. col. 0— total 163; llind—v/h. 1.34, fr. col. 2— total 136; insan-e—wh. 
385, fr. col. 0— total 385 ; and idiotic— y/h. 343, fr. col. 4— total 352. The number of free persons born in the United Slates, 
was 304,227; the number of foreign birth, 12,571 ; and of birth unknown, 178. The native population originated as 
follows: Maine 9,636, A'ejo Hampshire 261,591, Verm. 11,250, Mass. 18,495, K. I. 364, Conn. 1,105, N. York 1,171, N. Jer. 
49, Penn. 148, Del. 10, Md. 84, Dist of Cot 14, Virg. 48, N. Car. 10, S. Car. 21, Ga. 16, Flor. 1, Ala. 13, Miss. 9, La. 9, Tex. 
2, Ark. 8, Tenn. 8, Ky. 11, Ohio 66, Mich. 48, Ind. 20, 111. 31, Mo. 12, la. 4, Wis. 10, Calif. 1, Territories 2; and Vh<y foreign 
population was composed of persons from— England 1,4G9, Ireland 8,811, Scotland 467, Wales 11, Germany 147, France 
69, Spain 8, Belgium 0, Holland 1, Italy 0, Austria 1, Switzerland 9, Denmark 3, Norway 2, Sweden 12, Prussia 2, Asia 4, 
Africa 3, British America 2,501, Mexico 5, Central America 0, South America 31, West Indies 17, Sandwich Islands 8, and 
other countries 7. 

178 



THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 



The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the Slate, taken by the 
United States authorities : 

Colored Persons. ' Decennial Increase. 
Census White , ■ ^ Total , > . 



Years, Persons. Free. .Slave Total. Population. Numerical. Percent. 

1790 141,111 630 158 7SS 141,899 — — 

1800 182,878 856 8 864 18.3,762 41,863 29.5 

1810 213,-S90 970 — 970 214,360 30,598 16.6 

1820 243,236 925 — 925 244,161 29,801 13.9 

1830 268,721 604 3 607 269,.328 25,167 10.3 

1840 284,036 587 1 538 284,574 15.246 5.6 

1850 817,-389 475 — 475 317,864 83,290 11.16 

The stiitistics of the wealth, productions, manufactures, and institutions of New Hampshire, as ascertained by the 
census of the Slate, talcen in 1850, and other official reports referring to the same year, are as follows: 

Occupi-ed Lands, etc.— Ira'provcA lands, 2,251,488 acres; and unimproved lands, 1,140,926 acres — valued in cash at 
$55,245,997. "Whole number of farms under cullivation, 29.229. Value of farming implements and machinery, $2,314,125. 

Li re- Stock.— llonas, 34,238; asses and mules, 19; miloh cows, 94,277; working oxen, 59,027; other cattle, 114,606; 
sheep, 884,756 ; swine, 63,487— valued in the aggregate at .$8,871,901. The returns of 1840 exhibited tlic live-stock as 
follows : Horses, mules, etc., 43,892 ; neat cattle of all descriptions, 275,562 ; sheep, 617,390; and swine, 121,671. 

Products of Animah.— 'Woo], 1,364,034 (in 1840, 1,260,517) poimds; butter, 6,977,056 pounds; cheese, 3,196,563 pounds; 
and the value of animals slaughtered in the year, $1,522,873. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 4,191 (in 
1840, 419}) pounds, being two-sevenlhs the whole product of the United States ; and beeswax and honey to the amount 
of 117,140 pounds. 

Grain Crops. — Wheat, 185,658 bushels; rye, 183,117 bushels; Indian corn, 1,573,670 bushels; oats, 973,-381 bushels; 
barley, 70,256 bushels; and buckwheat, 65,265 bushels. Tiie crops of 1839, according to the census of 1840, were as 
follows: "Wheat, 422,124 bushels; rye, 303,143 bushels; Indian corn, 1,162,572 bushels; oats, 1,296,114 bushels ; barley, 
121,899 bushels ; and buckwheat, 105,103 bushels. 

Ot?i,er Food Crops.— Veas and beans, 70,856 busliels ; and potatoes, Irish, 4,804.919 bushels. The potato crop of 1339^0 
amounted to 6,206.606 bushels. 

^li^ceUaneou.i Crops. — Tobacco, 50 pounds; hay, 598,854 (in 1840, 496,107) tons; clover-seed, 829 bushels; other 
grass-seed, 8,071 busliels; hops, 257,174 (in 1840, 243,425) pounds; flax, 7,652 pounds; flax-seed, 189 bushels; maple 
sugar, 1,294,863 pounds; molasses, 9,811 gallons; wine, 344 gallons, etc. Value of orchard products, $248,563; and of 
market-garden products, $56,810. 

Home-made Mamifactures were produced in the year ending 1st June, 1850, to the value of $39.3.435. 

Manufactures. — Aggregate capital invested, $18,242,114; v:due of all raw material, fuel, etc., 12,745,460; hands 
mployed — males, and females ; monthly cost of labor, $ ; entire v-alue of products. $23,164,503. The 

capital employed in manufaeUires in 1840, was $9,252,448. The whole number of manufacturing establishments pro- 
ducing to the value of $5«'0 and upward annually, on the 1st .June, 1850, was 3,301 ; and of this number 44 were cottou 
factories, 61 woolen factories, 163 tanneries, and 29 iron manufactories — 26 making castings, 1 pig iron, and 2 wrought 
iron. The following are the general statistics of these several manufactures : 

In the cotPin manufacture a capital of $10,950,500 is invested, and hence in this interest New Hampshire is second 
only to Massachusetts, and equal to one-seventh the aggregate of Ihe United States. It consumes annually 83,026 bales 
of cotton, and 7,679 tons coal, valued together at $4,839,429, and employs 12,122 hands— 2,911 males and 9,211 females, at 
a monthly cost of $199,844— to males $75,713, and to females $124,181. The annual products are 113,106,247 yards of 
sheeting, etc. and 149,700 pounds of yarn— valued at $8,8.30,619. In 1840— capitiil invested, $5,523,200; hands, 6,991 ; 
value of products, $4,142,.304. 

The u'ooh'ti manufacture employs a capital of $2,437,700 ; wool consumed, 3,604,103 pounds ; and coal, 3,600 tons- 
valued at $1,267,.329; hands, 2,127— males 926, and females 1,201; monthly cost of labor, .$38,628— male .$21,177, and 
female $17,451 ; annual products, 9,712,840 yards of cloth, and 165,200 pounds yarn— together valued at $2,127,745. In 
1840- capital, .$740,345; hands, 893; value of products. $705,784. 

Tanneries use a capital of $ 141,976 ; value of all raw material, $543,779 ; hands, 502 ; monthly cost of labor, $11,737 ; skins 
tanned, 109,595, and sides of leather tanned, 333,158 ; value of products, $900,421. In 1840, capital $386,402 ; hands, 776. 

The statistics of the iron manufacture are as follows : 

Specifications. Pig Iron. Cast Iron. Wrought Iron. Total. 

Capital invested dollars... 2,000 232,700 4,000 2-36,700 

Iron ore used tons 500 — — 500 

Other iron used " — 6,673 145 6,318 

Mineral coal consumed " — 1,680 — 168 

Coke, charcoal, etc " 50,000 20,500 50,000 120,.500 

Value of .ill raw material dollars... 4,900 177,000 5,600 187,560 

Hands employed number.. 10 374 6 890 

Monthly cost of labor dollars... 180 12,-361 192 12,7.33 

Iron annually made tons 200 5,764 110 6,074 

Value of all products dollars. . . 6,000 871,710 10,400 388,110 

Besides the above principal manufactures, there are in New Hampshire a great vari#ly of others, less conspicuous, 
Ifldeed, but which m the aggregate are little less valuable. Among these may be mentioned her numerous grist and saw- 
mills, her carriage factories, paper-mills, powder-mills, machine-shops, hardware, cutlery, etc., factories, etc. 

Commerce, Navigation^, etc.— 'New Hampshire, in the year ending 30th June, 1850, exported to foreign countries, pro- 
duce and merchandise to the value of $8,927, and imported to that of $49,079. Of the exports, $8,722 was the value of 
domestic produce— in American vessels $2,835, and in foreign vessels $5,837, and $205 was the value of foreign produce 
re-exported; and of the imports, $19,962 was the value of goods carried in American vessels, and $29,117 that of goods 
carried in foreign vessels. The entrances and clearances for the same year were as follows : 

179 



THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 



EXTRAXCES. 
Natinnality. Vessels. Tonnage. 

American 9 3,572 

Foreign 101 7,47'2 



Total. 



110 



11,044 



Crew a. 

. 131 
. 512 

643 



CLEAKANCK3. 

Nationaliljr. Vessels. 

American 5 ... 

Foreign 102 ... 



Total 



107 



Tonnage. 

. 6S2 . 
. 7,531 . 

8,213 



Crews. 

34 

. 517 

651 



This commerce belongs to the port of Portsmouth, the only port of entry in the State, The great bulk of the commercial 
material of New Hampshire is cnrrieJ to Boston for exportation, and it.s foreign supplies are chiefly brought through the 
same channel. The following table will exhibit the variations of the imports and exports for a series of years: 



Year, Exports. 

1791 $142,859 

1792 181,413 

1793 198,204 

1794 153,860, 

1795 229,427 

1796 375,161 

1797 275,840 

1798 861,453, 

1799 861,789 , 

ISOO 431,836 

1801 555,055 

1802 565,394 

1803 494,620 

1S04 716,091 

1805 608,408 

1806 795,263 

1807 680,022 

1803 125,059 . 

1809 286,505, 

1810 234,650 . 



Imports. 



Vear. Exports, Imports. 

1811 $368,863 $ 

1S12 203,401 

1813 29,996 

1S14 87,.3S7 

1S15 109,782 

1S16 140,293 

1S17 197,424 

1S18 180,645 

1819 157,919 

1S20 240,800 

1821 260,766 850,021 

1S22 199.699 33ii,052 

lS-23 237,705 571,770 

1S24 185,883 245,513 

1S25 19S.0SO 331.244 

1826 167.075 348,609 

1S27 177,398 .302,211 

1828 124,433 299.849 

1S29 10.5,740 179,889 

1830 96,184 130,828 



Year. 

1831 . . 

1832 . . 

1833 .. 
ISU . . 
1S;35 . . 
1S.36 . . 
1837 .. 
1888 .. 

1839 . . 

1840 .. 

1841 . . 

1842 . . 

1843 . . 

1844 .. 

1845 .. 

1846 .. 

1847 .. 
1843 . . 

1849 . . 

1850 . . 



Exports. 


Imports. 


$111,222 ... 


. . . $146,205 


115,.582 ... 


... 115,171 


1.55,258 . . . 


... 107,754 


79,656 . . . 


... 118,695 


81,681 . . . 


.. 71,.514 


16.520 . . . 


. . . &4.a54 


34,641 . . . 


. . . 81.4-34 


74,670 . . . 


... 169,985 


81,944 ... 


... 51,4iJ7 


20,979 . . . 


... 114,647 


10,343 . . . 


. . . 73.701 


2S.547 . . . 


. . . 60,431 


44,774 . . . 


8,289 


6,684 . . . 


. . 81,420 


2,384 . . . 


. . . 22,639 


5,072 . . . 


. . 16,485 


1,690 . . . 


. . 16,935 


S,24;3 . . . 


. . . 61,803 


5,878 . . . 


. . 64,851 


8,927 . . . 


. . . 49,079 



The total shipping owned in the State at the date rcfen-ed to amounted to 23,096: registered shipping, 14,979 tons; 
enrolled and licensed, 7,893 tons ; and licensed (under 20 ton boats), 224 tons. ITie proportion of the enrolled and licensed 
tonnage employed in the coasting trade was 4,025 tons, in the cod fishery 2,664 tons, and in the mackerel fishery 1,204 
tons. The shipping built in the State during the year consisted of 8 ships and 2 schooners, with an aggregate burden of 
6,914 tons. 

Internal Improvement. — ^New Hampshire has completed a fine system of railroads, the principal lines being in a 
N. W. and a S. E. direction^ or between the Atlantic sea-board at Boston and Portsmouth, and the Connecticut River, 
where connection is made with the Vermont lines to Lake Champlain and Canada. The great Atlantic and St. Lawrence 
Kailroad also traverses the State in the North section. Most of the lines in the southern part of the State centre at 
Concord, the capital, and thence diverge in every direction. The total length of completed railroad in the State, on the 
1st of January, 1853, was 480 miles, or 1 mile to every 17 square miles of territory, or to every 002 inhabitants. 

Bankn, etc. — There were 22 banks in the State, in December, 1850, the condition of which was as follows: Liahilities — 
capital, $2,375,900 ; circulation, $1,897,111 ; and deposits, $566,634 ; and rt.s«ffe— loans and discounts, $3,821,120 ; real estate, 
$43,670 ; due by other banks, $477,453 ; notes of other banks, $91,444 ; and specie, $129,399. Thirteen savings" institutions 
at the above date had deposits to the amount of $1,641,512. 

Government. — The constitution of 1784, as amended in 1792, is the fundamental law of the State. A new constitution 
was framed by a convention in 1850, but was subsequently rejected by the people. 

The n'(/ht of suffrage is secm'ed to every male inhabitant 21 years old, excepting paupers and persons excused from 
paying taxes at their own request. The general election is held on the 2d Tuesday in March annually. 

The General Coxtrt consists of a House of Representatives and a Senate. Representatives shall have resided for the 
last two years in the State, shall have an estate valued at $100 (at tlie rate of six shillings and eight ponce the ounce of 
silver), one-half thereof to be freehold within their district, and shall be inhabitants of their district. Every town of 150 
rateable polls, 21 years old, may choose 1 representative, and every 300 such polls adilitional shall entitle the town to an- 
other representative. There are also classed towns, and towns allowed by special act to send representatives. The Senate 
consists of 12 members, who must be 80 years old, inhabitants of the State for seven years, and seizcil of a freehold of 
$200 value within the State. Senatorial districts, 12 in number, shall be set off " according to the proportion of public 
taxes paid by the said districts." In case of a vacancy in a senatorial district, one of the two candidates having most 
votes in the district shall be chosen by the legislature on joint ballot. The legislature thus constituted meets on the 1st 
Monday of June annually. * 

The Executive Council consists of 5 councilors, and is elected annually by the people. Councilors must be 30 years of 
age, 7 years resident in the State, and poss(»scd of an estate of $500, of which $300 shall bo freehold. Vacancies are filled 
as in the Senate. The governor convenes the council, and their resolutions and advice are recorded in a public record, 
and signed by those agreeing thereto. 

The Governor shall hare the qualifications of a councilor, except as to his estate, which shall be $300, one-half freehold. 
If there be no choice of governor by the people, one of the two highest candidates shaU bo chosen by the General Court 
on joint ballot. The governor may veto a bill, but two-thirds of both houses voting sub.scquently in favor of its passage, 
it becomes law nevertheless. With the .assistance of the council he shall nomin.ate and appoint all judici.al officers, the 
Attorney-general, solicitors, sheriffs, and registers of probate. The governor and council shall have a negative on each 
other, both in nominations and appointments. 

The Jiulicidnj consists of the Superior Court, Courts of Common Plena, Courts of Probate, etc. The superior court 
consists of a chief-justice and four associate justices. At the session of the legislature in June, 1S51, provision was made 
180 



THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 



for appointing four circuit justices of common pleas : two only are now appointed. If a vacancy other than in the office 
of the chief-justice occurs in the superior court, it is not to be filled, but an additional circuit justice of the common pleaa 
is to be appointed until the whole number of four is filled up, and after that the superior court will consist of the chief- 
justice and two associate justices, any two of whom will be a quorum. Two terms of the superior court are held annually 
at Concord, on the 2d Tuesdays of July and December, for the hearing and determining of questions of law and petitions 
for divorce from all the counties in the State. This court is also vested with chancery powers. At the trial of capital cases 
two justices of the superior court, or one justice of the superior court and one circuit judge arc required to be present. 
The judges of the superior court of judicature are ea-officio judges of the court of common pleas. This court,«bcfore which 
all actions for recovery of debts, enforcement of contracts, etc., and all jury trials are brought, consists of one of the justices 
of the superior court, or one of the circuit judges of the court of common pleas, and of any two county justices, who are 
generally appointed from among the yeomanry, whose principal duty it is to .attend to the ordinary business of the county, 
its roads, expenses, etc. Terms of the common pleas are held semi-annually in each county. Grafton Co\mty is divided 
into two judicial districts, and terms are held semi-annually in each district. County treasurers an<l registers shall be 
elected by the counties. Justices of the peace are appointed for five years, with jurisdiction in cases below £4. Clerks 
of courts shall be appointed by the courts. All judicial officers shall hold office during good behavior, or until 70 years of 
ago, but are removable on address of both houses of the legislature. 
No person can hold any office of projil or honor under tJiis (jovernm-ent imless he he of the Protestant religion. 
Every seven years the people shall vote for or against amending the constitution, and if a majority of the votes be in 
favor thereof, the general court shall call a convention ; and if their amendments be approved by two-thirds of the votes 
when submitted to the people, they shall be adopted. 

The militia force of New Hampshire comprises 32,151 men of all arms, of which 1,348 are commissioned officers, and 
80,80-3 non-commissioned officers, musicians, privates, etc. Of the commissioned officers 12 are general officers, 51 
general staff-officers, 33G field officers, etc., and 949 company officers. There Is a school of instruction for officers. Every 
white male between IS and 45 years of age, except such as the law excepts, is enrolled annually. Parades were abolished 
by the legislature in 1850 ; but volunteer companies may remain organized, and new companies be formed, and each 
volunteer who has performed his duty acceptably shall receive $3 annually from the select-men of the town to which he 
belongs. The militia is organized in 4 divisions, S brigades, and 42 regiments. The governor is commander-in-chief. 

The New llampshire Asylum for the Insane, located at Concord, is a State institution. It is one of the most efficient 
establishments of the kind in the Union. Adjoining the asylum are more than 120 acres of valuable lands, well adapted 
to the wants of the institution, which is cultivated by the labor of the patients. The number of patients in the asylum 
31st May, 1S49, was 144 ; .admitted during the year following, 103; discharged during the year, 90; recovered, 45 ; par- 
tially recovered, IS ; not relieved, 20, and died, 7. Eemaining under treatment 1st January, 1S50, 127, of which .58 were 
females. The sum of $1,GOO was granted by the legislature June, 1850, for the relief of the indigent Insane. The price 
of board, etc., for patients from this State is $2 25 for the first 13 weeks, and $2 for all subsequent time. The blind are 
provided for in the Perkins Institution of Massachusetts, and the deaf and dumb in the American Asylum of Connecticut. 
JFinances, Del/ts, etc. — The total receipts into the State treasury for the year ending 5th June, 1S50, was .$172,056 55, 
and the expenditures for the same period, $107,011 63 — excess of receipts, |5,044 92. The chief sources of income were: 
balance in treasury 0th June, 1S49, $G,126 SO; railroad tax, $49,414 29; money borrowed, $51,400; civil commissions 
(fees), $175; State tax for 1S40 and previous years, $59,547 21; allowance by United States of Indian Stream claim, 
$5,362 56: and the principal objects of expenditure were: salaries, executive and judicial, $19,018 35; pay of council, 
$885 40 ; pay of senate, $1,078 50 ; pay of representatives, $20,127 40 ; money borrowed and repaid, $58,145 83 ; State 
printing, $2,951 50; publishing laws, $380 50; New Hampshire Asylum for Insane (new building), $15,000; Perkins 
Institution, education of the blind, $750; American Asylum, education of deaf and dumb, $2,075; officers' school of 
instruction, $7,781 20. The state of the treasury on the 5th June, 1850, was : total amount of available funds, $5,603 84 ; 
and total amount of indebtedness, $26,601 67 ; balance against the treasury. $2,997 81. The assessed value of real and 
personal property in the State in 1850, was $92,177,953, and the true or estimated value was $103,682,835. 

Federal Jiepresentatioti. — New Hampshire, in accordance with the federal act of 23d May, 1850, sends three repre- 
sentatives to the Congress of the United States. 

Education. — The common schools of the State are under county commissioners, who form a board of education, and 
meet at Concord on the third Wednesday in August animally. Their duty is to recommend such books as may appear 
to them most suitable to be used in the schools, and such methods of instruction, modes of government and discipline, as 
may best promote the advancement of the schools. In each town is a suj)erintending committee, which reports to the 
Secretary of the State by the first day of April, the condition and progress of each school, and the secretary is requested 
to hand over the several returns so received to tlie Secretary of the Board of Education. Each county commissioner 
spends at least one day in each town of his county to promote the cause of education by addresses, etc., and he has also 
charge of any teachers'' institute that may be held in \m county. The office of State School Commissioner was abolished 
by the general court of 1S50. The whole number of school districts reported June, 1S50, was 2,167; average attendance 
in the winter schools, 60,271, and in the summer schools, 46,225 ; average length of winter schools, 9 4-5 weeks, and of 
summer schools, 9 2-5 weeks. Average monthly w.iges of male teachers, $14 73, and of female teachers, $6 21 ; number 
of male teachers in winter schools, 1,246, and of female teachers, 961 ; money raised by taxes for schools, $145,892 ; 
amount contributed in board and fuel, $9,738; income of local funds, $8,097; interest of literary fund, $10,790; amount 
for teachers and institutes, $1,020, being an aggregate of $174,517 raised for the district schools. The number of incor- 
porated academies in the State at the date referred to was 38, and the whole number of pupils attending them, 2,261. 
Number of unincorporated academies, private schools, and schools kept to prolong common schools, 74, attended by an 
average of 3,G9S scholars. 

Dartmouth College is the only collegiate institution of the State ; It was founded in 1769, and is located at Hanover. 
The academical faculty consists of a president and 10 professors, and in 1850 it had 3.710 alumni, of which about 800 were 
in the ministry, and 237 students. Its library contained nearly 25,000 volumes. The New Hampshu-e Medical College at 
the same place, founded 1798, is a department of Dartmouth. If has a president, six professors, and a demonstrator of 
anatomy, and in 1850 had 45 students. Its graduates of that date numbered 850. The Chandler School of Science and 
the Alls opened August, 1S52, and, founded on a donation of $50,000, bequeathed by the will of the late Mr. Chandler, of 
Boston, is attached to the Dartmouth College. There are in the State four theological schools : the New Hampton Acad- 
emical and Theological Institution, founded 1825 ; the Methodist General Biblical Institute founded 1847, and located at 

181 



THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 



Concord; the New Hampshire Conference Seminary at Northfield, and the Gilmanton Theological Seminary, founded 
in 18:35. 

Public Lihrarien.— One State library — 4,700 volumes ; 9 social— 13,S7S volumes ; 1 College — C,4iX) volumes ; 5 students'— 
16,200 volumes; 7 professional and academic— 10,700 volumes; 2 scientific and historical— 2,SiJ0 volumes; 25 public 
echool — 2,500 volumes; total, 50 lil)raries, and 57,179 volumes. 

Periodiccil Press.— Tha whole number of periodicals and newspapers published in New Hampshire in 1350, was 41— 
of which 10 were whia:, and 10 democratic in politics, and 21 neutral, or devote<l to religion, .science, literature, etc., in- 
cluding all the character of which had not been ascertained ; and of the whole number 2 were publislicd daily, 3G weekly, 
1 semi-monthly, and 2 monthly. The total circulation of the dailies was about 1,.500 cojties at each issue ; of the weeklies, 
5S,42G; of the semi-monthly, 6()0 ; and of the monthly, 1,150 copies. The daUUs were published at Manchester and 
Portsmouth ; the weeHie.% 1 each at Winchester, Lanciister. Manchester (Cix)s co.), Lebanon, Haverhill, Peterboro", Nashua 
Village, Amherst, E.xeter, Claremont, and Newport ; 2 each at Meredith Bridge, Nashua, and Great Falls ; .3 each at Keene 
and Portsmouth ; 4 each at Manchester and Concord, and 5 at Dover; the semi'moiitM)/ at Concord ; and the monthlies at 
Hanover and Bover. 

Reliyious Denominntio7is.— The general statistics of the several religious denominations in the State, for the year 1S50, 
were as follows : 



Benomina- No. of 


Clmri-li 


V.ilue of 


Denomina- No. of 


ChurL-h 


Value of 


Denomina- No. of 


Clmrcli 


Value o( 


tioii.s. Churcliea. 


acci.m. 


Property. 


tlons. Churcliea. 


nccom. 


Property. 


tions. Cliurclies 


accom. 


rr.>iierty. 


Baptist 180 .. 


62,021 . 


. $318,756 


German Ref. — . . 


— 


$- 


R. Catholic. 2.. 


1,450 .. 


$20,000 


Christian.... 23 .. 


7,260 . 


. 30,350 


Jewish — . . 


— 


— 


Swedenbo'n . — . . 


_ 


_ 


Congregat'1..172 .. 


79,656 . 


. 527,340 


Lutheran ... — . . 


— 


— 


Tunker — . . 








Dutch Ref. . . — . . 


— . 


— 


Mennonile . . — . . 


_ 


_ 


Union 32 . . 


10,450 .. 


39,350 


Episcopal ... 11 . . 


4,425 . 


. 41,400 


Methodist... 99 .. 


32,:340 . 


175,290 


Unitarian.... 13 .. 


8,-380 . . 


72,800 


Free 2.. 


750 . 


4,000 


Moravian ... — . . 


— 


— 


Universalist.. 36 .. 


14,2S0 . . 


83,100 


Friends 15 .. 


4,700 . 


. 15,200 


Presbyterian 13 . . 


6,500 . 


71,000 


Minor Sects. 4 .. 


1,100 .. 


3,000 



• — making a total of 602 churches, having accommoilations for 233,8!>2 persons, and valued as property at -Jl, 401 ,586. New 
Hampshire constitutes a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and a portion of the Roman Catholic diocese of 
Boston. 

Panpermn aiul Crime. — The whole number of paupers who were relieved or supported in the State during the year 
ending 1st June, 1850, wjis 3,600, of whom 2,S53 were native-born, and 747 foreign-born; and the whole number of pau- 
pers on the list at the date specified, was 2,1S3, of whom 1,993 were native-born, and 186 foreigners. Annual cost of sup- 
port, $157,351. The State Prison is located at Concord, and was first opened for the reception of convicts in 1812, from 
which period to Jime, 1850, there had been 790 commitments. Whole number of inmates on 31st May, 1849, eighty-tiDO ; 
received in 1849-50, thirty-si\B; and discharged, 27; leaving in prison 91 — S3 males, and 3 females; and of these 72 were 
committed for ofl'enses against property, 1 for arson, 8 for rape, 2 for manslaughter, and 4 for murder. Expenditure for 
the year, $7,509. 

The first settlements in New Hampshire were made by Gorges and Mason, two of the most active members of the 
Plymouth Company. In 1G21, Mason obtained a grant of all the lands between the Naumkeag and Merrimae, and in the 
next year another grant was made to Mason and Gorges of the country between the Merrimae and Sagadahock rivers. 
The first tract was named Mariana, and the latter Laconia. Designing to establish fisheries, they sent over in 1623 a 
colony — one division of which lauded at Little Harbor, on the southern shore of the Piscataqua, and the other settled at 
Dover. Other settlements were effected on the coast both by the granters under Mason, and by emigrants from Plymouth 
and Massachusetts. Fishing and trading being the sole objects of these parties, the settlements were slow in their progress 
for many years. 

In 1629, Mason procured a further grant of the land between the Piscataqua and Merrimae, and extending 60 miles into 
the country, and this he called New Hampshire. In 1631, a house, called the Grc.it House, was built at Strawberry Hill, 
now Portsmouth. In 1C3S, John Wheelwright, the brother of the celebrated Mrs. Hutchinson, banished from Massachu- 
setts for his Antinomian principles, came with a number of his adherents to Squarascot Falls, where they founded 
Exeter. Here they combined, as a body politic, chose rulers and swore to oj^ey them. Similar governments were 
established by the colonists at Dover and Strawberry Hill. All tliese jietty establishments, however, placed themselves 
under the protection of Massachusetts in 1641, and were governed as a part of that colony until 1630, the year previous to 
which a decree was passed constituting New Hanii)shire a separate province. A president and council were now 
appointed by the crown, and a house of representatives elected by the people. The first assembly, consisting of eleven 
persons, met at Portsmouth the same year. At this session a code of laws were enacted, of which the first declared, " That 
no act, imposition, law, or ordnance should be imposed upon the mhabitants of the province, but such as should be made 
by the assi-mbly. and approved by the president and council." From 1675, to the accession of James II., the colony was 
much disturbed by contentions between the heirs of Mason and the holders of l.aud ; nor was it, indeed, until 1747, that 
peace was secured — in that year all claims having been purchased by the government. These contentions retarded 
greatly the progress of the colony, and were a main source of the grievances which alienated the public affections from 
the mother country. 

On the accession of .Tames to the English throne, new schemes of oppression were meditated for the colonies, and every 
vestige of liberty was to be erased. In 1686, Sir Edmond Andros arrived at Boston, commissioned as Governor in Chief 
over all New England, and authorized with his council to make such laws and impose such taxes as ho thought proper. 
New Hampshire had already declared her will, which was offensive to the governing powers, and, like her sister colonies, 
became a prey to his tyranny — the press was shackled, liberty of conscience invaded, and oppressive taxes imposed, and, 
to prevent complaints being heard, no person was allowed to leave the country without express license. This state of 
things continued until the Revolution in England, when Andros was seized by the people and sent home a prisoner. 

New Hampshire being now without a government, the people determined to return to their ancient connection with 
Massachusetts. This union only lasted tliree years, a separation having been determined on and effected by the English 
auUiorities. 

New Hampshire was, perhaps, of all the colonies, the one that Suffered most from Indian hostilities. From her earliest 
settlement her progress was retarded by savage inroad, nor did the Indian cease from his forays until the reduction of 
182 • 



THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 



Quebec. In the twelve years of peace tliat followed, New Hampshire increased wonderfully in population and wealth. 
Her settlements extended farther west than the original limits prescribed by the patents, and until 1764 it was supposed 
that the territory which now forms the State of Vermont was part of the province, and grants were accordingly made by 
the authorities in that direction. The district, however, was allotted to New York, and a vexatious controversy ensued, 
which continued until the independence of Vermont was acknowledged in 1790. During the contest many towns lying 
near the Connecticut attached themselves to the Vermontese, but in the end returned to their former allegiance. 

The State bore an active and honorable part in the war of the Revolution. On the arrival of news of the battle of 
Lexington, 1,200 men marched to the assistance of their brethren at Boston. The royal governors were obliged to seek 
safety in flight, and a temporary government was established. In 1792, a permanent constitution was formed. 

The present prosperous condition of the State may be attributed to the unswerving patriotism and virtues which have 
ever distinguished its people. Still there are many points in the institutions of New Hampshire which savor of intoler- 
ance and bigotry, and of these none stand so prominently pre-eminent as the ProteMant clauses of the Constitution, and 
the virtual exclusion of the moneyless man from the higher offices of State. A closer contact with the neighboring States, 
which the railroad system of the coimtry will now insure, must, however, at no distant day, liberalize the views of the 
people, and effect all desirable reforms. The provisions of the rejected constitution of 1850 would have done much toward 
this end had it been approved, and all cause of reproach would have hence been removed. The document referred to, 
indeed, is a sufficient indication that no little progress has been effected, and that New Hampshire has sons who know 
how and are willing to redeem her from the antiquated errors that envelop her government policy. 

Swcces-non of Governors.— Vmi & l Governors : John Cutt, 1680 ; Eichard Waldroa, 1681 ; Edward Craufield (Lt.-Gov.), 
1632; Walter Barefoot (Dep.-Gov.), 1685; .Joseph Duilley, 1686. {Under the government of Sir Edmund Andros, 1686- 
89.) {With 3fmsaehuseUs,16SQ-92.) John Usher (Lt.-Gov.), 1692; William Partridge (Lt.-Gov.), 1697; Samuel Allen, 
1698. (With 3fassaohmetts amJN'ew Fo;*, 1699-1702.) (With MassacJmsetts alone, 1102-41.) Benning Wentworth, 1741 ; 
John Wentworth, 1767. (The Engllnh government terminated in 1775, and in 1776 a temporary government was 
formed, which continued during the war, Meshech Weare being annually elected President.) Presidents under thb 
CoNSTFTUTioN OF 1784 1 Meshcch Weare, 1784; John Langdon, 17S5; John Sullivan, 1786; John Langdon, 1788; John 
Sullivan, 1789 ; Josiah Bartlett, 1790. Governors under the Constitution of 1792 : Josiah Bartlett, 1792 ; John Taylor 
Oilman, 1794; John Langdon, 1805 ; .Jeremiah Smith, 1809; .John Langdon, 1810 ; William Plumer, 1812; John Taylor 
Oilman, 1813 ; WiUiam Plumer, 1816 ; Samuel Bell, 1819 ; Levi Woodbury, 1823 ; David L. Morril, 1824 ; Benjamin Pierce, 
1827 ; John Bell, 1828 ; Benjamin Pierce, 1829 ; Matthew Harvey, 1830 ; S. Dinsmoor, June, 1831 ; William Badger, 1884 ; 
Isaac Hill, June, 1836 ; John Page, 1839 ; Henry Hubbard, 1842 ; John H. Steele, 1844 ; Anthony Colby, 1846 ; Jared W. 
Williams, 1847 ; Samuel Dinsmoor, 1849 ; Noah Martin, 1852. 

CoscoED, on the Morrimac river, is the political capital of the State. 

1S3 



THE STATE OE NE¥ JERSEY. 



Netv Jersey lies between 35° 5S' and 41° 21' latitudes north, and between 73° 5S' and 75° 29' longitudes west from 
Greenwich, or 1° S3' and 3° O-l' cast from 'Washington. It is bounded on the north and east by New Tork ; on the south 
by the Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Bay, the latter dividing it from the State of Delaware, and on the west by the 
Delaware Kivcr, which separates it from Pennsylvania. The State is almost encircled by water, the Hudson Kiver, the 
Atlantic Ocean, and Delaware Bay and Kiver, surrounding it, except on the north, where its boundary is a conventional 
line running north-west from a point on the Hudson River, in hit. 41° N. to the Delaware Kiver, which it strikes in lat. 
410 oi'_ ii greatest length from Cape May to Carpenter's Point is 1G7 miles, and its breadth varies from 40 to 96 miles, 
being narrowest in the centre. The superficies of the State is 8,320 square miles. 

The norlh-westcrn part of the State is hilly, rather than mountainous, being traversed by the prolongation of several 
mountain ridges from Pennsylvania. These hills nowhere rise to a great height, but they abound in boUl and varied 
scenery, and are interspersed with fertile and pleasant valleys, comprising some of the finest lands in the Union. Schooley's 
Mountain, the most prominent of these elevations, is much resorted to in summer, on account of the salubrious effect of 
its atmosphere, and for the purpose of using its mineral waters, which possess medicinal properties. The eastern line is 
formed by a bold ridge of trap rock, called the Palisades, or Cloister Hill, which, presenting a precipitous wall to the river 
at several places, as at Weehawken, 200 feet in height, gives an air of picturesque wildness to the scenery. This wall of 
rock extends about 20 miles along the shore, and forms one of the principal objects which distinguish the noble pano- 
rama of the Hudson Kiver. The southern part of the State, from Earitan Bay and Trenton to Cape May, consists of a 
great sandy plain, nowhere rising more than CO feet above the sea, except at the Navesink Hills, which, although only 300 
feet high, form a prominent object on the general level. 

From the low projecting sand-bank, called Sandy Hook, opposite the Narrows, to the similarly formed point of Cape 
May, the whole eastern coast consists of a long line of sandy beaches, here and there interrupted by inlets, and inclosing 
narrow, shallow lagoons, behind which extends for several miles inland a low marshy tract This coast is constantly 
changing — several old inlets having been closed, and new ones opened since the settlement of the country; and being 
exposed to the heavy surf, and affording no eflScient harbors, it has been the scene of many shipwrecks. Barnegat, Great 
Egg Harbor, and Little Egg Harbor inlets, are the principal points of access to the inland waters. The south-western 
coast on Delaware Bay consists chiefly of a strip of salt marsh, which gradually terminates in the predominating sandy 
plain. On the shores of the Delaware Kiver the land is more elevated, the line being intersected by the mountain ridges 
trending eastward from Pennsylvania, and over a ledge of whidi, crossing the Delaware River, the Falls of Trenton leap. 

The rivers of New Jersey are better adapted for economical purposes than for navigation. None of them admit of the 
passage of ships of a large size. The Ilaekensack and the Passaic fall into Newark Bay. The former, which rises in 
New Tork, near the line of this Slate, is navigable for sloops to Hackensack village, 15 miles from its mouth, and the 
latter, which rises in Morris Coimty, after receiving several considerable streams from the north-west and south, has a fall 
of 72 feet at Paterson. The great falls of the Passaic are surrounded by a scene of wild beauty, but much of their natural 
magnificence has been destroyed by turning their waters for mill purposes, and it is now only in time of flood that their 
normal grandeur is rec^nized. From these falls the course of the river is south, and it is navigable for small vessels from 
Aquackannock to its confluence with the Bay, a distance of 12 miles. About 5 or six miles above Paterson, the river has 
another descent of 51 feet, by two leaps, and a rocky rapid in the distance of half a mile — these descents are called the 
Little Falls of the Passaic. The Raritan, which is navigable for small craft to New Brunswick, 17 miles up, rises to the 
south of the hills ; and having collected its several tributaries, it takes a course eastward, almost across the State, and falls 
into KariUn Bay, opposite the southern point of Staten Lsland. The principal streams in the southern part of the State 
are Great and Little Egg Harbor rivers, which admit of sloop navigation for about 20 miles inland, and Maurice Kiver, 
which falls into Delaware Bay. The streams emptying into the Delaware River are numerous, but not navigable. 

Although the State is bounded on three sides by navigable waters, it possesses few harbors. The sea-coast and shores 
of Delaware Bay present many inlets and coves, but none frequented by large shipping. Raritan Bay, between Sandy 
Hook and Staten Island, affords a ready communication from Amboy, the principal sea-port of the State, to the ocean, 
Newark Bay, to the mouth of Staten Island, has navigable communications through the " Kills," narrow straits, with New 
Tork Bay and Raritan Bay. Delaware Bay washes the south-western shore. The southern extremity of the State is 
Cape May, the northern point of the entrance from the ocean into Delaware Bay. Sandy Hook, the southern cape of 
Earitan Bay, is a low, sandy island, about three miles in length, and is constantly extending by the accumulation of sand 
ftnd other debris, and thus is always influencing and changing the currents to and from the Bay of New Tork. 

The geological structure of New .Jersey has been explored by scientific men, and many of the most useful minerals have 
been found embedded in its hills. All the rocks referable to the primitive, secondary, and transition eras exist ; gneiss 
sieuite, graywacke, and graywaeke slate, calcareous rocks, etc., are the principal formations in the northern region, and 
contain vast masses of metals and metallic oxides. Iron in all its forms occurs abundantly, and copper, which appears 
in the secondary formations, is also found in considerable quantities. Nearly a century ago, several lumps of virgin copper 
were ploughed up near New Brunswick, and a mine, near Belleville, on the Passaic, was discovered as early as 1719. 
There are many veins in the latter which might be worked with profit, and it is said that these mines contain a good 
quantity of silver ore. There is still another mine north of Somerville, which contains, according to Dr. Torrey, a native 
copper, carbonate and phosphate of copper, green and red oxide of copper, native silver, green quartz, chrysophase, 
phrenite, etc. In the mountain section, which extends in breadth varying from 15 to 35 miles in right angles, with the 
184 



THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY. 



general course of the mountains, the geologiea! formations are strongly blended. Eocks of a pretty uniform character 
however, are found in the primitive ridges, but they are of a coarse and uneven texture, and surface aggregated with 
crystals of quartz and felspar. Sometimes they contain shorl, garnets, hornblende, epodite, and mica. Granite, gneiss and 
sienite are formed iu this section by tlie blending and combination of these materials; and at some points the primitive 
greenstone is seen. The richest and most productive iron mines are also found here ; some of the beds are from 8 to 12 
feet in thiclvness. There is also found liere large quantities of graphite. Blaciv mica is found on the Kamapo liiver, near 
the Monroe worlis, and highly magnetic iron ore in SchoQley's and Musconetong mountains. Wallliill Valley, west of 
the ITamlnirg Mountains, is noted for the number and variety of its miuerals. The bottom of tlie valley rest* on white 
chrystaline limestone and marble. The first bed of minerals, which is at Franklin Furnace, appears like a black 
mountain mass, but it contains iron ore, very little magnetic, and, as a new metallic combination, it has received the name 
of " Franklinite." It is composed of 60 per cenL of iron, 16 of zinc, and IT of red oxide of manganese. This ore is not 
only irreducible to iron, but it obstructs the fusion of other ores. Large masses of this miner.al are also found at Sterling. 
In Schol's Mountain, capacious mines of magnetic iron ore are worked, and the same exists plentifully through the whole 
primitive region. At Mendham a beautiful marble is found, wliicli is capable of being highly polished, and is suitable for 
ornamental architecture, resembling much in its appearance the marble of Florence. 

The recently discovered zinc mines of Sussex County are among the most valuable of the world, and arc now being 
BuccessfuUy worked by the New Jersey Exploring and Mining Company. The principal mines are at Sterling Hill, on 
the westerly side of Wallkill. Foliated, or lamellar zinc, which has hitherto been considered a rare production and 
highly prized for cabinet collections, is abundant in these mines, and in one instance a mass weighing over 1,200 pounds, 
seven-tenths of which was foliated, was excavated. The ore, however, is chiefly in the form of red oxide associated 
With iron and manganese, neither of which being volatile leave a very fine metal on reduction. The zinc ores of Europe 
are either carbonates or sulphurets, and in many instances are mechanically combined with galena, arsenic, and anti- 
mony, volatile metals which deteriorate the chemical purity of the fused metal. The company working these mines is 
at the present time confining its operations to the manufacture of zinc paint, and for this purpose has erected extensive 
works at Newark. This paint is more durable than the paints having the oxides of lead for their bases. 

The soils of New Jersey vary materially with the topograpliy of the country. The mountain section is principally in 
its natural state, only now and then a cultivated farm being seen on the hill-sides. The soil bc^t adapted for agricultural 
purposes is found in the alluvial valleys. The sandy plain in the south is not unfruitful, but its soil requires some con- 
siderable preparation to render it profitable to industry. Clay and marl abound in some districts, and are eminently 
useful to the farmers as manures for the more sterile soUs. The vegetation of New Jersey is similar to that of the centred 
region of the United States generally : on the mountains are found the oak, pine, and other forest trees, which in many in- 
stances occupy large tracts. Abundance of stunted oaks and other trees cover the southern plain, and these, though use- 
less for building purposes, have been found a valuable resource for steamboats and for consumption at the glass-houses 
which have been established in this region. The middle section is the most highly improved and wealthy part of the 
State. The apples and cider of this section are as noted for their superior quality as the peaches of the southern section, 
and these find a ready market in New York and Thiladelphia. The climate of New Jersey is much influenced by locality 
and elevation : in the north, where the hills are highest, it is much cooler than in the south, wliere the influence of the 
ocean is most felt, and where a low situation and reflecting sands accumulate heat in the superiucumbent atmosphere. 
In those parts where the mephitic vapors of the swamps taint the air with their poison, agues and fevers of a malignant 
type pre\ail, but generally the State, especially in the higher lands, is very salubrious, and at Shrewsbury, on the eastern 
coast, and at Cape May in the summer season invalids and -pleasure-seekers find a balmy retreat, in which they may enjoy 
all the luxuries and benefits of country retirement and refined society. 

The earliest estimate of the inhabitants of New Jersey was that of ITOl, when the number was stated at 15,000 ; in 
1760, it had increased to 60.000, and on the taking of the first United States census in 1790, it amounted to 184,139. 
From the latter period to 1840, its decennial rate of increase was very equal, having generally not varied much from 15 
per cent. ; but from 1840 to 1850, this rate has been doubled, most probably a result attributable to the influx of people 
from New York and Philadelphia, who, while doing business in those cities have their families residing on their opposite 
shores, and perhaps in some measure to the immigration of persons engaged in the manufactories and mines, which of 
late years have attracted the attention of capital in a greater degree than formerly. The general movement of tho 
population will exhibit the results more definitely, and are as exhibited in the subjoined table : 

Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. 

Census White , ' , Total , ■ , 

Years. I'ersons. Free Slare. Total. Population. Numerical. Per cent. 

1798 169,954 2,762 11,423 14,185 184,139 — — 

1800 195,125 4,402 12,422 16,824 211,949 27,810 15.1 

ISIO 226,861 7,843 10,851 18,694.... 245,555 83,606 15.9 

1820 257,409 12,609 7,557 20,166 277,575 82,020 13.0 

18.30 800,466 18,103 2,254 20,-357 -320,823 43,243 15.5 

1840 851,588 21,044 674 21,718 373,306 52,483 16.3 

1850 466,240 23,093 222 23,315 489,555 116,249 31.1 

New Jersey is divided into 20 counties, the general statistics of which and the capitals of each, in 1850, were as follows : 



Dwell, Pop. 



iif. 



cult. Kstab. C,apitals, 

Atlantic 1,584.. 8,961.. 32T.. 62. .May's Landing 

Bergen 2,606 . . 14,725 . . 1 ,128 . . 71 . . Haokensack 

Burlington .... 7,356 . . 43,203 . . 1 ,633 . . 452 . . Mount Holly 

Cape May 1,218.. 6,483.. 285.. 4. .Cape May C. H. 

Camden 4,090. .25,422. . 731. .148. .Camden 

Cumberland... 3,281. .17,189. . 884.. 19. .Bridgeton 

Essex 10,964. .73,950. .1,745. .836. .Newark 

Gloucester 2,600. .14,655. . 954. .141. .Woodbury 

Hudson 2,861.. 21 ,821.. 254.. 52.. Bergen 

Hunterdon .... 5,167 . . 28,989 . . 2,486 . . 309 . . Flemington 



Counties. DweJl. Pop, f^»™|J p^^"!;{,[ Capitals. 

Mercer 4,624. .27,992. .1,051.. 191. .Teenton 

Middlesex 4,657. .28,635. .1,523. .196. .New Brunswick 

Monmouth. . . . 5,155. .30,313. .2,014. .377. .Freehold 

Morris 5,076 . . 30,159 .. 1,843 .. 242 . . Morristown 

Ocean 1,758.. 10,032.. 579.. 52. .Tom's River V. 

Passaic 8,369 . . 22,575 . . 610 . . 247 . . Paterson 

S.alem 3,.545. .19,467. .1,313. . 142. .Salem 

Somerset 3,448. .19,688. .1,550. .137. .Somervilla 

Sussex 3,851 . .22,989. .1,653. .184. .Newton 

Warren 3,854. .22,358. .1,537. .341. .Belvidere 

185 



THE STATE 0P> NEW JERSEY. 



The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 81,064; of families, 89,080; and of inhabitants, 
439,555; viz., whites 466,240— males 233,746, and females 232,494; fr. col. 23,093— males 11,542, and females 11,551, aud 
si. 222. Of the whole population there were, deaf and dwnh—vh. 192, fr. col. 11, si. 0— total 203; llind—wh. 1S6, tr. 
col. 27, si. 0— total 213; insane— vih. 375, fr. col. 11, si. 0— total 386; and idintic—v/h. 310, fr. col. 16, si. 0— total 326. The 
number of free persons born in the United States was 434,431, the number of fijreign birth 489,326, and of birth unknown 
521. The nutim population originated as follows : Me. 287, N. llamp. 301, Verm. 2S0, Mass. 1,494, K. I. 264, Conn. 2,105, 
N. Y. 20,561, M'w Jersey 385,429, Penn. 15,014, Del. 1,384, Md. 1,400, Dist. of Col. 82, Virg. 628, N. Car. 98, S. Car. 141, 
Ga. 87, Flor. 17, Ala. 36, Miss. 43, La. 83, Tex. 6, Arlc. 2, Tenn. 21, Ky. 64, Oh. 872, Mich. 66, Ind. 61, HI. 61, Mo. 28, la. 7, 
Wise. 15, Calif. 3, Territories 1; and the foreign population was composed of persons from — England 11,377, Ireland 
81,092, Scotlan<l 2,263, Wales 116, Germany 10,686, France 942, Spain 23, Portugal 16, Belgium 43, lloUand 357, Italy 30, 
Austria 20, Switzerland 204, Pawsia 22, Denmark 28, Norway 4, Sweden 34, Prussia 57, Sardinia 1, Greece 4, Cliina 4, 
Asia 10, Africa 18, British America 581, Central America 2, Mexico 23, South America 27, West Indies 265, and other 
countries 66. 

The statistics of the wealth, industry, and institutions of the State, as exhibited in the census returns of 1350, and 
other official documents referring to the same period, are as follows : 

Occupied Lands, etc. — Improved farm land, 1,707,991 acres, and unimproved land, 984,985 acres — together valued In 
cash at $120,237,511. The total number of farms under cultivation Ist June, 1850, was 23,905. Value of farming imple- 
ments and machinery, $4,425,50.3. 

Li nStocl:— Horses, 63,955; asses and mules, 4,089; milch cows, 118,736; working oxen, 12,070; other cattle, 80,456; 
Bheep, 160,433 ; and swine, 250,370 — valued in the aggregate at $10,679,291. Tlio live-stock in ISiO numbered as fcrflows : 
horses, mules, etc., 70,502 ; neat cattle of all kinds, 220,202 ; sheep, 219,285 ; and swine, 261,443. 

Products o/yl«/»i«te.— Wool, 375,.396(in 1840, 397,207) pounds ; butter, 9,487,210 pounds; cheese, 365,756 pounds; and 
the value of animals slaughtered during the year, $2,638,552. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 23 pounds, 
and beeswax and honey to that of 156,694 pounds. 

Gra in Crops.— "Wheat, 1,601,190 bushels ; rye, 1 ,255,578 bushels ; Indian com, 8,759,704 bushels ; oats, 3,378,063 bushels ; 
barley, 6,492 bushels; and buckwheat, 878,934 bushels. The crops, acceding to the census of 1840, were as ftJlows: 
wheat, 774,203 bushels; rye, 1,665,620 bushels; Indian com, 4,301,975 bushels; oats, 3,083,524 bushels; barley, 12,501 
bushels; and buckwheat, 856,117 bushels. 

Other Food Crops. — Peas and beans, 14,174 bushels ; and potatoes — Irish, 3,207,236 bushels, and sweet, 503,015 bushels. 
The potato crop of 1839 amounted to 2,072,069 bushels. 

Miscellaneous Crops. — Tobacco, 310 pounds; hay, 435,950 tons; clover-seed, 28,280 bushels; other grass-seed, 63,051 
bushels; hops, 2,1.33 pounds ; fl.ix, 132,965 pounds; flax-seed, 16,525 bushels; maple sugtir, 2,197 pounds ; molasses, 954 
gallons; wine, 1,811 gallons, etc. Value of orchanl products, $607,263, and of market-garden products $475,242. 

The following table exhibits tlie crops of certain staples in 1840 and 1850 comparatively 

Staples. 1810 ISSO. Mnvtrneut. 

Wool 897,207 pounds 375,3% pounds deer. 21,811 pounds, or 5.5 pf r cent. 

Wheat 774;203 bushels 1,601,190 bushels i7icr. 826,987 bushels, or 106.8 " 

Indian Com 4,861,975 " 8,759,704 " «;?fr. 4,397,729 " or 100.3 " 

Potatoes 2,072,069 " 3,715,251 " iwrn 1,64.3,182 " or 79'.3 « 

Hay 334,861 tons 485,950 tons incr. 1 01,089 tons, or 30.2 " 

Ilome-mdde miinvfuiures for the year ending 1st June, 1850, were valued at $112,731. The samo doscrijition of 
goods, aeeiiriling to the census of 1840, were valued at $201,625. 

Manufactures. — Aggregate capital invested, $22,184,730; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., used, $21, 992,1 86 ; average 
number of hands employed, 37,311— ra.iles 23,549, and females 8,762 : monthly cost of labor, $766.899— male $686,242, and 
female $80,657 ; value of producU for the year, $39,713,580. Capital employed in manufactures in 1840, $11,517,582. The 
whole number of industrial establishments producing to the value of $.500 and upward aimually, on the 1st June, 1S50, 
was 4,374; and of these 21 were cotton factories, 41 woolen factories, 133 tanneries, and 103 iron manulactories, viz., 10 
for pig iron, 45 for castings, and 53 for wrought iron. 

The cotton factories have capital, $1,483,500 ; use annually, 1,4-37 bales of cotton, 4,467 tons of coal and other material, 
valued in gross at $666,615 ; hands employeil, 1,712 — 616 males, and 1,096 females : monthly cost of labor, $21,565 ; value 
of products for the year, $1,109,524; products, 8,122,580 yards sheeting, etc., and 2,000,000 pounds yarn. Capital in 1840, 
$1,722,810. 

The iroolen factories have capital $494,274; wool consumed annually, 1,510,289 pounds; value of all raw material, fuel, 
etc., $548,307 ; h.nnds employed, 89-^ — ill m.iles, .ind 487 females; monthly cost of labor, $14..559— male $10,-367, and fe- 
male $4,102 ; annual products, 771,100 yards cloth, aud 350,000 pounds yarn ; value of entire prixlucts, $1,1 64,446. Capital 
in 1840, $341,650. 

The tannerien have capital $572,857 ; value of hides and skins used annually, $423,537 ; hands employed, 405 ; monthly 
cost of labor, $8,946 ; skins tanned 120,7.31, and sides leather tanned, 202,970 ; value, $724,466. Capital iu 1340, $115,726. 

The iron manufacture for the year 1849-50, is exhibited in the following statistics : 

S|>eci(icatiuns. Pig Iron. Castings. Wrouglit Iron. Total. 

Capital invested dollars.... 967,000 593,250 1,016,843 2,577,093 

Iron ore used tons 51,266 — 14.549 6.5,815 

Pig iron " — 10,666 10,430 21,096 

Oldiron " — 3.50 — 850 

Mineralcoal " 20,865 5,444 4,50T 80,816 

Coke and charco.il bushels. . .. 1,621,000 175,800 1,994,130 3,790,980 

Value of raw material, fuel, etc dollars 832,707 801,045 820,950 954,706 

Hands employed number... 600 303 593 1,996 

Monthly cost of labor dollars.... 12,720 19,344 16.473 48,537 

Metal produced tons 24,031 10,259 8,162 42,453 

Value of entire products dollars. . . . 600,544 636,430 629,278 1,876,247 

-Capital in l&iO, $1,721,820. 
186 



THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY. 



Besides tlie above, New Jersey is distinguished for its machine shops, saddleries, carriage and locomotive factories, jew- 
lary works, glass-houses, potteries, fire-liriclc yards, paper manufactories, small arms factories, distilleries, paint-works, etc^ 
and has also a large number of grist, saw, and other mills. The principal seats of manufacturing industry in the State 
are Newark and Patterson. Trenton and Jersey City have also considerable m^inufacturing interests, and many of the 
interior towns are employed in the manufacture of shoes and boots, hat-s, etc. 

Commerce. The foreign business of New Jersey is mostly transacted at the ports of New York and Philadelphia, and 

hence the direct commerce as reported in the United States treasury returns, is comparatively insignificant. The value of 
direct exports to foreign countries in the year ending 30th June, 1S50, was $1,655, and the value of imports $1,494. En- 
trances 17 (1,601 tons), and clearances 11 (1,131 tons). Total amount of shipping owned in the State at the jKiriod above 
referred to. 80,300 tons, viz.: registered shipping 201 tons, enrolled and licensed shipping T7,735 tons, and licensed ship- 
ping (vessels under 20 tons), 2,364 tons. Of the enrolled and licensed shipping, 5,489 tons are navigated by steam. The 
Importance of the several districts in relation to their tonnage is as follows: Perth Aralwy 22,034, Bridgetown 14,472, 
Great Egg Hartxir 14,084, Burlington 7,578, Camden 6,569, Newark 6,628, Little Egg Harbor 6,183. Fifty-seven vessels 
of all kinds, with an aggregate capacity of 6,242 tons, were built during 1849-50, viz., 1 ship, 1 brig, 35 schooners, 17 
sloops, and 3 steamers ; and of the whole number and capacity, Perth Amboy built 21 (2,637 tons), Bridgetown 9 (926 
tons), Camden 9 (425 tons), Newark 2 (271 tons). Little Egg Harbor 5 (599 tons), and Great Egg Harbor 11 (1,342 tons). 
The value of the commerce of New Jersey for a series of years from 1791, exhibits the following variations : 



Year. Exports. 

1791 $26,9SS 

1792 23,406 

1793 54,179 

1794 58,154 

1795 130,814 

1796 59,227 

1797 18,161 

1798 61,877 

1799 9,722 

1800 2,289 

1801 25,406 

1802 26,227 

1808 21,311 

1804 24,829 

1805 20,743 

1806 33,867 

1807 41,186 

1808 20,799 

1809 819,175 

1810 430,267 



Imports. 



Year. Exports. 

1831 $11,430 

1832 61,794 

1833 82,753 

1834 8,131 

1835 74,041 

1836 62,809 

18-37 44,217 

1888 28,010 

1S39 98,076 

1840 16,076 

1841 19,166 

1842 70,909 

4S43 10,621 

1844 18,189 

1845 

1846 4,087 

1847 19,128 

1848 62 

1849 868 

1850 1,655 



Imports. 




17,670 
829 
635 
4,83T 
1,885 
4,253 
1,494 



Year. Exports. 

1811 $1,871 

1812 4,186 

1813 10,260 

1814 — 

1815 5.279 

1816 9,746 

1817 5,849 

ISIS 25,957 

1S19 1,474 

1820 20,511 

1821 83,711 

1822 83,551 

1823 26,064 

1824 23,989 

1825 47,213 

1S26 37,965 

1827 25,627 

1828 1,822 

1829 8,022 

1830 8,824 

Interyial Improvement.— Tlhe railroads of New Jersey, as weU as the canals, are mostly constructed with a view to 
intercourse between New York and Pennsylvania. The Union Eailroad is the only line running m any other direction, 
end this connects the travel west and cast on the New York and Erie Railroad with New York, passing through Paterson, 
one of the chief manufVicturing cities of the State. The canals are, the Morris Canal and the Delaware and Earitan 
Canal-the first extending from Easton to Jersey City, and ft-rming an outlet of the anthracite region of Pennsylvania ; 
and the latter extending from Bordentown and Trenton, on the Delaware, to New Brunswick, on the Earitan, and is the 
channel through which the coal of Maryland is brought to the New York market. All these lines are of mflmte ad- 
vantage to internal commerce»and through travel. The total length of completed raih-oad in the State on the 1st of 
January, 1853, was 348 miles, being in the proportion of 1 mile to every 27 square miles of territory and to every 1,406 in- 
habitants, n-u i -A 
Banks.— On the 1st January, 1S51, there were 26 banks In operation, and thc-u: condition in the aggregate at that period 
was as follows: Zia&i7«(>«-capital, ,$3,754.900 ; circulation, $3,046,658 ; deposits, $2,411,861; due other banks, $373,458 ; 
and a.s.srf.s— loans and discounts, $7,058,977; real estate, $270,546; other investments, $183,468; due by other banks, 
$1,578,008; specie, $022,884. Since the above return was made a Free Banking Law has been adopted, and numerous 
banks have organized under its provisions. 

The constitution under which the State is organized was adopted on the 13th August, 1S44, and went into operation oa 
the 2d September of the same year. 

The right of voting is conceded to every white male citizen of the United States of 21 years of ago and upward who 
Las resided in the State for one year and in the county where he claims to vote for five months next before the elecUon. 
All votes are taken bv ballot. The general election is held on the second Tuesday in October annually. 

The legislature consists of a Senate and General Assembly (house of representatives). Each county is entitled to return 
one senator, and the members of the assembly, not to exceed 60 in number, are apportioned among the counties in ratio 
of their population ; but each county is entitled to at least one member. The ratio is determined accordmg to the 
decennial censuses of the United States. Senators must have attained the age of 30 years, and members of the assembly 
that of 21 years. One-third of the senators and all the members of the assembly are elected annuaUy ; and the legisla- 
ture meets at Trenton on the second Tuesday in every January. i, tt •( ,1 
The chief eaxeutive officer is styled Governor. He must be at least 80 years of age, have been a citizen of the Umtea 
States for 20 years, and a resident of the State for seven years next before his election. He is elected by a plurality ot 
the popular votes, or in case of an even vote, by a majority of the members of both houses of the legislature m joint mee^ 
ing. The term of office is three years, and the same person is not eligible for the three years next following. 1 he powers 
of the governor are limited; he may veto a biU. but a majority of both houses may pass it notwithstanding his objection ; 
he may also grant reprieves for 90 days after conviction, and he, the chancellor, and the judges of the court ot en-or ana 
appeals may jointly grant pardons. During the last week of his official term he is forbid to nominate or appoint to any 
office. There is no lieutenant-governor, but in case of vacancy in the office of governor, the President of the Senate, 

187 



THE STATE OP NEW JERSEY. 



and after him the Speaker of the General Assembly becomes e<p-offlcio governor; but if the vacancy occur more than 
30 days before tlie general election, a successor is to be chosen at such election ; if within 80 days, then at the succeeding 
election. Tlic greater portion of adtninislrative officers are appointed by the governor. 

The judiciary consists of a Court of Errors and Appeals, a Court of Chancery, a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, Courts 
of Common Pleas, etc. The " court of errors and appeals" consists of the chancellor, the justices of the supreme court, 
and six judges appointed by the governor, with the consent of the senate, for six years, one every year. The chancellor 
and supreme court judges, on apjieals from their respective decisions, may state the rei^ons of their judgment, but can not 
vote. The Secretary of State is clerk of the court. The court holds terms at Trenton on the third Tuesday in January, 
April, July, and October. The chancellor is appointed by the governor, with the consent of the senate, for seven years, 
and with a clerk constitutes the " court of chancery." He is also ordinary and judge of the Trerogative Court. The 
court of chancery holds four terms annually at Trenton on the third Tuesday in March, June, September, and December. 
The "supreme court" consists of a chief jutlge and at least two (now four) associate judges, who are appointed by the 
governor for seven years. This court holds four terms each year, at the same time and place as the terms of the court of 
errors ; and the judges of this court hold " circuit courts" and " courts of oyer and terminer" four times a year in each 
county, except in the counties of Atlantic and Cape May, in which only two terms are held. The circuit court has within 
the county a common law jurisdiction, except in criminal cases, concurrent with the supreme court ; and its final judgments 
may be declared in that court. The " court of common pleas" consists of not more than five judges in each county ; the 
judges of this court are chosen by joint ballot of the legislature for the term of five years, and are paid by fees. Justices 
of the peace are chosen for five years by the people in towns. The attorney-general, clerks of the supreme court and 
the court of chancery are appointed by the governor for five years. Clerks and surrogates of counties are elected by the 
people thereof for five years, and sheriffs and coroners annually ; but sheriff's and coroners can not serve for more than 
three consecutive years. No person can be imprisoned for debt, except in cases of fraud; and in libel cases the truth 
may be given in evidence, and if published with good motives and for justifiable cuds, is a sufiadent defense — the jury to 
determine the law and the facts. 

The powers of the legislature are limited by the Constitution. In no case can it lend the credit of the State, nor create 
any debt which shall raise the whole State debt above .$100,000, except in case <'f war, invasion, or insurrection, and unless 
such be autliorized by a law for some single object or work, to be distinctly specified therein, which law shall provide the 
ways and means, exclusive of loans, to pay the interest of each debt or liability as it falls due, and also to pay and discharge 
the principal within thirty-five years from the time of the contracting thereof; and no such law shall take effect until, at the 
general election, a majority of the people voting shall have sanctioned it. No divorce shall be granted, or lottery author- 
ized, and no lottery tickets shall be sold in the State. Everj- law shall have but one object, and that object shall be 
expressed in its title. No special law can be passed for the sale of property belonging to minors or persons under legal 
disability. Bank charters shall be granted, continued, or amended, only by a vote of three-fifths of the members elected 
to each house, and for a term not exceeding 20 years. 

Finances, Debts, etc. — The financial condition of the State is exhibited in the treasury report up to the close of 1S50. 
The available means of the treasury had been for the year commencing 1st January, 1S50, $138,544, of which $9,961 was 
a balance from the preceding year, and the dislnirsements, ordinary and extraordinary, for the same period had been 
$125,543, leaving a balance of means over expenditures of $13,001. The chief sources of income are transit duties, and 
dividends on the stock of railroads and canals, taxes on railroad stock, etc. The principal expenditures were for the sup- 
port of the executive, judiciary, and legislature, of State prison, and of the indigent deaf and dumb, blind, and insane, etc 
The resources of the treasury are ample, amounting to $1,455,658, of which $290,937 is productive, consisting of railroad 
and canal shares, of company bonds, of dividends, etc., and $764,671 improductive, being surplus revenues loaned to 
several counties, and paying no interest. The absolute debt of the State amounts to $71,810. 

The principal benevolent institution under State patronage is the State Lunatic Asylum at Trenton. It was first opened 
for the admission of patients 15th May, 1S4S. On the 1st Jan.,lS50, there were in the Asylum 110 patients— 62 males and 
4S females ; received during the year 110—52 males and 58 females ; and discharged 58—29 males and 30 females. Sinee 
the opening of the building 292 patients have been received, and 105 discharged, cured, or improved. The building is a 
substantial edifice, warmed by steam, lighted by gas, and ventilated thoroughly. A House of Refuge has been estab- 
lished at Kingston, Middlesex County, and the buildings are partially complete, but work in them has been suspended for 
the present. 

Federal Representation. — New Jersey, in accordance with the act of 23d May, 1850, sends five representatives to the 
Congress of the United States. 

Education. — In 1S50 there were in the Slate 1,575 school district.s, and of these 1,470 made returns. Children between 
5 and 16 years of age, 114,722 ; whole number of children taught during the year, 75,245, of which number 13,676 attended 
school less than 4 months, 14,816 less than 8 months, and 10,599 less than 12 months. Colored children included in the 
above 1,G07. Average length of schools 8} months ; average cost of tuition per quarter to each scholar, $2 10. The 
school fund amounts to $383,099 70, less $11,169 85 unavailable. Appropriated or received for school purposes 
$152,578 C2, and expended $99,560 13. In every part of the State there are grammar schools, academies, etc. The 
principal colleges are— the College of New Jersey at Princeton, founded 1746 ; Rutger"s College at New Brunswick, 
founded 1770 ; and Burlington College (Episcopal), founded 1846. The college at Princeton has a law school, and at the 
same place is the Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church. The Theological Seminary of the Reformed Dutch 
Church, at New Brunswick, is a department of Rutger's College. 

Libraries.— One State library — 5,000 volumes ; 3 social — 4,300 volumes ; 3 college — 13,000 volumes ; 2 students' — 7,000 
volumes; 1 academic or professional — 9,000 volumes; 1 scientific and historical — 826 volumes; 6 public school— 218 
volumes. Total, 17 libraries, and 46,305 volumes. 

Periodical Press. — Whole number of periodicals and newspapers published in the State 1st June, 1850, Gl — of which 
22 were whig, 20 democratic, and 19 neutral in politics, the last including all devoted to literature, religion, science, etc. ; 
and of the whole number 8 were issued daily, circulating 6,950 copies at each issue ; 50 weekly, circulating 35,944 copies; 
and 3 monthly, circulating 960 copies. Of the dailies 3 were published ati Newark, 1 at Elizabethtown, 3 at Trenton, and 
1 at Deckcrlown ; of the iceeklies, 1 each at Burlington, Elizabethtown, Woodbury, Lambertville, Ilightstown, Princeton, 
Middletown, Dover, and Deckertown, 2 each at Mount Holly, Bridgeton, New'ark, Plainfleld, Jersey City, Flemington, 
Eahway, Morrist/wn, Paterson, Salem, Soracr\'ille, Newton, and Belvidere ; 3 each at Camden and New Brunswick ; 4 
at Trenton, and 5 at Freehold ; and of the mwit/dies, 2 at Princeton, and 1 at Morristown, 
188 



THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY. 



Religious Denominations. — The statistics of the several religimis 


denominations in the State for the year 


1850, as 


ascertained by the census of that year, were as follows : 










Denomi.]«- No. <.r Cl-urch Value of 


Denomina- No. of Cliurch 


Vahie o( 


Denomina- No, of 


Cliurch 


Value of 


tions. Churihe?. accom. Property. 


tions. Churches, accom. 


Property. 


tions. Churdies. 


aciiini. 


Property, 


Baptist 107 . . 43,225 . . $834,600 


German Kef. — . . — 


. $ - 


E. Catholic. 21 .. 


9,-335 . . 


$99,385 


Christian ... 8 . . 2,835 . . 10,400 


Jewish — . . — 


— 


Swedenbo'n. — .. 


_ .. 


_ 


Congresafl.. 8 . . 3,500 . . 37,700 


Lutheran ... 7 . . 2,900 . 


. 23,500 


Tunker 2 . . 


800 .. 


1,800 


Dutch Eef . . 66 . . 39,146 . . 460,4:30 


Mennonite . . — . . — 


_ 


Union 5 . . 


1,450 . . 


6,500 


Episcopal . . 51 . . 19,447 . . 473,409 


Metho(Ii,st . . 313 . . 109,350 . 


. 683,850 


Unitarian . . 2 . . 


450 .. 


1,500 


Free 7.. 2,400.. 7,.500 


Moravian ...—.. — 


— 


Universalist. 3 .. 


1,000 .. 


6,800 


Friends 52 . . 25,545 . . 207,100 


Prcsbyter'n.. 146 . . 81,400 . 


.1,175,250 


Minor Sects. 10 .. 


2,150 . . 


5,700 



—making a total of 807 churches, with accommodation for 344,933 persons, and valued as property at $3,540,436. The 
State constitutes the diocese of New .Jersey, a see of the Protestant Episcopal Cliurch ; and in the Roman Catholic Church 
is divided between the arch-diocese of New York and the diocese of Philadelphia. 

Pauperism and Crime.— The whole number of paupers relieved or supported within the year ending 1st June, 1S50, was 
2,-392, of whom 1,816 were native-born, and .576 foreigners; and the whole number of paupers on the li.st at the date 
noted was 1,573, of whom 1,339 were native-bom. and 239 foreigners. Annual cost of support, $93,110. The State Prison 
is located at Trenton. The number of convicts in that institution on the 31st December, 1849, was 185 ; received during 
the year 122, and discharged 97, leaving 210 in prison at the end of the year 1850. Of the last number 140 were white 
males, and 9 white females f*and 59 colored males, and 4 colored females. Committed for manslaughter 6, for murder in 
the second degree 10, for rape 6, for forgery 8, for burglary 21, for larceny 41, for violent assaults 41, and for burujng 4. 
Native-born 167, and foreigners 43. 

Historical Sketch. — No precise date is assigned to the first white settlement in this State. The Dutch from New York 
planted themselves in the eastern part ; while in the west, bordering on the Delaware, small bodies of Swedes were set- 
tled. The Dutch claimed the whole country from the Connecticut to the Delaware, and protested against the Swedish 
occupation. "Without regard, however, to tlie validity of the title of either party, Charles II., in 1664, granted to his 
brother, the Duke of York, a patent for the whole Dutch claim. In the same year the duke sold the district between the 
Hudson and Delaware rivers to Lord Berkely and Sir George Carteret. To encourage immigration, liberal grants were 
made to settlera, and the important privilege of self-government secured to them, the proprietors reserving to themselves 
the appointment of the executive. Philip Carteret was the first governor. The colony continued to thrive under tho 
prudent management of the proprietors until 1673, when the Dutch, having re-taken New York, extended their power 
again over this province. Their government, however, was of brief duration ; for on the conclusion of peace, the country 
was restored to England. The duke's patent was re-confirmed ; but he, considering his grant to Berkely and Carteret 
annulled, claimed immediate jurisdiction not only over New York, but also over the Territory of New Jersey, and ap- 
pointed Sir Edmund Andros governor of his Territories from the Connecticut to the Delaware. This tyrant arrived in 
America in 1074, and proceeded to the exercise of his functions. In the same year Lord Berkely assigned his undivided 
half of New Jersey to 'William Penn and three others, and Carteret subsequently agreed to receive East Jersey as his 
share of tlie province. The rights of the original proprietors were not acknowledged by the duke until 16S0, and then not 
imtil forced by the highest legal opinion in fa^■or of their claims. About this time the province received a considerable 
accession of inhabitants by the arrival of a numljer of Quakers, who principally settled in the neighborhood of the present 
towns of Burlington and Salem, which they built. In 1682 Carteret transferred his interest in tho proNnnce to WiUiam 
Penn and eleven other persons of the sect of Qualcers ; these immediately conveyed one-half of the province to a company 
of Scotchmen, at the head of whom was the Earl of Perth. After this event many immigrants arrived from Scotland. 
The first governor of East Jersey under the proprietors was Robert Barkley, the celebrated author of the " Apology for 
the Quakers." After the accession of the Duke of York to tho throne, a writ of quo tcarranto was directed to issue 
against the proprietors, who, finding there was no other resource, endeavored to save what they could by voluntary sub- 
mission, and made a formal surrender of their patent, praying only for a grant of the soil. It was intended by the new 
' king that the whole province, together with that of New York, should be united with New England in an arbitrary gov- 
ernment ; and arrangements were making to carry the design into execution, when the Revolution of 10S8 fortunately 
put an end to his power. In 1702 the proprietarj' of both parts was surrendered to Queen Anne, and the pro%inces which 
had experienced no repose in separation, were again united under a single government. Lord Combury was the first 
royal governor; he was also Governor of New York, and abused his functions in both provinces. From this period to 
the epoch of the American Revolution, New Jersey was not the scene of any memorable event Its population and pros- 
perity augmented under an orderly and prudent administration of affairs. From its connection with England, however, 
the province became involved in the wars of that country ; and though remote from the scene of action, we find it 
contributing on several occasions to the exiieditions undertaken for the conquest of the French possessions. The last 
royal governor of the province was William Temple Franklin, a son of the celebrated Benjamin Franklin. During tho 
Revolution New Jersey suffered much, and Trenton, Princeton, Millstone, Red Bank, and Monmouth, are famous as 
the scenes of American triumphs. When the blessings of peace were again restored to the United States, New Jersey 
soon recovered its former prosperity ; and the usual accompaniment of prosperity, a barrenness of striking events, 
attends her history from that period. 

Succession of Governors.— B,o-^ at. Govep.noes: Lewis Morris, 173S; John Hamilton, 1746; John Reading, 1746; 
.Jonathan Beleher, 1747; John Reading, 1757; Francis Bernard, 1758; Tliomas Boone, 1760; Josiah Hardy, 1761; 
William Temple Franklin, 1763; and^CoNSxiTimoNAi. Governors: William Livingston, 1776; William Patterson, 
1791; Richard Howell, 1794 ; Joseph Bloomficld, 1801 ; John Lambsrt (acting), 1802; Joseph Bloomfield, 1803; Aaron 
Ogden, 1S12 ; WiUiam S. Pennington, 1813 ; Mahlon Dickerson, 1815 ; Isaac II. Williamson, 1817 ; Peter D. Vroom, Jun., 
1829; Elias P. Seeley, 18-32; Peter D. Vroom, 1833; Philemon Dickerson, 1836; WiUiam S. Pennington, 1837; William 
Pennington, 1838 ; Daniel Haines, 1843; Charles C. Stratton, 1844; Daniel Haines, 1848; George F. Fort, 1851. 
Teenton, on the Delaware, is the political capital of the State. 

189 



THE TERRITORY OF NEAY MEXICO. 



New Mexico, as now organized, lies between the latitudes 320 and 38°, and stretches east and west between Texas on 
the one hand and Utah and California on the other. Its definite boundary begins "at a point in tlie Colorado Kiver, 
where the boundary line of the Republic of Mexico crosses the same; thence eastwardly with said boundary line to the 
Eio Grande ; thence following the main channel of said river to the parallel of the 32d degree of north latitude; thence 
eastward with same degree to its intersection with the 103d degree of longitude west from Greenwich ; thence north with 
said degree of longitude to the parallel of the oSth degree of north latitude; thence west wnh said parallel to the summit 
of the Sierra Madre ; thence south with the crest of said mountains to the 37th parallel of north latitude ; thence west with 
the said parallel to its intersection with the boundary lino of the State of California ; thence with the said boundary line 
to the place of beginning." Within these boundaries the area is estimated at 210,744 square miles. 

That portion of New Mexico westward of the Sierra Madre can only bo considered as a temporary appendage to the 
Territory. It is bounded south by the Eio Gila, and extends north to the 37th parallel, being watered by the Colorado 
and numerous atfluenta of the river bounding it on the south. In the north-east part it is occupied by considerable mount- 
ains and mountain valleys, and the whole eastern line is also mountainous and rugged. The interior forms a varied 
country, with much fine agricultural lands, and the country bordering on the Gila, which is hilly and broken, abounds iu 
mines of copper, gold, silver, etc., accounts of which are recorded by the Commissioners of the Boundary Survey. It is 
divided into the counties of Kio Arriba and Socorro, and comprises about two-fifths of the area of the Territory. It is 
solely inhabited by Indians — the Navajoes in the north-east, the Apaches in the east and south-east, the Pimos in the 
west and south-west, and the Pah-Utahs in the north-west. 

New Mexico proper, in its general aspect, is mountainous, with a large valley in the middle, running from north to 
south, and formed by the Kio Grande. The valley is generally about twenty miles wide, and bordered on the cast and 
west by mountain chains, continiuitions of the Kocky Mountains, which have here received various names, as Sierra 
Blanca, Sierra de los Organos, Sierra Oscura, etc., on the east side, and Sierra Madre, Sierra de los GruUas, de Aeha, de 
los Mimbres, etc., on the west side. The height of these mountains south of Santa Fe may, upon an average, be from 
6 000 to 8,000 feet, while near Santa F6, and in the more northern regions, some snow-capped peaks are seen that may 
rise from 10,000 to 12,000 feet above the sea. The mountains are principally composed of igneous rocks, as sienite, gran- 
ite diorit, basalt, etc. On the higher mountains excellent pine timber grows; on the lower, cedars, and sometimes oaks, 
and in the central valleys, mezquite, etc. 

The main artery of New Mexico is the Rio Grande, a large and long river. Its head waters were explored in 1S07 by 
Captain Pike, between 37° and 3S° north latitude, but its highest sources are some two degrees farther north, in the 
recesses of the Kocky Mountains, near the head waters of the Arkansas and the Colorado of the West. Following a 
generally southern direction, it passes through the territort^, where its principal affluent is the Eio Cliamas from the west, 
and winds its way in a south-eastern direction, dividing in its course, below 32° north latitude, tlie United States from the 
Mexican Republic, to the Gulf, into which it falls in 25° 50' north latitude. Its tributaries below New Mexico are, fronj 
the north, the Rio Pecos, and from the south the Conchos, Salado, Alamo, and San Juan. The length of the river in a 
straight line is about 1,200 miles, but from the meanderings of its lower course, it runs at least 2,000 miles from the region 
of eternal snows to the almost tropical climate of the Gulf. The elevation of the river above the sea at Albuquerque is 
about 4,S00 feet; at El Paso about 3,800 feet; and at Eeynosa, about 300 or 400 miles above its mouth, not more than 170 
feet. The fall of the water between Albuquerque and El Paso is from two to three feet in a mile, and below El Paso 
about one foot in two miles. The fall of the river is seldom used as a motive power, except for some flour mills, which 
are oftener worked by mules than by water. The principal advantage at present derived from the stream is for agricul- 
ture by a well-managed system of irrigation. As to its navigation in New Mexico, it is doubtful if even canoes could be 
used except, perhaps, during May or June, when the river is in its highest stage, from the melting of the snows in the 
mountains. It is entirely too shallow, and interrupted by too many sand bars to promise any thing for navigation. On 
the southern portions of the river steamboats may ascend from the Gulf as far as Laredo, a distance of about 700 miles. 
"Whenever a closer connection between this head point of navigation and New Mexico shall be considered," says Dr. 
Wislizenus, " nothing would answer but a railroad crossing fl-om the valley of the IMo Grande to the liigh table-land in the 
State of Chihuahua." 

The soil in the valley of New Mexico is generally sandy, and looks poor, but by irrigation it produces abundant crops, 
and though agriculture is carried on in a very primitive way, with the hoe alone, or with a lough plow made entirely of 
wood, without any p.irticle of iron, the itduibitants raise large quantities of Indian corn and wheat, beans, onions, red 
poppers, and some fruiU". The most fertile part of the valley begins below Santa Fe, along the river, and is called " Eio 
Ab.T.jo," or the coimtry down the river. It is not uncommon there to raise two crops within the year. The gener.al dry- 
ness of the climate, and the aridity of the soil, however, will always confine agriculture to the valleys of the water-courses. 
" But this important defect," says Dr. Wislizenus, " may be remedied by artesian wells. On several occasions I remarked 
on the high table-lands of Santa F6 south, that in a certain depth layers of clay are found that may form reservoirs of 
sunken water-courses from the eastern to the western chain, which, by the improved nielliod of boring, might be easily 
made to yield their waters to the surface. If experiments to that effect should prove siireissful, the progress of agriculture 
in New Mexico would be more rapid, and even many dreaded 'Jornada' might bo changed from waterless deserts into 
190 



THE TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. 



cultivated plains." But at present Irrigation from a water-course is the only available means of carrying on agriculture. 
The irrigation is effected by leading the waters over the cullivaled lands through canals. The consequence of this is that the 
inhabitants locate themselves together, and allot water to each at certain periods. The corn fields are generally without 
fences, whieh are less needed here, as the grazing stock are tended by herdsmen. The best cultivated lands are found in 
the "estaneias," or large estates belonging to the rich. These haciendas are apparently a remnant of the old feudal sys- 
tem, and were granted with the Indians and all other appurtenances by the Spanish crown to favorite vassals. The great 
number of human beings attached to these estates are nothing more than mere serfs, receiving from their task-masters 
food, lo<lging, and clothing. IIow far the American element in the constitution of society in the Territory may modify 
this industrial monstrosity has yet to be seen. 

The inhabita7its pay considerable attention to raising stock, and the great owners are possessed of large numbers 
of horses, mules, cattle, and sheep. These, however, are of small size, because little attention has been given to 
improving the breeds; but they increase very rapidly, and little trouble is experienced in rearing them, as no housing 
is required in winter. The pasturage in tlie uncultivated parts is extensive, and thousands of stock graze thereon 
the year through. The Indians prove the greatest enemies to the farmers, and frequently carry off whole herds of 
cattle, etc. 

The mines of New Mexico are very rich, but mining operations have been much neglected, and a great many of the 
most valuable which were formerly worked have been entirely deserted, owing chiefly to the unsettled state of the country, 
the invasions of tlie Indians, and other impediments. Gold, silver, iron, copper, etc., are abundant in all the mountain 
country. Gold has been found in the Santa F6 district and south of it for a hundred miles, as far as Gran Quivlra, and 
north one hundred and twenty miles up to the Kio Sangre de Cristo. The poorer classes occupy much of their time in 
washing out gold dust, which is largely deposited in the mountain streams about S.inta F6 ; these washings are very rich, 
and some gold mines are also worked there. These mines, according to Dr. Wislizenus, are the only mines of any 
consequence worked at the present time in all New Mexico. Several rich silver mines were worked by the Spaniards at 
Avo, at Cerrillos, and in the Nambe Mountains, but operations have long since ceased. Copper is abundant throughout 
the country, but especially at Las Tijeras, Jemez, Abiqui, Guadalupeta de Mora, etc. Only one mine south of the 
placeros is at the present time worked. Irt)n, though equally abundant, is entirely overlooked, being considered of little 
value, in comparison with the precious metals. Coal has been discovered in a number of places, as in the Katon 
Mountains, near the village of Jemez, south-west of Santa Ffi, and other places to the south. Gypsum, common and 
selenite, is also found in large quantities; the common is used as lime for white-washing, and the selenite or crystalline 
instead of window-glass. About 100 miles south-east of Santa F6, on the high table-lands between the Del Norte and 
Pecos, are some extensive salt lakes or salinas, from which all the domestic salt used in New Mexico is procured. Large 
caravans go there from the capital in the dry season, and return with as much as they can conveniently transport, and 
the merchants exchange their salt for wheat, bushel for bushel, or sell it for one or even two dollars a bushel. 

" Not far from these salinas," says Dr. Wislizenus, •' the ruins of an old city are found — of the fabulous ' la Gran Quiviri.' 
The common report in relation to this place is, that a very large and wealthy city was once here situated, with very rich 
mines, the produce of which was once or twice a year sent to Spain. At one season, when they were making extraordinary 
preparations for transporting the precious metals, the Indians attacked them ; whereupon the miners buried their treasures, 
worth forty millions, and left the city together ; but they were all killed except two, who went to ISIexico, giving the 
particulars of the affair, and soliciting aid to return. But the distance being so great and the Indians so numerous, nobody 
would advance, and the thing was dropped. One of the two went to New Orleans, then under the dominion of Spain, 
raised five hundred men, and started by way of the Sabine but was never heard of afterward. So far the report. Within 
the last few years several Americans and Frenchmen have visited the place; and although they have not found the 
treasure, they certify at least to the existence of an aqueduct, about 10 miles in length, to the still standing walls of several 
churches, the sculptures of the Spanish coat-of-arms, and to many spacious pits, supposed to be silver mines. It was, no 
doubt, a Spanish mining town, and it is not unlikely it was destroyed in ICSO, in the general successful insurrection of the 
Indians in New Mexico against the Spaniards. Dr. Samuel G. Morton, in a late pamphlet, suggests the probability that 
it was originally an old Indian city, into which the Spaniards, as in several other instances, had introduced themselves, 
and subsequently abandoned it. Further investigation, it is to be hoped, will clear up this point." 

The climate of New Mexico is generally temperate, constant, and healthy. Considerable atmospheric differences, 
however, are experienced in the mountain districts and in the low valley of the Eio Grande. In the latter, the summer 
heat sometimes rises to 100° Fahrenheit, but the nights are always cool and pleasant. The winters are comparatively 
long, and the higher mountains are always covered with snow, and ice and snow are common at Santa Fe, but the main 
river is never frozen over strong enough to admit the passage of horses and carriages. The sky is generally clear and 
dry, owing to the condensation of moisture on the surrounding hills. The months of July and October inclusive, constitute 
the rainy season, but the rains are neither so heavy nor so regular in their returns as on the more southern part of the 
continent. Disease is little known, except some inflammations and typhoid fevers in the winter season. 

The constitution of society in New Jlexico, irrespective of the changes eflbcted by the intermixture among the people 
of the American residents, is much similar to that of other nations of Spanish origin. While the higher classes conform 
to the dictates of modern fashion, the mass of the people adhere to the manners and customs of former times. The men 
are faithful to their seraped, or colored blankets, and to theu- wide trowsers, with glittering buttons, and split from hip to 
ancle, to give the white cotton drawers a chance to be seen ; and the women of all classes retain the rehozo, or small 
shawl, drawn over their heads, which gives them so coquettish an appearance, and adds so greatly to their irresistible 
charms. Both sexes enjoy their cigaritos, their siesta, and their evening amusement at mont§ or fandango. Their dances 
are very graceful, and combine the waltz and quadrille. The prominent ingredient in the Mexican race is their Indian 
blood — it is visible in their features, complexion, in their acts and disposals. The men are ill-featared, but the women are 
graceful in their deportment and manners. The difference in the sexes are nowhere more observable. The men are 
lazy, mendacious, treacherous, and cruel, while the women are open-hearted, and when their affections are requited, 
faithful wives; but they are too often considered as mere household drudges. As a general remark, the females are 
devoid of education, but possess a strong common sense and natural aptness and sympathy, which are often of more 
practical use than the most refined book education. The sufferings of the Texans captured while prosecuting the Senta 
F6 expedition were much mitigated by the benevolent attentions and disinterested kindnesses of the women — acts which, 
when contrasted with the barbarities and insults heaped upon them by the male portion of the inhabitants, wUl ever reflect 
honor on their many virtues. 

191 



THE TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO, 



New Mexico is divided in seven counties, tlie general statistics of whicli, and tlic capitals of each, in 1S50, were a3 
follows : 



Counties. Dwell. 

Bernalillo 1,6S4 

Rio Ariba 2,413 

Santa Ana.... 973 
Santa F6 1,561 



Pop. 


in cult. Cstab. 


Capitals. 


7,751 . 


. 164 . 


. . 


Albuquerque 


10,668 . 


. 473 . 


. . 


CuchiUo 


4,645 . 


. 194 . 


. . 


Jemcz 


7,713 . 


. 713 . 


. 6 . 


Santa Fe 



Counties. Dwell. Pop. j„^„u_ j^,j,,i, Capitals. 

San Miguel . . . 1,731 . . 7,074 . . 177 . . . . San Miguel 

Taos ....2,214.. 9,507.. C51 . . 13 . . Taos 

Socorro (new). — .. — .. — .. — ..Socorro 
Valencia 2,877 . . 14,147 . . 1,379 . . 1 . . Valencia 



The whole number of dwellings in the State was, <it the above date, 13,453, of families 13,502, and of inhabitants 61,505, 
viz.: whites 61,488— males 31,706, and females 29,782, fr. col. 17— males 14, and females 3. Of the whole population 
there were deaf and dumb — wh. 14, fr. col. 0— total 14; blind— wh. 93, fr. col. 0— total 98 ; insane — wh. 11, fr. col. — 
total 11 ; and idiotic — wh. 38, fr. col. — total 88. The number of free persons born in tlie United States was 59,201, 
the number of foreign birth 2,063, and of birth unlinown 223. The native population originated as follows: Me. 12, 
N. llamp. 6, Verm. 8, Mass. 24, E. I. 1, Conn. 10, N. Y. 101, N. Jer. 9, Penn. 97, Del. 6, Md. 37, DisL of Col. 12, Virg. 77, 
N. Car. 13, S. Car. IS, Ga. 9, Flor. 5, Ala. 5, Miss. 0, La. 4, Tex. 40, Ark. 17, Tenn. 25, Ky. 62, Ohio 34, Mich. 8, Ind. 11, 
111. 24, Mo. 63, la. 3, Wise. 1, Calif. 6, ^ew Mea-ico 58,451, Territories 56 ; and the foreign population was composed of 
persons from— England 43, Ireland 292, Scotland, 29, "Wales 1, Germany 215, France 20, Spain 8, Portugal 1, Belgium 0, 
Holland 2, Italy 1, Austria 0, Switzerland 11, Eussia 4, Denmark 2, Norway 2, Sweden 1, Prussia 14, Sardinia 0, Greece 0, 
China 0, British America 3s, Mexico 1,365, West Indies 2, and other countries 5. 

The statistical returns of the wealth, industry, products, etc., of the Territory, according to the census of 1850, and other 
oflBcial documents referring to the same period of time, are as follows: 

Occupied Lands, efc.— Improved farm lands 166,201 acres, and unimproved lands 124,370 acres— valued iu cash at 
$1,653,952 ; number of farms under cultivation 3,750 ; value of farming implements and machinery $77,900. 

Live-Stock.— Horm, 5,079; asses and mulos, 8,664; milch cows, 10,035; working oxen, 12,257; other cattle, 10,035; 
ehe.ep, 377,271 ; swine, 7,314— in the aggregate valued in cash at .$1,494,629. 

ProductJi rf Animals.— yfoo\, 32,901 pounds; butter. 111 pounds; cheese, 5,848 pounds; and the value of animals 
slaughtered during the year $82,125. Neither silk, nor beeswax and honey are returned by the census takers, although it 
is well known that both are produced to a considerable amount. 

Grain and oth^r Food Crops. — Wheat, 196,510 bushels; rye, bushels; Indian corn, 305,411 bushels; oats, 5 bushels; 
barley, 5 bushels ; and buckwheat, 100 bushels. The other food crops consisted of 15,688 bushels of peas, and three 
bushels of Irish potatoes. 

Miscellaneous Crops. — Tobacco, 8,467 pounds; molasses, 4,236 gallons; and wine, 2,363 gallons. Value of orchard 
products, $8,231, and of market^garden produeta, $6,079. 

Hoine-made Manufactures for the year ending 1st June, 1850, were valued at $6,039. There is but one tannery in 
the Territory with a capital of $500. 

" The New Mexicans are celebrated for the manufacture of coarse blankets, which is an article of considerable traffic 
between them and the southern provinces, as also with the neighboring Indiaas, and on some occasions with the States 
eastward of the country. The finer articles are curiously woven in handsome figures of various colors. These are of 
different qualities, the most ordinary being valued at about two dollars, while those of the finest texture, especially their 
imitations of the serape Navajo, will sell for twenty dollars or more. There have been also made in New Mexico a few 
imitations of the serape Saltillero, the blanket of Saltillo, a city of the South, celebrated for the manufacture of the 
most splendid fancy blankets, singularly figured with all the colors of the rainb(»w. These arc often sold for more than 
fifty dollars each. What renders the weaving of the fancy blankets extremely tedious is, that the variegation of colors is 
all effected with the shuttle; the texture in other respects being perfectly plain, without even a twill. An additioual 
value is set upon the fine serape on account of its being a fashionable substitute for a cloak. Indeed, the inferior serape 
is the only over-ch-ess used by the peasantry in the winter. 

" Besides blankets, the New Mexicans manufacture a kind of coarse twilled woolen stuff called gerga, which Is check- 
ered with black and white, and is used for carpets, and also by the peasantry for clothing; which, in fact, with some other 
similar domestic stuffs, together with buckskin, constituted almost the only article of wear they were possessed of, till the 
trade from Missouri furnislied them with foreign fabrics at more reasonable prices than they had been in the habit of 
paying to the traders of the southern provinces. Their domestic textures are nearly all of wool, there being no flax or 
heinp, and but little cotton spun. The manufacture even of these articles is greatly embarrassed for want of good spin- 
ning and weaving machinery. Much of the spinning is doue with the him), or malacate (the wliirligig spindle), which 
is kept whirling in a bowl with the fingers, while the thread is drawn. The dexterity with which the females spin with 
this simple apparatus is truly astonishing."— ff/Wf/- 

New Mexico receives most of its foreign goods by the overland route. This trade is carried on by caravans that trav- 
erse the desert at stated periods annually. Before 1822 it had scarcely an existence, but since that time it has gradually 
increased and become profitable; and it is probable that the total value of goods thus annually brought into the territory 
is not less than a million of dollars; but a great portion of the goods representing this amount is smuggled into Chihua- 
hua and other Mexican States. The established post or entrepUt for depositing the goods brought on the voyage upward 
by the Missouri for the Santa F6 trade, is the town of Independence, situate about twelve miles from the Indian border 
and two or three south of the Missouri Eiver. 

Government. — The goverimient is based on the act of Congress approved 9t1i September, 1850, establishing the Terri- 
tory. It provides— Tlitjievery free white male inhabitant 21 years of age, who shall have been a resident of the territory 
!\^he time of tlie passage of the act above named, shall be entitled to vote. The right of suflrage and of holding offlco 
shall be exercised only by citizens of the United States, including those recognized as citizens by the treaty with the Ee- 
public of Mexico, concluded 2d February, 1848. 

The Legislative A s.'iembly consists of a Council and House of Eepresentativcs. The council consists of 13 members, to 
serve for two years, and the liouse of 26 members, to serve for one year. Members are to be residents in and inhabitants 
of the district from which elected. A plurality of votes elects, and in case of a tie, the governor orders a new election. 
All acts passed by the legislature and approved by the governor, shall be submitted to Congress, and if disapproved, shall 
be of no effect. 

193 



THE TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. 



The Governor is appointed by the President of the United States for four years, and until his successor be qualified 
lie must reside within llie territory, and is ex-officio Superintendent of Indian Affairs. He may pardon for offenses 
against the laws of tlie Territory, and reprieve convicted otTenders against those of the United States, until the will of 
the President be known. A Secretary of State is appointe<l in like manner, for four years, unless sooner removed, who 
shall act as governor when said office is vacant, or the governor is necessarily absent. 

The Judiciary is vested in a Supreme Court, District Courts, Probate Courts, and in justices of the peace. The supreme 
court consists of a chief justice and two associate justices, any two of whom form a quorum. A term is held at the seat 
of government annually. The Territory is divided into three judicial districts, and a district court is held in oacli by one 
of the justices of the Superior Court, at such time and place as may be prescribed by law, and the said justices are obliged 
to reside in the districts assigned tbera. The supreme and district courts possess chancery as well as common law juris, 
diction. AVrits of error, exceptions, and appeals from the district courts, lie to the supreme court, but in no case removed 
to the supreme court shall there bo a trial by jury. Where the value of property in question exceeds $1,000, final appeal 
lies to the supreme court of the United States. Probate courts are established in the several counties. Justices of the 
peace are not competent to try any cause in which the boundaries of land may be in controversy, nor where the amount 
claimed exceeds $100. There is also an attorney and marshal appointed for four years. The other township, district, or 
county officers shaU be appointed or elected as the law may provide. 

Coiujre-i.sional Delegation. — A delegate to Congress shall be elected by a plurality of the qualified voters. 
When the lands of the Territory shall be surveyed, under the directions of the general government, preparatory to 
bringing the same into market, sections numbered 16 and 36 in each township shall be reserved for schools in the Territory, 
and in the states and territories hereafter to be erected out of the same. The Constitution, and all the laws of the United 
States which are not locally inapplicable, shall have tb.e same force and effect within the Territory as elsewhere within the 
United States; and no citizen of the United States shall be deprived of his life, liberty, or property, except by the judg- 
ment of his peers and the laws of the land. 
The assessed value of all real and personal estate in the Territory, in 1S50, was .$5,174,471. 

Religious Detio-minations. — New Mexico is an Apostolic Vicariate of the Roman Catholic Church, and at present is 
governed by the Plight Kev. John Laray, D.D., who was consecrated November 24th, 18.50. According to the census of 
1850, the number of churches of this denomination, which, before the session of 1848, was the established religion, and 
that professed by the whole population, was 146, having accommodation for 76,100 persons, and the buildings being valued 
as property at $188,200. The fact of the country being now a part of the United States has done away with the exclusive 
nature of this church ; and although no other churches are noticed in the official returns as existing within the Territory, 
yet it is assumable that others do exist for the accommodation of those citizen immigrants from the old States whose 
religious views do not coincide with the general and popular creed. Assuredly there is no impediment to their foundation. 
Historical Sketdi. — New Mexico became known to the Spaniards about the year 1581, and formal possession was taken 
of the country in 1598. Christianity and slavery were early and simultaneously introduced among the Indians, and con- 
version and jiersonal service enforced by the sword. The converted Indians were made to live in villages, and were dis- 
tinguished from the roving bands by the title of Piieblos. Many towns, of which only the ruins now remain, were 
established at this time. The mines were successfully worked, and the occupation of the country seemed to be secured, 
when, quite unexpectedly, in 1680, a general insurrection of all the Indian tribes broke out against the Spanish yoke. The 
Spaniards were either massacred or driven southward, where they founded El Paso del Norte. The country was not 
recovered for ten or twelve years. Several insurrections have since occurred, but none so universal or disastrous as this 
one. The deep rancor of the Indians, however, bequeathed from sire to son for successive generations, still animates the 
race, and is often disjjlayed in tlie most bloody and cruel outbreaks, which, however, have not been very frequent since 
the United States became master of the country. This country followed the fiite of Mexico after the revolution that over- 
threw the Spanish power, and since that period, to within the last few years, has been silently degenerating. The history 
of New Mexico, previous to the invasion by the Americans, has little to arrest attention. It is a continuous record of bar- 
barism and tyranny. On the Sth September, 1S46, Santa F6 was captured by the Americans under General Kearney, 
and soon after several of tlie river towns were visited on his route to California. A civil government was now estab- 
lished. On the 19th of January, 1847, an insurrection broke out against the Americans, and in several pueblos many 
Americans were murdered, among whom was Mr. Bent, the governor. Taos, Arroyo-Hondo, and Piio Colorado were the 
chief scenes of strife. The battles of La Canada and El Embudo also occurred in this month, and in February the battle of 
Taos, in all of which the Mexicans were completely vanquished. Some few skirmishes occurred after these, but none of 
importance, and from this period the United States authorities exercised exclusive power. On the 2d February, 1S4S, a 
treaty of peace and cession was signed at Guadalupe Hidalgo, by which New Mexico was assigned to the Union, and on 
tlie 9th September, 1850, the country within its present limits was erected into a territorial government. In the interim, 
however, the people had formed for themselves a State constitution, but this was revoked by Congress, and the country 
remanded back to a territorial condition, under which it is now flourishing and happy. 

Success-ion of Governors.— Miutaux Governoks from 1843 to 1850 — and Tekeitoeial Goteenoes: James S. Calhoun. 
1851 ; William Carr Lane, 1852 ; Solon Boriand, 185.3. 
Sasta Fe, on the east side of the Kio Grande, is the politicai capital of the Territory. 

M 193 



THE STATE OF lEW YOllK, 



New York, the most flounahing, wealthy, and populous State of the Union, is situated between 390 45' and 45° lati- 
tudes N., and between 71^ 56' and 70° 55' longitudes W. from Greenwich, or 5° 06' E., and 2° 53' W. from Washington. 
It is bounded on the north by Lake Ontario, the Kiver St. Lawrence, and Lower Canada; on the east by Lake Cham- 
plain, Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut ; on the south by the Atlantic Ocean, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania ; 
on the west by Pennsylvania, Lake Erie, and the Niagara Kiver. Exclusive of Long Island, It is about 40S miles long, 
but including that island, about 4S0 miles, and its breadth from north to south is about 310 miles — the whole including a 
superficial area of 46,085 square miles. 

The Hudson and Mohawk rivers naturally divide the State into three geographical sections of unequal size. The Jirst, 
or easteriTseetion, comprises Long Island, Slaten Island, and that portion of the State lying east of the Hudson Eiver and 
Lake George; the second, or northern section, embraces all the country lying north of the Mohawk and Oswego rivers; 
and the third, or southern section, the vast fertile tract lying south and west of those rivers. 

The State forms a portion of the elevated table-land of the United States, broken in some places by mountain ranges, 
and containing some remarkable depressions which form the basins of lakes and channels of rivers. The loftiest part 
of this table-land occurs in the western part of the State, where Lake Chautauque is from l.SOO to 2,000 feet above the 
level of Ihs sea; and although it is but nine miles from Lake Erie, it discharges ita waters by the Alleghany and Ohio into 
the Mississippi, and thus affords boat navigation to the Gulf of Mexico. Frauklinville and Angelica, to the east, although 
situated in valleys, are respectively 1,580 and 1,430 feet above the sea. 

In the eastern section the Taghkannuc or Taconic Mountains lie upon the border of the State from Lake Champlain 
southward to Putnam County, at which point their course, diverging to the south-west, crosses the Hudson at West Point, 
and is continued thence into New Jersey and Pennsylvania, under the name of the Kittating Mijuntains. This range 
forms the dividing line between the waters flowing into the Hudson and those which flow into the Housatonic. 

The northern section has six several ranges of mountains. The Palmerstown Eange (in some parts called the Black and 
Tongue Mountains) rises in the northern part of Saratoga County, runs north-east through the tongue of land which sep- 
arates Lake George from Lake Champlain, and terminates in bold and precipitous cliffs at the shore of the latter, south 
of Ticonderoga. The Kayaderosserus, or Lucerne Mountains, are about six miles wide and seventy long, running from 
Montgomery County, through Saratoga and Warren countie-s, along the western side of Lake George to Ticonderoga. 
The Hudson River breaks through this range on the line of Saratoga and Warren counties. The Clinton Range extends 
from Montgomery County north-east through Fulton, Hamilton, Saratoga, Warren, and Essex counties, to Point Trem- 
bleau, on Lake Champlain. It is the largest range north of the Mohawk River, and at its most elevated portion there 
are numerous distinct peaks, forming a remarkable group, known as the Adirondack Group. The Mohawk forces a 
passage through its south-western extremity, and the range itself is the dividing slied between the tributaries of the St. 
Lawrence and those of the Mohawk. Au Sable, or Peru Eange, commences in Montgomery County, and running par- 
allel with the Clinton Range, tenninates in the southern part of Clinton County ; it is 100 miles long, and has a greater gen- 
eral elevation than the preceding ranges. The Chateaugay Eange is the longest and highest chain of mountains in the 
State ; it commences on the line of the Kaatsbergs, in Herkimer County, has a general height of 2,000 feet through the 
counties of Hamilton, Franklin, and Clinton, and crossing the Canada line, it terminates upon the Canada plains. The 
St. Lawrence Eange, commencing ten or twelve miles north of the Chateaugay Range, and trending along the slope of 
the St. Lawrence Valley, has been little explored, and is of less extent than the last named. The St. Eegis, Grasse, and 
other rivers descending into the St, Lawrence, divide it into several distinct portions. This section of the State has also 
two minor ranges, worthy of notice: the Highlands of Black Eiver, extending from the sources of Black Creek, west and 
north-west, about sixty miles, cover much of the country between Black Eiver on the one side, and the plains north of 
Oneida Lake on the other. Their altitude is from 1,200 to 1,600 feet, and in some parts their summits have a rolling 
surface several miles in width. The Hassencleaver Mountains, the second of those minor ranges, extend from Herkimer 
into Oneida County, and occupy the space between the Highlands and the Mohawk Eiver; they are twenty miles long, 
and about nine miles broad at tlieir base, with an altitude varying from SOO to 900 feet, with a rolling surface. 

The Southern section may be divided into two portions — the Eastern and the Western. In the Eastern division there 
I are three distinct ranges — 1, the Highlands of Orange and Putnam counties ; 2, the Shawangunk Mountains, skirting the 
valley of the Eondout; and — 3, the Kaatsbergs, or Catskill Mountains, the direction of which is through the counties of 
Ulster, Albany, and Schoharie, to the valley of the Mohawk, the portions in Albany and Schoharie being also called the 
Helderbcrgs. The western division of this section rises gradually to successive terraces from the shores of Lake Ontario, 
till it attains its greatest elevation in the Southern tier of counties. The first of the terraces composing this ascent, extends 
from the Genesee, near Eochester, to the Falls of Niagara and Lewistown, a distance of SO miles, and is from six to ten 
miles in width. It is called the " Eidge Eoad," and is supposed to have formed at one period the shore of Lake Ontario, 
The second terrace extends from this ridge to the falls of the Genesee at Nunda and Portageville, where there is another 
abrupt acclivity of nearly 300 feet This surmounted, the ascent is gradu.al to the summit level, at the height of from 1,500 
to 2,000 feet in the Southern portion of Chautauque, Cattaraugus, Alleghany, and Steuben counties. These terraces, though 
all quite fertile, are each characterized by a difference of soil and of forest trees, 
104 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 



The principal culminations of tlie several ranges, and the heights of each in feet, above the sea-level, are named in tho 
following table : 

Group. County. Feet. Group. County. Feet. 

Mt. Marey Adirondack Essex 5,467 , New Beacon Highlands Duchess t,GS5 

" M'Intyre " " 5,tS3 Button Hill " Orange 1,520 

" M-Martin " " 5,0-22 | Old Beacon " Duchess 1,471 

Dial Mountain " " 4,907 i Breakneck " Westchester. 1,187 



■Whitefoce A u Sable " 4,s55 

Mt, Seward Adirondack Franklin 8.9SS 

Eound Top Kaatsberg Greene 8.S04 

High Peak " " 8,71S 

Pine Orchard " , " S,027 



Anthony's Nose " " . 1,12S 

Mt. Defiance Essex 753 

Palisades Eoekland . . . 550 

Fort Putnam " ... 500 

Harbor HUl Long Island. 819 



Shawangimk Orange 1,866 Richmond Hill Staten Island 307 

The most distinguishing feature of New York is, perhaps, its vast system of water-ways, which bound and intersect it 
in almost every direction. 

Its lakes are the common highways of an extended commerce. Numbers of these lie wholly within the State, but the 
great lakes, properly so called, lie on its borders — Ontario and Erie on the North and West, and Champlain on the East. 

Of these great exterior lakes, Erie is the most extensive ; it is 268 miles in length and from 30 lo 54 miles in breadth, 
with an area of 8,030 square miles. The elevation of its surface above tide water is 505 feet, and above Lake Ontario, 
with which it communicates by the Niagara River, 334 feet, having a maximum depth of 270 feet; but in general the 
depth is not more than 120 feet Only 60 miles of its coast lies within this State, but the amount of business carried on 
from thence is immense, and constantly increasing with the progressive development of the States lying west Ontario 
is the second in size, and tho whole southern coast east of Niagara River is wholly within New York. Its fonn is 
eliptical ; it is 190 miles in length and 5G in extreme breadth, with a circumference of 46S miles and an area of 5,400 
square miles. In some places its depth is 600 feet, but the average depth is only 490 feet, and everywhere deep enough 
for the largest ships. The surface is 231 feet higher than tide water. The ports of this lake are usually open earlier in 
the spring than those of Lake Erie, and it is not so subject to those desolating storms that frequently sweep over that 
lake. Lake Champlain is a long narrow sheet of water, of exceeding beauty, and contiiining a large number of islands. 
Of these. Valcour and Schuyler, with several others, belong to this State. In extreme length it is 134 miles, with a 
breadth varying from i a mile to 10 miles, and its depth is from 50 to 2S0 feet. Its outlet is the Sorelle or Richelieu 
River, which is navigable, and forms the connecting link between the lake and the St Lawrence River. The aboriginal 
name was Caniad-eri-quarunte, or "lake that is the gate of the country." All these lakes abound with salmon, trout, 
sturgeon, pickerel, and other fish. Lake George, or Horicon, is wholly within the State; its surface is 243 feet above tide 
water, and it discharges itself into Lake Champlain by a descent of 150 feet The lake is inclosed around by hills from 
1,200 to 1,500 feet high, and the rich and varied scenery that surrounds it, the numerous outlets that smd its pellucid 
surface, and the fine atmosphere, all combine to render it one of the most delightful of summer resorts. The French call 
it Lac Sacrament on account of the purity of its waters ; the Indian name was Caniad-eri-uit, i. e., " the tale of the lake." 

The northern portion of the State abounds with small lakes, and of these there are probably not less than 200 in number 
Some of them among the Adirondack group of mountains are greatly elevated. Avalanche Lake, in Essex County, is 
2,900 feet; Golden Lake, in the same county, 2,750 feet; and Racket Lake, in Hamiltim County, 1,731 feet above tide. 
Many of these form the sources of rivers emptying into the St Lawrence, Lake Champlain, the Hudson River, and 
Lake Ontario. 

The western portion of the State contains several series of lakes of considerable size, many of which are of the highest 
unportance to commercial navigation. They extend through the counties of Oneida, Oswego, Onondaga, Cayuga, 
Seneca, Yates, Ontario, and Livingston, and are scarcely surpassed any where in point of scenery. The principal of 
these are the Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida, Crooked, and Canandaigua lakes. The other lakes in this connection are Onon- 
daga, Cross, Otisoo, Cazenovia, Skaneateles, Owasco, Hemlock, Canadice, and Conesus. Otsego and Canaderoga, in Otsego 
County, and Chautauque Lake, in the county of the same name, are also important waters. Extensive salt springs 
abound on the shores of Onondaga, the waters of which, notwithstanding, are as tVesh and pure as those of any others 
of these lakes. 

The rivers of New York, in connection with a splendid system of internal improvements, afford an immense s'.retch 
of inland navigation. 

The Hudson is the largest, and one among the most magnificent water-courses of North America. It is 820 miles long, 
having its sources in the Adirondack group of mountains, and flowing in a generally southward direction to the Atlantic, 
•which it meets at the Narrows below New York. It is navigable for the largest class of river steamers for the greater 
part of the year to Troy, 160 miles from its mouth, and the largest merchantmen may safely pass up as far as Hudson 
City. The principal branches of the Hudson are the Mohawk, on the west, and the Hoosic, on the east. The Mohawk 
rises in Oneida and Lewis counties, and at first pursues a southerly course, then changing east and south-east it forms 
the valley of the Mohawk, and after passing over the Little Falls and the falls at C'cihoes, enters the Hudson by several 
mouths between Troy and Waterford. The scenery around the falls is beautiful, but these are destitute of that grandiur 
■which inspires the mind on beholding the great falls of Niagara. The length of the river is about 135 miles, and in its 
course it passes through Rome, Utica, and Schenectady. The Hoosic River rises in Massachusetts, and, though a com- 
paratively small stream, is very useful for local purposes. The Croton River, another tributary, is famous as the source 
of the great supply of water it furnishes to the City of New York. The other tributaries are— from the east, Schroon 
branch, the outlet of Schroon Lake, Battenkill, and Kinderhook, and— from the west, WaUkill, Rondout, Esopus, 
Kaaterskill, and Sacandaga, besides several smaller streams. 

The river St Lawrence forms, in part, the northern boundary of the State, and is the outlet of the great northern lakes. 
It conveys to the ocean a larger volume of water than any other river of the world, except the Amazon. It is navigable 
for sloops to Ogdensburg, 60 miles from Lake Ontario, but beloir this point its navigation is difficult and dangerous, on 
account of the frequent rapids by which it is interrupted. The Lake of the Thousand Islands, the name of which implies 
sufBeiently its character, is an expansion of the St Lawrence. The group of islands that studs its surface, however, is said 
to number about 1,500, some of which belong to this State. The next important river of New York is the Oswego, which 

195 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 



is about 120 miles in length. Under the name of Mud Creek it has its rise in Ontario County, and flowing castwardly, it 
receives tliroui'li ll)e Canandaigua outlet the waters of the lake of the same name ; proceeding eastwardly under the name 
of Clyde, it receives the waters of Seneca and Cayuga lakes, through their common outlet, and thence assumes the name 
of Seneca; after a still further enlargement by the waters of Onondaga Lake, it takes the title of (Oswego Eiver, and sud- 
denly curvin" toward the north-west, collects from the Oneida River its tribute of the waters of Lake Oneida. It has a fall 
of about lUO feet after assuming its jjroper name, and furnishes, by its constant supply of water, valuable mill privileges. 
Seven thousand square miles of territory are drained by its course, and by means of the Oswego Canal and locks, it is navi- 
gable through its whole length. The Alleghany, a constituent of the Ohio, rises in Alleghany County, and is navigated by 
small steamers to Oloan. The Susquehanna and Delaware both have their sources in this State, and in their first courses 
afford an immense water-power. The other iirincipal rivers are the Niagara, the Genesee, the Black, the Chenango, the 
Chemumr, the Oswcgatehie, etc. The Niagara, which is the connecting link between lakes Eric and Ontario, forms Uie 
wlebrated fidls of the same name. The Genesee, distinguished for its valuable mill-sites, is used as a feeder to the Genesee 
Valley Canal. It is navigable almost to Koehestcr, and is 140 miles long, emptying into Lake Ontario. The Black liiver, 
one of the largest of the State, also falls into fliat lake ; it is 120 miles in length, and is navigalile 40 miles from its mouth. 
The Chenango and Chemung are important tributaries of the Susquehauna, and the Oswegatchie is the principal tributary 
of the St. Lawrence. Other streams flowing into the St. Lawrence are Indian, Gnisse, Kacket, SU Kegis, Salmon, etc. The 
Ch.Tzy and Saranae are the principal streams flowing into Lake Champlain. 

The falls and cascades of the rivers of this Slate being among its most distinguishing features, may with propriety be 
enlarged upon in this connection. The great falls of Niagara are described in a former page. Those of the rivers 
wholly within New York are as follows: the Falls of the Genesee, at Kochester, which have a descent of 9G feet; those 
of Fall Creek, in the township of Ithaca, which descend 43S feet in the space of one mile, forming several cataracts, at one 
of which the whole sheet of water is poured over a rock 116 feet high, and the banks above have an elevation of 100 feet; 
the Falls of the Mohawk, at Cohoes, where the water is precipitated over a broken rook 62 feet high, the banks of the 
river forming precipitous walls 140 feet above the stream, and Little Falls, some miles above, where the river passes 
through a fissure in the rocks, which rise on each side 500 feet above iU surface. Trenton Falls, on West Canada Creek, 
a tributary of the Mohawk, are much admired for their picturesque scenery ; for the distance of several miles there is a 
Buccesiion of rapids and cataracts, and the bed of the river is frequently narrowed by rocky precipieea, and overhung 
with trees, while its banks in some places rise perpendicularly to the height of 140 feet. At Glenn's Falls, IS miles from 
Saratoga, the Hudson flows over a ledge of rocks into a deep basin below, with a descent of 70 feet. Numerous minor 
falls exist In various rivers, especially in the northern part of the State, and furnish in many instances motive power of 
immense importance lo the manufacturing interests of the State. 

The sea-coast of New York is nearly all comprised in the shores of Long Islanil. which contain a few harbors and inlets, 
but none that are much frequented by shipping. The bay and harbor of New York is the great dep6t of the commerce 
of the State, and the most magnificent harbor-water on the Atlantic sea-board. Ea.-5ily accessible, perfectly safe, capacious 
enough for the navies of the whole world, and never obstructed by ice, it has advantages possessed by no other port. Its 
boundaries toward the sea are Long Island and Staten Island, between which it connects with the Atlantic by the Nar- 
rows, an outlet formed by projections from each shore. It extends 9 miles below the city, and is from 2 to 5 miles broad, 
containing several islands, which are fortified in the strongest possible manner, as are also both sides of its entrance at the 
Narrows. The Hudson enters the Bay from the north ; the East Eiver, or channel between New York and Long Island, 
communicating with Long Island Sound on the east, and the Kills, a strait between Staten Island and the Jersey shore, on 
the west. At low water the entrance by the Narrows is somewhat difficult for large ships, and the entrance from the 
Sound is obstructed by a rocky strait, called Ilelt Gate, a name corrupted from " Ilorll Gatt," the Dutch for whirlpool. In 
1S52, however, a great portion of the dangerous rocks of this channel were blasted away, and vessels of large size may 
now pass without much danger. 

There are several harbors on Lake Ontario, the most noted of which is Sackett's Harbor, toward the east end of the lake ; 
it is deep and safe, and was an imi)ortant naval station during the war of 1S12. The harbors of Buffalo and Dunkirk on 
Lake Erie are also important commercial stations, being the terminus of the two great lines of railroad between the Hud- 
son and the lakes. The harbors of Lake Champlain are much used by Canadian traders, and those of Burlington and 
Plattsburg are fast rising into importance. 

Long Island is the largest ai)pendage to this State. It projects into the Atlantic opposite the southern shore of Connec- 
ticut, a distance of 140 miles. Its average breadth is 10 miles, and its greatest breadth about twenty miles. The shape is 
that of a great whale, and a rocky ridge, called the Spine, extends lengthwise nearly through it, and at the western end 
forms the heights of Brooklyn. South of the ridge the land is level and sandy — on the north it is more uneven. The 
islanil abounds with wild fowl and game, and its waters with flsh in great variety, which furnish the markets of the City 
of New York and other places plentifully. In the western section are some fine orchards and market gardens. Staten 
Island, a t the mouth of New York harbor, is separated from Long Island by the Bay and Narrows. It is 15 miles long, and 
8 miles broad. Manhattan, or New York Island, which is occupied by the city of the latter name, is 13 miles long, 
■with an average breadth of one mile and a half. The small islands in the bay are Governor's Island, on which stand 
Fort Columbus, the principal strong-hold ; Castle William overlooking the confluences of the Hudson and East rivers, and 
South Battery overlooking the entrance by the Narrows ; Bedloo's Island, on which stands Fort Wood, and is now used as 
the chief recruiting depfit of the United States army ; and Ellis' Island, on which is a naval magazine and some fortifica- 
tions. The defenses at the entrance of New York Bay are Fort Hamilton and Fort Diamond, on the north shore of the 
NaiTows, the latter an insulated castle, and Fort Eichmond on the south shore. 

The climate of New York can not be described in general terms. Each locality has its own peculiarities. The meaji 
average temperature of the whole State is 46° 49' Fahr. The mean maximum 92^, the mean minimum 12° below 
zero, and the mean annual range 104°. These data furnish a standard of comparison. The southern section of the val- 
ley of the Hudson, and the whole of Long Island, are the most equable portions of the State — the greatest heat is about 2^ 
less, and the greatest cold from 10<^ to 1S° less than the average — the sjiring is somewhat backward, but the harvest com- 
mences earlier than in the interior, and the first frosts happen at a much later period in Uie fall season. In the 
river counties, above the Highlands, the seasons are more extreme, both summer and winter being beyond the average, 
and the spring is from 10 to 15 days later at Albany than at Now York. The Mohawk Valley has a climate which does 
not vary greatly from the mean average; north and east of the Mohawk the region is characterized by a low, average 
temperature, backward seasons, and early frosts. The mean temperature is at least 2° below the assumed standard. The 
196 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 



region south of the Mohawk, extending to the smaller lakes, has a mean temperature 1° or 2° below the given average, yet 
the cold is not so intense, nor do the frosts occur so early as in the regions on the north side of the valley. The lake 
region assimilates the climate of Long Island, and the mean temperature does not vary much from the average, but the 
range is about S^ less, indicating greater uniformity. The average time throughout the State, from the blooming of tho 
apjile-tree to the first killing frost, is 174 days — on the west end of Long Island it is 13 or 13 days more, and in the St 
Lawrence district 22 or 23 days less. The prevailing winds are from the south-west On the sea-board, easterly winds 
almost invariably bring rain, while westerly winds are sure precursors of fine, dry v/eather, and in winter of continued 
frosts. The quantity of rain that falls during the year may average for the State 49 inches. From these data it will be 
perceived that the climate is everywhere one of great extremes, and although in the same latitudes which in Europe 
produce the fig and the olive, its severer character admits only of the culture of the hardier plants and grains. Though 
subject to sudden and severe changes, the Slate as a whole is extremely healthy, and if the mortality of the larger cities 
be omitted, the ratio of deaths is not greater than in tlie best climates of Europe. In tho eastern counties consumption 
and other diseases of the respiratory organs are the prevailing maladies, while in the western counties bilious affections 
predominate. In the large cities, during summer and fall, cholera infantum is the most common and fatal disease; 
about one half of the deaths during the year occur in children under five years of age, a mortality which must be attrib- 
uted to other causes than climate, and in chief to badly constructed dwellings and to badly regulated diet 

The geological structure of New York has been scientifically examined under the authority of the Legislature, as also its 
botany and animal kingdom. The secondary formations of geologists, as well as the upper formations of the transition 
system, have no existence in this State, and in most parts the tertiary system is wanting. The existence of small beds of 
oolite in Saratoga County, and a somewhat doubtful era of red sandstone in Kockland County can scarcely be considered 
as exceptions to this statement in regard to the transition system. 

Coal is not noted in the subjoined table. All the formations of New York, except the alluvial and diluvial deposits, 
and the beds of tertiary on the St. Lawrence, are below the coal measures, the Kaatsbergs, which are the highest members 
of the transition system being the layer immediately beneath. It is true that there are layers of anthracite a few inches in 
thickness, and extending over a small surface between the strata of rocks of an earlier date in various parts, but coal does 
not exist in quantities sufficient to be of any practical value. The prevalence of limestone in nearly all the formations 
is worthy ot notice, affording, as it does, the basis rock best adapted to yield the materials for fertilizing the soil. 

The following table exhibits the geological formations of the State, as arranged by the State geologists. Captions III., 
IV., and V. are comprised under the general head of the transition system of geologists: 

TABULAR VIEW OF TUB KOCKS OF NEW YORK, IN SYSTEMS, GROUPS, AND FORMATIONS. 



Systems.' 

I. Alluvial 

II. Diluvial 

III. Old Eed Sandstone. . . 

IV. New York Teansition. 



V. Taghkanuc, or Taconic. 

VI. Gneiss, or primary 



Groups. 

Alluvial 

Diluvial 

Old red sandstone, or Kaats- 

berg 

Erie. 

Helderherg 



Ontario. 



ClMinplain . 



VII. SUPEEINCUIIBENT EOCKS 

VIII. Unstkatified kooks. . 



Boulders, etc. ; clay and sands. 

Conglomerate; old red sandstone. 

Chemung sandstones and flagstones ; Ludlow\'ille shales. 

Helderberg limestone ; Schoharie grit ; brown argiUaccoua 
sandstone ; encrinal limestone ; Oriskany limestone ; greea 
shaly limestone ; pentamerus limestone. 

Onondaga salt and gypseous rocks; limestone and green 
shales; argillaceous iron ore; Medina sandstone, soft, 
green, and variegated. 

Grey sandstone and conglomerate ; Lorraine shales and 
roofing-slate; Utica slate; Trenton limestone; bird's-eye 
limestone; Chazy limestone ; calciferous saud-rock ; Pots- 
dam sandstone. 

Light green shales, sometimes brown and plumbaginous; 
grey and clouded limestone ; brown sandstone. 

Gneiss, hornblende, and mica slate; talcose slate and 
steatite. 

Greenstone, trap, and porphjTy. 

Granite, hypersthene rocks ; primary limestone ; serpentine ; 
magnetic iron ore. 

There are two tracts of primary and unstratified rocks ; the first is nearly circular in form, and occupies the counties 
of Essex, Warren, and Hamilton, and parts of the adjoining counties ; and the second is in the south-east, of a somewhat 
triangular form, and comprises Putnam and Westchester, with the larger part of New York, and part of Rockland, 
Orange, and Duchess counties. These two sections, together, occupy nearly one-third part of the State. They contain 
extensive iron mines, and mines of lead and plumbago Their surface is generally broken and elevated— in the Adiron- 
dack group towering up to the height of a mile above tide-water, and attaining in the beetling clifis which overlook the 
waters of the Hudson a considerable though less lofty altitude. The soil is less arable and fertile than in the lauds of 
limestone formation, but is naturally covered with a gigantic growth of oak, pine, and hemlock. The gneiss of this sys- 
tem furnishes a fine building material, and under the name of granite is abundantly quarried. The serpentine, primitive 
limestone and steatite are also largely produced for the purposes of the arts. These rocks abound in minerals, as garnet, 
beryl, chrysoberyl, pyroxene, sphene, tourmaline, apatite, colophonite, seapolite, labradorite, epodite, etc. 

The Taconic system is composed of brown sandstone, gray limestone, green shales, etc., and contains some minerals. 
It fiirnishes fine limestone for building, but has few or no fossils. The overlaying soil is often highly fertile. Its range 
comprises the whole of Washington, Eensselaer, and Columbia, part of Duchess, Ulster, Greene, Albany, and Saratoga, 
and trending westward occupies a narrow tract in Schenectady, Montgomery, Herkimer, and Oneida, and expands more 
widely in Oswego and Jefferson counties. 

The New York system comprises four distinct groups. The constituents of the Champlain group are various kinds of 
sandstone and limestone, slate, conglomerate, and a peculiar stone, composited of lime and sand, and hence called cal- 
ciferous (lime-bearing) sand-rock. Of these, the Potsdam sandstone furuislies a beautiful and durable building material ; 

19T 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 



the Trenton :ind birJs-eyo limestone are used in the arts; Lorraine shales and Utica slate are employed for roofing; -nbilo 
the gray sandstones and conglomerates furnish stone suitable for grind-stones. The rocks of this group abound in fossils 
of the earlier periods — encrinites, trilobites, and numerous others, unlilie any of the Crustacea now in existence. The 
soil throughout the territory occupied by this group is generally good, and much of it highly fertile, being constantly en- 
riched by the decomposing limestone, etc. The group occupies a very considerable but irregular territory ; it appears 
occasionally in small beds, then dips, and again appears as a surface rock. In the form of Potsdam sandstone, etc., it 
bounds the great primary region of the north-east in every direction, varying in width from two to fifty miles, and also 
appears in narrow beds on both sides of the Hudson Eiver. 

The Ontario group consists of three distinct jiortions. The lowest, a marly sandstone, decomposing rapidly when exposed, 
is called Medina sandstone ; next a series of soft, green, slaty rocks, also easily decomposed, and overlaid by clayey and 
flinty limestone, alternating with each other, and finally terminating on the limestone over which the Niagara pours its 
cataract ; and, lastly, a group of limestones containing gypsum, hydraulic cement, water-lime, and salt, known as the 
Onondaga salt group. This group is the most valuable of the transition system. It includes the salt springs of Salina, 
etc., ami furnishes in its gyi)sum one of the most potent of fertilizers, ami in its water-lime an indispensable material in 
the construction of aqueducts, etc. The fossils of this group are numerous and interesting. Shells of bi-valve mollusca, 
corallines, and madrepores, together with traces of vegetable existence, mark this era. Minerals are not numerous here. 
The clayey limestone containing iron ore, fluor spar, and selenito, appear occasionally, and sulphur springs gush up in 
various sections. Its soil is of unsurj):issed and permanent fertility, and its territorial limits compose the granary of the 
State. The oak, beech, maj)le, elm, Initter-nut, hickory, and black walnut, are the principal forest trees. The Ontario 
group commences at the north-west extremity of Lake Ontario, and extends eastward, witli a mean breadth of 20 miles, 
to its termination in Montgomery County. 

The lleklcrberg series comprises four kinds of limestone, and three of sandstone (see table). Many of its constituents 
abound in fossils. The Ilelderberg limestone is cavernous, and many of the caves have been exjilored for a considerable 
distance, and have been found to contain stalaclites and stalagmites of great variety and beauty. Tlie principal mijierala 
of this group are bng-iron ore, fluor spar, jasper, strontiau, sjitin spar, alum, bitumen, and small veins of authracite. 
The soil overlying the rocks is either a fine clay, or sand lying upon clay. Marl is also of frequent occurrence. The 
growths are chiefly oak, chestnut, hickory, pine, etc. By suitable cultivation good crops of grain may be grown. 
This n-roup occupies the narrow tract commencing in Orange, and passing through Ulster, to the Hudson, thence along 
the banks of that river to Albany, where it turns westwardly, and passes through the centre of tlie State, south of the 
Ontario group, forming the beds of most of the small lakes in Western New York, and terminates on the shores of Lake 
Erie. 

The Erie group is composed of two portions. The lower, or Ludlowville shales, is composed of soft, slaty rocks, 
alternating with their beds of limestone, easily decomposed ; a)id the upper, or Chennmg series, consists of thin, even beds 
of gray sandstone, with intervening shales or beds of slate. Some of the fossils found in this group i>ossess great beauty. 
Ferns, etc., frequently occur, indicating the approach to that period of vegetable luxuri.-ince which marks the coal 
formation. The avicula deltliyris and other conchifera are found embedded in the rocks. Petroleum, called Seneca oil, 
occurs in several localities, and in a number of places carburetted hydrogen is evolved from the surface, and in such 
quantities as to bo used for illumination. The soil where the Ludlowville shales form the surface rock is fertile, though 
rough and broken : in the higher regions occupied by the Chemung limestone, the character of the soil is different, and 
the white pine and hemlock take the place of the oak, maple, and beech of the lower lands, and attain a gigantic growth. 
These lands produce grasses abundantly, and as they become cleared will afliird i)asturage of the best character. The 
Erie series covers nearly the whole of Chautauque, Cattaraugus, Wyoming, Allegh.iny, Steuben, Yates, Tompkins, Che- 
mung, and Tioga counties, together with portions of Broome, Chenango, Cortland, Ontario, Livingston, Genesee, and Erie, 
as well as a narrow tract in Sullivan, Ulster, Greene, Schoharie, and Otsego counties. 

This completes what for convenience has been termed the New York transition system. The remaining group properly 
belongs to the transition system of the English geologists, and is by them ilenominated old red sandstone, that rock being 
its principal constituent. It is predominant in the Kaattsberg, and hence the State geologists have given it the name of 
that locality. It consists of old red sandstone, overl\ ing the Chemung sandstone, and of conglomerate, which is immediately 
beneath the coal-bearing limestone of Pennsylvania. The san.lstone imparts its red hue to the soil that covers it. It 
contains comparatively few fossils— the scales and bones of some lizard-like fish have been discovered in it. Bog- 
iron ore and calcareous spar are the only miner.ils of consequence found in this form.ition. The conglomerate affords 
fine grind-st(mes, and has been used to some extent for mill-stones. The overlying soil is good. Hemlock, beech, maple, 
elm, basswood, butternut, etc., are the principal trees— oak seldom occurs. This series is chiefly local, and occupies only 
the south-western counties in tha neighborhood of the Kaatsbergs. 

The diluvial regions are chiefly in the neighborhood of the St. La^vrenee, Lake Chamiilain, and the Hudson, and com- 
pose the surface of the northern half of Long Island. They consist of a stitf, blue clay beneath, a yellowish-lirown clay 
above this, and sand on the surface. The marine shells found in these clays, belong in some instances to extinct species. 
To this system belong also the boulders scattered so widely over the State. 

The alluvial deposits, consisting of gravel, sand, loam, etc., thrown up by the waters, and deposited on the lake shores 
and river banks, and still in j)rocess of aggregation, constitute the last of the geological formations. To these belong 
portions of the valleys of the rivers and lakes, and the southern half of Long Island. The soil of both the diluvial and 
alluvial deposits is mainly fertile. 

Trap and porphyry do not in this State constitute a separate formation. They occur either in columnar masses, like 
the Palisades, or in narrow dykes traversing rooks of an entirely different constitution, and their position is evidently the 
result of the action of subterranean fire. Porpliyry is only found occupying a tract of a few miles in length on Lake 
Champlain. 

In connection with the geology of the State, the "ridge road" is worthy of more extended notice. This road consists of 
a bank of sand, gravel, etc., varying in height from 100 to 150 feet, and extending along the whole southern coast of Lake 
Ontario at a distance of six or eight miles from it, forming a natural highway. It is said that a somewhat similar ridge 
exists along the northern shore of the lake. That this ridge once, and at no distant period, formed its shore, is proved by 
the existence of small sand hillocks, evidently heaped up by the action of the waves, by the absence of Indian mounds and 
fortifications on the north side of the ridge, and their frequent occurrence immediately south of it, and, above all, by the 
etructure and composition of the ridge itself. 
193 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 



The deep channels cut in the rocks by many of the rivers are also subjects of geological Interest. The Hudson, the 
St. Lawrence, Oswego, etc., either have banlcs sloping to the water's edge, or if they occasionally pass through narrow and 
precipitous defiles, have not worn themselves a passage by the action of their waters upon the rocky barrier which opposed 
them, but have availed themselves of a route opened by some conyulsion of nature. Such is not the case with the 
Mohawk, the Chenango, the Genesee, and the Niagara, Descending from elevated table-lands, they have, by their 
ceaseless flow, hewn out a channel through the shales, slates, and marly sand and limestones, in some instances 400 or 500 
feet below the level of the surrounding country. The constant action of the waters upon these decomposing rocks has 
also caused the Falls of Niagara to recede, as some geologists suppose, a distance of five or six miles, and this recession is 
still in progress. 

Among the useful metals, iron is that most abundant in New York. It is found in five forms. The magnetic oxide ia 
most al)undant in Essex, Clinton, Franklin, Warren, Orange, and Tutnam counties; tlie abundance is immense ; a single 
vein (the Stafford vein, in Essex County) being estimated by Professor Emmons to contain ore sufficient to yield 3,000,000 
tons of malleable iron. This ore is confined to primary rocks. The specular oxide is found chiefly in St. Lawrence, 
Jefferson, and Franklin counties imbedded in sandstone, and though less abundant than the former, is still founrl in large 
quantities. The argillaceous ore, called also bog ore, is found in various parts, evidently deposited by diluvial and allu- 
vial action in the clay and gravel. The hematitic ore frequently occurs in crystals of fantastic and beautiful forms ; it is 
found extensively in Kichmond, Orange, Ulster, Putnam, Duchess, Clinton, "Warren, and Wayne counties ; also in West- 
chester and Eockland, and usually makes its appearance in the lower limestones of the transition system. The car- 
buret of iron, or graphite, occurs abundantly in Duchess County, and in considerable quantities in Essex and Clinton 
counties. 

Lead is found in immense quantities in St. Lawrence County, and less abundantly in the Shawangunk Mountains, in 
Sullivan and Ulster counties, etc. It does not seem to be eonflned to any geological era, but occurs in nearly all the 
formations. Zinc and copper occur in various parts, and arsenic has been discovered In Putnam County. Barytes 
and strontian are abundant in Schoharie and Jefferson, and alum is found in many districts. The existence of gypsum 
and hydraulic cement has already been noticed. Serpentine and its kindred minerals, soapstone, talc, carbonate, hydrate 
and sulphate of magnesia, together with asbestos, and amianthus, occur abundantly in Putnam, Orange, Westchester, 
Jefferson, and St. Lawrence counties, and in considerable quantities in other parts. Numerous other minerals, of interest 
only to the professed geologist, are found everywhere. 

Mineral springs, the waters of which are of great value, exist in various districts. The chalybeate springs of Saratoga, 
the sulphur springs of Ai on, Eoehester, and Chittenango, the brine sjirings in Genesee, Erie, and Orleans counties, the 
petrifying springs of Madison and Saratoga counties, etc., are well known and appreciated. The oil springs found in 
Cattaraugus and Alleghany counties, the nitrogen springs of New Lebanon and Iloosic, and the carburetted hydrogen 
springs in the neighborhood of Lake Erie and the Niagara Kiver, are also well worthy of notice. The village of 
Predonia, and the light-house at Barcelona, are illuminated by the latter. Springs of the same character are also found 
in Duchess, Ofteida, and Monroe counties. 

The botany of this great State is exceedingly diverse in its characteristics. Holding a geographical position midway 
between the north and the south, the trees, shrubs, grasses, etc., of both extremes are found within its borders. Immense 
forests still occupy the uncultivated regions north and west, consisting mostly of oak, pine, beech, etc., while chestnut, 
hickory, and maple, with a number of others less numerous, but not less valuable ti'ces are scattered over its territory. The 
mountain sides and woods are clothed in a shrubby undergrowth, and in the open plains flourish hundreds of more humble 
herbaceous plants, among which may be found many that are rare and curious. Flowery shrubs and plants cover the 
surface; the anemone, ranunculus, and violet put forth their flowers in every sheltered place; and the dock tribe flourish 
luxuriantly in the marshes. Among the lobelia tribe there is the cardinal flower, Indian tobacco {inflata), etc. ; and in 
the deep recesses of the forests, the arum and orchis tribes, of strange forms and brilliant colors, are met with. In the 
fall season the asters and golden-rods are the pride of the plain. Medicinal plants are in abundance — the cicuta, conium, 
stramonium, are found on every side, and the mints are abundantly distributed. Among the shrubs also are many highly 
useful in medicine. 

But the most important vegetation of the State is undoubtedly its forest trees. Of the coniforce there are nine distinct 
families, viz. : the pitch pine, white pine, hemlock, spruce, balsam fir, black spruce, white spruce, tamarack, etc., also the 
red cedar, white cedar, arbor vitoe, and the yew. Oaks are more numerous in species, and among these are many of 
the most valuable kinds of timber ; white, black, scarlet, black chestnut, willow, swamp, mossy, black-jack, etc., are the 
best known. Elm, ash, maple, walnut, beech, etc., in numerous species, are found in different parts. Of the maple 
species, the sugar maple is most valuable, on account of its furnishing domestic sugar, which is now used by the farmers, 
of the interior almost to the exclusion of cane sugar. 

No class of plants is so widely distributed as that of grasses. The Flora of this Slate contains many native species, 
but only a small number of these is of any value, and the meadow grasses, with few exceptions, are of foreign origin. 
The principal of these are, the timothy, sweet vernal, meadow, blue and rough grasses. Wheat, rye, and oats are culti- 
vated extensively, and the zigania aquatiea, a wild rice, which forms a principal article of the food of the Indian, grows 
abundantly in the northern counties. Wild oats and chess are common. Some grasses are confined to particular soils. 
Many in sandy soils have matted roots, and by forming a thick sod, prevent the loose soil from being carried away by 
the flood or winds, and others by their annual decay fertilize soils which otherwise would be arid and unproductive. 
Ferns and fern-like plants occupy a wide extent of territory, while mosses and rushes aj© equally abundant, and form in 
many instances most vaiaable adjuncts to the comforts of domestic life. 

The whole number of flowering plants in this State is about 1,450, and of these 1,200 are herbaceous, and 150 may be 
regarded as ornamental. Of woody plants there are 250 species, including about 80 that attain to the stature of trees. Of 
plants that are reputed medicinal, there are, native and naturalized, about 1»0 species. 

The animal kingdom is replete with objects of interest, and opens a wido field for the study of natural history. The 
carnivorous animals existing in this State are the black bear, the raccoon, wcjvevine, skunk, fisher, weasel, pine martin, 
ermine weasel, mink, otter, native dogs, the gray and black wolf, the panther, wild cat, bats, the mole, and the shrew. 
Of the marsupial, or pouched, animals the opossum is the only species. The ordet- rodentia, or gnawers, are numerous, and 
comprises the beaver, muskrat, rabbit, prairie hare, squirrels, woodchucks or marmots, and rats and mice of numerous 
kinds. The American deer, the moose, stag, and reindeer, belonging to th,e ungulata, were formerly numerous ; to this 
family belong also the horse ass, ox, hog, goats, and sheep, but these are not iftdigenous, In tl^e waters are many cetac&> 

199 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 



ous animals — whales of several species, with the porpoise, grampus, etc. The mastodon has been found in a fossil state 
in all parts, and the teeth and other remains of elephants, etc., have been occasionally dug up. 

Among the birds of prey natives of New York there are, of the vulture tribe, the turkey buzzard ; of the falcon tribe, the 
golden and bald eagle, tlio goshawk, the fish liawk, the marsh h.-irrier, with four oilier species of hawk, and six of buz- 
zard, and of the owl tribe, ten species; of birds of passage, 20 diffiTcnt tribts and 149 species are enumerated; belonging 
to the gallin.acea arc the wild turkey, American quail, partridge, grouse, iii:iirie hen, etc. The grallo, or waders, are very 
numerous, counting 62 species in seven families. Lobipedes, or lobe-footi^l birds, are represented in the coot, the horned, 
crested, and red-necked grebe, and the dipper; and among the natatores are pulling loons, petrels, pelicans, gulls, and 
the goose and duck, in all C families and 71 species. Among the latter are the canvas-back duck, so famous with 
epicures, the American widgeon, and the American swan. Of the buzzard tribe the blue-tailed shink, or stripid buzzard, 
asid the brown swift-legged are the only species, the first in the southern counties, and the latter frequenting the woods 
in every district. 

There are but Ihree orders of reptiles in New York. Among the turtle tribe we find the green turtle, which, though a 
native of more southern latitudes, frequently appe.irs in the waters of tliis State; the leather turtle, a gigantic species; tho 
soft shell turtle, which inhabits the Mohawk and the lakes; the snapping turtle, terrapins, tortoises (the geograjihic and 
pseudo-geographic), etc. Serpents are numerous, but of these only two species, the copper-head and northern rattle-snake, 
are considered to be venomous. In all there are about 40 species known to naturalists. 

The amphibious animals are comprised in four families ; of the ranidte, or frog tribe, there are 13 species ; of salaman- 
ders, 12 species ; of the triton tribe, 4 species ; and of the proteus tribe, 2 species. The banded proteus is a very singular 
animal, having the body of a lizard and the gills of a flsh. 

The fishes indigenous to the waters of the Slate are very numerous. Bony fishes arc comprised in six orders: among 
the pectinibranchi the best known are the perch, bass, bull head, sheep head, porgee, pilot fish, mullet, black fish, mack- 
erel, etc. ; of the abdominals, tho shad, herring, salmon trout, caX flsh, carp, pike, pickerel, minnow, etc. ; of the jugulares, 
the cod, haddock, hake, halibut, flounder, turbol, sole, etc. ; of the apodales, the eel and the conger ; of the lopliobranchi, 
the pipe fish and the Hudson River sea-horse ; and of the eleetrognathi, the balloon flsh, the puffer, the globe fish, etc 
The cartilagurous family comprises three orders, viz., the eleutheropomi, of which the sturgeon is the only example ; the 
plagiostoini, which embraces the shark and the ray ; and the cyclostomi, of which the lamprey, or tamper eel, is tlie repre- 
senUitive. Twenty-flve or thirty species of fishes have been found in a fossil state, and of these several species belong to 
families now extinct. 

The crustaceaj are embraced in 10 orders. There are but 27 species of the order decapoda, of which lobsters, crabs, 
shrimps, etc., are the best known species ; of the stomapoda there are but three species, among which are the opossum- 
shrimp and squill ; of the amphipoda four species exist, as the sand flea, etc. ; of the loemipoda, the whale-louse and sea- 
measuring worm are the only specimens ; of the isopoda there are 14 species, 7 of which are parasitical — barnacles are an 
example of this order ; of the pcecilipoda 5 species, as the horse-shoe, etc. ; of the phyllopoda, lophryopoda, braachiopoda, 
and ostrapoda, but few specimens are found, and those few are known only to the curious zoologist. 

Molluscous animals are very numerous. Among the cephalopoda are the cuttle-fish, spirula, etc. The clio is a repre- 
sentative of the pteropoda. The gasteropoda include a vast variety of snails and animals inhabiting turbinated shells. 
Oysters, clams, etc., which are arrayed under eight sub-divisions, consist each of several species. Meml)ers of the 
orders cirrhopoda and tunicata are not very numerous. Geologists have discovered many specimens of fossil mollusca 
imbedded in tho limestone and sandstone formations — the most remarkable of these are variovis species of the trilobito, 
the encrinite, the pentamerus, etc. 

No full account of the insects of New York has yet been published, but these are very numerous, and many of them 
of rare and beautiful appearance. The coleoplera, or beetle tribe, alone numbers some 1,200 varieties, and many of these 
have brilliant colors, and are of great magnitude. The orlhoptera, or roach tribe, includes tho the cockroach, cricket, 
grasshopper, etc., everywhere as plentiful .is need be for comfort. The katydid, so well known by the peculiar shrill 
sound it produces, belongs to this order. The hoemoptera include a large variety of locusts, among which there is one 
remarkable for remaining 17 years in the grul) state. The hcemoptera comprise many bugs injurious to vegetation, 
particularly the May bug, the lady-bug, the apple-tree blight, etc. The order of lepidoptera probably numbers not less 
than 1,000 species, and includes butterflies and moths, the size and brilliant colors of many being astonishing. Spiders, 
which range under the order arachni<liR, number 200 species, some of which are very large, and possessed of great beauty. 
The long-legs, the clawed-spider, the tick, the mite, the louse, etc., also belong to this order. The vermes, or worm family, 
and the animaleute of the State, have not been scientifically examined, but their spi^cies are as abundant and i)roliflc as 
most persons could desire. One dr<fp of " pure Croton," which is so extolled by the citizens of New York, is said to contain 
myriads of organized beings ranging under these heads. 

Let us now take a view of man. The aboriginal inhabitants, formerly a great and numerous people, are now sleeping 
with their fathers, or pursuing their pleasures in the spirit-land of their creed. A small remnant, however, is still left in 
the Western counties of the State, but this seems to be a mora wreck of former days. The present inhabitants are of 
European origin, and vastly diversified in their races and tongues. The English in their descendants predominate, and 
perhaps the Irish, Dutch, and German, are next in numerical proportion. The early enumerations are not sufficiently 
exact to make them of any account. In 1701, the population is stated to have been about 30,000 ; in 1731, .50,000 ; and in 
1750, 100,000. The census of 1771 exhibited the total population at 1G3,33?. The enumerations since taken under tho 
authority of the United States at decennial periods, commencing 1790, exhibit more accurate returns, and furnish the 
following results : 

Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. 

Census 'White , ' , Total ,. ■ , 



Years. Persons. Free. Slave. Totjil. Population. Numerical. Percent. 

1790 314,142 4,6.54 21,324 25,973 .. 840,120 '— — 

1800 556,039 10,374 20,343 80,717 5S6.756 246,636 72..5 

1810 918,699 25,.333 15,017 40,3.50 959.049 372,293 63.4 

1S20 1,.3.30,744 31.980 10,088 42,068 1,372.812 413,763 43.1 

1830 1,868,061 44.S70 75 44,945 1,913,006 540,194 39.0 

1840 2,378,890 50.027 4 .50,031 2,428,921 515.915 2G.9 

1S50 3,049,181 47,914 — 47,914 3,097,394 668,473 27.5 

200 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 



New York 



Counties. 



is divided into 59 counties, the general statistics of wliicli, and tlie capitals of each, in 1S50, were as follows ; 
Northern New York — 45 counties. 



Albany 

Alleghany . . 
Broome . . . . 
Cattaraugus, 

Cayuga 

Chautauque, 
Chemung. . . 
Chenango . . 

Clinton 

Cortland 

Delaware... 

Erie 

Essex 

Franklin . . . 

Fulton 

Genesee 

Hamilton . . 
Herkimer. . 
Jefferson . . , 

Lewis 

Livingston. , 
Madison . . . 
Monroe 



Dwell. Pop. i'„='JT Estab. ^'P"""" 

12,T4T. . 93,279. .2,903. .393. .Albany 
6,96S . . 37,S0S . . 3,1T3 . . 291 . . Angelica 
5,651. . 30,GG0. .2,49T. .229. .Blnghampton 
C,T50. . 33,950. .3,G55. .299. .Elllcottsvllle 
9,259. . 55,45^. .4,223. .508. .Auburn 
9,074. . 50,493. .5,103. .510. .MayvlUe 
5,095. . 2S,S21. .2.170. .321. .Elmira 
7,572. . 40,311. .4,406. .561 . .Norwich 
6,713. . 40,047. .2,095. .461. .Plattsburg 
4,580. . 25,140. .2,465. .202. .Cortland Village 
7,105. . 39,834. .4,747. .433. .Delhi 

17,104. .100,993. .4,380. .683. .Buffalo 
5,321. . 31,143. .1,872. .199. .Elizabethtown 
4,233. . 25,102. .1,647. .129. .Malone 
3,730. . 20,171.. 1,361. .233-. .Johnstown 
5,014. . 28,438. .2,574. .199. .Batavia 

407.. 2,183.. 261.. 17..Morehouseville 
6,664 . . 33,244 .. 2,723 .. 277 . . Herkimer 

11,926. . 63,153. .5,490. . 630 . . Watertown 
4,624.. 24,564. .2,374.. 07. .Martinsburg 
7,172 . . 40,375 . . 2,503 . . 303 . . Geneseo 
8,193.. 43,072.. 3,345.. 404.. Morrlsvllle 

15,027. . 87,650. .4,113. .526. .Eochester 



Counties. Dwell. Pop. 

Montgomery. 5,353.. 81, 992. 

Niagara 7,4:35.. 42,276. 

Oneida 16,751. .99,566. 

Onondaga . . .15,335. .85,890. 

Ontario 7,868.. <4:3,929. 

Orleans 5,273.. 23,501. 

Oswego 11,004. .62,193. 

Otspgo 9,087 . . 48,638 . 

Rensselaer . . .10,972. .73,303. 

Saratoga 7,394.. 45,046. 

Schenectady . 8,1 95.. 20,054. 
Schoharie .... 5,378 . . 33,543 . 

Seneca 4,541. .25,441. 

St. Lawrence. 11,704. .63,617. 

Steuben 11,210. .03,771. 

Tioga 4,442.. 24,380. 

Tompkins ... 7,103. .33,746. 

AVarren 2,970. .17,199. 

Washington.. 8,043. .44,750. 

Wayne 8,074. .44,953. 

Wyoming.... 5,918.. 31,981. 
Yates 3,784.. 20,590. 



Southern New York— 14 counties. 



Counties. Dv.ell. 

Columbia . . . 7,029 . . 
Duchess .... 9,502. 

Greene 5,745.. 

Kings 15,809., 

New York ..37,677. 

Orange 9,686. 

Putnam .... 2,425. 



''"P- fn^ult. E."',b: Capitals. 

43,073 . . 2,51 1 . . 208 .. Hudson 

53,992 .. 3,208 . . 415 . . Poughkeepsie 

38,126 . . 2,672 . . 433 . . Catskill 

133,882.. 363.. 576. .Brooklyn 
515,547 . . 108 . . 3,305 . . New York 

57,145.. 3,420.. 357.. Goshen 
14,138.. 989.. S9..Carmel 



Farms 
in cult. 


Manuf 
Estab. 


Capltala, 


1,833. 


207. 


Fonda 


3,143. 


330. 


.Lockport 


6,292. 


952. 


.Borne 


4.595. 


1,410. 


.Syracuse 


3,053. 


205. 


.Canaudaiga 


.2,271. 


232. 


.Albion 


4,497. 


640. 


. Oswego 


.4,764. 


830. 


.Cooperstown 


.2,930. 


689. 


.Troy 


8,405. 


849. 


.Ballston 


.1,040. 


107. 


.Schenectady 


.2,489. 


243. 


.Schoharie 


.1,555. 


240. 


. Waterloo 


.6,124. 


450. 


.Canton 


.5,797. 


. 570 


.Bath 


.2,026. 


. 354 


.Owego 


.3,193. 


. 434. 


. Ithaca 


.1,505. 


. 128. 


.Cald\ycll 


.3,0.37. 


. 270 


.Sandy Hill 


.3,957. 


. 250 


.Lyons 


.8,300. 


. 299 


.Warsaw 


.1,073. 


. 165 


.Peun Yan 


Farms 
in cult 


Mann 
Estab 


'• Capitals, 



Counties. Dwell. Pop, 

Queens 6,230 . . 36,833 . . 2,803 . . 89 . . N. Hempst«ad 

Elchmond .. 2,3.34.. 15,061.. 212.. 37. .Richmond 

Bockbnd... 8,011.. 16,902.. 632.. 144. .Clarkstown 

Suffolk 6,745.. 36,922.. 2,823.. 96.. Suffolk 

SulUv.an .... 4,355.. 25,088.. 1, 889. . 800 . . Monticello 

Ulster 9,735 . . 59,384. . 3,539 . . 441 . . Kingston 

Westchester. 8,754.. 58,203. .2,587. . 890.. Bedford 



The whole number of dwellings in the State, at the above date, was 478,936, of families 506,809, and of iuhabitauta 
3,097,394, viz., whites 8,049,457— males 1,545,052, and females 1,504,405; fr. col, 47,987— males 22,978, and females 24,959. 
Of the whole population there were deaf and duin7j—\Yh. 1,297, fr. eol. 10— total 1,307 ; hlind — wh. 1,221, fr. col. 51— total 
1,272 ; insan-e—yv'h. 2,.544, fr. col. 30— total 2,530 ; and uJiotio—wh. 1,721, fr. ool. 13— total 1,789. The number of free persons 
born in the United States was 2,439,290 ; the number of foreign birth, 051,801 ; and of birth unknown, 6,261. The native 
population originated as follows: Maine 4,.509, N. Hamp. 15,519, Verm. 52,599, Mass. 55,773, R. 1. 13,129, Conn. 66,101, 
2rew Tori- 2,151,196, N. Jer. 35,819, Penn. 20.252, Del. 899, Md. 39.533, Dist. of Col. 538, Virg. 8,347, N. Car. 073, S. Car. 
935, Ga. 510, Flor. 135, Ala. 184, Miss. 104, La. 503, Tex. 46. Ark. 20, Tenn. 110, Ky. 309, Ohio 3,743, Mich. 1,921, Ind.415, 
111. 605, Mo. 173, la. 70. Wise. 360, Calif. 7, Territories 53. The foreiff/t population was composed of persons from — En- 
gland 84,320, Ireland 343,111, Scotland 23,418, Wales 7,532, Germany 113,398, France 12,515, Spain 461, Portugal 194, 
Belgium 401, Holland 2.917, Turkey 12, Italy 838, Austria 163, Switzerland 1,850, Russia 617, Denmark 429, Norway 392, 
Sweden 753, Prussia 2,211, SardinLi 0, Greece 0, China 34, Asia GO, Africa SO, British America 47,200, Mexico S3, Central 
America 29, S. America 179, West Indies 1,007, Sandwich Islands 40, and other countries 1,941. 

The statistics of the industry and Institutions of the State, according to the returns of 1850, are as follows: 

Occupied Lands, etc. — Improved farm lands, 12,408,908 acres, and unimproved lands attached, 6,710,120 acres — valued 
in cash at $554,546,642. Total number of farms under cultivation 1st June, 1850, 170,021— in the northern district, 14.3,749 
and in the southern district, 20,372. V.ilue of farming implements and machinery, $22,084,926. 

LwenStocTc. — The number of live-stock or domestic animals at the two periods 1840 and 1850, was as follows : 



Description. 

Horses 

Mules and Asses 

Milch Cows 

Working Oxen 

Other Cattle 

Sheep 5,118,777 

Swine 1,900,005 



\ 474,543head \ 447,014 head ( 

j I 903 " ) 



26,566 head, or 5.6 per cent 



\' 



911,^44 



981,324 
173,909 
707,406 

" 8,458,241 

" 1,018,522 



■I 



\ 



33,605 

1,605,536 
831,543 



or l.T 



or 82.5 
or 40.4 



— the live-stock of 1850 was valued in the aggregate at $73,570,499. 

Products of Animals.— 'Woo\, 10,071,301 pounds ; butter, 79,766,094 pounds ; cheese, 49,741,413 pounds ; and the value 
of animals slaughtered In the year had been $18,.578,9S3. The wool crop, according to the returns of 1840, amounted to 
9,845,295 pounds ; and hence the increase exhibited in 1850 was 226,006 pounds, or 2.3 per cent. The product, per fleece, 
in 1840, was 1 lb. 14f oz. ; and in 1850, 2 lb. 14} oz., or 52.1 per cent, increase. The butter produced is one-fourth of the 
production of the United States ; and the cheese produced one-half the whole. 

Grain (7w/>.s.— Wheat, 13,121,498 bushels; rye, 4,148,132 bushels; Indian com, 17,858,400 bushels; oats, 20,552,814 
bushels; barley, 3,535,059 bushels; buckwheat, 3,133,955 bushels. In proportion to the crop of the United States, that 
of wheat is approximately one-eighth, that of rye one-fourth, that of Indian corn one thirty-secmul, that of oats more than 

201 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 



1,168,859 


" or 39.2 


6,886,114 


" or 62.7 


5,876,967 


" or 28.4 


1,064,991 


" or 42.2 


1,696,070 


" or S2.4 



) I l'«" 1 

V l,130f tons -I 3 tons V dear. 1,533,063 lbs., or 62.5 

) I 940,.577 11)8 ' 



one-.sii-th. ihat of barley two-thirds, and that of buckwheat one-third of the aggregate. The comparisou of the several 
crops in 1^40 and 1S50, as returned by the censuses of those years, was as follows : 

Crop. lS-40. laiO. Increase. 

"Wheat 12,286,418 bush 18,121,498 bush 835,080 bush, or 6.8 per cent. 

Eye 2,979.323 " 4,148,182 

Indian Com 10,972,286 " 17,858,400 

Oats 20,675,847 " 26,552,814 

Barley 2,520,063 " 3,58.5,0.59 

Buckwheat 2,237,885 " 3,183,955 

Other Food Crops. — Peas and bc.ans, 741,036 bushels ; and potatoes— Irish, 15,393,362 busliels, and sweet, 5,C23 busheU. 
The potato crop of 1839, as exhibited in the census of 1840, was 30,123,614 bushels, showing a decrease of 14,719,292 
bushels, or 48.8 per cent, in the subsequent decade. 

MUvdlanemts Crops. — Tobacco, 83,189 pounds; hay, 3,723,797 tons; clover-seed, 83,222 bushels; other grass-seed, 
96,493 bushels; hops, 2,536,299 pounds, being three-fourths of the aggregate crop of the Union ; hemp — dew-rotted. 1 ton, 
and waler-rotted, 3 tons; flax, 940,577 pounds; flax-seed, 57,963 bushels; silk cocoons, 1,774 pounds; ni.aple sugar, 
10,357,484 pounds; molasses, 56,529 gallons; beeswax and honey, 1,756,190 pounds; wine, 9,172 gallons, etc. Value 
of orchard products, .$1,761,950, or nearly one-fourth the value of these products in the United States; and of market- 
garden products, $912,047, or more than an eighth the aggregate. On comparing the above with the returns of 1840, the 
following results are obtained : 

Crops, etc. 18-in. iS.50. Miiver.ieiit. 

Tobacco 7441bs 83,189 lbs incr. 82,445 lbs., orll,0S1.3 percent. 

Hay 3,127.041 tons 3,728,797 tons inor. 601 ,750 tons, or 19.2 " 

Hops 447,250 lbs 2,536,299 lbs incr. 2,039,049 lbs., or 442.5 

Hemp — dew-rotted j j 1 ton 

" w^ater-rotted . . 

Flax ) ( 940,.5771bs. 

Maple Sug.ir 10,043,109 lbs 10,3.57,484 IKs incr. 309,375 lbs., or 3.1 " 

Tftine..... 6,799 gals 9,172 g.ils incr. 2,373gl3.,or 32.9 " 

Home-made manufactures were produced in the year ending 1st .Tune, 1*50, to the value of $1,280,333. The samo 
class of goods for the year antecedent to the census of 1840, were valued at $4,630,547. Decre.ase, $3,356,214, or 72.4 
per cent, 

Maiivfciciures. — Capital invested, $09,004,405 ; value of all raw material, fuel etc., consumed, $134,655,674 ; hands em- 
ployed, — males , and females monlbly cost of labor, $ — male $ and female $ 
value of i)rodiicts, $237,.597.249. Number of manufacturing establishments in operation 1st June, 1850, and producing to 
the value of $.500 and upward annually, 28,8'23— m northern district 16.877, and in southern district 6,946, and distributed 
to the counties as shown in the general table. Of Ibis number 86 were cotton factories, 249 woolen factories, 942 tan- 
neries, and 401 manufactories of iron — 323 making ca.st iron, 18 pig iron, and 60 wrought iron. The total capital invested 
in 1840 amounted to $.55,252,779. 

Capital invested in cotton manufitcfures, $4,170,920 ; cotton used, 37,778 bales ; coal consumed, 1,589 tons ; value of all 
raw material, fuel, etc., $1,935,973; hands employed, 6,320— males 2,632, and females 3,638; monthly cost of labor, 
$8.3.94:3— male .$48,244, and female $35,699; average monthly wages— to males $13 .33, and to females $9 63; annual 
products, 44,901,475 yards sheeting, etc., and 2,180,600 pounds of yarn— in all valued at $3,591,989. Capital in 1840, 
$4,900,772 ; hands employed, 7,407 ; value of goods produced, $3,640,237. 

Ca])ilal invested in ivoolen mnnnfactiires, $4,459,370 ; wool consunjed, 12,5-38,736 pounds ; value of all raw material, etc., 
used, $3,838,292; hands employed, 6,074— males 4,262, and females 2,412; monthly cost of labor, $113,524— male $85,147, 
and female $28,877 ; average monthly wages— to males $21 46, .and to females $11 41 ; cloth manufactured, 7,924,252 yards, 
and yarn, 201,700 pounds— in all valued at $7,030,604. Capital in 1840, $3,469,349; hands, 4,636; value of goods 
produced, $3,537,837. 

Capital invested in ton.nmc«, $5,025,143; value of all raw material used, $6,065,221; hands, 4,945— males 4,914, and 
females .31 ; monthly cost of labor, $103,404— male $41,245, .ind female $308 ; t.inned— skins, 871,894, and sides, 3,415,724— 
in all valued at $9,804,000. Capital in 1840, $3,907,348 ; hands employed, 5,579. 

In the m.anufacture of malt and spirituous liquors \he capital invested is $2,585,900 ; quantities .and kinds of grain, 
etc., consumed— barley 2,062,250 bushels, rye 909,067 bushels, oats 6,707 bushels, apples 00,940 bushels, molasses 24,500 
hogsheads, and hops 531 tons ; hands employed, 1,380 ; quantity of liquors produced — ale, etc., 644,700 barrels, whisky and 
high wines 9,231,700 gallons, and rum 2,438,800 gallon.s. 

The statistics of the iron m,annfactures in operation within the State, at the date of the taking of the seventh census, 
were as exhibited in the annexed table : 

Values, products, etc. Pig Tron. Ca.it Iron. Wrouglit Iron. Total. 

Capit.al invested dollars. . . 605.000 4,622,482 1,131 ,-300 6,358,732 

Ore used tons 46,385 — 44,642 101,027 

Pig iron used " — 108,945 8,530 117,475 

Oldmctalused " — 3,212 — 3,212 

Mineral coal consumed " 20 22,755 13,908 36,633 

Coke and charcoal consumed.... bushels... 3,000,074 181,190 6,554,150 8,735,414 

Value of all raw material, etc.... dollars... 821,027 2,,39.3,768 838,314 8,553,109 

Hands employed number.. 505 5,925 1,037 7,46T 

Average monthly wages. dollars... 20.80 27.49 26.00 — 

Products tons 18,420 104,583 13,636 251,644 

Value of products dollars. . . 415,000 5,921,980 1,423,968 7,761,543 

—total capital in 1840, $2.103,413 ; hands, 3,456. 

Foreign Commerce.— 'Iha imports from foreign countries in the year ending SOth June, 1850. were valued at $111,128,524, 
302 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 



and the exports at $52,712,789. Of the exports, .$il,502,SOO was tlie value of domestic produce, of which .$33,934,409 
represented the value of merchandise carried in American bottoms, and $7,568,391 that carried in foreign bottoms; and 
$11,209,989 was the value of foreign goods reexported, of which $7,086,687 in American bottoms, and $4,12-3,.302 in foreign 
bottoms. Of the imports, .$58,147,721 was the value of merchandise brought in American bottoms, and $22,975,803, that 
brought in foreign bottoms. The statistics of the shipping employed in this branch of industry' for the same year, exhibits 
the annexed aggregates : 

SirrPPLNG EMPLOYED IN THE FOP.EIGN TT.ADE, 1S49-50. 
Entered. Cle.ired. Total. 

N.itionality 
of Shipping. 

American . 



Vessels, Tons. 

. 4,1.37.... 1,502,290.. 
Foreign 3,882 .... 775,4;50 . . 



Vessels. Tons. 

. 8,610.... 1,411,557.. 
. 3,693.... 737,5.39.. 



65,575.. 
39,439.. 



Vessels. 
. 7,747.... 
. 7,525.... 



Tons. 

2,913,847.. 
1,512,969.. 



Crews. 

114,585 
80,219 



Total 7,969.... 2,277,720.... 99,790.... 7,303. 

viz. Atlantic Ports. 3,165.... 1,145,885.... 44,218.... 2,612. 
" Lake Ports... 4,804.... 1,131,885.... 55,577.... 4,691. 



2,149,096.... 95,014... 15,272.... 4,426,816.... 194,804 

983,289.... 38,133... 5,777.... 2,129,124.... 82,346 

1,165,807 .... 56,881 . . . 9,495 .... 2,297,692 .... .112,458 



The Atlantic ports are included in the collection districts of New York, Cold Spring, Greenport, and Sag Harbor; and 
the lake and St. Lawrence ports, in the districts Oswego, Oswegatchie, Niagara, Cape Vincent, Saekett's Harbor, Buffalo 
Creek, Champlain, and Genesee. New York entered 3,163 vessels, 1,145,331 tons, and 44,166 men In crews, and cleared 
2,609 vessels, 982,478 tons, and 88,060 men, thus monopolizing the great bulk of the Atlantic trade. The relative import- 
ance of the Lake Ports is exhibited in the order observed in the priority of their arrangement ;n the list above noted. 
The total amount of shipping owned within the State at the period referred to, was 9#1,349 tons ; registered (all belonging 
to the Atlantic ports) 458,903 tons — 875,955 tons of the class permanent register, and 82,948 tons temporary ; enrolled and 
licensed 473.556 tons — 884,790 tons in the Atlantic districts, and 88,766 tons in the lake districts ; and licensed (under 20 tons) 
11,890 tons of the registered shipping, 86,148 tons were navigated by ste.-ini-power, and 6,029 tons were employed in the whale 
fisheries. The proportion of the enrolled and licensed shipping employed in the coasting and river trade was 485,109 — 
388,239 tons in the Atlantic districts, and 97,870 tons in the lake districts, and in the cod fisheries 337 tons. Of the coasting 
shipping there is employed in steam navigation, 94,809 tons^in the Atlantic districts, 64,191 tons, and in the lake districts, 
80,618 tons. As a ship-building State, New York is only second to Maine. During the year 1849-50, there were built iu 
the Atlantic ports, chiefly at New Nork city, 205 vessels, of an aggregate burden of 55,944 tons, .and of these 26 were ships, 
8 brigs, 44 schooners, 104 sloops and canal boats, and 28 steamers. In the ports of the lakes and the St. Lawrence, the 
number of ships built was 22 (2,398 tons) — 1 brig, 6 schooners, 8 sloops, etc., and 4 steamers. Of the lake ports, Oswego 
built nine, Buffalo seven, Niagara two, and Genesee ane. The movement of exports and imjtorts for a series of years 
commencing 1791 and ending 1850, was as follows : 



Year. Exports. 

1791 $2,.505,465 

1792 2,535,790 

1793 2,932,370 

1794 5,442,183 

179.5 10,304,581 

1796 12.208,027 

1797 13,308,064 

1793 14,300,892 

1799 18,719,527 

1800 14,045,079 

1801...... 19,851,1.36 

1802 18,792,276 

1803 10,818,387 

1804 16,081,281 

1805 23,482,943 

1806 21,762,845 

1807 26,857,963 

1808 5,606,058 

1809 12,581,562 

1810 17,242,830 



Imports. 



Year. 

1811 $1 

1812 

1818 

1814 

1815 

1816 

1817 

181S 

1819 

1820 

1821 

1822 

1823 

1824 

1825 

1826 

1827 

1828 

1829 

1830 



Exports. 



Imports. 



266,215 

,961,922 
185,494 
209,670 
,675,373 
,690,081 
707,433 
,872,261 
,587,378 
,163,244 
162,917 
,100,482 
,038,990 
897,184 
,259,261 
,947,791 
834,1.37 
,777,649 
119,011 
697,983 



23,629,246 

85,445,628 
29,421,849 
36,113,723 
49,639,174 
38,115,630 
88,719,644 
41,927,792 
34,74:3,307 
85,624,070 



Year. Exports. 

1831 $25,535,144 

1833 26,000,945 

1833 25,395,117 

1834 18,849,469 

1835 80,-345,264 

1886 28,920,688 

1837 27,338,419 

1833 23,008,471 

1839 88,268,099 

1840 84,264,080 

1841 33,139,833 

1842 27,576,778 

1843 16,762,664 

1844 82,861,540 

1845 36,175,298 

1846 36,935,413 

1847 49,S44,.368 

1848 5-3,351,157 

1849 45.96-3,100 

1850 52,712,789 



Imports. 

....$57,077,417 

.... 53.214,402 

.... 55,918,449 

.... 73,185,594 

.... 88,191,-305 
....118,253,416 

.... 79,.301,772 

.... 68,453,206 

.... 99,882,4.33 

.... 60,440,750 

.... 75,718,426 

.... 57,875,004 

.... 31,358,5-10 

.... 6.5,079,516 

.... 70,909,085 

.... 74,254,233 

.... 84,167,-352 

.... 94,525,141 

.... 92,567,-369 
....111,128,524 



Coasting, Lake, and Internal Trade.^So other State in the Union has such facilities for e.xtemal and internal 
commerce as that enjoyed by the State of New York. Favorably located with regard to its seaward outlet, and its 
immense lakes and noble rivers, the first bounding it outwardly, and the latter penetrating to its very centre, it seems as 
if it had been designed by nature fi.ir the proud preeminence to which it has attained. Thousands of vessels are constantly 
traversing its waters, carrying freight valued at millions of dollars, and furnishing to every part, facilities Ibr the inter- 
change of commodities. It is also preeminent in its grand works of internal improvement — its canals, railroads, plank- 
roads, and turnpikes, while the magnetic telegraph extends in every direction, an instantaneous communicator of informa- 
tion between the several commercial centres. The canals of New York are features in its economy which distinguish it 
from other States — they extend from the waters of the Hudson to L.ike Erie, a distance of 364 miles, and have branches 
in every direction : to Lake Champlain, to Lake Ontario, and several to the south, and others, more local in their utility, are 
formed in various parts. The traffic on the Erie Canal is immense, and this forms the great highway between the 
Western States and the sea-board. The Delaware and Hudson Canal is chiefly used for the transportation of coal from 
Pennsylvania. The railroads have a present length of nearly 2,500 miles, and others are constantly beuig opened ; and 
with regard to plank-roads, which for many purposes are equal to the railroad, almost every trade centre is connected by 
them with the producing regions. The turnpikes and the county and town roads are everywhere well kept, and in 
excellent condition. (For the details of the canals and railroads, see appendix.) 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 



JBanks.—Oxi the SOlh June, 1S50, there were in the State, 192 banks and branch banks, and their financial condition at 
that date was as follows : 



KESOUECES. 

Loans and discounts $91,193,645 

Loans and discounts to Directors 4,799,227 

All |um3 due from brokers 2,437,909 

Real estate 8,a44,514 

Bonds and mortgage 8,009,163 

Stocks 12,627,494 

Specie 11,653,339 

Cash items 9,131,431 

Bills of solvent Banks on hand 8,071.749 

Due from solvent Banks on demand 10,551,966 

Due from solvent Banks on credit 497,501 



Total resources (including the above) $153,095,237 



LIABILIXrES. 

Capital $47,779,727 

Profits 8,113,064 

Notes in circulation not registered 615,763 

Kegistered notes in eirculution 23,593,573 

Due Treasurer of the Slate of New York 1,473,901 

Due depositors on demand 46,691,465 

Due individuals and Corporations other than 

Banks and depositors 821,365 

Due Banks on demand 22,180,537 

Due Banks on credit 731,252 

Due to others 1,353,313 



Total liabilities (including the above).. 



$153,095,287 



Government, etc.— The constitution of New York was adopted in convention October 9lh, 1846, and ratified by the 
people on the 2d November foll(jWing. 

Every adult white male citizen who shall have been such for ten days, a resident of the State for one year, of the 
county for four miinths, and of the district for 30 days next preceding an election, may vote at all elections in his place of 
residence ; but no man of color is eligible as an elector unless he shall have resided in the State for 3 years, be a freeholder 
to the value of $250 atove all enciunbrances ft)r one year, and have paid taxes thereon. Persons convicted of infamous 
crimes, and persons betting on the result of an election, are by law deprived of the franchise. The general election is 
held on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday in November annually. 

The Legislature is composed of a Senate and House of Assembly : the Senate consists of 82 members elected from 
single districts, and the Assembly of 12S members apportioned among the several counties — senators are elected for 
two years, and assemblymen for one year. Every white male voter is eligible for election. Members of both houses 
are paid $3 a day during their session, and 10 cents for each mile of travel. No person holding office of profit under 
the State or United States can sit as a member. The Legislature meets at Albany ou the first Tuesday in January an- 
nually. 

Executiee poieers are vested in the governor, who holds office for two years. No person can be governor who has not 
attained to the age of 30 years, nor unless a citizen of the United States and resident for the last five years of the State. 
The governor has the right to veto any act of the legislature, but a two-thirds vote subsequently legalizes the act. The 
lieutenant-governor is elected in the same way as the governor, and is ex-ojfficio president of the senate, in which, how- 
ever, he has only a casting vote. On the demise or disability of the governor, he, and after him the president of the 
senate ^9ra t-empore, succeeds to the chair. The Secretary of State, comptroller, treasurer, attorney-general, etc., are 
elected for two years; the three canal commissioners and three inspectors of State prisons for three years, one of each 
set of officers annually; and county, town, city, and village officers, for one year. 

The JucUciary of the State is composed of several courts provided for in the constitution : the court for the " trial of 
impeachments" is composed of the President of the Senate (who is president of the court), the members of the senate, 
and the judges of the courts of appeals. It is a court of record, and when summoned, meets at Albany, ami has for its 
clerk and officers the clerk and officers of the senate; if the governor be impeached, the chief judge of appeals, and 
not the lieutenant-governor, presides. Two-thirds of the members present must concur before a conviction can be had, 
and the judgment of the court extends only to removal and disqualification, the party adjudged being still liable to in- 
dictment. The court of appeals is composed of eight justices, of whom four are elected, (one every second year) by the 
people at large, and four selected each year from the justices of the Supreme Court having the shortest time to serve. The 
judge (of those elected) whose term first expires, presides as chief judge, and any six of these judges constitute a quo- 
rum. Four terms are held annually, and every two years there must be one term in each judicial district. This court 
has power to correct and reverse the decisions of the supreme court or of the old supreme court and court of chancery. 
The supreme court has general jurisdiction in law and equity and power to review judgments of county courts and old 
courts of common pleas. For the election of justices, the State is divided into eight districts, each of whicli elects four 
justices, to serve respectively eight years, one judge retiring every second year. The justice in each district whose term 
first expires, and who is not justice of the supreme court, is the presiding judge, and the clerks of the several counties 
serve as clerks. One general term must be held annually in every county having 40,000 inhabitants, and in all others one 
term biennially; and every county has at least two special terms and two circuit courts, except the county of New York, 
in which the circuit court has four sessions. Any three or more (including the presiding judge) hold the general terms, 
and any one or more the special terms, at which are heard all equity causes, and the circuit courts, which are held exclu- 
sively for the trial of issues of fact. The county or surrogate's courts have local jurisdiction only. Each c^sunty, except 
that of New York, elects one judge for four years, who acts also as surrogate ; but counties having 40,000 inhabitants elect 
a separate surrogate. The powers of the court extend to all cases when the debt or damages are not abt)ve $2,000; to 
actions for personal injury or trespass, where the claim is not over $500, and to replevins, where the property claimed is 
not above $1,000, etc. Surrogates' courts have the ordinary jurisdiction of courts of probate. 

The criminal jurisdiction of the State is vested in courts of oyer and terminer and courts of sessions. The court of 
oyer and terminer in each county, except that of New York, is composed of a justice of the supreme court, who presides, 
the county judge, and two justices of the peace chosen members. In New York county this court is composed of a 
justice of the supreme court and any two of the following officers : judges of common pleas of the county, and the mayor, 
recorder and aldermen of the city. Courts of sessions are composed of the county judge and two justices of the peace, 
designated as members. All these courts .nre held at the same time and at the same jtlace as circuit courts. 

The civil courts of the city and county of New York are the superior court and the court of common pleas, the former 
of which has six justices, and the latter three justices. There is also the marine court, which has two judges. 

Federal Representation.— In accordance with the law of 23d May, 1850, New York sends thirty-two representatives 
lO the United States Conaress. 
204 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 



The 'militia force of the State, in accordance with the United States Army Eogistor for 1351, consisted of 205,293 men 
of all arms, of which 7,662 were commissioned officers, and 257,631 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and 
privates. Of the commissioned officers, 99 are general officers, 315 general staff officers, 1,543 field officers, etc., and 5,705 
company officers. Every white male citizen, between 18 nnd 45 years of age, is liable to military duty, unless exempt by 
law or having paid the commutation fine. The volunteer and uniformed militia of the State, and especially of the city, is 
the best instructed body of soldiers in the Union. 

New York has numerous henevolenl inMitiUions, many of which are partly supported from the public funds and partly 
from local sources. The principal of these are the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, and the Institution for the Blind, 
both at New York City, the State Lunatic Asylums at Utica, the New York City Hospital, etc ; and besides these, almost 
every city has numerous similar institutions, which will compare well with those of the oldest European States. The 
number of pupils in the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, on the Slst December, 1850, was 227— 12S males and 99 
females; receipts $39,216 39, and expenditures $39,432 93. The Institution for the Blind had 135 pupils; receipta 
$30,117 85, and expenditure .^28,451 19. The State Lunatic Asylum had 449 inmates— 226 males and 223 females. 

Finances. — The general fund and railroad debt, at the close of the fiscal year ending 30th September, 1850, waa 
$6,859,693 32; and the canal debt at the same period was $16,171,109 10— in the aggregate $22,530,802 48, on which 
accrues annually nearly $1,235,360 interest. There is also a contingent debt, consisting of State stock and controller's 
bonds of $938,036, upon which the State does uot pay interest. This wiU make the total State debt, absolute and contin* 
gent, $28,463,838 64. 

The property of the State, in addition to the educational funds mentioned hereafter, consists of the works of internal 
improvement, which at their cost valuation {i. e., the amount expended upon them to date), are worth $35,115,237 75. 
But the whole amount of tolls derived from them during the year was $3,254,051 71 — which gave, after deducting 
expenses, the not income of $2,650,200 49, which is 6 per cent, interest upon $44,170,108, a sum which in reality repre- 
sents the value of the works. The average iiet annual income for the last five years is $2,518,044 87, which is equal to a 
capital of $41,967,414 50, at per cent, interest. The amount of debt incurred for their construction, and yet unpaid, is as 
stated above $16,171,109. The taxable property in New York in 1843, was $727,494,533, being $571,690,807 the assessed 
value of 27,912,076 acres of real estate, and $158,183,480 of personal estate. The State and county taxes amounted to 
$4,592,051, and the town taxes to $1,420,736— total $6,812,787; making the rate of State, county, and town taxes, 8.6 mills 
on a $1 valuation. The highest rate was 25.7 mills on $1 in Hamilton County, and the lowest 3.1 mills in Ontario and 
Putnam counties. 

The revenue of the General Fund, on which are charged the ordinary expenses of government, for the year ending 30th 
September, 1850, was $881,241 57, and the expenditures for the same period, $326,720 29 — excess of revenue, $54,521 23. 
The chief sources of income were — auction duties, $35,909 69 ; salt duties, $44,304 03 ; fees of secretary's office, $2,110 71 ; 
peddlers' licenses, $1,700 ; foreign insurance companies, $802 79 ; Interest on arrears of county taxes, $4,273 19 ; surplus 
revenue of canaJs (annual appropriation), $200,000; State tax, $272,422 25; sales of lands, $3,700 S3; redemption of laud 
sold for taxes, $34,230 47; arrears of county taxes, $25,048 46; Columbia County, for enforcing law, $5,000; Duchess 
County, for ditto, $934 97 ; miscellaneous and temporary receipts, $31,856 67 ; and the principal objects of expenditure 
were : Executive expenses, $87,554 65 ; judiciary, $100,911 58 ; legislature, $96,007 99 ; commissarj-'s department, 
$14,487 68 ; commissioners of code, $2,450 ; commissioners on practice and pleading, $2,360 23 ; State printing, 
$92,528 53; deaf and dumb, $25,784 10; blind, $11,918 85; agricultural societies, $6,107; Onondaga Salt Springs, 
$29,027 ; State prisons, $82,376 97 ; State Library, $0,937 52 ; postage, $8,504 42 ; Hospital at New York, $22,500 ; House 
of Eefuge for Western New York, $13,000: foreign poor, $20,000; orphan asylums, $5,500; New York Arsenal, 
$920 OS ; geological survey, $16,913 32 ; Attorney-general's Library, $1,499 49 ; miscellaneous and temporary expendi- 
tures, $84,233 48. 
The special funds held by the government in trust are the Bank Fund, the Free Bank Fund, and the School Fund : 
The Bank Fund is made up by annual contributions from the incorporated Safety Fund banks, of one half of one per 
cent, on their respective capitals, and is by law appropriated to the payment of the debts of such banks, liable to contrib- 
ute the same as may become insolvent. The fund has been exhausted, and there are $721,330 11 of 6 per cent, stock now 
outstanding to meet the wants of the fund — which stock, except $59,450 54 now in the treasury or invested, is to be pro- 
vided for out of the future contributions by the banks to the fund. The whole circulation redeemed for insolvent banks 
is $1,503,740 64, and debts paid, $1,023,684 43— total $2,586,425 07. The aggregate .amount of contributions up to 
January, 1806, when aU the safety fund bank charters expire, will be $994,225 60. The notes of every insolvent bank 
have been redeemed. There are now (1350) 73 of these banks in operation, and one branch, the aggregate capital of 
which amounts to $27,664,360; circulation to which they are entitled, $22,161,870; and actual circulation, $20,609,173 50. 
The Free Bank, Fund coftsists of bonds, and mortgages, and stocks deposited with the Bank Commissioner, and 
moneys received on the same and held by him for the redemption of the circulating notes issued by banks and individual 
bankers under the general banking law. The whole number of associations is seventy-one, and of individual banks 
atxtij-five — in all 136, the aggregate capital of which (1st December, 1S50) was $14,203,115 ; and the whole amount of 
deposits $14,823,037 46. 

Of iXxQ funds devoted to education, the capital and revenue of each description for the year ending 30th September, 
1300, was as follows: "Common School Fund," capital $2,290,673 23, and revenue $128,090 78 ; the " United States De- 
posit Fund," capital $4,014,.520 71, and revenue $255,323 35; .and the " Literature Fund," capital $272,830 12, and revenue 
$37,948 12. Total— capital $6,578,074 06, and revenue $416,367 75. There has also been paid from the general fund for 
the instruction of the deaf and dumb, $25,784 10, and to the Institution for the Blind, $11,913 85, making the whole sum 
paid during the year for education, $454,070 70. The Common School Fund also owns about 801,759 acres of land, and 
the Literature Fund, about 10,830 acres. Of the funds devoted to education, as above what is exclusively the Common 
School Fund, may be stated as follows : Productive capital of the School Fund, $2,290,673 28 ; such an amount from the 
United States Deposit Fund as will produce $165,000 — the sima annually appropriated therefrom for the su]>port of com- 
mon schools, at six per cent, interest, $2,750,000— and sum reserved by the constitution to be added annually to the capital 
of the School Fund, $25,000, making a total of $5,065,673 33. The annual interest on this sum, at six per cent., is 
$303,840 39. The balance of the income of the United States Deposit Fund ($90,82S 85) is appropriated to the support 
of colleges, academies, the Normal School, Indian schools, teachers' institutes, etc. The income of the Literature Fund 
must, by the constitution, be applied to the support of academies. The whole amount of public money received from all 
sources by the commissioners of cities and town superintendents, during the year ending 1st July, 1850, was $1,035,854 85, 

205 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 



of wTiich was apportioned to teachers' wages $730,798 12, and for libraries $91,303 90, leaving a balance apportioned for 
contingent expenses amounting to $213,692 83. The amount paid on rate bills for teachers' wages besides public money, 
was $608,724 56. Total cost of supporting common schools, $1,644,579 41. 

Educution.—ln the 878 Uiwns and 81 wards of cities of the State, there were on Ist July, 1850, 8,894 common school 
districts, and 5,625 parts of districts ; and returns were received from 8,336 whole, aud 5,475 parts of districts. The average 
length of schools in all districts, 8 months. Volumes in district libraries, 1,449,950. Children taught during the year, 
794,500, and the number of children between 5 and 16 years of age returned, 735,183 ; of these 200,128 pupils attended 
Bchfwls less than 2 months, 198,022 less than 4 months, 167,732 less than 6 months, 106,100 less than 8 months, 59,315 less 
than 10 months, 18,455 less than 12 months, and 9,079 12 months. In 52 schools for colored children there were 4,971 
scholars, and for the support of these $11,480 44 was appropriated. There were besides, schools for the instruction of 
Indian children in the several reservations; in 1S49, 641 Indian children between 5 and 10 years of age, were reported, 
and about 500 attended school ; about 250 attend the Normal School at Albany annually, and on the 1st January, 1S51, 
there were 226 pupils in the institution — 77 males, and 149 females. The whole number of graduates was 494 — 270 males, 
and 218 females ; and during the year then ending 9 Indian youth — 6 males, and 3 females — were taught, to prepare them 
for teachers among their own people. Teachers' institutes are held annually in the counties, but the reports say that of 
late a diminished interest in regard of them has been observed. 

Mt)St of the large centres of population have incorporated academies which are supervised by the Regents of the 
University ; and there are a large number of unincorporated academies, seminaries, and private schools, self-supporting. 
About 75,000 children are annually taught at the private institutions.- 

The collegiate establishments within the State are also numerous and highly efficient as institutions of learning. The 
principal of these, includmg academic, law, medical, theological, etc., with their statistics in 1850, are as follows : 

Names. yountled. Location. Professors. Alumtii. Students. Librao". 

Columbia (Epi-sc.) College 1754 N. York City 7 1,450 Ill 17,000 vols. 

Union College 1795 Schenectady 12 2,725 266 15,000 " 

Hamilton College 1812 Clinton 9 45S 129 10,.500 " 

Madison (Bupt.) University 1819 Hamilton 9 200 127 7,000 « 

Geneva (Episc.) College 1823 Geneva 5 131 42 5,4t10 « 

University of New York 1831 N. York City 11 320 150 4,000 " 

St. John's {R. Cath.) College 1841 Fordham 16 43 65 12,60C " 

St, Paul's (i?i5?.sc.) College 1837 College Point 11 880 29 2,800 " 

University of Albany — Albany — — — — " 

Law School — University of Albany — Albany 3 — — — vols. 

College of Physicians and Surgeons 1S07 N. York City 6 852 219 — " 

Medical Institute— (?«?)«i'rt CbMcf/s 1835 Geneva 6 98 60 — " 

Medical Faculty— rw/remYy of N. York 183T N. York City 6 697 421 — " 

Albany Medical" CoUege 1839 Albany 8 58 114 — " 

Theological Institute, Prot. Episc. Church 1817 N. York City 5 836 64 10,000 " 

Union Theological Seminary 1836 N. York City 5 211 106 18,000 " 

Theological Seminary of Auburn 1821 Auburn 4 580 30 6,000 " 

Hamilton Literary and Theolog. Institute 1820 Hamilton 4 133 32 4,000 " 

Hartwick Seminary 1816 Hartwick 2 52 5 1,2:')0 « 

Theological Seminary, Asso. Kef. Church 1686 Newburg 1 143 11 3,200 '• 

There are numerous other local schools besides the above, as the ward schools of cities, various mechanics' schools, 
endowed schools, the Free Academy at New York and others, which are not included in the above returns, but which are 
nevertheless of essential utility in the field of education; and with regard to literary, scientific, and artistic institutions, no 
other State in the Union is so amply provided with them. 

PuUic Libraries. — Three State libraries— 34,099 volumes; 21 social— 151,894 volumes; 8 college — 1.3,376 volumes; 
21 students' — ^19,319 volumes ; 171 academic and professional — 143,465 volumes ; 4 scientific and historical — 25,253 volumes ; 
8,070 public school— 1,333,848 volumes. Total 8,298 libraries, and 1,766,254 volumes. 

Periodical Press. — The whole number of periodicals published in the State, on the 1st June, 18,50, was 458, and of these 
141 were whig, 110 democratic, and 207 neutral in politics, in the latter class being also included all literary, religious, 
scientific, etc., periodicals, and all the character of which had not been ascertained. Of the aggregate number, 54 were 
published daily, 1 four times a week, 13 tri-weekly, 13 semi-weekly, 313 weekly, 13 semi-monthly, 25 monthly, and 3 quar- 
terly ; and the circulation at each issue of the dailies was 230,995, or 72,301,435 annually; of the one published 4 times a 
week 1,100, or 228,800 annually ; of the tri-weeklies 36,975, or 5,768,100 annually ; of the semi-weeklics 30,365, or 3.157,960 
annually; of the weeklies 694,414, or 36,109,528 annually; of the semi-monthlies 7S,,')00, or 1,88^1,000 annually; of the 
montlilies 433,750, or 5,205,000 annually; and of the qviartcrlies 6,150, or 24,000 annually; total copies at each issue 
1,512,249, or 124,679,423 annually. In the city of New York the periodicals numbered, 14 dailies, 8 semi-weeklies, 6S weeklies, 

8 Sunday papers, 6 semi-monthlies, 89 monthlies, and 2 quarterlies. In Albany County there are 5 d. and 9 w. ; in 
Alleghany, 3 w. : in Broome, 1 d. and 3 w. ; in Cattaraugus, 5 w. ; in Caynga, 1 d., 6 w., and 1 m. ; in C'hautauqut% 9 w. ; 
in Chemung, 9 w. ; in Chenango, 4 w. ; in Clinton, 3 w. and Ira.; in Columbia, 1 d., 6 w., and 1 s.-m. ; in Cortland, 5 w. ; 
in Delaware, 3 w. ; in Duchess, 6 w. ; in Erie.. 6 d., 1 four times a week, 4 t.-w., 1 s.-w., 10 w., and 2 m. ; in Essex, 3 w. 
and 1 m. ; in Franklin, 2 w. ; in Fulton, 2 w. ; in Genesee, 4 w. ; in Greene, 3 w. ; in Herkimer, 4 w. ; in Jefferson, 6 w. ; 
in Kings, 8 d. and 3 w. ; in Lewis, 3 w. ; in Livingston, 6 w. and 1 s.-m. ; in Madison, 5 w. and 1 s.-m. ; in Monroe, 8 d., 

9 t.-w., 10 w., 2 s.-m., and 2 m. ; in Montgomery, 6 w. ; in Niagara, 1 d. and 4 w. ; in Oneida, 4 d., 13 w., 2 s.-m., and 

1 m. ; in Onondaga, 4 d., 1 s.-w., 12 w., 1 s.-m., and 3 m. ; in Ontario, 5 w. ; in Orange, 2 s.-w., 6 w., and 1 q. ; in Orleans, 
4 w. ; in Oswego, 2 d. and 6 w. ; in Otsego, 4 w. ; in Putnam, 1 w. ; in Queens, 5 w. ; in Rensselaer, 3 d., 4 w., and 1 m. ; 
in Richmond, 1 w. ; in Rockland, 2 w. ; in St. Lawrence, 7 w. ; in Saratoga, 8 w. ; in Schenectady, 2 w. ; in Selioharie, 

2 w. ; in Seneca, 4 w. ; in Steuben, 5 w. ; in Suffolk, 1 s.-w. and 6 w. ; in Sullivan, 3 w. ; in Tioga, 2 w. ; in Tompkins, 1 d. 
and 2 w. ; in Ulster, 5 w. ; in Wasliington, 7 w. ; in Wayne, 7 w. ; in Westchester, 5 w. ; in Wyoming, 2 w. ; and in 1 ales, 

3 weeklies. 

206 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 



Religious DenmninaUons. — The statistics of the several religious denominations, in 1850, were aa follows : 



Valu 
I 



of 
perty. 

$15,000 

120,000 

252,200 
2,050 
2,885,543 
36,000 
Presbyter'n. 662. . 369,314. . 4,847,206 



Germn Ref. 


1. 


600. 


Jewish 


9. 


5,600. 


Lutheran. . . 


80. 


87,ST0. 


Mennonite. 


4. 


1,000. 


Methodist.. 


1,215. 


478,145. 


Moravian.. 


3. 


1,500. 



Denoniina- No. of 


Cliurih 


Vuliie of 


tions. Cliurclies 


accnrn. 


Property. 


E. Catholic. 174. 


123,588. 


$1,509,876 


Swedenb'g . . 2 . 


4.50. 


1,400 


Tunlver — . 


— . 


— 


Union 74. 


27,379. 


110,300 


Unitarian... 23.. 


10,225. 


292,075 


Universalist 110.. 


52,470. 


327,100 


Minor Sects. 22.. 


8,500. 


64,900 



Denoniina- No. of Church Value of 

tions. Churches, accmn. Property. 

BapUst 776.. 334.274.. $2,252,350 

Christian... 02.. 20,000.. 76,050 

Congregat'-l. 214 . . 102,430 . . 779,304 

Dutch Ref. . 232 . . 131,025 . . 3,542,850 

Episcopal . . 275 . . 138,965 . . 4,110,824 

Free 15.. 4,600.. 28,700 

Friends .... 132 . . 49,314 . . 309,380 

—making a total of 4,084 churches, accommodating 1,890,229 persons, and valued as property at $21,132,707. The State 
constitutes two dioceses of the Protestant Episcopal Church, viz., the diocese of New York, and the diocese of Western 
New York; and in the Roman Catholic Church, it constitutes the dioceses of Buffalo and Albany, and the arch-diocese 
of New York, in the latter of which. East New Jersey is included. 

Pauperism and Crime. — Tlie whole number of paupers that received assistance and support within the year ending 
1st June, 1860, was 59,855, of whom 19,275 were native-born and 40,580 foreign-born; and the whole ninnber receiving 
public charity at that date was 12,833, of whom 5,755 were native-l)orn and 7,078 f.ireigners. Annual cost of support 
$817,336. Jn the above, the foreign paupers under charge of the Commissioners of Emigr.-ition are not accounted for, aa 
they are chargeable on a special fund raised by capitation tax on themselves. The number of convictions in courts of 
record in the year 1849, was 1,531—1,487 males, and 94 females : offenses against the person, 897—385 males and 12 
females ; offenses against property, with violence, 150—145 males and 4 females ; offenses against property, without 
violence, 545—500 males and 45 females ; offenses against the currency, 37 (all males) ; and other offenses, 404—371 males 
33 females. Tlie ratio of convictions of females to those of males is as 1 to 15.18. Upon convictions, 4 were sentenced 
to be hung, 545 to the State prison, 51 to House of Refuge, 299 to the local prison, 32 to bo fined and imprisoned, 565 to 
fine, and the sentences of 33 were suspende<l. The State prisons are at Sing Sing, Auburn, and Clinton. Tlie whole 
number of convicts in these on the 81st December, 1849, was 1,484 ; received during the year, 600, and discharged— by 
expiration of sentence, 3.52; by death by disease, .30; by accidental death, 3; by escape 9; by pardon, 45 ; by habeas 
corpu.s, 4; to House of Refuge, 2; to Lunatic Asylum, 10; to otlier prisons, 17— in all, 472. Remaining in prison Ist 
December, 1850, 1,611. Of the 600 admitted, 635 were first convictions, 66 second, 7 third, and 2 fourth convictions. 
The daily average of all these prisons was 1,.566. The whole number of punislmients in all the male jirisons was 613 — 
in Auburn 1 in 21, in Sing Sing 1 in 85^, and in Clinton 1 in 2Si. Average cost of each ration— at Sing Sing 8.6 cents, 
at Auburn 6.7 cents, and at Clinton 8.8 cents. Of the 1,611 remaining in prison, 11 were committed for murder, 41 for 
manslaughter, 69 for assault with intent to kill, 44 for rape, 24 for assault to commit rape, 353 for burglary, 537 for grand 
larceny, 82 liar robbery, 104 for petit larceny, and 31 for counterfeiting and uttering. A common English education has 
been given to 472 of these convicts. The receipts from labor at the prisons amounted to $216,680 36 : from Sing Sing 
$99,539 70, from Auburn $79,673 11, and from Clinton $37,567 55; and the expenditures to $204,680 48: at Sing Sing 
$95,828 64, at Auburn $71,104 07, and at Clinton $37,693 97. 

ITistorieal Sketch. — Verrazano, a Florentine, in the service of France, is said to have discovered New York Bay in 
1524; but the history of the State commences with the arrival of Hudson, an Englishman in the Dutch service, in 1609, 
who ascended the river, bearing his name, as far as the present site of Albany. The country thus discovered was in- 
habited by the Mohawks, a formidable and warlike tribe, and the Manhattans, who inhabited the island on which New 
York city is built, were also a fierce and warlike nation. In 1610, a ship was sent from Amsterdam to trade with these 
Indians, and other voyages were made during the succeeding years. In 1613, small trading forts were erected on the 
river, and several houses were built on Manhattan Island. On the 29th March, 1614, the States' General of the United 
Netherlands passed an ordinance granting to all original discoverers of lands in North America the exclusive privilege of 
making four voyages to each, for the purposes of trade. Under this ordinance five ships were dispatched the same year 
by a company of merchants. They explored extensi\'ely the coast near New York. Blok, one of the commanders, dis- 
covered and named Block Island, south of Rhode Island, and also the East River, and Captain Mey, proceeding south- 
ward, discovered capes May and Henlopen ; and on the return of these ships, a Captain Henrickson was left on the 
coast to prosecute discoveries. The country extending between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers received the name 
of New Netlierlands, and the exclusive right to trade there for three years from that date (11th October, 1614), was granted 
to the discoverers, who, upon the passage of this grant, formed tliemselves into a company called the United New Nether- 
lands Company. This company erected the same year a fort and trading house on an island just below the present city 
of Albany, and garrisoned it with ten or twelve men. Another fort was erected on the southern point of Manhattan Island. 
The grant expiring in 1618, the company petitioned for its renewal in vain. Private traders, however, continued to 
visit the country for the purposes of traflSc. 

In June, 1021, was passed the charter of tlie Dutch West India Company, an armed mercantile association. This 
company sent out a ship called the New Netherlands, on the 20th June, 1623, to their newly acquired possessions, under 
the direction of Mey, already noticed, and Tienpout. The former of these proceeded to the Delaware, and established a 
fort near the present town of Gloucester, which he named Fort Nassau, and the same year a fortified post, called Fort 
Orange, was erected on the site of Albany. In 1624, Peter Minuit having been appointed director, arrived out with 
several families of Walloons, inhabitants of the frontiers of Belgium and France. These settled on a bay of Long Island, 
and called from them Wahlebocht, or b.iy of foreigners, a name since corrupted Into Wallabout. The government was 
vested in the Director and a Council of Five. The other important officer of the colony was the Schout Fiscal, who filled 
both the offices of sheriff and attorney-general. Under the superintendence of tliese authorities the trade of the colony- 
prospered. In 1626, Staten Island was purchased of the Indians, and in the same year Manhattan Island was purchased 
for twenty-five dollars. The fort upon this latter island received the title of Fort Amsterdam, and the colony tliat of New 
Amsterdam. The exports this year amounted $19,000. In 1627, the settlers of Plymouth Colony set up a claim to the 
region watered by the Connecticut, which the Dutch denied. Up to 1629, the settlements were simply trading posts. On 
the 7th June, 1629, a measure was adopted which is still felt in the State, and under this extensive seignories, with feudal 
rights, were granted to certain individuals. Active exertions were now made to colonize these vast estates. In 1682, 
Minuit was recalled, and the government of Wouter Yan Twiller installed, and after a lapse of five years of mal-adminia- 

207 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 



tration, Twiller was succeeded by William Kieft. During the administration of Twiller, difficulties arose between the 
English setllers, on the Connecticut, and the Dutch authorities. In 1G5S, the restrictions which had hitherto been placed 
by the company upon trade were taken off and free traffic encouraged. This measure gave a new impulse to innnigra- 
tion. Persecution, too, drove many from New England and Virginia to settle among the more tolerant Dutch. In the 
meantime the aggressive disposition of the English continued. They founded a colony at New Haven, occupied the 
Tunxis (Fa:inini;ton) \' alley, and even went so far as to plow and sow the comi)aiiy's land around Fort Good Hope, at 
Hartford. i;emon--;lraiices were vain. Not satisfied with these encroachments, Ihe I'lymouth Company granted the whole 
of Long Island to the Earl of Sterling, and a settlement was soon after effected by Lyon Gardiner, at Gardiner's Island. 
The Dutch, meanwhile, were active in establisliing settlements at the western extremity of the island— in BreuckeUn, at 
Gmcaiinufi, unA Grweenzande. In May, 1040, emigrants from Lynn, Mti>smchust>tts, settled on Cow Neck, but were 
driven off by the authorities. In the autumn of the same year, however, they returned, and founded the towns of South- 
ampton and Southold. The Indians saw, with daily increasing envy and dislike, the heritage of their fathers thus falling 
from them. "War was the consequence, which desolated the colony for five years. In 1645, Peter Stuyvesant became 
governor, and only terminated his administration by the capture of his colony by the English, on the 6th September, 1GG4. 

The name (jf the colony and city was now changed to that of New York, and Colonel Nichols was appointed by the 
Duke of York, to whom the territory had been granted by the King, as governor. On the 12th .June, 1GC6, the governor 
granted a charter to the city of New York. The colony was recaptured by the Dutch on the 7th August, 1673. The name 
of the city was now changed to New Orange, that of Albany to Williamstadt, and the fort previously called Fort .James 
to 'William Hendrick. Captain Anthony Coh e was appointed governor. The country, however, was not destined to be 
Dutch, for by the treaty of 9th February, 1074, it was restored to the English, and given up the following autumn. 

Some doubts existing relative to the validity of the Duke of York's patent, both on account of the Dutch occupancy and 
the fact that it was wrested from that nation in time of peace, he deemed it advisable to obtain a new patent fVom his 
brother, the king, in 1674. In the autumn of that year Major Edmond Andros, afterward so well known as the tyrant of 
New England, arrived in New York and assumed the office of Governor. In February, 10S5, the duke ascended the 
throne, under the title of James II., and among the first acts of this bigot were his instructions to allow no printing press 
to be established in the colony. But his reign was short, having been put an end to by the Revolution of 16SS, and the 
proclamation of William and Mary as heritors of the throne. No important event occurred from this time for many years. 
In 1741 occurred the negro plot, so famous in the annals of New York. In 1744 war was declared between England and 
France, anti the colonists prepared to carry it on with vigor. In 1745 New England and New York united in an att;ick 
upon the French fortress at Louisburg, and New York furnished ten pieces of cannon and £S,000 toward the expedition. 
It was surrendered in July of that year. The colonies were so severely molested during the year 1746 by the Indians in 
pay of the French, that it was determined to attack Crown Point and Niagara, and to capture Quebec. For this purpose 
New York raised £40,000. The enterprise proved unsuccessful, and the peace of Aix la Chapelle was concluded in 174S. 
For a few years after this the colony prospered, and began to recover from its losses by the wars. In 1754 a convention 
from all the colonies north of Mason and Dixon's Line met at Albany, to devise some plan of common defense against the 
French, whi) had again commenced hostilities. At this convention. Dr. Franklin, afterward so eminent in the history of 
the Eevolution, proposed a plan of political union. In the spring of the following year an expedition was sent against 
Fort Du Quesne, but entirely failed, Braddock, the leader of the expedition, having been killed. Nor was the campaign 
of 1756 more successful. In 175S Wihiam Pitt was placed at the head of the English government, and a new impulse was 
given to tlie energies of the nation. Success soon followed. Forts Frontenac and Du Quesne were captured. Stinniluted 
by these successes. New York, in 1759, raised $025,000 and a force of 2,6S0 men. Tieonderoga was captured early in the 
season, and Crown Point surrendered a few days later. Fort Niagara was reduced, and on the 13th September tlie brave 
General Wolfe laid down his life, in the moment of victory, when the English banners floated over the towers of Quebec 
The ensuing year the French made an iinsuccessful effort to recapture Quebec, and on the Sth September all the French 
possessions east of the MississipY)i were surrendered to the British, and the French power extinguished. Two small islands 
off the southern coast of Newfoundland alone were preserved to them of their former vast possessions. About this time 
the difficulties between New Hampshire and New York commenced, respecting their respective limits, which only ceased 
with the admission of Vermont into the Union after the Revolution. The imposition of the Stamp Act, in 17C4, and the 
other atrocities of the British Government which followed it, and which led to the overthrow of the British power in the 
colonies, need not be enlarged upon in this connection, being a part of the general history of the Union. On the first 
Tuesday in October, 1765, a congress, composed of delegates from the New England and Middle States, assembled at New 
York, to take into consideration their grievances. South Carolina had also delegates. T'his congress made declaration 
of the privileges and rights of the colonies. Liberty-poles had, at this period, been frequently erected in New York city, 
and as often been destroyed by the British soldiery. On the 5th September, 1774, a congress from several colonies met at 
I'hiladelphia, in which, however. New York was not represented. In April, 1775, a provincial convention met at New 
York, and elected delegates to the second congress. The news of the b.ittle of Lexington caused great excitement in the 
city, and the arms of the city were ordered to Boston, but seized by the authorities before their shipment. The war had 
now commenced. Tieonderoga, Crown Point, and Whitehall, in this State, were captured by the provincials, and the 
entire command of Lake Champlain was obtained. On the 9th July, 1776, the provincial congress met at White Plains, 
and took the title of Representatives of the State of New York. On the first day of their meeting they received the 
Declaration of Independence, and immediately passed a resolution approving it The fortunes of the continental army 
from this time to the acknowledgment by England of the will of the sovereign people were various, and in New York were 
fought many of the famous battles of the period— those of Brooklyn Heights, Harlem Heights, Bemis' Heights, Stony Point, 
Tieonderoga, Fort Schuyler, Stillwater, and Saratoga, at the last of which Burgoyne surrendered to the Americans. 

On the 12th March, 1777, a constitution for the State of New York was reported by a committee of the provincial con- 
gress, and on the 20tli April ensuing was adopted as the basis of the government. Lender the new constitution George 
Clinton was elected Governor. At this lime there were fourtc^en counties in the State, viz.. New York, Richmond, King's, 
Queen's, Suffolk, Westchester, Duchess, Orange, Ulster, Albany, Tryon, Charlotte, Cumberland, and Gloucester. The 
last two, together with part of Albany and Charlotte counties, were within the limits of the present State of Vermont In 
1790 the difficulties which for so long a time had existed between New York and Vermont were amicably adjusted, and 
New York, in its present limits, entered upon her career of greatness, untrammelc<l by fraternal animosities. In 1791 the 
industry of the State received a new impulse from the organization of a society for the promotion of agriculture, arts, and 
mamtfactures. The next year companies were organized to improve the navigation of the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers, 
203 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 



and open canals to Lake Champlain and Ontario. In ISOT Robert Fulton made his first trip with the Clermont, the first 
steamboat which ever plied successfully on the waters. In this enterprise he was aided by Robert R. Livingston, one of 
the most distinguished statesmen of the nation. The war of 1S12-15 soon followed. On the 24th of December, 1814, the 
treaty of Ghent was signed, and peace again restored the land to its wonted prosperity. Of the events which have hap- 
pened since the war there are many living witnesses, and a brief notice only is required. The canal project was rerived, 
and in 1816 the subject was brought before the legislature, and in 1817 the Erie and Champlain canals were commenced. 
The first was completed in 1S25, and the latter in 1823. In 1835 a Law was passed, ordering the enlargement of the Erie 
Canal. Railroads had already been commenced in the State. Both have been since prosecuted with untiring energy, 
and these works have no doubt had a mighty Influence on the prosperity of the country. In 1821, and also in 1846, the 
ftindamental laws were revised, and many important additions made to them. As a State, New York stands at the 
head of the American Union. 

Succession of Gova-nors.—Dvrcii Goveekoes: Wouter Van Twiller, 16S8; "William Kieft, 1638; Peter Stuyvesant, 
1647— English Governors : Richard Nicolls, 1664 ; Francis Lovelace, 1 607; Sir Edmoud Andros, 1674 ; Anthony Brock- 
hoist, 1681 ; Thomas Dongan, 16S3 ; Francis Nicholson, 1688 ; Jacob Leisler (Lt.-Gov.), 1689 ; Henry Staughton, 1691 ; 
Richard Ingoldsby (Lt.-Gov.), 1091 ; Benjamin Fletcher, 1692; Earl of BcUamont, 1698; John Nanfan (Lt.-Gov.), 1701 ; 
Lord Cornbury, 1702 ; Lord Lovelace, 1708 ; Richard Ingoldsby (Lt.-Gov.), 1709 ; Girardus Beekman (President), 1710 ; 
General Iluntcr, 1710 ; Peter Schuyler (President), 1719 ; William Burnet, 1720 ; John Montgomery, 1720 ; Rip Van Dam 
(President), 1731 ; WiUiam Crosby, 1732 ; George Clark, 1736 ; George Clinton, 1743 ; James Delancy (Lt.-Gov.), 1753 ; 
Danvers Osborn, 1753 ; Sir Charles Ilardy, 1755 ; James Delancy (Lt.-Gov.), 1757 ; Cadwallader Colden (Lt.-Gov.), 1763 ; 
Henry Moore, 1765 ; Earl of Dunmore, 1770 ; William Tryon, 1771. {Colonial government suspended May, 1775, from 
ichich time to April 20th, 1777, a Provincial Coiiffress governed, of \cMch Nathaniel Woodhull was President). Con- 
BTiTUTioNAL GovEBNOES : Gcorgc Cliuton, 1777 ; John Jay, 1795 ; George Clinton, 1801 ; Morgan Lewis, 1804 ; Daniel 
D. Tompkins, 1807; John Taylor (Lt.-Gov.), 1817; De Witt Clinton, 1817; Joseph C. Tatea, 1821; De Witt Clinton, 
1822 ; Nathaniel Pitcher (Lt.-Gov.), 182S ; Martin Van Buren, 1829 ; Enos T. Throop (Lt.-Gov.), 1829 ; Enos T. Throop, 
1830; William L. Marcy, 1832; William U. Seward, 1838; William C. Bouck, 1842; Silas Wright, 1844; John Young, 
1846; Hamilton Fish, 1847; Washington Hunt, 1850 ; Horatio Seymour, 1851. 

Albant, on the right bank of the Hudson, 145 miles above New York city, Is the political capital of the State. 

N 209 



THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. 



North Carolina is situated between the latitudes SS° 50' and 360 30' north, and the longitudes 75° 25' and 54° 30' wes* 
from Greenwich, or 1° 37' east., and 7° 2S' west from Wasliingtou. It is bounded ou the 7wrth by Virginia ; on the east 
by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the miiih by South Carolina and Georgia ; and on the west by Tennessee. I'resenting a broad 
front to the ocean, it gradually contracts in its breadth, and terminates westward in a narrow strip. Its kngih from easi 
to west is about 450 miles, and its breadth in the eastern section from liiO to ISO miles, but in the west diminishing from 90 
to 20 miles ; and it has an area of 45,000 square miles. 

The face of the country presents three distinctive physical conditions. The seaward section is a low plain, covered with 
swamps, and traversed by sluggish streams; to this succeeds a belt of undulating country, watered by fresh and rapid 
streams, and in many portions variegated by hills and knolls ; and the western section is an elevated table-land. 

The maritime section forms, as it were, a chaos of land and water. The entire coast is lined by low, narrow, sand 
islands, broken at intervals, and forming communications between the ocean and the lagoons which lie between tlie islands 
and the main land. South of Cape Lookout these inlets are numerous, and the lagoons narrower ; north of that headland 
the converse obtains. Extensive shoals extend Irom the shore seaward, and render navigation dangerous and uncertain, 
and within the lagoons the bars and banks are constantly changing their position. Furious gales, too, are prevalent, so 
that it is difficult for a skillful pilot to avoid the dangers. Ocracoke inlet is the only navigable pasg nortli of Cape 
Lookout, and this at low tide, even in the main channel, contains only six feet water. Itoanoke ialet, opposite tlie island 
of that name, is now obstructed, but the pass may again be opened. To the northward, between the mainland and Narrow 
Beach Island, stretching down from Cape Henry, lies Currituck Sound, 50 miles long, and from 2 to 10 miles broad. West 
of this, running inland, is Albemarle Sound, CO miles long, and from 5 to 15 broad. Its waters are li-esh, and not subject to 
rise and fall from tidal influences, but they arc affected by particular winds. These two sounds communicate with Pamlico 
Sound, whicb lies south of Currituck, and is S6 miles long, and from 10 to 20 miles wide. Its depth is in general about 
20 feet, but shoals abound within it. It opens to the ocean through Ocracoke inlet, and is somewhat influenced by the 
tides. The capes, formed by the sand islands, are the dread of mariners. Cape Lookout and Cape Fear indicate by their 
names tlie dangers that surround them. But the most formidable headland is Cape Ilatteras, the elbow of a triangular 
island formmg the seaward limit of Pamlico Sound. Its shoals extend a great distance from the land, and render it one 
of the most ugly projections of the American coast. The whole series of islands which beset this coast are barren and 
desolate, entirely useless to agriculture, and are inhabited only by a few hardy fishermen and pilots. 

From the sea-coast, for a distance of 60 or 80 miles, the country is pcrl'eclly level, traversed by sluggish and muddy 
streams, and abounding in swamps and marshes. The soil, except along the banks of the streams, where it is sometimes 
fertile, is sandy and barren. The swamps, so numerous in this section, cover an area equal to one-tenth part of the whole 
State. The Great Dismal Swamp, partly in this State, and partly in Virginia, is 30 miles long, and from 10 to 12 miles 
broad, extending over a surface of 100,000 acres. In some places it is densely covered with cedars, pines, and cypress, 
and in others is impervious, on account of tall and rank grasses and undergrowths. In the centre is Drummond Lake, 20 
miles in circuit. The soil is covered knee deep with water, and though firm in some parts, consists chiefly of a soft, yielding 
bog. Similar in its character, and nearly as large, is Alligator or Little Dismal Swamp, on the peninsula between 
Albemarle and Pamlico sounds. There are other swamps further south (Catfish, Green, etc.), usually overgrown like those 
spoken of, and equally impenetrable. Many of these have been drained by canaling, and the recovered lands have proved 
excellent for the cultivation ol rice and cotton. 

Advancing into the country, its physical aspect becomes more and more changed. Immediately beyond the level 
country, the land begins to rise into small hills, stones appear on the surface, and the streams ripple in their courses. A 
little further westward, the scene opens in all the variety of hill and dale that belongs to a fertile country. For 40 miles 
behind the flat region there extends, as far as the lower falls of the rivers, a belt of laud, of a surface moderately uneven, 
with a sandy soil, of which pitch-pine is the natural growth. Above the falls the surface is undulated, and still further, 
beyond the Yadkin and Catawba, is an elevated region, forming a part of the great central plateau or table-land of the 
United Slates, and lying 1,000 to 2,000 feet above the sea-level. The peaks of the Blue llidge of the Alleghaniea, which 
have distinct local appellations, tower high above this. Black Mountain, the highest culmination east of the Kocky 
Mountains, and about 250 feet higher than the loftiest summit of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, has an elevation 
of 6,426 fi'et ; Roan Mountain, the summit of which is a broad meadow, is 6,03S feet high ; Grandfather Mountain is 5,556 
feet high, and Table Mount/iin has an elevation of 3,420 feet above tlw' sea. Mount Ararat or Pilot Mountain, in Surrey 
County, situated in a comparatively level region, exhibits a striking symmetry of structure ; its form is very nearly that of 
a cylinder, and it is ascended by a path in some places nearly perpendicular. The view from its summit is grand and 
extensive, although its elevation is much inferior to the peaks above named. King's Mountain, another isolated hill, is a 
ridge extending from Lincoln and Cleaveland counties into York district, in South Carolina, and is celebrated as the site 
of a battle, fought in 1780. Between the several mountains in the western part of the State, the soil is productive, and 
highly favorable to agricultural operations, aud, being well grassed, forms extensive pastures, on which large herds and 
flocks find a plentiful subsistence. 

The rivers of North (^arolina, though of goodly dimensions, are not navigable for large vessels. They arc, however, 
well adapted to boat navigation, and iu their upper courses supply immense mechanical power, which at a future day will 
be extensively used. As a general thing they all have shallow bars, and are frequently interrupted. Many loose thcm- 
Bclvcs in lagoons difficult of access. The principal river, the course of which lies wholly within the State, is Cape Fear 
Eiver. It is, moreover, the only large stream that flows directly to the ocean. The primary constituents of this river are 
210 



THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA, 



the Haw and the Deep, which rise near the northern boundary line, and form a junction at Haywood in Chatham 
County ; it falls over the first ledge in the low country at Averasboro' ; at Fayetteville it can be navigated by large boats, 
and above Wilmington it forms two brunches, which reunite below that town, and hence flows on in a broad, sluggish 
stream obstructed by sand-bars, and difficult of navigation. These defects, however, have been somewhat remedied by 
diminishing the breadth of the river, and by stopping up the smaller outlets, so that the depth of the main channel, as far 
as Wilmington, has now from 12 to 13 feet of water. The direction of its flow is south-east, and the length of its course 
about 280 mUes. The main entrance to the river, south of Smith's Island, has a depth of water varying from 10 to 14^ 
feet on the bar. The Chowan and Roanolie rivers flow into Albemarle Sound ; the former, which is formed by the union 
of the Meherrin and Noltaway, admits of small vessfls to Murfreesboro', and the latter is navigable for the Sound craft a 
distance of 80 miles. Both are navigable for boats to a greater distance— the Roanoke to Weldon, at the foot of the foils, 
75 miles ; and above the falls it affords, with the aid of side cuts, a boat navigation to Salem, 245 miles. The whole length 
of the Eoanoke, from the valley of Virginia, is more than 400 miles. The Tar and the Neuse empty into Pamlico Sound. 
The Tar, which in the lower part of its course expands into a wide estuary called Pamlico River, is navigable for vessels 
drawing only 8 feet of water, to Washington, 30 miles ; and for boats to Tarboro', 90 miles ; and the Neuse, which has a 
longer course, is navigable for large boats to Kingston, The ocean entrances to both these rivers are channels in which 
there is only 10 feet water at high tide. The Waccamaw passes into South Carolina, flowing for a considerable distance 
near and parallel with the coast. The Lumber and Yadkin also pass into that State, in which they are known as the 
Little and Great Pedee. The Yadkin is a long river traversing the Stale from near its northern boundary, and is navig- 
able for boats almost to its source. The Catawba, which rises in the Blue Mountains, also flows into South Carolina, and 
there takes the name of the Wateree. Prom the western slope of the same mountains flow New Rivers, the Watauga, the 
French Broad, the Little Tennessee, and the Hiwassee, the waters of which, cutting through the Iron or Smoky Mountains, 
are ultimately carried otf, and mingle with those of the Ohio and Mississippi, and join the ocean at a distance of 1,500 
miles from the outlets of the waters rising from the opposite slope of the Blue Ridge, and emptying into the Atlantic. 

The geological formation of the State has been scientifieally examined by Professor Olmstead. Its mineral resources 
are extensive, and as valuable. The low country consists of deposits of sand and clay, similar, and belonging to the same 
age {tertiary) as those of Eastern Virginia and Maryland. These beds contain few minerals, but abound in shell 
deposits, marl, fossiliferous limestone, copperas, and bog-iron ore. A ledge of micaceous rocks, seen in the ravines and 
river cuttings, forms the line which divides the low from the upper country. West of this there is a belt of mica slate, 
chlorite slate, gneiss, and granite, and among the minerals of this section are hoematitic iron ores (Nash and Johnson 
counties), plumbago (Wake County), and occasionally soapstone and serpentine. This strip is succeeded by a belt of 
sandstone running south-westerly from Granville across the State. Freestones and grindstones are abundant in some 
parts of the formation, which also contains argillaceous iron ore and some coal measures (Orange, Chatham, etc., 
counties). Next to this is situate the great slate formation, about 20 miles in breadth, and running in a direction north- 
east and south-west across the country. Within this district are also found numerous beds of porphyry, soapstone, ser- 
pentine, greenstone, and hone or whetstone slate. After the slate formation there succeeds next another belt of primary 
rocks reaching nearly to the Blue Ridge ; and in this is comprised the gold region. Iron ore is also found abundantly 
(Rockingham, Stokes, Surry, and Lincoln counties) chiefly in the form of the magnetic oxide, and has been extensively 
wrought. 

The gold region of the Atlantic States is broader and more productive in this State than in any other. The gold is 
fbund in superficial deposits or in rock veins. The system of metamorphic rocks, in which the gold-bearing veins occur, 
have undergone different degrees of change in different localities. While in some parts the original slaty structure is 
preserved, in others the lamination has been partly obliterated, and the texture altered by the evident effects of heat. In 
some points there is an intermingling of rocks of the gneissoid character, with such as still retain the slaty structure. In 
certain parts the granitic rocks prevail, and there the auriferous veins have various directions apparently wholly irrespect- 
ive of the general trend of the gold formation. Thus, between the town of Charlotte and the Catawba River, and within 
a circuit of three or four miles in diameter, are found veins which have been more or less extensively worked, with direc- 
tions running N, C4 E., N. 4T E., N. S-J- W., N. 26J- E., .and N. .34 W., so that if these directions were prolonged, they 
would, in some cases, be found intersecting each other at right angles. In regard to the vein stone, in which the aurifer- 
ous particles are found, they differ very widely — in some cases the material is an argillaceous slate of a silky lustre, much 
interspersed with minute cubes of pyrites of iron or of copper, or of both, as at the Russell mine on the Newberry in 
Montgomery County ; in other cases it is partly in quartz, and partly in the slaty walls of the veins, and in others still, it is 
wholly in the quartz, being scarcely at all impregnated with the precious metal. The materials which exist in the veins 
are either such as have been acted on by meteoric influences, and partly decomposed, or, lying beyond the reach of such 
Influences, have escaped decomposition, and may be regarded as the true exponents of the deeper vein-stone. These lat- 
ter are in general less rich in gold than the former, chiefly on account of having lost a part of their solid material by 
decomposition. But the deep ores owe their inferior value, in no small degree, also to the difficulty of extracting the 
gold from its combination, with the sulphurets which near the surface have been reduced by the combined action of air, 
water, and other materials from the atmosphere. The axis of the gold formation passes in a north-east and south-west 
direction through the counties of Rockingham, Guilford, Davidson, Rowan, Cabarras, and Mechlenburg, embracing the 
section of both sides of the Blue Ridge, and extending eastward beyond the Yadkin. 

That gold is an important product of this State, admits of no question ; the region in which it is found is very extensive. 
The principal mines are Anson's, Read's, and Parker's, The first named is in Anson County, and has yielded richly, but 
on account of the ownership of the land on which it is situated being in dispute, operations have been retarded. Read's 
mine is in Cabarras County, and was the one first wrought ; large masses of the virgin metal have at several periods 
been dug up, and pieces weighing 400, 500, and 600 pennyweights are met with. On one occasion, a mass weighing 23 
pounds avoirdupois in its crude state was exhumed, Parker's mine is situate<l on a small stream four miles south of the 
Yadkin. The metal is here found chiefly in flakes and grains ; but lumps of considerable size — one weighing 4 pounds 
11 ounces avoirdupois — have been dug up. In the mining districts, gold contained in a goose-quill forms a currency, its 
value being fixed by weight. The larger portion of the products of the mines is bought up by dealers at from 90 to 91 
cents per pennyweight, and much is carried to the mint at Charlotte for coinage; but the returns published by that insti- 
tution by no means indicate the value of the mines, as a considerable quantity finds its way to the manufacturer, and the 
banks receive no small moiety of the whole in deposit. 
The coal region of North Carolina, chiefly in Chatham and Moore counties, and along the Valley of Deep River, so far 

211 



THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. 



as examined, occupies a space fifteen miles in length, and from five to six in width, throughout which area the deposits 
of this mineral are immense and of every variety — bituminous, aemi-hituminous, and anthracite, and Profes.^or Johnson 
has pronounced them to be of the best qualities. The indications are, he adds, that the deposits are at least thirty miles 
in length, and comprise an area of one hundred and fifty square miles. The mean thickness of the beds is said to be 
seven and a half feet, a greater depth than any similar deposit in England. Coal is also found ia other districts. Iron 
ore is found in juxtaposition with the coal measures of Deep Itiver, overlying the coal. These discoveries have led to 
much speculation, and it is said that in a few years the result will be an inflow of capital and prosperity to the State equal 
to th.it now enjoyed by Pennsylvania. 

The climate of North Carolina is much influenced by the diversified character of the surface ; no single description 
would apply to the whole State. The western section, where the land is elevated and traversed by high ranges, is much 
cooler than the sea-board section, and the interior has a climate partaking of both extremes. The winters throughout the 
Slate, however, are much less rigorous than farther north. The atmosphere in the hilly and in the lower middle region 
is pure and salubrious, and the lieats of summer are in these tempered by tlie coolness of tlio nights; but in the low 
country, near the coasts, the summers are hot and sultry, and the air unhealthy and loaded with miasms. The annual 
average range of the thermometer at the University at Chapel Hill is 66° Fahr., the greatest heat being 96°, and the 
lowest 10°, with a mean temperature of 59.07. Peaches blossom in February, and the first frost occurs generally in 
October. The average number of rainy days in the year is ninety-eight, of cloudy days three hundred and thu-ty-three, 
and of clear days only thirly-two. 

The pine-forests of North Carolina cover nearly the whole eastern section. In the plain of the low country this tree is 
almost the exclusive natural growth, and attains here a much ftdler development than in the States farther north ; in the 
swamps it grows to an enormous bulk, and the moisture of the atmosphere loads the trees with a long spongy moss, which 
hangs in clusters from the limbs, and gives the forests a singular appearance. Cedars and cypresses are also abundant in 
the swamps. These forests contribute greatly to the general wealth, and furnish not only lumber for exportation, but 
also nearly all the resinous matter used in the United States. In the elevated parts of the State the timber growths are 
the oak, elm, walnut, cherry, lime, etc., and the maple, poplar, and some others, are indigenous in every section. The 
white-oak trees found here are well suited for making staves, being taller and more free from knots than the northern 
variety. Several valuable medicinal plants also grow spontaneously, as the ginseng, snake-root, etc., and the bottoms are 
overgrown with canes, the leaves of which continue green throughout the winter, and afford a gratcfid food for c^tle. 
Grapes, plums, and blackberries are among the indigenous fruits. 

North Carolina is divided into seventy-nine counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1850, 
were as follows : 



Counties. 



Dwell. 



Alamance 1,.516. 

Alexander S27. 

Anson 1,166. 

Ashe 1,407. 

Beaufort 1,06-3. 

Bertie 1,070. 

Bladen 1,005. 

Brunswick .... 771. 

Buncombe 1,942. 

Burke 9S.3. 

Cabarras 1,296. 

Caldwell 926. 

Camden 770. 

Carteret 972. 

Caswell 815. 

Catawba 1,2-37. 

Chatham 2,210. 

Cherokee 1,020. 

Chowan 613. 

Cleveland 1,526. 

Columbus 777. 

Craven 1,842. 

Cumberland ..2,531. 

Currituck 925. 

Davidson 2,308. 

Davie 1,027. 

Duplin 1,419. 

Edgecombe ...1,649. 

Forsyth 1,739. 

Franklin 1,115. 

Gaston 1,072. 

Gates 880. 

Granville 2,093. 

Greene 684. 

Guilford 3,048. 

Halifax 1,759. 

Haywood 1,110. 

Henderson 981. 

Hertford 831. 

Hyde 923. 

212 



Pop. 
.11,444. 
. 5,220. 
.13,489. 
, 8,777.. 
.13,816. 
.12,851. 

9,767.. 

7 272. 
.13425. 
. 7,772. 
. 9,747. 
. 6,317. 
. 6,049. 
. 6,803. 
.15,269. 

8,862.. 
.18,449. 
. 6,833. 
. 6,721. 
.10,396. 
. 5,909. 
.14,709. 
.20,610. 
. 7,136. 
.16,320. 
. 7,866. 
.13,514. 
.17,189. 
.11,163. 
.11,713. 
. 8,073. 
. 8,426. 
.21,249. 
. 6,619. 
.19,754. 
.16,589. 
. 7,074. 
. 6,853. 
. 8,142. 
. 7,6.36. 



Farms 
in cult. 

923. 

6-3-3. 

675. 
1,253. 

594. 

542. 

486. 

395. 
1,105. 

373. 

875. 

866. 

579. 

203. 

707. 

957. 
1,633. 
, 459. 

344. 

961. 

899. 

3S8. 

959. 

501. 
,1,231 . 
. 404. 
. 923. 
. 787. 
, 936. 
. 5?S. 
. 724. 
, 490. 
.1,074. 
. -872. 
.1,608. 
. 868. 
. 653. 
. 418. 
. 878. 
. 293. 



. 88. .Graham 
. 4. .Taylorsville 
. 82. .AVadesboro' 
. 3 . . Jefferson 
. 73. .Washington 
. 50.. Windsor 
. 61. .Elizabethtown 
. SO.. Smith viUe 
. 19..Ashville 
. 22. .Morgantown 
. 44. .Concord 
. 8.. Lenoir 
. 15.. New Lebanon 
. 19.. Beaufort 
. 56 . . Yancey ville 
. 3.. Newton 
. 48..Pittsboro' 
. 5 . . Murphy 
. 23..Edenton 
. 16.. Shelby 
. 5..Whites\'ille 
. 67.. Newborn 
.105..Fayettevaie 
. . . Currituck 
. 18. .Lexington 
. 37..Mocksville 
. 57 . . Kenansville 
. 14..Tarboro' 
. SO.. Winston 
. 25. .Louisburg 
. 10..Dall.is 
. 22..Gate6ville 
. 55.. Oxford 
. 37..SnowniU 
. 55.. Greensboro' 
. 4..ITaUfax 
. . . Waynesville 
. 1 . . Tlendersonville 
. 20 . . Murfree.sboro' 
. 6.. Swan Quarters 



Iredell 1,834. 

Johnson 1,704. 

Jones 440. 

Lenoir 702. 

Lincoln 1,022. 

M-Dowell 860. 

M.acon 936. 

Martin 923. 

Mecklenburg.. 1,6-32. 
Montgomery .. 902. 

Mwre 1,236. 

Nash 1,243. 

New Hanover .1,884. 
Northampton . .1,341 . 

Onslow 963. 

Orange 2,186. 

Pasquotank . . .1,150. 
Perquimans... 818. 

Person 1,070. 

Pitt 1,-315. 

Eandolph 2,512. 

Eichmond 949. 

Robeson 1,513. 

Eockingham ..1,693. 

Eowan 1,842. 

Rutherford ....1,883. 

Sampson 1,582. 

Stanly 946. 

Stokes 1,263. 

Surry 2,797. 

Tyrrell 685. 

Union 1,422. 

Wake 2,844. 

Warren 905. 

Washington... 670. 

Watauga 569. 

Wayne 1,576. 

Wilkes 2,050. 

Yancey 1,322, 



Pop. 
.14,719, 
.13,726, 
. 5,038. 
. 7,828. 
. 7,746. 
. 6,346. 
. 6,889. 
. 8,.307. 
.18,914. 
. 6,872. 
. 9,ai2. 
.10,657. 
.17,668. 
.13,.335. 
. 8,283. 
.17,055. 
. 8,950. 
. 7,331. 
.10,731. 
.13,397. 
.15,832. 
. 9,818. 
.12,826. 
.14,495. 
.18,870. 
.13,550. 
.14,585. 
. 6,922. 
. 9,206. 
.18,413. 
. 5,138. 
.10,051, 
.24,887. 
.13,912. 
. 6,666. 
. 3,400. 
.1.3,486. 
.12,099. 
. 8,205, 



Farm.^ 
in cult. 

.1,096. 

.1,002. 

. 240. 
. 862. 
. 711. 
. 508. 
. 631. 
, 510. 
.1,030. 
, 541. 
. 713. 
. 713. 
. 559. 
. 044. 
. 849. 
,1,0S2. 
. 530. 
, 505. 
. 634. 
. 634. 
.1,173. 
. 496. 
.1,112. 
. 717. 
.1,070. 
. 959. 
. 948. 
. 515. 
. 591. 
.1,503. 
. 210. 
. 877. 
.1,410. 
. 548. 
. 444. 
. 442. 
. 6G8. 
.1,097. 
. 970. 



. 23..Statesville 
.102..Smithfleld 
. 14.. Trenton 
. 17.. Kingston 
. 61. .Lincoln ton 
. 29. .Marion 
. 13. .Franklin 
. 17. .WUliamston 
. 16.. Charlotte 
. 14.. Troy 
. 4 . . Carthage 
. 24. .Nashville 
.lSG..Wihnington 
. 7 . . Jackson 
. 27 . . Onslow 
. 17..IIillsboro' 
. 11.. Elizabeth City 
. 21.. Hertford 
. 17..Roxboro' 
. 41. .Greenville 
. 41 . . Ashboro' 
. 1 . . Eockingham 
. 10..Lumberton 
. 43..Wcntworth 
.108. .Sahsbury 
. 28..EutherfordtOQ 
. 53.. Clinton 
. lO..Albem.irlc 
. 34. .Germantown 
. 43..Eock&)rd 
. 41.. Columbia 
. 9.. Monroe 

. 66..EALEIQH 

. 20. .Warrenton 
. 24.. Plymouth 
. 1 . . Boone 
. 69. .Waynesboro" 
. 9. -Wilkesboro' 
. ICBurnsville 



THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. 



The whole number of dwellings in the State, at the above date, was 105,&42; of families, 106,023; and of inhabitants, 
86S,903; viz., whites 552,464— males 272,309, and females 280,095; Indians, 831— males 420, and females, 411; free col- 
ored, 27,196 — males 13,226, and females 13,970 ; slaves, 288,412. Of the whole population there were, deaf and dit/tnb 
— wh. 351, fr. col. 4, si. 52— t<ital 407; blind— wh. 887, fr. col, 23, si. 117— total 532; iiisaive—wh. 462, fr. col. 5, si. 24— 
total 491 ; and idiotic — wh. 604, fr. col. 32, si. 133 — total 774. The number of free persons born in the United States was 
677,750, the number of foreign birth 2,524, and of birth unknown 217. The natiee population originated as follows: Me. 
68, N. Hamp. 26, Verm. 27, Mass. 251, E. I. 59, Conn. 272, N. York 463, N. Jer. 134, Penn. 665, Del. 96, Md. 635, Dist. of 
Col. 23, Virg. 10,838, A^oi-th Carolina 556,248, S. Car. 4,430, Ga. 844, Flor. 54, Ala. 131, Miss. 57, La. 14, Tex. 6, Ark. 1, 
Tenn. 2,047, Ky. 141, Oh. 48, Mich. 2, Ind. 67, 111. 23, Mo. 33, la. 3, Wise. 4, Calif. 0, Territories ; and the foreign pop- 
ulation was composed of persons fi-om — England 394, Ireland 567, Scotland 1,012, Wales 7, Germany 344, France 43, 
Spain 4, Portugal 12, Belgium 1, Holland 4, Turkey 0, Italy 4, Austria 2, Switzerland 3, Russia 8, Denmark 6, Norway 
0, Sweden 9, Prussia 19, Sardinia 0, Greece 0, China 2, Asia 0, Africa 2, British America 30, Mexico 2, Central America 
4, South America 3, West Indies 37, and other countries 5. 

The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the 
United States authorities : 

Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. 

Census White , • , Total , ' , 

Years. Persons. Free. Slave. Tot.iI. ropulation. Numerical. Percent. 

1T90 288,204 4,975 100,572 105,547 393,751 — .... — 

1800 837,764 7,048 133,296 140,,S44 478,103 84,352 .... 21.3 

1810 376,410 10,266 168,824 179,090 555,500 77,397 .... 16.2 

1820 419,200 14,612 205,017 219,629 633,829 83,329 .... 15.0 

1830 472,843 19,543 245,601 265,144 737,987 99,158 .... 1.5.5 

1840 484,870 22,732 245,817 268,549 753,419 15,432 .... 2.1 

1850 552,464 27,196 238,412 315,608 863,903 115,484 .... 915.3 

— the total of 1850, including 331 Indians, not otherwise accounted for. 

The statistics of the products, industries, wealth, and institutions of the State, according to the census of 1850 and other 
ofiScial returns referring to the same period of time, are as follows : 

Oaciipied Lands, rfc— Improved farm lands, 5,463,977 acres, and lands attached to farms unimproved, 15,543,010 
acres— together valued in cash at .$C7,*91,T66. Whole number of farms under cultivation on the Ist June, 1850, 56,916. 
Value of farming implements and machinery, $3,931,532. 

Live-stock.— Rox&es 143.693, a!3scs and mules 25,259, milch cows 221,799, working oxen 37,309, other cattle 434,402, 
sheep 595,249, swine 1,812,S!3— in the aggregate valued in cash at $17,717,647. The census of 1340 returned the following 
nmnbers: horses, mules, etc. 166,608, neat cattle of all kinds 617,371, sheep 533,279, and swine 1,649,716. 

Products of Animals.— y^ool, 970,738 (in 1840, 625,044) pounds; butter, 4,146,290 pounds; cheese, 95,921 pounds; and 
the value of animals slaughtered during the year, $5,767,366. 

Grain Cz-op^.-Wheat, 2,130,102 bushels ; rye, 229,563 bushels ; Indian corn, 27,941,051 bushels ; oats, 4,052,073 bushels ; 
barley, 2,735 bu.shels ; and buckwheat, 16,704 bushels. The crops, according to the census of 1340, were : wheat, 1,960,855 
bushels; rye, 21.3,971 bushels; Indian com, 23,893,763 bushels; oats, 3,193,941 bushels ; barley, 3,574 bushels ; and buck- 
wheat, 15,391 bushels. Thus, excepting the barley and buckwheat crops, the increase in the decade has been liberal. 

Other Food C/'Oii.s.-Pvice, 5,465,863 (in 1840,2,820,333) pounds; peas and beans, 1,534,2.52 bushels; potatoes— sweet, 
5,095,709 bushels, and Irish, 2,735 bushels. The potato crop of 1339 amounted to 2,609,239 bushels. 

3IisceUaneou^ Crops.— Tohacao, 11,934,786 pounds ; ginned cotton, 73,849 bales of 400 pounds ; hay, 145,662 tons ; clover- 
seed, 576 bushels; other grass-seed, 1,275 bushels; hops, 9,246 (in 1340, 1,063) pounds; hemp— dew-rotted, tons, and 
water-rotted, 3 tons ; flax, 593,796 pounds; flax-seed, 38.196 bushels; silk cocoons, 229 (in 1840, 3,014) pounds; maple sugar, 
27,932 pounds ; molasses, 704 gallons ; beeswax and honey, 512,239 pounds ; wine, 11,058 gallons, etc. Value of orchard 
products, $34,343, and of market-garden products, $.39,462. 

The following table exhibits the actual and comparative quantities of the principal staples produced in the year 
preceding the censuses of 1840 and 1350 : 

Crops. 1840, 1850. Decennial Movement. 

Eiee 2,320,338 pounds 5,465,868 pounds incr. 2,645,480 pounds, or 93.8 per cent 

Potatoes 2,609.239 bushels 5,098,444 bu.?hels incr. 2,489,239 bushels, or 95.4 " 

Tobacco 16,772,359 pounds ..... . 11,984,786 pounds deer. 4,787,573 pounds, or 28.5 " 

Cotton 51,926,190 " 29,539,600 " deer. 22,336,590 " or 43.1 " 

Hay 101,369 tons 145,662 tons incr. 44,293 tons, or 43.T " 

?ilx^::::::;;:::: \ ^-s^* " ::::::-t 59.3,796' pLds :::::: \ '''''• 21.529,191 pounds, 

Wine. 28,752 gallons 11,053 gallons deer. 17,694 gallons, or 61.2 



97.3 



Home-mad^ manufactures were produced to the value of $2,086,522. The same quality of products, according to the 
census of 1840, were valued at $1,413,242. 

Jl/"«?M//ac#!(r,f«.— Aggregate capital invested, $7,252,245; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., used, $4,805,463; average 
number of hands employed, —males and females average monthly cost of labor, $ —male, 

$ and female, $ ; total value of products for the year ending let June, 1850, $9,111,245. The whole number 

of manufactories producing to the value of $500 and upward annually, 2,523 ; and of these 28 are cotton factories, 1 woolen 
factory, 151 tanneries, and 26 iron works, viz., 5 making castings, 2 pig iron, and 19 wrought iron. The total capital 
employed in manufactures in 1840 was $3,838,900. 

Cotton mannfactures employ a capital of $1,058,800; annual consumption of cotton, 13,617 bales; value of all raw 
material, $531,903; average hands employed, 1,619— males, 442, and females, 1,177 ; entire wages per mouth, $12,369— 
to males, $5,153, and to females, $7,216 ; annual products, 2,470,110 yards of sheeting, etc., and 2,207,000 pounds of yarn- 
in all valued at $831,-342. Capital invested in 1840, $995,300, and hands employed, 1,219. Annual value of products, $433,900. 

Woolen manufaetii/res employ a capital of $18,000 ; annual consumption of wool, 30,000 pounds ; value of all raw ma- 
terial, $13,950; number of hands employed, 78— males 40, and females 33; entire wages per month, $1,6.35— to males, 
$1,099, and to females, $536 ; annual products, 340,660 yards of cloth, valued at $88,750. Capital in 1840, $9,800 ; hands, 4. 

213 



THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. 



TanrierUs employ a capital of $'251,055; value of raw material, etc., consumed, $191,237; hanJs employed, 3T3; 
monthly wages, $5,295 ; tanned— 24,035 skins, and 155,610 sides of leather, valued at $352,535. Capital in 1840, $271,797 ; 
hands, 645 ; tanneries, .353. 

In the manufacture of malt and spiritucnis liquors the capital Invested is $21,9.30 ; quantities and kinds of grain, etc., 
consumed— corn, 64,650 bushels, and rye, 4,700 bushels ; hands employed, 75 ; quantity of liquors produced— whisky and 
high wines, 153,030 gallons. 

The iron manufactwes are represented in the following tabular statistics : 



900. 



Specifications. 

Capital invested dollars 

Ore used tons. . . 

Pig iron used " — 

Coke and charcoal bushels 150,000 

Value of all raw material, etc dollars 27,900 

Ilands employed number ... SI 

Entire monthly wages dollars . 

Iron produced tons — 

Value of entire products dollars . 



Pig Iron. Cast Iron. Wrought Iron. Total. 

25,000 11,500 103,000 139,500 



280. 
400. 



— 4,650 5,550 

192 — 192 

6,375 357,900 514.275 

S,341 2S,114 64,.355 

15 187 233 

352 1,868 2,450 

172 850 1,422 



12,500 12,867 06,980 92,-347 

Capital in iron manufactures in 1840, $94,961 ; hands, 468. There are also in the State several machine shops, hardware 

factories, soap and candle manufactories, potteries, carriage manufactories, etc., and numerous grist, saw, flour, and other 
mills, whiih, in the aggregate, make up a respectable manufacturing industry in a State so much devoted to agriculture 
as is North Carolina. 

Commerce, Kuvigatlon, etc. — North Carolina, in the year ending 80th June, 1850, exported to foreign countries mer- 
chandise, etc., to the value of $416,501, and imported goods to the value of $823,692. Of the exports (all of which were 
of domestic origin), to the value of $'259,616 was carried in American, and to $156,885 in foreign bottoms; and of the 
imports, to the value of $179,249 was carried in American, and to $144,443 in foreign bottoms. The entrances and clear- 
ances in the same vear were as follows : 



Nationality. 

American 

Foreign 



ENTRANCES. 
Vessels. Tonnage. 

,. 140 19,185.. 

.. 43 9,115.. 



Crews. 
. 908 
. 891 



Total 188 28,300 1,299 



118 20,670. 

23 2,064. 



Wilmington 

Newbern 

Edentim — — . 

Camden 22 2,170. 

Beaufort 4 473. 

Washington 9 1,118. 

Plymouth 12 1,205. 



876 
139 

135 
24 
54 
71 



CLEARANCES. 

Nation.ality. Vessels, Tonnage, Crewa. 

American 212 30,739 1,896 

Foreign 62 11,493 503 



Total 274 42,232 1,899 

Wilmington 175 81,098 1,315 

Newbern SO 3,646 183 

Edcnton 1 131 6 

Camden 29 2,945 170 

Beaufort 6 755 84 

Washington 11 1,872 65 

Plymouth 22 2,2S8 126 



The total shipping owned in the State at the date specified was 45,218 tons, of which 14,932 tons were registered, 27,535 
tons enrolled and licensed, and 2,751 tons licensed (under 20 tons.) All enrolled and licensed shipping was employed in 
coasting, and of this 3,226 tons were navigated by steam-power. The whole of the licensed tonnage was also employed 
in coasting. The tonnage of the several districts was — Wilmington 15,198 tons, Newbern 5,208 tons, Washington 5,703 
tons, Eclenton, 1,145 tons, Camden 11,948 tons, Beaufort 2,260 tons, Plymouth 2,328 tons, and Ocracoke 1,428 tons. The 
number of vessels built in the several districts was 83, viz., 1 ship, 2 brigs, 28 schooners, 2 sloops, and 5 steamers, and 
their tonnage 2,652. Of the whole number 4 (483 tons) were built at Wilmington, 8 (867 tons) at Newbern, 1 (34 tons) 
at Washington, 5 (256 tons) at Edenton, 9 (C93 tons) at Camden, 3 (206 tons) at Beaufort, and 3 (114 tons) at Plymouth. 
The statistics of the foreign commerce of the State for a series of years — 1791 to 1850 — exhibit the following movements 
in the values of exports and imports. 



Year. Exports. 

1791 $524,548.. 

1792 527,900.. 

1793 305,414.. 

1794 821,587.. 

1795 492,161.. 

1796 671,487.. 

1797 540,901.. 

1798 537,810.. 

1799 485,921., 

1800 769,799.. 

1801 874.884.. 

1802 659,.390.. 

1803 952,614.. 

1804 928,687.. 

1805 779,903.. 

1806 789,605.. 

1807 745,162 . 

1808 117,129. 

1809 822,994.. 

1810 403,949.. 

214 



Imports, 



Year. 
ISU. 
1812. 
1813. 
1814. 
1815. 
1S16. 
1817. 
1818. 
1819. 
1S20. 
1821. 
1822. 
1S23. 
1824. 
1825. 
1826. 
1827. 
1828. 
1829. 
1830. 



Exports, 
1797,976. 

489,219. 
797,858., 
812,446. 
,013,942 . 
,323,7.35. 
95fi,.580. 
948,2,>3. 
647,736., 
808,319.. 



Imports, 



400,944 200,673 

885,951 258,761 

432,417 188,953 

5SS,733 465,836 

553,390 311,808 

581,740 867,545 

449,287 276,791 

523,747 268,615 

564,506 28.8,-547 

899,-333 221,992 



Year. Exports, Imports. 

1831 $341,140 $196,.356 

18-52 842,041 215,184 

1833 4.33,035 198,758 

1384 471,406 222,472 

1835 819,.327 241,931 

1886 429,851 197.116 

1837 551,795 271,623 

1838 545,223 290,405 

1839 427,926 229,2;33 

1840 337,484 252,532 

1841 83:3,056 220,.360 

1842 344,650 187,404 

1843 171,099 110,976 

1344 293,401 209,142 

1845 379,960 280,470 



1846. 
1847. 

1843. 
1849. 
1860. 



414,398 242,859 

284,919 142,884 

340,023 195,814 

270,076 113,146 

416,501 32-3,092 



THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. 



Internal Improvementis. — Great efforts are being made in this State to build up a system of railroads between the in- 
terior and the sea-board, and also to connect the railroads of North Carolina with those of the adjoining States. As yet, 
however, tlie only through line is the Weldon and Wilmington K. E. at Weldon, uniting with the Petersburg R. R., run- 
ning north, and the Sea-board and Roanoke R. R. to Norfolk, and at Wilmington with the Wilmington and Manchester 
E. R., which forms a connection with the South Carolina railroads. The North Carolina Central R. R., running from a 
point above Goldsboro', on the Weldon and Wilmington R. R., through Raleigh, Ilillsboro', Greensboro', Lexington, and 
Salisbury, forms a junction with the South Carolina system at Charlotte, and this road will probably be extended ft-om its 
eastern terminus to Beaufort. A railroad has long been in operation from Gaston, on the Roanoke, to Raleigh, at which 
latter point it connects with the central and at Gaston with the Greenville and Roanoke E. R., which leaves the great 
Southern line at Ilicksford. The total length of completed railroad in this State on the Ist Jan., 1853, was 249 miles, or 
in the proportion of one mile to every IS square miles of territory. The only canals in use within the State are the Dis- 
mal Swamp Canal and its north-west branch, which are used chiefly for lumbering purposes, and Harlow Canal, extend- 
ing from the Neuse to Beaufort. Important improvements are also contemplated in Deep and Cape Fear rivers, so as to 
make them an outlet for the mineral wealth of their vicinities. 

Banks. — According to the bank returns of November, 1S50, there were in the State 5 banks and 15 branch banks, the 
aggregate condition of which, at that period, was as follows: Liabilities — capital, $7,7S9,250; circulation, $4,249,933; 
deposits, $942,093; due other banks, $G0,G32 ; all other liabihties, $4,325; and a.9«^<5— loans and discounts, $6,056,783; 
stocks, $150,000 ; real estate, $127,306, other investments, $18,785 ; due by other banks, $1,074,794 ; notes of other banks, 
$483,947 ; and specie, $1,645,028. The Bank of Cape Fear, located at Wilmington, has branches at Asheville, Fayetteville, 
Greensboro', Ealeigh, Salem, Salisbury, and Washington, and the Bank of the State of North Carolina, at Raleigh, has 
branches at Charlotte, Elizabeth City, Fayetteville. Milton, Morgantown, Newbern, Tarboro', and Wilmington. Bank3 
besides these are also established at Fayetteville, Wadesboro', Washington, Wilmington, and Newbern. 

Government, etc. — The government of the State is based on the constitution of 1786, as amended in 1335. 

The right of suffrage is allowed to every free white man, 21 years old, an inhabitant of his district 12 months preceding 
an election, and owner of a freehold within the same for six months. Such may vote for senators, but in voting for repre- 
sentatives, the freehold qualification is not needed, if the voter has paid taxes. But no descendant of a negro, to the 
fourth generation, though one ancestor in each generation be white, is to be accounted a white man. The general elections 
are held biennially on the 1st Thursday in August. 

The Leginluture is composed of a House of Commons and a Senate. Members of the House of Commons (120 in 
number) must have resided in their respective counties one year, and have owned for six months next before their 
election 100 acres as freehold, and are chosen biennially, not less than one in each county. Senators (50 in number) are 
chosen biennially in districts set off on the basis of taxation, and must be possessed for the same time of 300 acres therein 
in fee. An apportionment of both houses was made in 1351, and apportionment will be made every twenty years there- 
after. The General Assembly, thus constituted, convenes on the third Tuesday in November biennially. No special law 
shall be passed to alter the name of any person, to legitimize bastards, or to restore to citizenship persons convicted of 
infamous crimes ; but general laws for these purposes may be passed. 

The Governor is chosen by the persons qualified to elect members of the house for two years (but no such elected per- 
son shall serve more than four years out of any six years) by a plurality of votes, or in case of an even vote by the two 
houses of the General Assembly on joint ballot. An Executive Council of State, consisting of seven councilors, shall be 
chosen at every regular session, who shall keep a journal of their proceedings, open to the General Assembly. The gov- 
ernor may lay an embargo for thirty days, with the consent of the council. If the office of governor be vacant, it is to be 
filled by the Speaker of the Senate, and he failing, then by the Speaker of the House of Commons. No clergyman, while 
in the exercise of his duties as such, shall be a member of the council. 

Among the miscellaneous provisions of the constitution, are the following : Every foreigner who comes to settle may 
take take the oath of allegiance and hold real estate. Judges of the Supreme and Superior courts are appointed by joint 
ballot of both houses, and may be removed dr mental or physical inability upon a resolution of two-thirds of the mem- 
bers thereof. Their salaries shall not be diminished during their term. No person toho shall deny the lieing of a God 
or the truth of the Christian religion, or the divine authority/ of the Old or New Testa^nent, or who shall hold religious 
principles inccnnpatible with the freedom or safety of the State, shall hold any civil office. 

To amend the constitution, a convention of the people may be called by a vote of two-thirds of the members of both 
nouses. Amendments, if agreed to by three-fifths of the members of each house, shall be puWishod six months before the 
next election ; and if approved by two-thirds of both Ijouses, shall be submitted to the people ; and if approved by a ma- 
jority of votes of the voters qualified to elect members of the House of Commons, shall be adopted. 

The judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, Superior or Circuit courts, etc. The Supreme Court consists of a chief- 
justice and two associate justices, the attorney-general, a reporter and two clerks, one at Ealeigh, and one at Morgan- 
town. This court holds three sessions in each year — two in the city of Raleigh, on the 2d Monday in June and the last 
Monday in December ; and one at Morgantown, on the 1st Monday of August, for the western part of the State, and con- 
tinues to sit at each term until all the business on the docket is determined or continued upon good cause shown. It has 
power to hear and determine all cases in law or equity brought belhre it by appeal or by the parties ; and has original and 
exclusive jurisdiction in repealing letters patent, and has also power to issue all writs necessary and proper for the exer^ 
else of its jurisdiction. The Superior or Circuit courts are composed of one judge and solicitor in each circuit ; these arc 
courts of law and of equity, and are held twice a year in each county of the State. There are seven circuits, of about ten 
counties each, which the juilges ride alternately, never visiting, however, the same circuit twice in sucoesaion. The 
judges of these courts have complete equity jurisdiction. 

The militia of North Carolina is composed of T9,44S men of all grades, of which number 4,267 are commissioned 
oflScers, and 75,131 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers, 28 are 
general officers, 133 general staff officers, 657 field officers, etc., and 3,449 company ofiScers. Every white male citizen, 
between the ages of 18 and 45 years, unless exempt by law, is liable to military duty. 

The charitable and benevolent institutions supported by the State are the North Carolina Institution for the Instruction 
of the Deaf and Dumb, and the Asylum for the Insane. The foundation stone of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb 
was laid on the 14th April, 1848. It is located at Raleigh on a plot of four acres, and near the StatCTHouse. The Lunatio 
Asylum is not yet commenced. The legislature of 1850 imposed a tax of one cent and three-quarters on every one 
hundred dollars-worth of land, and five and a quarter cents on every taxable poll per annum for four years to raise a 

215 



THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. 



fund for building an institution of this description— taxes wliich are expected to yield |S0,000 in the time specified. Tho 
legislature, also at the same session, passed a bill authorizing an agricultural, mineralogical, and botanical survey of the 
State. The surveyor, whose appointment rests with the governor, is required personally or by his assistants, " to visit 
every county of the State and examine every thing of interest or value in cither of the above departments, to ascertain 
the nature and character of its products, and tho nature and" character of its soil, as well as to give an account of ita 
minerals." 

Public Debt, Finances, efc.— The receipts from all sources for the year ending Slst October, 1850, amounted to 
$219,006 47, and the expenditures in the same year to $228,113 24 — being an excess of expenditures over reeeipts of 
$9,166 77. The chief sources of income are the public taxes, bank taxes, interest on railroad bonds, income from interest 
in railroads, etc. ; and the principal objects of expenditure are executive, legislative, and judicial expenses, public print- 
ing, interests on investments, repayments of loans, etc., election expenses, public library, etc. North Carolina, properly 
speaking, has no public debt; it has, however, a contingent liability, which arises from its endorsement by the State 
of bonds of railroad companies to the amount of $1,100,000, but from this must be deducted $13,000 for bonds not used, 
and $110,000 for bonds paid, which reduces the amount for which the State may be liable, to $977,000. Since the above 
date other liabilities have been assumed for the progressing railroads. The value of real and personal estate of the inhab- 
itants of North Carolina, including the value of slave property in 1S50, was assessed at $212,071,213. True valuation, 
$226,800,472. 

Federal Representation.— North Carolina, in accordance with the law of 23d May, 1850, is entitled to eight represent- 
atives in the Congress of the United States. 

Education. — Before the llevolution, literature was hardly known in this State, much less a subject of cultivation. There 
■were in the province at the end of the royal government, only two schools in operation, one at Newbem and one at 
Edenton. The constitution of 1776, directed that " a school or schools shall be established by the legislature for the 
convenient instruction of youth, with such salaries to the masters, paid by the public, as may enable them to instruct at 
low prices ; and all useful learning shall be duly encouraged and promoted in one or more universities." Till within late 
years, however, no system of free schools was introduced throughout the State. Liberal provision was made for the 
purpose in 1825, by the creation of a school fund. This fund now amounts to nearly half a million dollars, besides the 
income of stock held by the State in several railroads, the proceeds of the sale of swamp lands, and the tract acquired from 
the Cherokees in the south-west In order to apply these funds, a Board of Literature was established in 18:^7, to devise 
a plan of common schools ; but as yet nothing eflicient for the increasing population has been brought to fruition. At the 
present time there are some 200 academies, and between 800 and 900 common schools in the State, at which from 18,000 
to 20,000 youth are annually taught. The principal collegiate establishments in the State are the University, Davidson 
College, and Wake Forest College. The University of North Carolina is located at Chapel Hill, in Orange County, and 
in 1S50 had a president, 10 professors, and 230 students. It was founded in 1789, and its alumni numbered 964, of which 
about 70 had entered the ministry. It has an excellent library of 13,500 volumes. In 1853 a school of science and art was 
attached to it. In the law department there were, in 1S50, ten students. Davidson College, founded in 183S, is situate in 
Mechlenburg County, and iu 1850 had 4 professors, CO students, and a library of about 5,000 volumes, and its alumni num- 
bered 140, of which 24 were in the ministry. "Wake Forest College (a Baptist institution) was founded in 1838, and in 
1S50 had 3 professors, and 24 students ; its alumni numbered 11, of which 6 were in the ministry, and its library contained 
4,700 volumes. 

Public Libraries.— One State library— 3,000 volumes; 3 college— 9,401 volumes; 2 students'— 8,846 volumes; 2 
academic and professional — 3,000 volumes ; total, 8 libraries, and 24,247 volumes. This account is from the Eeport of the 
Librarian of the Smithsonian Institution, 1850, and is probably under-rated. 

Periodical Press. — The whole number of newspapers, etc., published in the State in 1850, was 52, of which 24 advocated 
whig principle, and 9 that of the democracy, and 19 were neutral in politics, or devoted to literature, religion, etc. Of the 
whole number, 1 was published tri-weekly, circulating 340 copies at each issue, or 53,040 copies annually ; 3 semi-weekly, 
circulating 8,437 copies, or 399,088 annually; 41 weekly, circulating 28,427 copies, or 1,478,204 annually; 4 semi-monthly, 
circulating 3,775, or 90,000 annually ; and one monthly, circulating 450, or 5,400 annually. The counties in which published 
are — Anson, 1 s.-w. and 1 w. ; Buncombe, 2 w. ; Beaufort, 1 w. ; Caswell, 1 w. ; Chowan, 1 w. ; Cherokee, 1 w. ; Craven, 
2 w. ; Cumberland, 3 w. ; Chatham, 1 s.-m. ; Edgecombe, 1 w. ; Guilford, 1 w. and 1 m. ; Granville, 1 w. ; Halif:ix, 2 w. ; 
Lincoln, 2 w. ; Mechlenburg, 2 w. ; New Hanover, 1 t-w., 2 s.-w., and 3 w. ; Orange, 2 w. ; Pasquotank, 2 w. and 1 s.-m. ; 
Euthcrford, Randolph, and Eowan, each 1 w. ; Wake, 1 s.-w., 6 w., and 3 s.-m. ; Wayne, 2 w. ; and Washington and 
Warren, each 1 weekly. 

Peligioiis Petwminations. — The statistics of the .several religious denominations in the State, were as follows : 



Denornina- No. uf 


Church 


Value of 


Denomjna- No. of 


Church 


Value of 


Denomina- No. of 


Church 


Value of 


lions. Churches. 


accom. 


Property. 


tioQs. Churches. 


accom. 


Property. 


tions. Cliurche8. 


accom. 


Propert}'. 


Baptist 573 .. 


195,727 . 


. $201,448 


German Ref. 15 . . 


6,725 . 


$17,200 


R. Catholic. . . 4 . . 


1,400 . 


$5,900 


Christian .... 29 . . 


11,600 . 


. 10,575 


Jewish — . . 


— . 


— 


Swedenbo'n .. — .. 


— . 


— 


Congregat'I. . — . . 


— . 


— 


Lutheran ... 47 . . 


— . 


. 29,025 


Tunker 1 .. 


200 . 


100 


Dutch Kef. . . — . . 


— . 


— 


Mennonite . . — . . 


— . 


— 


Union 4 . . 


1,200 . 


650 


Episcopal ... 47 . . 


14,970 . 


. 112,100 


Methodist ... 727 . . 


19,550 . 


. 284,930 


Unitarian — .. 


_ . 


— 


Free 51 .. 


14,545 . 


. 15,860 


Moravian ... 7 . . 


214,937 . 


. 34,000 


Universalist... — .. 


— . 


— 


Friends 30 . . 


12,620 . 


. 7,575 


Presbyterian 143 . . 


3,000 . 


. 170,030 


Minor Sects. . — . . 


— . 


— 



— making a total of 1,678 churches, having accommodation for 558,204 persons, and v.alued as property at $889,393. The 
State forms the Protestant Episcopal diocese of North Carolina, and is a constituent portion of the Roman Catholic diocese 
Of Charleston, 

Pauperism. — The whole number of persons relieved or supported during the year ending 1st June, 1850, was 1,981, 
of which number 1,913 were native-bom and IS foreign-born ; and the whole number receiving support at tlie date speci- 
fled was 1,5S0 ; viz., 1,567 native-born and 13 foreigners. Tho cost to the public amounted to $60,085. 

Historical Sketch. — The first English settlement in North America was made in 1585 on Roanoke Island, in this State. 
The patron of the infant colony was Sir Walter Raleigh, to whom Queen Elizabeth granted, in 1584, a jiatent for such 
lands as he might discover in America, "not possessed by any Christian people." The same year he dispatched two 
small vessels to make discoveries, and those dropped their anchors early in July in Ocracoke inlet. The adventurers 
lauded on an island near Roanoke, called by the natives Wococon, where they were received with every mark of hospi- 
216 T 



THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. 



Jality. After visiting the neighborliood they returned to England and gave a highly favorable account of the climate and 
soil. The name of Virginia was bestowed upon the country, and Raleigh's patent was confirmed by act of Parliament. 
Sir Walter sent out at once, under Ralph Lane as governor, the colony above mentioned. Soon, however, Indian hostili- 
ties, provoked by the tyrannical behavior of the leaders of the colony, were commenced, and much suffering from this 
cause, as well as scarcity of provisions, was endured by the adventurers. They became discouraged, and finally returned 
home. A few days after their departure, a ship, under Grenville, arrived, and learning the destination of the colonists, 
left 15 men, with provisions for two years, to keep up the settlement 

Undeterred by his first failure, Raleigh sent out another colony in 1587, with orders to settle on Chesapeake Bay, where 
they were to build the projected " City of Raleigh." The new colonists, however, were put ashore at Roanol;e. They 
found no trace of Grenville's men, who had probably fallen under the wrath of the Indians ; and scarcely had they 
themselves landed than they were engaged in combat with the natives. Their governor. White, returned to England for 
supplies, but owing to the troubles consequent on the Spanish invasion of England, he was detained from revisiting the 
colony until the autumn of 1590. On arriving, he found the site of the settlement inclosed by a strong palisade, but not a 
colonist remained, and to the present day their fate has been a subject of conjecture. Thus ended Raleigh's attempt to 
colonize Virginia. 

Early in the reign of Charles I. (1G30) a tract of land south of the Chesapeake, designated as Carolina, was granted to 
Sir Robert Heath, but as he planted no colony on it the grant was revoked. Out of the same territory Charles II. formed, 
in 1663, the province of Carolina, and conveyed it by charter to eight royalist noblemen of England. This charter, as 
amended in 1665, defines the limits of the province to be the 29th parallel of north latitude on the south, the Pacific on the 
west, the Atlantic on the east, and on the north the parallel of .360 30' — afterward and now better known as the Missouri 
Compromise Line. The grantees were made proprietors of the soil, and were intrusted with powers of jurisdiction over 
the colonists. 

Already previous to this conveyance, settlers had located in the northern part of the province, and for some years 
refugees from Virginia had been coming, a few at a time, into the neighborhood of the Sound afterward called Albemarle, 
in honor of General Monk, whose ducal title was such. A little colony had also been planted by adventurers fr(im New 
England near the mouth of Cape Fear River. The soil, however, proved sterile, and the colony dwindled slowly away, 
and would have totally disappeared, had not some planters from Barbadoes, under Sir John Yeamans, removed thither in 
1665, and formed the settlement of Clarendon, by which the few remaining New Englanders were rapidly absorbed. 
These new settlers supported themselves with difficulty by shipments of boards, shingles, and staves. Gradually, by nu- 
merous migrations southward, the colony again became reduced, until at length, before 1690, it was entirely exhausted. 
The proprietaries in 1670 sent out emigrants under the command of William Sayle to form a new settlement, to be called 
the County of Carteret. The colonists located themselves first at Port Royal, South Carolina, but they soon removed, and 
formed a settlement between Cooper and Ashley rivers, which they called Charleston. Sayle dying next year. Sir John 
Teamans was appointed governor of Carteret, the southern province. Thus there were in 1671 two permanent settle- 
ments in Carolina, Albemarle and Carteret, and these two constituted the nuclei of North and South Carolina as now 
existing. 

At the request of one of the proprietors, the celebrated John Locke framed a scheme of government for the whole 
province of Carolina. "The Grand Model," as it was called, though complete of its kind, was too complicated, if not too 
monarchical fTar an infant colony, yet the prf>prielaries adopted it as the fundamental law of the province, and such for 20 
years it nominally remained. As a matter of fact, however, it was never brought into operation, though the governor of 
each district of the province strove hard to comply with its requisitions, in spite of the continued and ultimately success- 
ful opposition of the colonists. 

The settlement at Albemarle was augmented by accessions from Virginia, New England, and the Bermuda Islands; 
William Drummond was appointed first governor. He was succeeded by Samuel Stevens, under whom were enacted the 
first laws of the colony, by an assembly composed of the governor, the council, and twelve delegates. Every encourage- 
ment was given by these laws to whomsoever proposed settling in the colony ; bounty-lands were granted at a moderate 
quit-rent (id. per acre) ; taxes could be imposed only by consent of the assembly ; and religious liberty was promised to 
members of every Christian denomination. Intestine commotion, proceeding partly from discontent with the " Model 
System," and partly owing to a general feeling of restlessness prevalent sometimes in new colonies, soon disturbed the 
peace and welfare of Albemarle. The Culpepper and other rebellions distinguish this period. This discontent and tur- 
bulence were not removed until the arrival (1695) of John Archdale, one of the proprietors, as governor, invested with 
unusually extensive powers. Sagacious, and possessed of rare prudence, the Quaker Archdale succeeded in reducing 
both provinces to comparative order. During the preceding period, North Carolina had received a decided check to her 
prosperity. Many fled the country. At the beginning of the troubles, the province contained 1,400 taxable inhabitants — 
in 1694, 787 were all that could be found within its limits. Under Archdale, the colony began again to flourish. Settle- 
ments were made (1698) on the Pamlico River, upon the Tar and the Neuse, and Bath County was set ofi" to the southward. 
Kice and t.ar, two of the staples of North Carolina, began now to be exported ; churches were for the first time erected, 
and religion began to receive the support of the authorities, given, however, in an illiberal and sectarian spirit, inconsist- 
ent with the promise to the first colonists. The Episcopalians had a majority in the legislature, and failed not to use their 
power to the repression of all dissenters. The Carey rebellion now disturbed the prosperity of the colony, which was not 
quelled till several engagements had been fought and much blood spilt. Meanwhile the province was involved in a 
general war with the Indians. Since the settlement of Albemarle, until this time, uninterrupted peace had existed 
between the whites and Indians. As the settlement increased, however, the Indian began, not without reason, to fear for 
his future safety 

In 1707 a colony of Huguenots had removed from Virginia and settled on the Trent, and in 1709 a colony of Ger- 
mans from Heidelberg and vicinity founded the settlement of New Berne (Newbem) at the confluence of the Trent 
and the Neuse ; they received a liberal grant from the proprietaries, and it was the surveying of these lands that 
led to the Indian outbreak. Regarding these surveys as encroachments on their independence, the Tuscaroras seized 
the surveyor-general and put him to death, and an immediate attack was also made on the white settlements south of 
Albemarle Sound. Other tribes joining the Tuscaroras, the war became general. All Carolina did not at that time con- 
tain 2,000 men capable of bearing arms ; yet when assistance was sought from the southern province, it was at once 
Obtained. The Indians were worsted in several actions, and finally compelled to take refuge in a fort near the Neuse, 
Here they would have been forced to surrender at discretion, but the commander of the colonists concluded with them a 

217 



THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA, 



hasty and disadvantageous peace, aixJ shortly afterward hostilities were renewed. The situation of the colony now be- 
came truly critical ; aid was again sought of the neighboring provinces, which was granted. The war was prosecuted 
■with vigor, and iu 1T13 the power of the Tuscaroras was completely broken ; and haWng emigrated to the North, the 
tribe confederated with the Seuecas and other tribes, which afterward became the "Six Nations." The other hostile 
tribes soon after sulnnitted to the rule of the victors, and in 1717 peace was finally concluded. The sufferings of the colony 
during the Carey rebellion and the Indian war were extreme. Not a few settlers abandoned their homes altogether ; and 
notwithstanding the new accessions and the natural increase of the population, the number of taxable inhabitants in 171T 
did not exceed 2,000. 

For some time after this period the country was demoralized by the imposition of a worthless succession of governors. 
In July, 1729, the king purchased for £17,500 seven-eighths of the whole province ; the remaining eighth was retained by 
Lord Carteret, and was laid-off for him (not, however, till 174.3) adjoining the Virginia line. Previous to this the bound- 
ary between the two had been settled upon its existing basis. The spirit of anarchy and resistance to legal authority, 
hitherto prevalent, was now brought more under control ; still justice and obedience to the laws were by no means 
universal. 

During the Indian troubles paper money had been issued by the Assembly, but although gradually sunk by taxes, it 
depreciated. In 1729, £40,000 were issued, and in 1734 £10,000 additional. Depreciation went on, until in 1739 the rate 
was seven and a half for one of sterling. This depreciated currency the Assembly attempted in 173S to circulate, by 
making it a legal lender for quit rents. In the disputes that ensued, the governor, who was opposed to paper money, 
dissolved two successive assemblies. Other acts, equally unjust and impolitic, were passed at various times, nor was the 
governor wholly free from the imputation of irregular and partial administration. These, and other adverse circum- 
otances, as M'Culloch's speculation in crown lands, the breaking out of hostilities between England and Spain, by which 
the Carolinas were involved iu war with the Spanish settlements of Florida, retarded in no small measure the progress 
Of the colony. In spite of all, however, the increase in inhabitants was decidedly rapid. During Johnstone's adminis- 
tration, three distinct and extensive settlements were made: one chiefly by Presbyterians from the north of Ireland, who 
settled in Carteret's lands in the north-west; another by Moravians, who obtained from Carteret a grant of 100,000 acres 
between the Yadkin and Dan; and the third by a large body of Highlanders, chiefly from Argyleshire, for whom land 
had been purchased by their leader, Neal M'Neal, near the present Fayettevilie. All these colonies were successfully 
established, and their numerous descendants inhabit the State at this day. 

Notwithstanding every effort at conciliation, unfriendly Indian tribes, especially after Braddook's defeat (1755), har- 
rassed the western frontiers. Among these tribes the Cherokees were foremost in committing depredations ; they, aa 
well as the upper Creeks, by whom they had been joined, were finally forced to sue for peace. Differences between the 
governor and legislature also at this time e.xisted, and the dissatisfaction was constantly increasing. To allay it, William 
Tryon, a military officer, was sent out, who subsequently himself became governor. Tryon (1766) found the colony rest- 
less and unquiet. Many were ripe for open rebellion. But the new incumbent ruled with a steady hand, and maintained 
the laws. Early in Ills administration the dispute between England and the colonies began, lie managed for a time to avoid 
a collision with the Assembly, but at length, when that body declared (4th November, 1769) against the right of England 
to tax North Carolina, he dissolved iL Previous to this, however, the country was distracted by a formidable insurrection 
of the so-called " Ilegulators ;" neither property nor life was safe from their violence. Tryon at length (1771) raised a body 
of troops and marched against these disturbers, who were chiefly poor and uneducated men, but led on by wily, p>olitical 
anarchists. Encountering them near Great AUaniance, 3,000 strong, he attacked them with his 1,000 militia, and gained 
a decisive victory. After their defeat the insurgents in general took the oath of allegiance. In the following August 
Tryon, who, on the whole, had been a popular ruler, was succeeded by Josiali Martin. One of his first acts was the set- 
tlement of the boundary line between North and South Carolina. Disputes soon arose between him and the General 
Assembly, and the trouble was increased by the persistence of England in her policy of taxing the colonies. The 
governor sided with the crown, as also did the Regulators, whom he had the meanness to conciliate by the detraction of 
Tryon, but the remaining inhabitants generally adopted the cause of the colonists. 

North Carolina, in spite of the Governor's opposition, was represented in the first Continental Congress (Sept. 1774), 
and its delegates joined in adopting the Declaration of Colonial llights. The Provincial Congress approved of their pro- 
ceedings, and appointed delegates to the next. An association for the defense of colonial rights was also formed, and the 
citizens of Mechk-nburg County even went so far (May 21, 1775) as formally to declare their independence of the British 
connection. Alarmed at the progress of the disaffection, the Governor retired (July) on board a sliip of war in Cape Fear 
Eiver. The revolution in North Carolina was now complete. A State Convention was formed (20th August), and the 
raising of three (afterward five) regiments of troops authorized, and all were taken by Congress into Continental pay. 
The Tory influence, however, was strong, especially among the Regulators, and attempts, which failed, however, were 
made to form a junction with General Clinton, who was on the coast, waiting for reinforcements from England prepara- 
tory to making a descent upon the country — S50 of them were captured and made prisoners. Four more regiments were 
now ordered to be raised. Clinton, though reinforced, despairing of local assistance, sailed away to the attack of Charles- 
ton. In April succeeding (1770), the Convention taking the lead, authorized their delegates in Congress to join with other 
colonies in declaring independence. On the 4th July that independence was solemnly declared. MeanwhUe the Chero- 
kees, in league with the British, ravaged the western frontiers. Promptly met by a strong force from the Carolinas and 
Virginia, they were subdued, and forced to surrender to their conquerors a large tract of country, including the yet infant 
settlements on the Tennessee. The territory apportioned to North Carolina was erected into the District of Washington, 
the original province being now (since December ISth, 1776) a State, having a regular government Settlers were en- 
couraged to locate in the District, lands being granted at the rate of £2 10s. per 100 acres. 

In 1779 the Southern States were the chief scene of the lievolutionary War. In May, 17S0, Charleston surrendered to 
the British, and within a month all South Carolina was in possession of the victors. The loyalists at once flew to arms; 
of two parties assembled to aid the British one succeeded in reaching the outposts, but the other was dispersed by the 
militia. After the defeat of Gates at Camden (0th August) there was left no organized force in either of the Carolinas. 
Comwallis prepared to make an eruption into the North State — the battles of King's Mountain, of the Broad River, of the 
Tyger Eiver, and of the Cowpens followed in quick succession. The mutual animosities of the Whigs and Tories now 
exhibited itself in savage ferocity. Fort Watson, Ilobkirk's Hill, and Ninety-Six were also the scenes of warfare. The 
fortunes of war had hitherto vacillated ; at one time the State was, to all appearances, subdued, and at another, elated by 
Buccess. On the 8th September, 1731, the British were totally defeated by General Greene. Soon after the caoturo of 
218 



THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. 



Cornwallis (ITtli October) Wilmington was evacuated (January, 17S2), and toward llie end of tlac year peace was declared, 
and tlie British dominion within the State ended. 

The history of North Carolina, since the Kevolution, exhibits few changes and few events of more than ordinary 
importance. During that period she acted with fortitude, and by her great sacriflcos in men and money contributed 
much to the successful result of the struggle. The Legislature acceded to the federal constitution on the 27th November, 
17S9, by a vote of 193 yeas to 75 nays, and since then the people of no other State have adhered more firmly to the Uniom 

Succession of Goverrio-s— (Until 1727, North Carolina was under the .same proprietarj- government as South Carolina) 
— KoTAL Governors: Sir Eichard Everard, 1727; GabrielJohnstone, 1734; Mathew Rowan, 1753; Arthur Dobbs, 175i; 
William Tryon, 1766 ; Josepli Martin, 1773 ; and— Constitutional Governors : Richard Casswell, 1777 ; Abner Nash, 
17S0; Thomas Burke, 17S2; Alexander Martin, 17S4; Richard Caswell, 17S5; Samuel Johnston, 17S8; Alexander Martin, 
1790 ; Richard D. Spaight, 1793 ; Samuel Ashe, 1796 ; Benjamin Williams, 1799 ; James Turner, 1802 ; Nathaniel Alex- 
ander, 1S05; Benjamin Williams, 1S07; David Stone, 1808; Benjamin Smith, ISIO ; WUliam Hawkins, ISll ; William 
Miller, 1814; John Branch, 1817; Jesse Franklin, 1820 ; Gabriel Holmes, 1821 ; Hutchins G. Burton, 1824 ; James Iredell, 
1827; John Owen, 1828; Monfort Stokes, 1830; David L. Swain, 1833; Edward B. Dudley, 1836; John M. Morehead, 
1840 ; William A. Graham, 1844; Charles Manly, 1849 ; David S, Eeid, 1351. 

Raleigh is the political capital of the State. 

21& 



THE NORTH WEST TERRITORY. 



The North "West Tereitout is situate between the parallels of 43° and 49° latitudes north, and extends east and west 
between 99° and 112° long, west from Greenwich, or 21° 5S' and S4P 55' from Washington. It is bounded on the north by 
the British possessions, on the east by White Earth and Missouri rivers, which separate it from Minnesota Territory, on the 
south by Nebraska Territory, and on the west by the crest of the Eocky Mountains, which divides it from Oregon and 
Washington territories. On the east and west its outline is irregular, conforming to the course of the Missouri on one side, 
and to that of the Rocky Mountains on the other side. The average length of the country, east and west, is about SOO 
miles, and the average breadth, north and south, about 420 miles, with an area of 523,725 square miles. (The extent of 
the region, according to the census of 1S50, is stated at 587,564 square miles, a statement evidently incorrect). 

The general surface of this region is highly diversified by mountains, valleys, and plains. The greater portion of the 
country is inclosed betwefen the Eocky and Wind Eiver mountains and the Black Ilills, a continuation of the latter north- 
ward. The immense basin formed by these mountains is drained by the Missouri and its great tributary, the Yellow 
Bloue, which, with their numerous affluents, reach to its farthest boundaries west, south, and east. On the north of the 
basin is also a watershed dividing the streams flowing northward through the British possessions from those tributary to 
the great rivers just noticed. It is thus hemmed in on every side, and forms a distinct geographical section. The Mis- 
souri rises in numerous head streams from the Eocky Mountains in the vicinity of the sources of the southern branch of 
the Columbia of Oregon. Its course is first north, then east to the Black Ilills, near the edge of which it receives the 
Yellow Stone, a river having its principal sources in the Wind Eiver Mountains, and after turning the Black Hills in 
about latitude 48^ north, it has a course south-east and south, forming in its meanderings the eastern border of the Ter- 
ritory. From the east side of the Black Hills it also receives numerous tributaries, but none of large size. The slopes of 
the country arc indicated by the direction of its streams : within the basin the inclination is to the north and north-east 
up to the Missouri, and from thence the country rises to the north, and outside, cast of the Black Hills, it slopes to the 
east. Both the Missouri and Yellow Stone are navigable for light draft steamers, and hence, whenever this country 
becomes the residence of civilized man, the capacity of these streams will open to him a highway to the markets of the 
South and East, while their tributary streams, rapid and broken as they are, will afford every facility for milling and the 
manufactures. On the whole, it is an eligible country for settlement, having timber of various kinds of magnificent 
growth, a fine soil, and a climate, if not congenial to the tender plant, on account of its northern inland situation, yet one 
in which most of the usual farming operations may be profitably carried on. For salubrity it is unsurpassed. It is a 
second Utah, as regards its topography, without its deserts and sandy plains. 

This Territory formed a part of the Louisiana purchase. It is not yet organized, but retains the name of the North 
West Territory, from lis being the only unorganized remnant of that once large district so named, and to which it was 
attached soon after its acquisition by the United States. The hunter and trapper, or the red man of the forests, are ita 
sole occupants at the present time, but the day is not far distant on which the pioneer of civilization will cross the great 
river to make his home in its rich valleys, and drive his flocks aud herds to the hills for range and pasture. 
220 



THE STATE OF OHIO. 



Ohio, the most wealthy and prosperous of the new States, north-west of the Ohio Eiver, is situated between 38° 24' and 
42° latitudes north, and between 80° 34' and 84° 42' longitudes west. It is a compact mass of land, lying between Penn- 
sylvania and Virginia on the east; Kentucky on the south, from which it is separated by the Ohio Eiver; Indiana on the 
west, and Michigan and Lake Erie on the north, along which its coast-line extends 257 miles. Its general length is 220 
miles, and its breadth, north and south, about 200 miles, with an area of 39,964 square miles. 

Though the surface is much and delightfully varied, it nowhere presents any considerable elevations above the general 
level; but the country is a lofty table-land, which, in its middle zone, is about 1,000, and on the northern and southern 
borders from 600 to 800 feet above the sea level. A slightly elevated ridge of highlands divides the waters flowing north 
into Lake Erie from those flowing south into the Ohio. From this there is a rather rapid descent to the level. The lake, 
and the courses of the rivers on the Erie slope, are rapid, and considerably broken by falls. The general slope toward 
the Ohio on the south is interrupted by a subordinate ridge, which crosses the State in the latitude of Zanesville and Co- 
lumbus, between which and the river the surface is very much diversified with hills and valleys. The central belt consists 
of extensive flat tracts, with numerous broad swells rising gently from the plains; and swamps and morasses occasionally 
occur. The northern or Erie slope also contains extensive morasses. The extent of swamp lands in the State, however, is 
only 303,829 acres, or one-eighteenth part of the whole. Nine-tenths of the surface of the State is susceptible of cultiva- 
tion, and nearly three-fourths of the soil is eminently productive ; even the hills are generally cultivable to their summits, 
and covered with a fertile soil. The river bottoms are extensive and exuberantly fertile. In the centre and north-west, 
prairies or natural meadows are numerous and extensive, but the greater part of the country was originally covered with 
magnificent forests of gigantic trees, and even at the present day limber is abundant. 

The rivers of Ohio debouch either into the Ohio or into Lake Erie. The Ohio runs along the southern border for nearly 
500 miles, and the principal rivers falling into it are the Muskingum, the Hockhoeking, the Scioto, the Little Miami, the 
Miami, etc. The Muskingum, which enters the Ohio at Marietta, rises in the northern watershed, near the head waters 
of the Cuyahoga, and drains a beautiful and fertile district. It is about 120 miles in length, and is navigable during a 
greater part of the year by small steamboats to Zanesville, 75 miles, and by batteaux to Coshocton, 110 miles, and above 
tills small boats ascend to within a mile of the Cuyahoga. Sandy Eiver and Wills Creek, on the east, and Walhouding 
or "White-woman's Eiver, and the Licking, from the west, are its principal tributaries, and are useful mill streams. The 
HocTcJiocking rises on the southern ridge, and roaches the Ohio at Hocking Port, after a course of SO miles through a hilly 
and picturesque country, abounding in yellow pine. It is narrow and deep, and navigable for small boats to Athens. The 
Hocking Canal follows the course of this river. The Scioto is a fine navigable stream, entering the Ohio at Portsmouth. 
It flows through a wide and fertile valley, and in the upper part of its course is surrounded by rich and beautiful prairies. 
Boats have ascended almost to its source, near Bucyrus, and passed by a portage of 4 miles into the Sandusky and Lake 
Erie. Delaware, Columbus, Cireleville, Chillieothe, and Piketon are the principal places on its banks. The Little Miami 
has its rise in the southern ridge, and although too much broken by falls to be useful as a navigable channel, it is a fine 
mill stream, furnishing an abundant supply of water for manufacturing purposes. It enters the Ohio about 12 miles above 
Cincinnati. The head waters of the Miami, or Big Miami, approach very near to those of the Scioto, the Auglaise, and 
the St. Mary's ; its current is rapid, but it is navigable for some 70 or SO miles. At several points— at Sidney, Troy, Day- 
ton, and Hamilton — it furnishes excellent water-power, especially at Dayton, where it has been greatly improved for 
manufacturing purposes. It is 200 yards wide at its mouth, and enters the Ohio in the south-western corner of the State, 
after a course of 100 miles. Among the northern rivers are the Maumee, Sandusky, Cuyahoga, etc. The Maumee, or 
Miami of the Lake, which has its source in Indiana, is the principal ; it is formed by the junction of Little St. Joseph's, 
St. Mary's, and Great and Little Auglaize rivers. Its length is about 100 miles, and 50 miles from its mouth it is 70 rods 
wide. The navigation is open to schooners and steamboats IS miles to Perrysburg, and in spring and fall it is beatable to 
Fort "Wayne, and at all times furnishes extensive water-power. The river bottoms are extensive and fertile, and the banks 
are high and heavily timbered. It enters Lake Erie through Maumee Bay. The Sandusky is a rapid stream, but navi- 
gable during high stages of the water. To Fremont City the navigation is always open. It enters the lake through 
Sandusky Bay, an Immense basin, destined to be the scene of a mighty commerce. Sandusky City, on its south-east 
shore, is one of the principal ports of the lake, and the terminus of several lines of railroad, connecting with the interior 
and the shore district. The Cuyahoga rises near Lake Erie, but taking a south-westerly course, it approaches the head 
of the Muskingum, and thence flows northward into the lake at Cleveland. It is one of the most important rivers of 
Northern Ohio. It is more than 60 miles long, and has numerous falls and is an excellent mill stream. Along its banks 
several flourishing manufacturing villages have sprung up. The mouth of the river, which has been improved and ex- 
tended by piers, forms the harbor of Cleveland. Besides these there are other important streams flowing into the lake, 
as Portage Eiver, navigable for 12 miles from Port Clinton; Huron Eiver, navigable to Milan, 14 miles, and entering the 
lake at Port Huron ; Vermillion Eiver, Black Erver, Eocky Eiver, etc., all of which are navigable to a greater or less 
extent, and which, at their mouths, furnish harbors. 

Ohio is one of the richest mineral States of the Union. Iron, coal, and lime — the most useful of minerals — abound in 
all the eastern portion of the State, and are deposited in beds of vast thickness. Salt springs are numerous in the same 
region. The coal of Ohio is bituminous, and lies very accessible, requiring comparatively little capital to handle it, but as 
yet there is, except in some of the principal cities — Cincinnati, Dayton, Cleveland, etc. — but little manufacturing, and in a 
large portion of the State the people are not suflSciently near the mines or public works to use coal in competition with 
wood. Time and the axe, however, are rapidly destroying the forest, and wood is fast rising in price ; and the period is 
not distant when the whole people of the Central "West will use coal. The progress of the raih-oad will hasten this revo- 
lution in the industrial and domestic economy of the State. The marketable production of coal in Ohio may be deter- 

221 



THE STATE OF OHIO. 



mined approximately by the report of the Board of Public Works. The principal points of coal mining are at Talmadge, 
Summit County ; Pomeroy, Meigs County ; Nelsonville, Athens County ; and some points in Stark and Coshocton counties. 
The amount brought to market from tliese several points in 1S50-51 was as follows : from Akron, 3,052,850 bushels; from 
Massilon, 1S6,S93 bushels; from Dover, 59,150 bushels; from Eoscoe, 260,250 bushels; from Nelsonville, 930,150 bushels; 
and from Pomeroy, about 2,000,000 bushels — in all, 6,489,299 bushels. This is but a sixteenth part of the coal brought to 
market from Easton, Pennsylvania, yet it is a large amount, and a large increase on the production a few years since. It 
is about the production of Pennsylvania 15 years ago. May not the increase of the coal trade in Ohio be as rapid as that 
of Pennsylvania? If so, what an important effect it will have on tlie industry and internal commerce of the State. The 
consumption of coal in the interior towns is gradually increasing. In 1S50 Columbus took 2s5,521, and in 1851, 499,951 
bushels: Circleville, in 1850, 66,109, and in 1S51, 93,S29 ; Chillicothe, in 1850, 183,1.39, and in 1S51, 205,867 ; M'Connells- 
ville, in 1850, 46,285, and in 1S51, 68,444; Middletown, in 1850, 19,025, and in 1851,16,305; Dayton, in 1S50, 89,953, and in 
1851, 6-3,840; and Piqua, inlS50, 3,863, and in 1851, 9,677 bushels; total in these places— in 1850, 689,900 bushels, and in 
1S51, 957,893 bushels. These are nominally small quantities, but the increase (50 per cent.) in one year is quite remarka- 
ble, and proves that as wood rises in price, as manufactures increase and railroads extend, that the consumption of coal 
will increase more than proportionately. The coal carried to market annually by Pennsylvania brings back to her 
$20,000,000. An income like this, dug out of the earth, in a single article, is alone enough to stimulate other States, pos- 
sessing it to foster its production, and become prosperous and independent through the same means. 

That the iron business of the same region is destined at no distant day to become of equal magnitude and importance, 
must be apparent to the most casual observer. Extending through the counties of Lawrence, Gallia, Jackson, Meigs, 
Vinton, Athens, and Hocking, is a belt of iron ore, averaging some twelve miles in width, and extending a distance of 
one hundred or more in length, each square mile of which can be made susceptible of keeping up a furnace employing 
one hundred hands, and yielding eight tons of iron per day, for any desirable period of time. Coal of the very best qual- 
ity, from three to twenty, and even thirty feet in thickness, also underlies, as before remarked, the counties named, 
together with others, sufficient to last for ages as a means of fuel for manufacturing in their midst as well as supplying 
the market demand north, west, and south of the mineral region. England, with an available coal region occupying an 
area less than the counties of Meigs and Athens united, produces annually .$50,000,000 worth of iron, and yet at this day 
the mineral region of Ohio alone is susceptible of being rendered four-fold more valuable than the entire mineral region 
of England. If a patch containing but a few square miles has done so much for central England, what may not the fields 
containing many hundred square miles do for Ohio? 

That the salines of Ohio are immensely valuable, although not in the same proportion as its collieries and iron deposits, 
can not admit of a doubt. There are salt wells on Yellow Creek, above Steubenville ; on Will's Creek ; on the Muskin- 
gum River, from the Coshocton to near its mouth ; on (he Hockhocking ; on Leading Creek, and in numerous other 
places. At the lower wells on the Muskingum, the salt rock is reached at 900 feet from the surface, and in some of the 
localities farther up the river at 650 to 700 feet. Of brine from the former, 100 gallons yield as many pounds of salt of an 
excellent quality ; the upper springs are not so strong. On the Hockhocking the salt is reached near Athens at a depth 
of 800 feet, and higher up the river it is much nearer the surface. 

Marble and freestone, well adapted for building purposes, and gypsum, also occur. The Yellow Springs, in Greene County 
64 miles north of Cincinnati, are situated in a delightful region, and have been resorted to with advantage in some cases ol 
chronic diseases. The White Sulphur Springs, in Delaware County, have also been found efficacious in some complaints. 

The agricultural productions of Ohio are such as are common to the Eastern and Middle States. Indian com is the 
staple grain, and of this crop Ohio produces a larger quantity than any other State, and exactly one-tenth of the whole 
crop of the United Sates ; its wheat crop is one-seventh of the aggregate of the Union, and only surpassed by that of 
Pennsylvania ; Pennsylvania and New York alone produce larger crops of oats and buckwheat, and New York alone a 
larger crop of barley. It ranks seventh as a tobacco-producing State, second in relation to wines, and fiflh for silk 
culture. New York alone exceeds it in the value of its live-stock. It owns one-tenth the number of horses in the Union, 
and more than any other State ; only one State (New York) has a larger number of milch cows and other cattle. It has 
more sheep than any other State, and in only four States are there a larger number of hogs. Cincinnati, its largest 
city, is renowned as the greatest hog-packing centre of the West. One-ninth of the butter produced in the United States 
is made in Oho, and one-flfth of the cheese — in the production of the first Pennsjivania and New York exceed it, and 
of the latter New York alone. In the production of wool it has no competitor, and of this article one-fifih of the whole 
product of the country is clipped in Ohio. No markets in the United States are more profusely or cheaply supplied with 
meats and vegetables than those of the large cities of Ohio. Fruits of all kinds are raised in great plenty, especially apples, 
which grow to a large size, and are finely flavored. Its potato crop is only exceeded by the crops of two other States. 

The rapid growth of Ohio has never been paralleled ; in the sixty years from 1790 to 1S50, its population rose from 
8,000 to 1,980,408. Its fertile lands attracted immigrants from all parts to settle in its smiling valleys and rich plains. The 
Germans, among the foreign population, are in the largest number; next the Irish, English, French, British American* 
Welch, Scotch and Swiss, most numerical in the priority of position here assigned them. 

Ohio is divided into 87 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1850, were as follows : 

Farms 



Counties. Dwell. Pop, 

Adams 3,205.. 18,883.. 1,509. . 

Allen 2,070.. 18,109. .1,146.. 

AshUind .... 4,123.. 23,792. .2,2.35.. 

Ashtabula... 5,306.. 28,766.. 2,243.. 

Athens 3,121.. 18,215.. 1,872. . 

Auglaize.... 2,020.. 11,.338.. 1,373.. 

Belmont.... 5,823.. 84,600.. 2,552.. 

Brown 4,833 . . 27,3.32 . . 1 ,843 . . 

Buder 5,.315.. 80,789.. 2,262. . 

Carroll 3,068.. 17,685.. 1,926. . 

Champaign. 3,4.37.. 19,762. .1,677. . 

Clark 3,753.. 22,173. .1,.393.. 

Clermont... 5 4;37.. 30,465. .2,093. . 
22S: 



eZI: capital.. 

26.. West Union 

51. .Lima 

71.. Ashland 
251.. Jefferson 

60.. Athens 

30..Wapakonetts 
185.. St. Clairs villa 

92. .Georgetown 
269. .Hamilton 

41 . . Carrollton 

93..Urbana 
156.. Springfield 
173..Batavia 



Counties. Dwell. Pop.' ^^"™' 

Clinton 8,245.. 18,838. .1,366. . 

Columbiana 5,834.. 8.3,621. .2,338.. 

Coshocton... 4,.325.. 25,674. .2,736. . 

Crawford... 8,070.. 13,177. .1,210. . 

Cuyahoga.. . 8,289. . 48,099. .2,228. . 

Darke 8,476.. 20.274. .2,151. . 

Defiance.... 1,237.. 6,966.. 296.. 

Dehaware... 3,7M.. 21,817.. 1,855. . 

Erie 3,362.. 18,568. .1,021. . 

Fairfield.... 5,207.. 80,264. .2.883. . 

Fayette 2,155.. 12,726. .1,007. . 

Franklin.... 6,701 



E^Vr Capital.. 
S3. .Wilmington 

180.. New Lisbon 

153 . . Coshocton 
8. .Bucynis 

162.. Cleveland 
10.. Greenville 
31.. Defiance 
95. .Delawiira 
78.. Sandusky 

162.. Lancaster 
29. .Washington 



Fulton 1,355.. 



42,910 . . 2,666 . . 241 . . Columbus 
7,781.. 826.. 32.. Ai 



THE STATE OF OHIO. 



Counties. Dwell. Pop. -^ ^.^^ 

Gallia 2,975.. 17,063. .1,190.. 

Geauga .... 3,240.. 17,827.. 1,906. . 

Greene 3,760.. 21, 946.. 1,626.. 

Guernsey... 5,079.. 30,438. .2,209.. 
Hamilton. . .21,021. .156,843. .2,602 

Hancock.... 2,824.. 16,751. .1,636.. 

Hardin 1,402. . 8,261 . . 783. . 

Harrison.... 3,526.. 20,157. .1,668.. 

Henry 610.. 3,4,35.. 307.. 

Highland... 4,477.. 25,781. .2,-323.. 

Hocking.... 2,367.. 14,119. .1,180. . 



lab.' Capitals, 

9..GaI!ipolis 
36..Cliardon 
132..Xenia 
78 . . Cambridge 
1,463.. Cincinnati 

35..Finlay 
. 26.. Kenton 
74.. Cadiz 
15.. Napoleon 
151..Hillsboro' 
15. .Logan 
122..Millersburg 



Holmes 3,436.. 20,452. .2,171. . 

Huron 4,619.. 26,203.. 2,414. . 256. .Nor walk 

Jackson 2,120.. 12,721 . .1,164.. 14.. Jackson 

Jefferson.... 5,191.. 29,1-32. .1,8-38. . 381 . . Steubenville 

Knox 4,853.. 28,873. .2,268. . 117. .Mount Vernon 

Lake 2,700.. 14,654. .1,449.. 250. .Painesville 

Lawrence .. 2,553.. 15,246.. 254.. 29. .Burlington 

Licking 6,639.. 3S,546. .3,-313. . 832.. Newark 

Logan 8,243. . 19,162. .1,6-26. . 88. .Bellefontaine 

Lorain 4,674.. 26,086.. 2,430. . 64..Elyria 

Lucas 2,225.. 12,363.. 683.. 101. .Mauraee City 

Madison .... 1,742 . . 10,015 . . 774 . . 46 . . London 

Mahoning.. 4,298.. 23,7-35 .. 2,052 . . 105..Canfield 

Marion 2,158.. 12,618.. 919.. 14.. Marion 

Medina 4,430.. 24,441. .2,461. . 77. .Medina 

Meigs 3,136. . 17,971 . .1,149. . 57. . Pomeroy 

Mercer 1,312.. 7,712.. 675.. 9..Celma 

Miami 4,391 . . 24,996 . .1,882 . . 177 . . Troy 



Dwell. 



Fa 



Ma 



^"P- in cult. Estab! C^Pi'^''. 

Morgan 4,886.. 28,585. .2,126.. 95. .M'Connellaville 

Morrow 3,652.. 20,280. .1,-552.. 51. .Mount Giload 

Muskingum. 7,757.. 45,049.-2,690.. 358. .Zanesville 



Ottawa 613.. 

Paulding,... 807.. 

Perry 3,587.. 

Pickaway .. 3,600.. 

Pike 1,935.. 

Port.ige 4,512.. 

Preble 8,749.. 

Putnam 1,246.. 

Kichland . .. 5,205.. 

Eoss 5,575 . . 

Sandusky... 2,437.. 

Sciota 3,086.. 

Seneca 4,645.. 27,105.. 2,582 

Shelby 2,405.. 1-3,958. .1,-363 

Stark 6,778.. 

Summit 4,885.. 

Trumbull... 5,429.. 
Tuscarawas. 5,441 . . 

Union 2,059.. 

Van Wert... 786.. 
Vinton 1,1569.. 



11.. Port Clinton 
4.. — 

25. .Somerset 
71..Circleville 
28..Piketon 
127. .Eavecna 



-3,308.. 227.. 

1,766.. 77.. 
20,775.. 1,814.. 
21,008.. 1,261.. 
10,953.. 731.. 
24,419.. 2,264.. 
21,736.. 1,799.. lU9.. Eaton 

7,221.. 603.. IL.Kalida 
80,879 . . 2,522 . . 118 . . Mansfield 
32,074. . 1,435. . 141 . . Chillicothe 
14,305 . .1,891 . . 57 . . Fremont 
18,428.. 751.. 73.. Portsmouth 
199.. Tiffin 
28.. Sidney 
39,878.. 3,177.. 294.. Canton 
27,485.. 2,329.. 292.. Akron 
133 . . Warren 



30,490.. 2,753.. 
81,761.. 2,250.. 
12,204.. 1,255.. 

4,813.. 317.. 

9,-353.. 806.. 



159..N. PhiladeJphia 
16. .Marysville 
13.. Van Wert 
24.. M' Arthur 
Warren .... 4,494 . . 25.561 . . 1,9S5 . . 231 . . Lebanon 
Washington. 4,906.. 29,540.. 1,776.. 108. .Marietta 

Wayne 5,712.. 32,981. .2,904. . -380. .Wooster 

Williams ... 1,-390.. 8,018.. 651.. 29.. Bryan 

Wood 1,542.. 9,157.. 704.. 21 . . Perrysburg 

Wyandolt... 1,964.. 11,292.. 928.. 37 .. U. Sandusky 



Monroe 4,892 . . 28,351 . . 2,637 . . 43 . . Woodsfleld 

Montgomery 6,527 . . 33,219 . . 2,068 . . 224 . . Dayton 

The whole number of dwellings in the State, was at the above date 336,098, of families 348,523, and of inhabitants 
1,980,408, viz., whites 1,956.108— males 1,004,111, and females 951,997; fr. col. 24,-300— males 12,2-39, and females 12,061. 
Of the whole population there were de<tf and (himh—v.'h. 939, fr. col. 8- total 947; blind— ^f/h. 653, fr. col. 12— total 665; 
imajie—y/h. 1,335, fr. col. 17— total 1,352; and idiotic— y/h. 1,380, fr. col. 19— total 1,399. The number of free persons 
born in the United States was 1,757,556 ; the number of foreign birth, 218,512 ; and of birth unknown, 4,393. The native 
population originated as follows : Maine 3,314, N. Hamp. 4,821, Verm. 14,320, Mass. 18,763, Pv. I. 1,959, Conn. 22,855, New 
York 83,979, N. Jer. 23,532, Penn. 200,634, Del. 4,715, Md. 36,698, Dist. of Col. 598, Virg. 85,762, N. Car. 4,807, S. Car. 1,468, 
Ga. 447, Flor. 17, Ala. 219, Miss. 422, La. 648, Tex. 29, Ark. 141, Tenn. 1,873, Ky. 18,829, Ohio 1,219,432, Mich. 2,238, Ind. 
7,377, 111. 1,415, Mo. 656, la. 378, Wise. 196, Calif. 0, Territories 24. And the foreign population was composed of persons 
from— England 25,660, Ireland 51,502, Scotland 5,2-32, Wales 5,S49, Germany 111,257, France 7,375, Spain 18, Portugal 7, 
Belgium 103, Holland 348, Turkey 1, Italy 174, Austria 29, Switzerland 3,291, Paissia 84, Denmark 53, Norway 18, Sweden 
55, Prussia 765, Sardinia 15, Greece 0, China 3, Asia 6, Africa 7, British America 5,880, Mexico 26, Central America 12, 
S. America 41, West Indies 86, Sandwich Islands 1, and other countries 544. 

The following table will show the decennial increase of the popiUation, since the first census of the State taken by the 
United States authorities : 

Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. 

Census White / ' . Total 



Years, 



1800 45,028 337 - 



1810., 
1820.. 
18-30. 
1840. 
1850. 



. 228,861 1,889 — , 

. 576,572 4,862 — . 

, 928,729 9,568 6, 

.1,502,122 17,342 8, 

. 1,956,108 24,800 — 



Total. Population. Numerical. Per cent. 

. 3-37 45,365 — — 

. 1,899 230,760 189,-395 408.7 

. 4,862 581,4-34 350,674 151.9 

. 9,568 937,903 356,469 61.3 

.17,345 1,519,467 581,564 62.0 

.24,300 1,980,408 460,941 80.3 



The definite statistics of its wealth, productions, industry, and institutions, according to tho census of 1850 and other 
ofiBcial returns, are as follows : 

Occupied Lands, etc. — Improved farm lands, 9,851,493 acres, and unimproved lands belonging to farms, 8,146,000 acres, 
together valued at $358,768,603. The whole number of farms under cultivation on the 1st June, 1850, was 143,887. Value 
of farming implements and machinery, $12,750,585. 

Live-stock.— The number of animals of the several descriptions in 1840 and 1850 are shown in the following table, also 
the ratio of increase and decrease from the first to the latter period : 

Description. 1840, 1850. Movement. 

Horses ) -„„-„, i,„„. j 463,397 head i . „„„„„, j o. . 

AssesandMules [430,527head \ ^'^^^^ " } *««'•• 86,293 head, or 8-4 per cent. 

Milch Cows J / 544,499 

Working Oxen tl,217,874 " ■< 65,881 

Other Cattle ) I 749,067 

Sheep 2,028,401 " 8,942,929 

Swine 2,099,746 « 1,964,770 

—in 1850, the whole was valued at $44,121,741. 



( 544,499 " ) 

.\ 65,881 " V. 

( 749,067 " J 



incr. 141,078 

incr. 1,914,528 
deer. 134,976 



or 11.6 



or 94.3 
or 6.4 



THE STATE OF OHIO, 



d«cr. 


383,487 




or 4T.T 


%ncr. 


25,410,551 




or 75.5 


deer. 


920,361 




or 7.1 


tncr. 


141,913 




or 60.7 


inor. 


4,925 




or 0.8 



Products of Animals.— \!oo\, 10,196,371 pounds; butter, 34,449,379 pounds; cheese, 20,819,542 pounds ; and the value 
of animals slaughtered during the year 1849-50, was $7,439,243. Tlie wool crop, according to the census of 1840, 
amounted to 3,685,515 pounds, and hence the increase of that of 1850 was in tlie ratio of 176.6 per centum. In 1840, the 
average clip per fleece was 1.82 pounds, and in 1850, 2.59 pounds, making an increase equal to 12.3 oz. nearly, or 42.3 per 
centum, and exliibiting an improvement in the breeds in a like ratio. 

Grain CV-o/m.— Wheat, 14,487,351 bushels; rye, 425,713 bushels; Indian corn, 59,078,605 bushels; oats, 13,472,742 
bushels ;■ barley, 354,358 bushels ; and buckwheat, 688,004 bushels. On comparing these with the returns of 1840, the 
following results are attained : 

Crops, 1540, I860. Movement, 

Wheat 16,571,601 bushels 14,487,351 bushels deer. 2,084,310 bushels, or 12.5 per cent 

Eye 814,205 " 425,718 " 

Indian com 33,668,144 " 59,078,695 " 

Oats 14,393,103 " 13,472,742 " 

Barley 212,440 " 354,-S53 « 

Buckwheat 633,139 " 638,064 " 

(" In some of the largest wheat-growing States, the crops of 1849 fell far below the average. In the State of Ohio, espe- 
cially, was there groat deficiency, and was made apparent by the returns of the wheat crop for the ensuing year — made 
in pursuance of an act of the legislature of that State. From the almost universal returns of " short crop" by the mar- 
shal in that State in 1&49, which fell below that of 1839 two millions of bushels and the ascertained crop of 1S50, we 
are fully satisfied that the average wheat crop of Ohio would appear thirty per cent, greater than shown by the census 
returns. The same causes which operated to diminish the wheat crop of Ohio were not without their effects upon that 
of other States bordering on the upper portion of the valley of the Mississippi.") — Rep. of Supt. of Census Bureau, \st 
December, 1S52, 

Other Food Crops. — Peas and beans, 60,168 bushels ; potatoes— Irish, 5,057,709 bushels, and sweet, 187,994 bushels. 
The potato crop of 1S39, as shown by the census of 1840, amounted to 5,805,021 bushels ; and hence there has been a de- 
crease in the crop of 559,258 bushels, or 9.7 per centum. 

Miscellan-eous Crops. — Tobacco, 10,451,449 pounds; hay, 443,142 tons; clover-seed, 102,197 bushels ; other grass seed, 
37,310 bushels ; hops, 63,731 pounds ; hemp — dew-rotted, 140 tons, and water-rotted, 50 tons ; flax, 446,937 pounds ; flax- 
seed, 188,880 bushels; silk cocoons, 1,552 pounds; sugar — maple, 4,588,209 pounds, and cane, 197,000 pounds; molasses, 
808,308 gallons ; bees-wax and honey, 804,275 pounds ; wine, 48,207 gallons, etc. Value of orchard products, $695,921 ; 
and of market-garden products, $214,204. The principal of these, compared with the crops of the similar staples pro- 
duced in 1839, exhibit the following movement 

Staple. 1840 1850. Movement. 

Tobacco 5,942,275 lbs 10,454,449 lbs inor. 4,512,174 lbs., or 75.9 per cent. 

Hay 1,022,037 tons 443,142 tons deer. 578,895 tons, or 56.6 " 

Hops 62,195 lbs 63,7.31 lbs incr. 1,546 lbs., or 2.4 " 

Hemp — dew-rotted \ i 140 tons \ 

" water-rotted V 9,080} tons J. 5 tons K deer. 19,568,023 lbs., or 96.2 " 

Flax ) I 446,937 lbs.* ) 

Sugar-maple I g ggg ^35 ,j^^_ J 4,588,209 lbs I ^j^^^_ j 5^3 ^^^ 1^3 ^r 24-9 « 

" cane ) ' ( 197,000 lbs ) ' ' 

Wine 11,524 gals 48,207 gals incr. 80,683 gals.,or 318.3 " 

Home-made Mamifactures were produced in the year ending 1st June, 1850, to the value of $1,712,196. The same class 
of goods for the year represented in the census of 1S40 was valued at $1,853,937. 

Manvfactures. — Aggregate capital invested, $ ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc, consumed, $ ; 

average number of hands employed, — males, and females, ; wages paid per month, $ ; to 

males, $ and to females, | ; value of manufactures produced in the year, $62,110,138, The whole number of 

industrial establishments in the State, producing to the value of $500 and upward annually, on the Ist June, 1850, was 
10,550, and distributed as shown in the general table of counties — of the whole number S were cotton factories, 130 woolen 
factories, and iron-works 219—35 for the manufacture of pig iron, 183 for castings, and 11 for wrought iron — and 706 tan- 
neries. Ohio has also a large number of machine shops, hardware and cutlery manufactories, distilleries, breweries, 
harness manufactures, railroad car and carriage factories, tobacco factories, soap, candle, and oil factories, potteries, paper- 
mills, flouring, grist, saw, and other mills, and other manufacturing establishments, large and small, which in the aggre- 
gate make up the summary above presented. The total capital invested in 1840 was $10,905,257. 

In cotton manufactures capital invested amounted, at the date specified, to $297,000; the v.ilue of all raw material, 
fuel, etc., consumed to $237,000 ; number of hands employed, 401 — 132 males and 209 females; entire wages per month, 
$4,725— to males, $2,191, and to females, $2,534; products of the year, 280,000 yards sheeting and 433,000 pounds of yarn, 
valued together at $394,700. Cotton consumed, 4,270 bales, and coal, 2,152 tons. In 1840, the cotton manufactures had 
a capital of $113,500, and employed 246 hands; and the value of products was $139,378. 

The woolen manufactures have a capital of $870,220 ; wool consumed in the year, 1,057,726 pounds ; coal consumed, 
2,110 tons; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., $578,423; average hands employed, 1,201 — males, 903, and females, 293; 
entire wages per month, $21,441— to males, $18,191, and to females, $3,250; cloth manufactured in the year, 1,374,087 
yards, and yam, 65,000 pounds, valued together at $1,111,027. The capital in woolen factories in 1840, was $537,985; 
hands employed, 935, and value of products, $685,757. 
The statistics of the iron manufacture were as follows : 

Specifications. Pig Iron. Cast Iron. Wrouglit Iron, Total 

Capital invested dollars.... 1,503,000 2,068,650 620,800 4,187,450 

Iron ore used tons 140,610 2,000 — 142,610 

Pigironused " — 87,555 18,675 51,230 

* The correctness of the returns as to hemp in the seventh census has not yet been perfectly verified, in a few instances tliere being some doubt 
whether the marshals have not written tons where they meant pounds.— 7Jcpor< of Supt. of Ctnsw Bureau, 1st Dec, 1852. (If they had written 
" tons" in the case of Ohio, it could not bare beea much lurther from the truth than the " pounds" set down under this head,- -Eii. 
224 



THE STATE OF OHIO. 



Specifications 

Old metal used ^....^ tons 

Blooms used '' 

Mineral coal coDsutned " 

Coke and chaifcoal consumed bushels . . 

Value of raw material, etc dollars . . . . 

Hands employed — males number. . , 

Monthly wages — males dollars 

Iron manufactured tons 



Cast Iron, 
1,843 



VVrouglit In 



Total. 

— 1,843 

— — 2,900 2,900 

21,780 SO,OOG 22,755 74,491 

5,42S,S00 355,120 466,900 6,250,820 

630,037 1,199,790 604,493 2,434,320 

2,415 2,753 708 5,881 

59,129 75,34.8 23,796 158,283 

52,658 37,399 14,416 104,473 

Value of products dollars. . . . 1,255,850 3,069,350 1,076,192 5,391,392 

In 1840, there were in the State 72 furnaces, producing 35,236 tons, and 19 bloomeries, forges, and rolling-mills, producing 
7,466 tons : capital invested in iron manufiictures, $1,161,900, and hands employed, 2,268. 

The <«n7!<=rJcs employed a capital of .$1,340,389 ; value of hides and skius used, .$1,118,080; hands employed, 1,826 ; 
monthly wages, $85,830 ; sides of leather tanned, 688,560, and skins tanned, 228,493 ; value of products for the year, 
$1,964,591. In 1840, there were 812 tanneries in the State, with an aggregate capital of $957,383, and employing 1,790 
hands; products of the year, 161,630 sides of sole leather and 234,037 sides of upper leather. 

The capital invested in the manufacture of malt and spirituoiis liquors was $1,262,974; quantities and kinds of grain, 
etc., consumed— barley, 330,950 bushels; corn, 8,588,140 bushels; rye, 281,750 bushels; oats, 19,500 bushels; hops, 173 
tons; hands employed, 1,033; quantities of liquor produced — ale, 96,943 barrels; whisky and high wines, 11,865,150 
gallons. In the manufacture of spirits, Ohio has a much larger interest than any other State, and in reference to the 
aggregate produced in the United States, the quantity produced in this State amounts to upward of one-fourth; and 
one-twelfth of the ale, etc., brewed is the product of Ohio. In 1S40, the capital invested in these interests amounted to 
$893,119; hands employed, 798; 390 distilleries produced 6,329,467 gallons, and 59 breweries, 1,422,534 gallons. 

Foreign Commerce. — The direct intercourse between Ohio and foreign states Is of very limited amount, and is chiefly 
confined to a trade between the lake ports and Canada, the great bulk of its merchantable material being carried either to 
the sea-board at Philadelphia, New York, Boston, or to New Orleans. The latter port is the natural depfit of Southern 
Ohio. The direct imports from Itjreign countries in the year ending 30th June, 1850, were valued at $582,504, and the 
exports at .$217,632. Of the imports, the value carried in American bottoms was $398,999, and in foreign bottoms, 
$183:505; and of the exports the value of domestic products was $217,532— in American bottoms, $117,989, and in foreign" 
bottoms, $99,543, and of foreign products, $100 carried in foreign bottoms. The statistics of the shipping employed iu 
this branch of industry for the year quoted are embraced in the annexed aggregates : 

Entered. Cleared. 



Total. 



Nationality * 

of Shipping. Vessels. 

American 178 . . 

Foreign 136 . . 



Total. 



314 



21,628 

18,243 



Crews, 

. 1,065 . 



39,871 1,964 



Vessels, 

. . 137 . 
. . 131 . 



Tons. Crews. 

15,485 761 

18,322 8S4 



268 



33,807 1,645 



VesseJs, 
. 815 
. 267 , 

. 582 , 



Tons. Crews. 

37,113 1,826 

86,565 1,783 

73,678 3,609 



The i:atistics of the value of exports and imports for a series of years are thus stated in the Treasury Eeports: 



Imports. 

$293 
162 



Year. 

1837 , 
1833 , 
1839, 



Exports. Imports. 

$132,844 $17,747 

139,827 12,895 



1840 991,954 4,915 

1841 793,114 11,318 

1842 899,786 13,051 

1843 120,108 10,774 



Year. 
1844 
1S45 
1846 



Exports. 



Imports. 



.. 321,114 78,196 

. . 352,630 102,714 

1847 778,944 90,681 

1848 147,599 186,726 

1S49 149,724 149,839 

1850 217,632 582,604 



Year. Exports. 

1829 $2,004.. 

1830 . . 

1831 

1S32 58,394 12,892 

1838 225,544 5 

1834 241,451 19,767 

1835 97,201 9,808 

1836 3,718 10,960 

The total shipping owned in the State amounted to 62,462 tons, of which 86,894 was owned in the district of Cuyahoga, 
of which Cleveland is the port of entry, 7,328 in that of Sandusky, 17,189 in that of Cincinnati, and 2,629 in that of Miami. 
The two first are lake districts, and the two latter districts on the Ohio River. All this shipping, except 72 tons of the 
class " licensed under 20 tons," was " enrolled and licensed," and employed in the coasting and river trade ; and of the 
whole, 28,653 tons were navigated by steam-power, viz., in Cuyahoga district, 9,994 tons ; in that of Sandusky, 1,214 tons ; 
in that of Cincinnati, 16,906 tons; and in that of Miami, 539 tons. During the year there had been built in the several 
districts 31 vessels — 4 schooners, 11 sloops, and 16 steamers, of the aggregate burden of 5,215 tons — in Cuyahoga district, 
9 schooners and sloops (687 tons); in Sandusky, 5 schooners and sloops (421 tons); and in Cincinnati, 16 steamers and 1 
sloop (4,107 tons). 

Domestic Commerce. — As before remarked, Ohio sends the great bulk of its productions to the sea-board by the lake, 
river, canal, and railroad routes, and by the same routes its imports are carried. Tlie value of this commerce is immense, 
but can not well be stated in figures, except in isolated cases, which serve more as indices of its vastness by all the routes, 
than as a definite reply to the question. The exports and imports of the lake ports, and of those of the principal points 
on the Ohio Eiver, are ascertained, and partially so the tonnage and value of goods carried on the railroads ; but these, 
also, in some measure, are not sufficient data from which to ascertain the exact commerce of the State, as they include a 
large amount of the products of, and goods destined to, the States farther west. If the annual commerce be set down at 
$160,000,000, it wiU not be far from its actual value. The exports from the lake ports alone amounted, in 1850, to 
$17,627,885, and the imports to $25,035,955. The exports of Sandusky increased from $3,099,939 in 1S50, to $20,027,081 
in 1852, and the imports from $7,010,304 to $45,072,406 ; and those of the other lake ports in like proportion. The exports 
Of Cincinnati average $24,000,000 a year, and the imports $40,000,000. These are at the principal outlets of the State, and 
serve to illustrate its general commerce, but there are numerous other points at which tne commercial movement is also 
on an extensive scale. This vast commerce is yearly increasing, but to what amount it may ultimately attain can only be 
determined by the progress of settlement and production. Its immense mineral wealth, its fertile soils, and the facilities 
it enjoys for manufactures generally, are such as to invite the attention of both capitalist and producer and within tho 

225 



THE STATE OF OHIO. 



State there is as ranch habiUible space as is required for a population eciual to tliat of the Britisli islands, and hence ita 
progress in wealth, population, and industry, can only be impeded by the attainment of a like status w'dh that nation. 

Internal Improvements. — Ohio has completed and is prosecuting numerous enterprises in the way of internal improve- 
menL Its canals and railroads are on a most magnificent scale, crossing and recrossing in every direction, liringing the 
Interior to the borders, and uniting there with the like improvements in the adjoining States. The map of Ohio presents 
in its several lines a complete net-work of avenues, the principal running from the lake to the river — from Cleveland and 
Sandusky to Cincinnati, and from the States eastward to those on the west— from Pittsburg, Wheeling, and Tarkersburg, 
toward the Mississippi. The chief railroad centres are Cleveland and Sandusky on the lake coast; Mansfield, Mount 
Vernon, Newark, Zanesville, Columbus, Xenia, Bellefontaine, Sidney, Springfield, Greenville, Dayton, and Hamilton, in 
the interior; and Cincinnati on the river. From all these points lines radiate in every direction. Its great valleys are 
traversed by canals. "With respect to Macadamized roads, turnpikes, and conunon roads, few other States are so amply 
provided; and in every direction connecting the commercial centres with each other, and with the adjoining States, lines 
of magnetic telegraph have been in e.xistence for several years. The total length of canal in the State is 930 miles, and the 
total length of railroad on the 1st January, 1S53, was l,-t63 miles, and l,4o0 miles of the latter was then in progress of 
construction. The latest statistics respecting canals and railroads will be found in the api>bnuix. 

Banks. — According to returns made to the office of the Auditor of the State, on the 1st August, 1851, the condition of 
the banks was as follows : 

RESOURCES. 12 Independent Btinks. 41 Brandies of State Banks, 5 Old n.inks. 

Notes and bills discounted $2,670,372 84 $11,218,205 54 $3,658,535 09 

gpecie 313,300 44 2,008,059 75 438,384 25 

Notes of other banks, etc 241,64:3 55 710,199 06 289,638 00 

Due from other banks and bankers 242,873 56 585,473 58 256,835 21 

Eastern deposits 394,840 55 1,541.900 39 470,392 18 

Checks and other cnsh items , 29,092 62 45,891 53 53,37163 

Bonds deposited with State Treasurer 1,465,480 8S 922,323 40 — 

Keal estate and personal property 113,695 92 199.274 76 149,002 04 

Other resources 65,149 54 270,941 50 132,573 25 

Total resources $5,536,459 10 $17,502,274 56 $5,443,731 70 

LIABILITIES. 

Capital stock paid in $864,630 00 $4,836,240 00 $1,928,926 00 

Circulation 1,375,295 00 8,62-3,702 50 1,636,784 00 

Safety Fund 1,262,310 83 58,246 94 — 

Due to banks and bankers 269,474 84 844,973 98 502,676 33 

Due to individual depositors 1,510,903 14 3,005,006 58 1,000.193 89 

Surplus and undivided profits 25,144 10 225,681 89 a37,130 04 

Bills payable and time drafts 112,071 83 135,840 81 15,975 00 

Discounts, interest, etc 71,726 31 238,149 06 12,396 19 

Dividends unpaid 12,985 93 22,821 80 6,764 60 

Other Uabilities 31,856 97 1,611 50 7 ,8J5 75 

Total liabilities $5,536,459 10 $17,502,274 56 $5,443,731 70 

—thus it appears that the aggregate capital of the Ohio banks is $7,614,756 ; specie, $2,759,743 ; circulation, $13,635,781 ; 
and discounts, $17,542,112. 

Government— 'Yhe present constitution of Ohio was done in convention 10th March, 1S51, ratified by the people 17th 
June, and went into operation Isl September of the same year. It provides: 

The right of suffrage is enjoyed by every white male citizen of the United States, twenty-one years old, resident in the 
State one year next preceding the election, and in the county, town, or ward in which he lives such time as may be pro- 
vided by law; but no idiot or insane person is allowed to vote, and the General Assembly may disfranchise and make 
ineligible to hold office any person convicted of bribery, perjury, or other infamous crime. All votes are given by ballot, 
and tlie general elections are held on the second Tuesday of October biennially. 

The General AssemUy consists of a House of Kepresentatives and Senate, tlie House consisting of one hundred mem- 
bers and the Senate of thirty-five members, elected in districts for two years, their terms commencing on the Ist .Tanuary 
after the election. The apportionment of representatives and senators is based on the results of the federal decennial 
census. Members must be residents of their respective districts one year next preceding their election, unless absent on 
the public business of the State or of the United States. No person convicted of embezzling public funds, or who shall 
be in any way connected with a duel, can hold oflfice, nor any person holding public monies have a seat in the Assembly. 
No member during his term, and for one year after its expiration, shall be eligible to any office that may have been 
created, or the pay of which may have been increased, during his term. No money shall be paid by special act or any 
claim unless by a two-thirds vote of the members elected. In all elections by the Assembly the vote shall be vivd voce. 

The eaecMtive functions are vested in a Governor, who is elected biennially by a plurality of votes. The Lieutenant- 
governor, Secretary of State, Treasurer, and Attorney-general are elected in the same way and for the same term, to 
commence on the second Monday of January. The Auditor is elected for four years. These officers continue in office 
until their successors are elected and qualified. The Governor has power to pardon, except in cases of treason and 
impeachment, but must report each case, with his reasons, to the Assembly. In case of the death of the Governor, the 
Lieutenant-governor succeeds ; after him the President of the Senate ; and he failing, then the Sjieaker of the House. 
The Lieutenant-governor is ea--officio I'resident of the Senate. The Auditor, Treasurer, Secretary, or Attorney-general 
dying, being disabled, or removed, the Governor may fill the vacant office pro tempore, but the vacancy shall be filled 
at the first general election that occurs more than thirty days after it happens ; and the person then elected shall hold 
office for the full term. 

The Judieiary consists of a Supremo Court, Courts of Common Pleas, Probate Courts, etc. The Supreme Court con- 
sists of five judges cho.sen by the people at large, a majority of whom form a quorum and pronounce a decision. Ono 
judge is elected annuaUy for five years. The court has original jurisdiction in quo warranto, mandamus, habeas cor- 



THE STATE OF OHIO. 



ptis, and procedendo, and such appellate jurisdiction as may be provided by law, and holds at least one term in each 
year at the seat of government. For the purpose of electing judges to and holding Courts of Common Pleas, the State is 
divided into nine districts (of which Hamilton County forms one), and each district is subdivided into three parts, from 
each of which one judge — to reside while in office in his district — is chosen by the electors of each subdivision for five 
years. Courts of Common Pleas are held by one or more of the judges in every county as often as the law may provide, 
and niore than one court may be held at the same time in each district. District courts, composed of the judges of the 
Court of Common Pleas of the respective districts, and one of the judges of the Supreme Court, any three of whom forms 
a quorum, are held in each county of the several districts at least once In each year. The district courts have original 
jurisdiction in the same classes of cases as the Supreme Court, and such appellate jurisdiction as may be provided by 
law. In each county there is a Probate Court, open at all times, holden by one judge chosen by the voters of each 
county for three years. Justices of the peace are elected in the several townships also for three years. All other judges 
are chosen by the voters of their respective judicial districts for not more than five years. Vacated judgeships are filled 
pro tempore by the Governor, but a successor to the vacating judge is elected at the ne.\t general election, if occurring 
more than thirty days after the vacancy happens. A Clerk of the Common Pleas is chosen in each county for three 
years, and such cleric is clerk of all the courts of record in his county, unless otherwise provided by law. Courts of Con- 
ciliation may be established. The Legislature, at its first session, provided for the appointment of three commissioners to 
revise and simplify the practice, etc, of the courts, and, as far as practical and expedient, to abolish distinct forms 
of action, and the difference between law and equity. In Cleveland and Cincinnati there is also a Superior Court, and in 
Cincinnati a Commercial Court, the jurisdiction of all which is local. 

A Board of Public Works, consisting of three members, one elected annually for three years, has charge of the canals, 
railroads, and other works belonging to the State. 

Among the other principal provisions of the constitution are the following : no new county shall be made, or county 
line or county seat changed but by a vote of the county ; lotteries, and the sale of lottery tickets, shall be prohibited ; a 
bureau of statistics may be established ; imprisonment for debt, except, in cases of fraud, shall be abolished ; compensa- 
tion, assessed by a jury, shall be paid for all property taken for the public use without deduction for benefits to any 
adjacent property of the owner; all white male citizens, resident in the State, between the ages of eighteen and forty-five 
years, shall be enrolled in the militia; the principal of all funds arising from the sale of lands or other property granted 
or entrusted to the State for educational and religious purposes, shall be forever inviolable, and the income therefrom 
faithfully applied to the specific objects of the original grants; a thorough and efficient system of common schools shall 
be secured throughout the State ; institutions for the benefit of the insane, blind, deaf and dumb, shall always be fostered 
and supported by the State ; tho State shall never contract any debt for the purposes of internal improvement, but it may 
contract debts to meet casual defects in the revenue, or expenses not otherwise provided for — the aggregate never to 
exceed .$750,000 ; it may further contract debts to repel invasions, etc., or to redeem the present outstanding debt ; the 
credit of the State shall never be lent to any individual or corporation, nor shall the State become a stockholder in any 
association, or assume any debt except in the cases above provided for; the Secretary of State, Auditor, and Attorney- 
general shall be the commissioners of the Sinking Fund, which consists of the net annual income of the public works and 
stocks, and of such funds raised by taxation or otherwise as may be provided by law, which shall be made sufficient to 
pay the accruing interest on the public debt, and annually not less than $100,000. 

To amend tlve constitutimi, it is necessary that three-fifths of the members elected to each house shall vote in favor of 
the proposed amendments, which shall be entered upon the journals, with the yeas and nays, and shall be published in 
at least one newspaper in each county for six months preceding the next general election, and at such election the amend- 
ments shall be separately submitted to the people; and if a majority vote therefor, they shall become a part of the 
constitution. At the general election, in 1871, and every twentieth year thereafter, the question, "Shall there be a con- 
vention to revise, alter, or amend the constitution'/" shall be submitted to the people; and at any time, if considered 
necessary by two-thirds of the Assembly, and a subsequent majority of the people, a convention may be called for the 
same purpose. 

The ^nilitia force of the State consists of 176,455 men of all arms, of which 2,051 are commissioned officers, and 174,404 
non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers 91 are general officers, 217 
general staff officers, 462 field officers, etc., and 2,20S company officers. 

The principal benevolent iniiitutiom of the State are the Ohio Lunatic Asylum, the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, and the 
Institution for the Blind. All these are located at Columbus. The number of patients in the Lunatic Asylum, on the 15th 
November, 1849, was 323 — 1C9 males, and 154 females; the number received during the subsequent year, 193 — 112 males 
and 81 females, and the number discharged during the year, 19S— lOS m.ales and 90 females. Of those discharged, 99— 
49 males, and 50 females, were recovered ; 9—5 males and 4 females, much improved ; 15 improved ; 53 unimpro\'ed ; (43 
chronic cases) and 22 died. The Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb has been in actual operation 21 years, and during that 
period there have been 462 pupils. The number in the Institution for the Blind, including graduates and pupils, on the 
25th December, 1850, was 73 — 40 males and 33 females ; 13 pupils were received during the year, and 10 discharged. 
Applicants for admission must be between the ages of 6 and 21 years. If able to pay, the two last institutions charge $100 
for the 10 months' session, from 1st October to 1st August. 

Finances, efc.— The total amount of receipts, for the year ending November 15th, 1850, was $2,536,558 40 ; total 
resources of the treasury (including balance for former year), $3,091,993 80. Disbursements for the same period, 
$2,900,927 IS. Ejcess of resources, $131,066 12. The "chief sources of income" were— taxes on real and personal 
property, including arrears, $1,243,564 83; taxes on professions, peddlers and foreign insurance companies, and auction 
duties, etc., $30,297 52 ; taxes on banks and State insurance companies, $56,428 95 ; canal tolls, water rents, etc., 
$728,085 73; dividends, tunipike, and ean.'d, $29,838 20; principal of surplus revenue, .$177,213 85; interest on surplus 
revenue, $58,741 88; canal lands sold, $42,691 43; road tolls, $49,103 04; taxes paid through Auditor of State, $.37,380 47; 
school and ministerial lands sold, $68,371 03; claims collected. $4,271 52; and miscellaneous, $7,467 54; and the principal 
"objects of expenditure" were— bills drawn for appropriations, .$.391,186 48; common school fund. $200,000; interest on 
foreign debt, $1,022,.358 95 ; interest on special school and trust fund, $97,272 81 ; interest on domestic bonds, $28,694 66 ; 
repairs on canals and public works, $329,595 ; repairs on national road, $47,242 66 ; State debt paid, $657,886 34. 

The Slate debt, on the 15th November. 18.50, amounted to $18,744,594 32, the annual interest on which was $1 ,124,536 13. 
The constituents of this debt were— domestic bonds outstanding, .$493,824, drawing annually $26,940 10 interest ; irreducible 
Stock, school and trust funds, $1,683,996 63— annual interest, $101,039 80; and foreign debt, $16,566,773 69— annual interest, 

227 



THE STATE OF OHIO. 



$996,556 23. During the year ending as aljove, $.35,763 33 of the domestic bonds had been redeemed. The irreducible 
stock, on wliich tlio State pays 6 per cent, interest to the townships and districts from which the funds were received, 
forms part of the State debt which is not to be rep.iid. The United States surplus revenue, amounting to $2,007,200 54, 
and loaned to the l'un<l conmiissioners of the counties, was due to the Stale January 1st, 1S50, except certain balances not 
due until 1S52 : $1,016,226 53 has already been repaid. After due, if not paid, the counties must pay 6 per cent, on what 
remains in their hands. The State owes $8,011,853 71 of turnpike, railway, and canal stock. The gross income of public 
■works, for the year 1S50, was $723,085 72. Total value of taxable property, real and personal, was $439,876,-3-t0, upon 
which the State tax was $1,413,830 42. The total valuation of property, in 1844, was $136,142,666, and the taxes levied 
$948,996 13, showing an immense sej)tennial increase, as compared with the valuation and taxation of 1850. The number 
and value of domestic animals iu the State by the assessors for 1850, were as follows : horses 513,652, valued at $19,142,789 ; 
mules 2,180, valued at $86,823 ; cattle 1,103,811, valued at $11,315,560 ; sheep 8,812,707, valued at $1,984,983 ; hogs, 1,672,173, 
valued at $1,902,029. T<jtal valuation of domestic animals, $34,432,189. The whole value of personal property, exclusive 
of the above, upon the duplicates, w'as $98,487,502. The.«e numbers and values, it will be perceived, differ essentially from 
those given in the census of the same year by the United States authorities. 

Federal Representation. — In accordance with the act passed on the 23d May, 1850, apportioning representatives to 
Congress, Ohio is entitled to twenty-one members. 

Education. — The whole number of" common school" districts in the State, in 18.50, was 9,590, and of fractional districts 
1,842. The number of common schools was 12,279, taught by 7,924 male and 5,168 female teachers. Enrolled scholars, 
421,733— males, 236,827 and females, 184,906; average daily attendance of scholars, 337,875— males 190,891, and females, 
146,934. "Wages paid to teachers from public funds, $.506,469 16— males, $393,642 09 and females, $112,827 07; and paid 
from other sources, $125,652 57— males, $100,049 44 and females, $25,603 13 : total $632,121 73— males, $493,691 53 and 
females, $183,4;30 20. School-houses built during the year, 243— expense, $64,828 22. Amount of building fuiuls raised, 
$76,345 47 ; amomit of tax on duplicates, $809,408 65 ; and received by reporting counties from State fund, $143,043 63 : 
total from all sources, $560,764 99. 

The principal " collegiate establishments" in Ohio are— Ohio University, at Athens, founded 1804; Miami {^Ashoc. Ref.) 
University, at Oxford, founded 1809 ; Franklin College, at New Athens, founded 1825 ; Western Reserve {Preahyierian) 
College, at Hudson, founded 1826 ; Kenyon (Episcopal) College, at Gambler, founded 1S27 ; Granville {Saptist) College, 
at Granville, founded 1831 ; Marietta College, at Marietta, founded 1S35 ; Oberlin (Congregational) College, at Oberlin, 
founded 18-34 ; Cincinnati College, at Cincinnati, founded 1819, which in 1850 had 8 professors and 84 students, and in 
the law department 8 professors and 25 students; St. Xavier {Rom. Cath.) College, at Cincinnati, founded 1840 ; Wood- 
ward College, at Cincinnati, founded 1831 ; Ohio Wesleyan University, at Delaware, founded 1342 ; and Wittenberg 
{Christian) College, at Springfield, founded 1845. The statistics of these several institutions, in 1850, were as follows : 



Colleges. 


I'rof. 


Stu. 


I.ih. 


Ohio Univ 


... 5 .. 


. . 20 . . 


. . 5,000 


Miami Univ... 


... 6 .. 


. . 66 . . 


. . 8,000 


Franklin 


... 4 .. 


. . SO . . 


. . 2,200 


W. Reserve . . . 


... 8 .. 


. . 57 . . 


. . 8,000 



Cnlieges. I'rof. 

Kenyon 5 . 

Granville 4 . 

Marietta 6 . 

Oberlin 12 . 



stu. 


Lib. 


50 .. 


.. 7,000 


85 .. 


. . 5,000 


55 .. 


.. 6,400 


66 .. 


. . 4,200 



Colleges. Prof. Stu. I.ib. 

St. Xavier IS .... 70 ... . 0,300 

Woodward 5 .... 19 1,400 

O. Wesl. Univ. . . 9 .... 40 ... . 3,700 
Wittenberg 7 .... 37 ... . 4,500 



Theological departments are attached to Kenyon, Western Reserve, Granville, Oberlin, and Wittenberg, and there are 
Lane Seminary, at Cincinnati, and the Theological Seminary of the Associate Reformed Church, at Oxford. The 
statistics of these are as follows : 

Names, Founded. Prof. Stu. Librarj'. 

Lane Seminary 1829 3 86 10,500 

Ktnyon 1828 4 4 4,500 

Western Reserve 1830 3 14 790 



Names. Founded. Prof. Stu. Library. 

Granville 1832 2 8 500 

Oberiin 1834 8 20 250 

Associate Reformed. . 1889 1 12 1,000 



The medical schools within the State, and their statistics for 1S51, are — the Western Reserve Medical College, at Cleve- 
land, founded in 1844 (6 professors, 202 students, and 411 graduates) ; the Medical School of Ohio, at Cincinnati, founde<I 
1819 (8 professors, 130 students, and 331 graduates); Western College of Homoeopathic Medicine, at Cleveland, founded 
1850 (8 professors, 62 students, and 17 graduates) ; Starling Medical College, at Columbus, founded 1847 (8 professors, 
124 students, and 58 graduates). 

Besides the above, there are in all the large towns numerous academic and denominational schools, etc., supported 
partly by endowment and partly by charges for education. Among these the Roman Catholic convents, nunneries, 
schools, etc., are conspicuous, and as a general fact these are better conducted, more extended in their curricula, and, 
aside from their religious bearing, everywhere unexceptionable and worthy of imitation by all sectiries. 

PuUio Llraries.— One State library— 12,500 volumes; 8 social— 21,295 volumes; 13 college— 35,510 volumes; 19 
student— 20,205 volumes ; 8 academic and professional— 12,529 volumes ; 1 scientific and historical— 10,000 volumes ; 3 
public school — 1,595 volumes. Total libraries 43, an<l volumes 104,634. — Report of Librarian of SmitJisonian Institute. 

Periodical Press.— The whole number of periodicals published in the State, on the 1st June, 1850, was 302, of which 
103 advocated whig and 93 democratic principles, and 106 were neutral in politics, or devoted to science, religion, 
literature, etc. Of the whole number 23 were published daily, circulating at each issue 90,656 copies, or 29,214,328 copies 
annually ; 6 tri-weekly, 1,961 copies, or 305,915 annually ; 4 semi-weekly, 2,300 copies, or 291,200 annually ; 222 weekly, 
211,862 copies, or 11,010,824 annually; 7 semi-monthly, 82,920 copies, or 790,030 annually; and 20 "monthly, 65,500, or 
786,000 annually. Total copies issued annually 42,404,348. The comities and number of p.;riodicals issued in each was— 
Adams, 1 w. ; Allen, 1 w. ; Ashland, 2 w. ; Ashtabula, 3 w. ; Athens, 1 w. ; Auglaize, 2 w. ; Belmont, 2 w. and 1 m. ; 
Brown and Butler, each 3 w. ; Carroll and Champaign, each 2 w. ; Clark, 1 L-w. and 4 w. ; Clermont and Clinton, each 
2 w. ; Columbiana, 6 w. ; Coshocton, 2 w. and 1 s.-m. ; Crawford, 1 w. ; Cuyahoga, 3 d. and 5 w. ; Darke, Defiance, and 
Delaware, each 2 w. ; Erie, 2 d., 3 w., and 1 m. ; Fairfield, 2 d. and 3 w. ; Fayette, 1 w. ; Franklin, 2 d., 2 t.-w., 6 w., 2 m., 
and 1 occasionally ; Gallia and Geauga, each 2 w. ; Greene, 1 w. ; Guernsey, 2 w. ; Hamilton (Cincinnati), 8 d., 1 t.-w., 82 w., 
1 s.-m., and 14 m. ; Hanocck, 3 w. ; Harrison, Hardin, Highland, and Hocking, each 2 w. ; Holmes, 3 w. ; Huron and 
Jackson, each 2 w. ; Jefferson, 6 w. ; Knox, 6 w. ; Lake and Lawrence, each 1 w. ; Licking, 2 s.-w. and 4 w. ; Logan, 2 w. ; 
Lorain, 2 w. and 1 s.-m. ; Lucas, 2 d., 2 t.-w., and 8 w. ; Madison, 1 w. ; Mahoning, Marion, and Medina, each 2 w. ; Meigs 
and Mercer, each 1 w. ; Miami, 1 s.-w., 5 w., and 1 m. ; Monroe, 1 w. ; Montgomery, 4 d. and 6 w. ; Morgan and Morrow, 
each 2 w. ; Muskingum, 1 d., 1 t.-w., C w., and 1 annually ; Perry, 2 w. ; Fickaway, 1 s.-w. and 3 w. ; Pike, 1 w. ; Portago 



THE STATE OF OHIO. 



S w. : Preble, 2 w. ; Putnam, 1 w. ; Richland, 5 w. ; Eoss, 2 d. and 4 w. ; Sandusky, 3 w. ; Scioto, 2 d. and 2 w. ; Seneca 
4 w. ; Shelby, 2 w. ; Stark, 6 w. ; Summit, 3 w. and 1 s.-m. ; Trumbull and Tuscarawas, each 3 w. ; Union, 1 w. ; Van 
"Wert, 2 w. ; Vinton, 1 w. ; Warren, 2 w. and 1 m. ; "Washington, Wayne, and Williams, each 2 w., and Wood, 1 weekly. 
Religious Denominations. — The statistics of the several religious denominations, according to the census returns of 
1850, are exhibited in the annexed form : 



Dei> 



No. <.f 



Church 


Value of 


Denomiaa. No. of 


Church 


Value of 


Denomiiia- No. of 


Church 


Value ot 


acccim. 


Property. 


tions. Churches 


. accoiti. 


Property. 


tions. Cliurches. 


accom. 


Property. 


184,098.. 


$598,730 


Germ'n Eef. 71 . . 


26,315. 


$71,800 


R. Catholic. 130. 


76,215.. 


$768,807 


30,190.. 


56,155 


Jewish 3. . 


1,300. 


29,000 


Swedenb'g .. 2. 


700.. 


15,800 


41.920.. 


207,880 


Lutheran... 259.. 


90,848. 


259,975 


Tunker. 10.. 


4,550.. 


9,975 


1,150.. 


2,600 


Mennonite. 9.. 


1,730. 


1,825 


Union 4S. . 


18,646.. 


37,900 


31,975.. 


367,425 


Methodist.. 1,520.. 


539,840. 


1,542,181 


Unitarian. . . 1 . . 


650.. 


15,000 


5,100.. 


9,550 


Moravian.. 158.. 


49,545. 


93,072 


Universalist. 53.. 


20,765.. 


100,590 


80,866.. 


82,175 


Presbyter'n. 659 . . 


271,499. 


1,388,199 


Minor Sects. 41.. 


20,250.. 


111,950 



Churches. 

Baptist 545.. 

Christian... 90.. 
Congregat'l. 100.. 
Dutch Eef.. 5.. 
Episcopal.. 79.. 

Free 13.. 

Friends 94.. 

—making a total of 8,S90 chxu-ches, having accommodation for 1,447,652 per sons, and owning property to the value of 
$5,705,149. The State forms a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and comprises the Roman Catholic archdio- 
cese of Cincinnati, and the suffragan diocese of Cleveland. The towns of Covington and Newport, in Kentucky, and the 
adjacent territory for three miles, belong also to the province of Cincinnati. 

Pauperism and Crime. — The whole number of paupers that received assistance and support within the year ending 
1st June, ISoO, was 2,513, of which 1,904 were native-bom, and 609 foreigners; and the whole number on the rolls on the 
1st June as aforesaid, was 1,673, of which 1,254 were native-born, and 419 foreigners. Annual cost of support, $95,250. 
From the report of the attorney-general it appears that during the year 1850 there were 2,008 prosecutions, 1,273 convic- 
tions, and 295 acquittals. The punishments were — penitentiary for life, 3; for ten years and over, 6 ; and for under ten 
years 118; and 221 were sent to the county jails. The amount of flues was $14,224 58, of costs $19,290 60, and of col- 
lectable costs $9,076 08. The Ohio penitentiary, on the 30th November, 1849, contained 836 convicts; admitted during 
the year 193, and discharged 105, leaving 424 In confinement at the end of the oflScial year 1850. Of those discharged, 
42 was by expiration of sentence, 82 by pardon, 21 by death, 5 by writ of error, 2 by pardon of President of the United 
States, and 3 escaped ; and of the 193 committed 145 were convicted of offenses against property, 7 of arson, 13 of forgery, 
and 32 of offenses against the person. Eeceipts from convict labor $35,740 74, and expenses of maintaining prison 
$26,877 56 — balance in favor of prison $8,863 18. There is a library of nearly 8,000 volumes connected with the prison, 
for the use of the convicts. 

JlUtorieal Sketch. — As a district territory, Ohio dates from the first year of the present century. Previous to this time 
it constituted a portion of the " Territory North-west of the Ohio," over which Congress had exercised jurisdiction 
since 1787. 

The French were the first to explore the waters of the Ohio. In 1680, La Salle traversed the tract between the lakes and the 
Mississippi, and for upward of half a century Frenchmen seem to have been the only visitors of this region. Their object was 
the fur trade ; nor did they, like their English neighbors, manifest any disposition to appropriate the country by settlements. 
Witliiu the actual limits of Ohio, indeed, no settlements appear to have been ever made by the French. About the middle 
of the eighteenth century, a controversy, between the Canadian traders and the English, respecting this country, sprung 
up and fiually involved both nations in war, and ended only with the overthrow of French power in America. The 
charters of many of the British provinces extended their claims to the Pacific, and their settlements liad proceeded grad- 
ually westward. The French claims, on the other hand, proceeded from north to south, and consequently intersected those 
of the English, or, as respects actual occupation, their possessions formed a cordon round those of the English. In 1750, 
an association, chiefly residing in Virginia and England, obtained from the crown a grant of 600,000 acres lying in the 
country claimed by both nations. Trading houses were immediately established, and surveys commenced, of which 
measures the governor of Canada soon became acquainted. France and England being then at peace, remonstrances 
were made on the subject, but expostulation and threats having had no effect, the French seized two British subjects, who 
were found trading with the Indians, and sent them to Presque Isle, on Lake Erie, where a strong fort had been erected. 
This and other acts of violence determined the governor of Virginia to send an officer to the French posts. The illustrious 
Washington, then a major of militia, was commissioned for the purpose, who, after great difficulties, delivered a letter to 
the commandant, at a fort on the river La Bteuf, requiring him to withdraw from the British territory on the Ohio. The 
answer was of such a nature that, on the return of Washington, the Virginia legislature caused a regiment to be raised, 
in which he received the second command. In April, 1754, his chief haring died, the command devolved upon himself, 
and he, with two companies, advanced into the disputed country ; but, on his route to the head of the Alleghany and 
Monongahela, was attacked by a superior force, and compelled to surrender. Soon after this event, open war was 
declared, and the British government sent out a powerful force under General Braddock. The object of the campaign of 
1755 was the capture of Fort Du Queene, and the secure possession of the country on the Ohio. The expedition was unsuc- 
cessful, and tlie French maintained possession of the country until the surrender of Canada in 1768, which included also 
the whole country westward to the Mississippi. 

From whatever cause, though now thrown open to the American trade, the beautiful valley of the Ohio was left in undis- 
turbed occupancy of its original inhabitants. The government, indeed, seems to have had no disposition to encourage 
settlement. The Indians were still numerous and powerful, and, on the breaking out of the Revolution, were incited by 
the British against the frontier settlers, and committe<l many barbarous excesses. During all this period occupancy was 
impossible. The treaty of peac«, although it transferreil the sovereignty of the country, yet left it subject to Indian depre- 
dation, and it was not until 1787 that any settlement was begun within the limits of the present State. Previous to that 
year, the right of soil, subject to the Indian title, was claimed by several of the States, as having passed to them by their 
charters, and soon after the peace of 1783 jealousies had arisen in consequence of the vast extent of these possessions, 
which were only allayed by the cession of the whole to the United States. Virginia, however, reserved a portion of land 
(3,709,848 acres) near the rapids of the Ohio for her State troops, and Connecticut a tract near Lake Erie (3,666,921 
acres). These were subsequently confirmed to the several claimants. In 1800. jurisdiction over these reservations was 
also relinquished by the States owning them, reserving to themselves claim to the soil. Other tracts, known as Symmes' 
purchase (284,698 acres), and the Ohio Company's purchase (1,144,609 acres), were subsequently recognized, as were also 



THE STATE OF OHIO. 



several individual claims. It now remained for the United States to purchase from the Indians the soli and right of 
possession, which, owing to the hostility of these people, was not completely effected for many years, nor until much blood 
had been shed on both sides. lu 17S7, Congress began to exercise jurisdiction over the territory. A territorial govern- 
ment was instituted consisting of a governor, secretary, and three judges, who, in addition to their ordinary functions, had 
also a partial legislative power. The officers appointed un<ler these provisions administered the government of the 
whole territory until 1799. During a greater part of the period of the temporary government, a harassing warfare was kept 
up with the Indians, instigated, if not assisted, by the British. In 1791, General St. Clair, who had been sent against the 
Miamis, was surprised and totally routed. This disaster operated as a serious chcclv upon the progress of settlement In 
1794, however, a decided victory was obtained by General WajTje, and in the succeeding year hostilities were suspended, 
and the treaty of Greenville terminated tlie war. Ohio was now free from savage incursion, and began to prosper; 
settlements which had been suspended recommenced with increased vigor. Up to the year 17S7, only 11 S,.5i2 acres of 
land had been sold by the general government— none was disposed of between that period and 1799, in which year 040 
acres were sold. In ISOO, 7t\94S acres were disposed of; in 1801, 4S6,7S7 acres, and up to ISIO, 2,S.33,662 acres had been 
Bold. To 1S20, the total dispositions amounted to 6,705,301 acres ; to 1S30, to 3,224,495 acres ; to 1S40, to 13,1S0,577 acres, 
and to 1S49, there only remained in the hands of the government 509,230 acres. The aggregate disposed of to the latter 
period was 25,067,730 acres, viz., sold, 12,490,215 acres ; donated— to schools, 675,094 ; to colleges, 24,320 ; to internal im- 
provements, 1,260,-051, and to individuals, 32,141; military bounties— old war, 1,301,326; war of 1812, 03,842, and Mexican 
war, 49,429; reservations— salaries, 24,210 ; Indians, 16,331, and companies, 8,805,970 (including Virginia and Connecticut 
reserves, etc.); private claims, 20,460; swamp lands (granted to State), 303,829 acres. Thus it will be seen that, in fifty 
years from the institution of a regular representative government, the whole land has been virtually taken up, and geu&- 
rally setiled upon. 

In 1799 the North-western Territory, having a sufficient population, was admitted to a second grade of territorial gov- 
ernment, which entitled it to a representative body, composed of delegates chosen by the people, and a council appointed 
by Congress from nominations made by the House of Representatives. Shortly after, the country composing the State of 
Ohio was detached from the general territory, aiid formed into a distinct government. On the oOth April, 1802. on the 
petition of the people. Congress passed a law enabling them to form a constitution and State government, and the condi- 
tions prescribed by that act having been complied with, Ohio became a sovereign State and member of the Union in 1803. 

Thus admitted to the privileges of self-government, the growth of Ohio has been uninterrupted. No other State of the 
Union has surpassed it in rapidity of progress. The disposition of its lands, and the population at decennial periods 
(before given), show an augmentation unparalleled in history. Its position with respect to the old States may in somo 
measure account for this, but it has had many disadvantages to contend with. The first pioneers had no steam horses to 
drag them to their desert home, no steamboats to skim their rivers, nor telegraphs whereby to communicate with 'heir 
friends in the east. Their journeyings were toilsome and their fare hard, nor was there rest for them when their Iravela 
ended ; the Indian mta tJiem with menace, and the thick forests had to be hewn through Ijefore a crop could be planted. 
How ditferent the things of to-day, when the immigrant has little more to do than tlirow himself in a well padded car, and 
be set down at his future residence without trouble of any sort, the wide prairie ready to receive the seed of his first har- 
vest, and a thriving country around him. These matters ought to be considered when the settlement and progress of Ohio 
are compared with those of other States. It was not until the year 1825 that any road was built from the sea-board States 
into Ohio. On the 4th July of that year the ceremony of breaking ground on the National Eoad west of the Ohio was 
celebrated. On the same day ground was broken at Licking Summit for the construction of the Ohio Canal. To-day 
canals, railroads, turnpikes, and every means and mode of transportation and travel arc open to all parts, and enjoyed by 
the people in a greater degree than in most other States of the Union, and certainly than in any European country, with 
the exception of Great Britain. 

Sucoes.<iion of (?oi'emo/-s.— Tekritokial Governoes: Arthur St. Clair, 1789; an.l— Constitutional Governors: 
Edward Tiffin, 1803; Thomas Kirker (acting), 1807; Samuel Hunting, ISOS; Ecturn J. Meigs, 1810; Othuiel Looker 
(acting), 1814 ; Thomas AVorlhington, 1814; Ethan Allen Brown, 131S; Allen Trimble, 1826; Duncan M- Arthur, 1830: 
Kobert Lucas, 1832; Joseph Vance, 1830; Wilson shannon, 18;38; Thomas Corwin, 1840; Wilson Shannon, 1S42 ; Thomas 
W. Bartley (acting), 1843; Mordecai Barlley, 1844; William Bebb, 1846; Seabury Ford, 1S4S; Eeuben Wood, 1850. 

Columbus, on the east side of the Scioto Eiver, is the political capital of the State. 
230 




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THE TERRITORY OF OREGOI. 



Oeeoon, as relinquished by Great Britain to the United States in 1S46, extends from 42° to 490 latitude north, and from 
the crest of tlie Koeky Mountains to the Taciflc Ocean. As at present constituted, it is limited north by the Columbia 
river, to latitude 46°, and by that line to the mountains aforesaid, the upper portion of the original territory having lately 
been erected into a territorial government, under the title of the "Territory of Washington." For the convenience of 
exhibiting the statistics of the country, however, it will be necessary to describe it as it existed before the separation. It 
contains altogether an area of 341,403 square miles. 

Oregon is naturally divided into three principal parallel sections, determined by the course of the mountains traversing 
it. The western section Is bounded by the Cascade Mountains, and extends from them to the Pacific Ocean; the middle 
section lies between the Cascade Mountains and the Blue Mountains, and the eastern section between the latter and the 
crest of the Rocky Mountains. These several divisions have each distinct climatic char.acteristics, and differ in soil and 
productions. The mountain ranges extend in general in lines parallel with the coast, and often attain a height far above 
the summer snow line. 

The Cascade, or coast range, sometimes called the President's Eange, nms through the Territory north and south, at a 
distance from the sea-coast varying from 100 to 150 miles, and in many places rises in regular cones to the elevation of 
12,000 to 14,000 feet above the level of the sea. Except when the Columbia breaks through it, the communication between 
the east and west is almost interrupted, and where there exists any mountain pass, the difficulties besetting it are such as 
to render it of little use to the traveler. The climate of the section west of this range is mild and genial the year round, 
and the winters remarkably short. Snow seldom lies on the ground a week together. The soil on the northern parts 
varies from a light brown loam to a thin vegetable earth, with gravel and sand as a subsoil. In the middle parts a rich, 
heavy loam prevails, but in many localities clay and a black loam, based on trap-rock, are found. The soils of the Willa- 
mette vaUey and sonthern part generally are good, varying from a black vegetable loam to decomposed basalt, with clay, 
and portions of loose gravel soil. The hills are generally basalt, stone, and slate. Between the Umpqua and the south- 
ern boundary, the rocks are primitive, consisting of .slate, hornblende, and granite, which produces a poor and gritty soil. 
There are in the latter region, however, some rich lands, covered with oak. Gold has been found extensively in the rivers 
of the south. For the most part, the whole country west of the Cascades is well timbered. It is Intersected by spurs 
from the main range, which render the surface much broken, and these are covered with dense forests of pines, fira, 
spruce, oaks, ash, arbor vitse, etc., with a dense undergrowth for hazels, rubus, roses, etc. The prairies and river bottoms 
are excellent farming lands, and the uplands abound in rich pasturage. 

The Blue Mountains have an irregular course, and are frequently interrupted, but generally run north and south, com- 
mencing in the Klamath range, near the California line. They are broken through by the Saptin, or Snake Elver, at the 
junction of the Kooskooskee, and branch off in hills of moderate elevation, until they again appear on the north side of 
the Columbia River, above the Okonagan, and finally connect with the Rocky Mountains, in the British territory. The 
climate of the middle section is much more extreme than in the west of the Cascade range, and its range moro frequeiit 
and greater. It is, however, extremely salubrious, and the air bracing. No dew falls in this section, The soil in the 
hills is barren, but in the valleys a rich alluvian, varied indeed, but generally fertile. The general elevation of this section 
is about 1,000 feet above the sea level. In the north, the surface is Iiroken by mountains and rivers, and quite unfit for 
agricultural purposes. The parts south of this, including the vicinities of the Columbia and Saptin rivers, the surface is 
rolling, and in every way a fine grazing country. Further south there is little good larjd, ihe whole being broken and 
desert, with scarcely a tree or useful vegetable, the artemesia alone seeming to flourish in the solitudes. 

The Rocky Mountains, forming the eastern border of the Territory, commence on the Arctic coast, and continue with 
little interruption until their subsidence at the central Isthmus of the continent. Along all the line bounding Oregon, only 
one eligible pass has yet been discovered, and that— the Great South Pass— lies on its extreme south-east corner, forming 
the gate of the country. Through this pass the emigration from the east comes in, and it is also the great thoroughfare of 
travel to Utah and California. The section immediately west of this oan never be made available for settlement. Its 
climate is variable, and in a single day the temperature may pass from winter to summer heat. Rain seldom falls, and 
but little snow. The surface is rocky, and presents an almost unbroken waste, while stupeB4otts mountain spurs traverse 
It in all directions. This country is partially timbered. 

The Columbia is the great river of the country, and the recipient of all the other rivers of the Territory, liaving their 
origin eastward of the coast range of mountains. Its N. branch rises in the Rocky Mountains in about 50° N, lat. and 
116° W. long,, and thence pursues a N. route to near M'Gillivray's Pass. Here the river is 3,600 feet above the se.a-level, 
and, receiving Canoe River, it then turns S., and in its course to Fort Colville i^ successively takes up the waters of nu- 
merous tributaries, the chief of which are the Kootanie, or Flat Bow, and Flat Head or Clark's rivers. The Columbia is 
thus far surrounded by high mountains, and often expands into a chain of lakes. At Colville its elevation is 2,049 feet 
above the sea, having fallen 556 feet in 320 miles. To the S. of t^,is point it tends to the W., roceiving Spokan River from 
the E. ; thence it pursues a W. course for 60 miles, and bending to the S., receives Okonagon River, which has its source 
in a line of lakes extensively susceptible of canoe navigation. The Columbia thence passes S. until it reaches WftHa Walla, 
in 45° N. lat., and receives the Saptin or Lewis River ; here tfee elevation of the Columbia is 1,286 feet, and its width about 
3,500 feet. It now takes its last turn to tho W., receiving the Umatilla, Quisnel's, John Day's, and Chute rivers from the 
S., and Cathlatates teom the N., and pursuing a rapid c<5urse for SO miles, it passes the gorge of the Cascade Mountains in a 
scries of falls and rapids, that form an insurmountable barrier to the passage of boats, even in time of flood, and are over- 
come by portages. From this point there is still-water navigation lor 40 miles, when rapids again interrupt free sailing, 
but hence to the ocean, 120 miles, the river, though frequently obstructed by bars, is open to vessels of less than 12 feet 
draft. In this part of its course it receives the Willamette Pviver from the S,, and the Co^lit? frcm the N. The Willa-^ 

£31 



THE TERRITORY OF OREGON. 



mette is navigable for small vessels to within 3 miles of its falls. Within a distance of 20 miles from the ocean, the Colum- 
bia is greatly increased in width, and at its mouth, between Cape Disappointment and Cape Adams, its width is 7 miles, 
but from each of these capes a satid-bar extends which renders the actual naviiialjlc chanuel contracted and narrow. The 
mouth of the Columbia was discovered by Capt. Gray, of Boston, commander of ship Columbia, of 220 tons, on the 11th May, 
1792 ; and on the strength of this discovery the United States based their right to tlie territory watered by its tributaries. 

The Chekalis, to the north of tlie Columbia, is a considerable river, and perhaps next to it in importance. It rises 
from several sources in tlio Cascade Mountains, and after a very tortuous course, receiving some small streams issuing 
from the lakes in the high ground, near the head waters of Hood's Canal and Puget's Sound, discharges in Gray's Harbor. 
Its current is rapid and much obstructed, nor is it navigable except by canoes. Emptying into Puget's Sound are the 
rivers NesquaUy and Tenalquit, or Shute's River, both affording excellent water-power and some navigation. On both 
these rivers there are flourishing settlements, and Olympia, a port of entry, lies at the mouth of the latter. 

The rivers south of the Columbia are Clatsop, Killamook, Taquinna, Alseya, Umpqua, Sequatchie, and Rogue rivers, 
all falling into the Pacific Ocean. But two of these are worthy of notice, the majority of them being small and insignifi- 
cant streams. The Umpqua meets the sea in about 43° 54' N. lat. ; it is a large river, rising in the Cascade Mountains by 
two main branches, which meet in about lat. 43° 20', and thence, after a due north course of about 20 miles, the river turns 
suddenly to the west, expanding to a considerable width in its lower course. Its principal tributaries are the Elk and 
Smith's rivers. Settlements have been made along the course of this stream by gold hunters, brought here by the reported 
richness of its washings. Rogue's River rises in the same range, but farther south, and flows directly W. from its source. 
It has also become famous for its golden sands, and has attracted to its banks many adventurers. None of these rivers 
form harbors capable of receiving vessels of more than 8 feet draft, and their bars are dangerous on account of the surf 
that sets up to the coast. 

The character of the great rivers of Oregon is peculiar ; exceedingly rapid and sunk much below the gener.il level, 
with peri^endicular banks, they are, as it were, in trenches, it being difflcult to get at the water in many places, owing 
to the steep basaltic walls ; and during their rise, which takes place in February and November, they are in many places 
confined by narrows, which back the water some distance, submerging lands and tracts of low prairie, gi\'ing the 
appearance of extensive lakes to the overflown country. The bars of these rivers arc constantly changing, and it may be 
said Uiat there is not a river on the Oregon coast, entrance to which is safe. Gray's Harbor will not admit vessels of more 
than 10 feet draft. This, however, is not the case within the harbors formed within the straits of Juan de Fuca, of which 
there are many, and no part of the world forms finer inland sounds, or a greater number of harbors, than can be found 
here, capable of receiving the largest class of vessels, and without a danger in them that is not visible. From the rise 
and fall of the tides (18 feet) all facilities are afl"orded for the erection of works for a great maratime nation. 

The fisheries on the coast and in the rivers of Oregon are most extensive. The rivers abound in salmon of the finest 
flavor, and Uiese form a great part of the subsistence of the Indians. The Columbia produces the largest, and probably 
aff'ords the greatest numbers. The great fishery at the Columbia is at the Dalles, but all the rivers are well supplied. In 
the rivers and sounds are found several kinds of salmon, salmon trout, sturgeon, cod, carp, sole, flounders, ray, perch, 
herring, lampreys, and a kind of smelt, called '-shrow," in great abundance; also large quantities of shell fish, viz., crabs, 
clams, oysters, muscles, etc., which are all used by the natives. Whales are found along the coast, and frequently in and 
at the mouth of the Straits of Juan de Fuca. 

To the hunter Oregon is a. paradise. Game, such as the elk, deer, antelope, bears, wolves, foxes, muskrats, martins, 
beavers, etc., exist in great abundance. In the middle section no game is found. In the eastern section the buffalo is 
met with. The fur-bearing animals arc decreasing in numbers yearly, and even already are so scarce as scantily to repay 
the expense of hunting them. The Hudson's Bay Company have almost the exclusive monopoly in this business. In the 
spring and fall the rivers are literally covered -with ducks, geese, and other water fowl. 

Oregon, in 1850, was divided into 10 counties,* the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1850, were as 
follows : 



Counties. Dwell. Pop. fi^"™ Kstab! Capitnle. 

Benton 149... 614. ..110... 1.. .Marysville 

Clackamas 368. . .1,859. . .150. . .13. . .Oregon City 

Clark 95... 643... 7. .. 4... Columbia City 

Clatsop 91... 4G2... 24... 2. ..Astoria 



Counties. Dwell. Pop. f^J,^' j"™' CnpitMs. 

Lewis 146... 558... 55... 8. ..Pacific City 

Marion 502. . .2,749. . .293. . .11. . .Salem. 

Polk 190. . .1,051. . .129. . . 2. . .Cynthian 

Washington 418. . .2,651. . .116. . -. 6. . .Portland 

Linn ." 172. . . 994. . .138. . . 6. . .New Albany I Yam Hill 243. . .1,512. . .142. . .' 4. . .Willamette 

The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 2,374, of families 2,874, and of inhabitants 18,293, 
viz. : whites 13,087— males 8,142, and females 4,945, fr. col. 206— males 119, and females 87. Of the whole population, there 
were deaf and duml, ; Vlind, ; inmne—yfh. 4, fr. col. 0— total 4 ; and idiotic— ■wh. 4, fr. col. 0— total 4. The number 
of free persons born in the United States was 11,992, the number of foreign birth 1,159, and of birth unknown 143; the 
7ialive population originated as follows : Maine 129, N. Hamp. 44, Verm. Ill, Mass. 187, R. I. 20, Conn. 72, N. Y. 618, 
N. Jer. 09, Penn. 337, Del. IS, Md. 73, Dist. of Col. 15, Virg. 469, N. Car. 201, S. Car. 34, Ga. 22, Flor. 4, Ala. 20, Miss. 8, 
La. 6, Tex. 15, Ark. 61, Tenn. 402, Ky. 730, Ohio 653, Mich. 37, Ind. 736, 111. 1,023, Mo. 2,206, la. 452, Wise. 10, Calif. 25, 
Oregon 3,178, Territories 7. And the foreign population was composed of persons from— P^ngland 207, Ireland 196, Scot- 
land 106, Wales9, Germany 125, France 45, Spain 0, Portugal 0, Belgium 11, Holland 1, It.aly 5, Austria 0, Switzerland 8, 
Eussia 1, Denmark 2, Norway 1, Sweden 2, Prussia 1, China 2, Asia 0, British America 293, Mexico 1, South America 6, 
West Indies 0, Sandwich Islands 50, and other countries 57. 

The general statistics of the products, industries, institutions, etc., of the territory, according to the census of 1S50 and 
other official documents referring to the same period, are as follows: 

Oeciipied Lands, ^fc.- Improved farm lands 132,857 acres, and farm lands unimproved 299,951 acres— valued together 
at $2,849,170. Whole number of farms under cultivation on the 1st June, 1?50, 1,164. Value of farming implements and 
machinery, $183,423. 

Xu'«-*Stoci-.— Horses, 8,046; asses and mules, 420; milch cows, 9,427; working oxen, 8,114; other catUe, 24,188; sheep, 
15,382 ; and hogs, 30,285. Value of live-stock, $1,876,189. 



* Paciric, I.inn, Umpqua, and l.ane, are new counties. Lewis, Clarity and Pacific counties are now comprised in the Territory of Washington- 
and together, in 1860, contained 1,201 iuUabitanta 

432 



THE TERRITORY OF OREGON. 



ProducU o/^«Jmafe.— Wool, 29,086 pounds; butter, 211,401 pounds; and cheese, 86,980. Value of animals slaugh- 
tered during the year, $164,530. The average clip of wool per sheep was thus lib. 14| oz. 

Grain, Crops. — "Wheat, 211,943 bushels; rye, 106 bushels; Indian corn, 2,918 bushels; oats, 65,146 bushels; barley 
bushels, and buckwheat, bushels. 

Oth^r Food Crops.— Peas and beans, 6,566 bushels; potatoes— Irish, 91,326 bushels, and sweet, bushels. 

Miscellaneous Crops. — Tobacco, 325 pounds ; hay, 373 tons; clover-seed, 4 bushels; other grass-seed, 22 bushels ; hops, 
8 pounds; flax, 640 pounds; molasses, 24 gallons, etc. Value of orchard products $1,271 ; market-garden products $90,241. 

Ho7ne-made Manufactures were produced in the year to the value of $ 

Manufacturer. — Capital invested, $ ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $ ; hands employed, 

—males and females ; monthly cost of labor $ -male $ and female $ ; total value of annual pro- 

ducts $ Number of manufacturing establishments producing to the value of $500 and upward annually, 51. 

Commerce. — Oregon has a considerable coasting trade with California in lumber, boards, and agricultural produce, and 
it has also some trade with the Atlantic ports, especially New York and Boston. With foreign countries its trade is lim- 
ited. The amount of this can only be guessed at, as no general returns appear in the Treasury books. A report of the 
commerce of Astoria was made by the collector at that port for the year ending 1st April, 1850, but of the other ports no 
accounts have been received. According to the document referred to, there had entered that port 6 ships, 30 barks, 23 
brigs, and 5 schooners — total 69 vessels, and 16,437 tons; from foreign ports 1,639 tons foreign, and 669 tons American 
shipping, and coastwise 14,129 tons American shipping. The duties collected for the year amounted to $26,408. 

The exports for the year were — sawed lumber, 4,587,317 feet; square timber, 312,097 feet; round logs, 355; house 
frames, 40 ; shingles, 599,033 ; leather, 124 sides ; flour, 3,766 barrels ; beef, 13 barrels ; pork, 6 barrels ; salmon, 838 bar- 
rels ; bread 37 barrels ; oats, 497 bags ; apples, 15 barrels ; cranberries, 6 barrels ; bacon, 600 pounds ; fire-wood, S cords ; 
sauer kraut, 10 barrels ; onions, 20 sacks, 12 hampers, and 42 bushels ; butter, 23 barrels, 02 kegs, 2 firkins, and 8,000 lbs. ; 
cheese, 5,200 pounds, and 4 boxes ; eggs, 6 boxes, and 42 dozen ; potatoes, 04 bushels, 40 barrels, and 780 sacks. An ac- 
count of the imports, says the collector, would furnish no satisfactory results, as the cargoes of vessels entering the Colum- 
bia are mostly of small assorted lots, and although in the aggregate of considerable value, still they can not be ascertained 
in detail. The navigation of the Columbia River is free to the Hudson's Bay Company, but goods introduced into the 
country through the mouth of the river, and landed for any other purpose than for portage, in aid of their being carried 
up the river and out of the territory, are subject to the dutj'. 

Government. — The constitution of Oregon was promulgated in the law of Congress of the 14th August, 184S : 

Every white male inhabitant of the Territory at the time of the passage of that law, 21 years old, who was a citizen, of 
the United States, or who had on oath declared his intention to become such, or who should take the requisite oaths, waa 
allowed to vote or be chosen to ofl^ce at the first election ; but the legislature may prescribe further limitations. 

The Legislature is styled the General Assembly, and consists of a council of 9 members, and of a House of Repre- 
sentatives, of not less than 18, nor more than 30 members. Members of both houses must have the qualifications of voters. 
Councilors are chosen for three years, and representatives for one year. All laws passed by this legislature must be sub- 
mitted to Congress for approval or rejection. No session must continue more than 60 days. No bank, or any thing like 
a bank, shall be chartered or permitted to exist in the Territory, as a branch of an institution chartered elsewhere or other- 
wise, and the Territory shall issue no scrip, neither pledge its faith, nor in any way borrow money. Salmon must not be 
prevented from passing up and down the streams. 

The governor, appointed by the President, holds office for four years, and until his successor is appointed and quaUfied. 
He is removable Tjy the appointing power. The governor is ex-officio Superintendent of Indian Afiiiirs ; may grant par- 
dons and respites for offenses against territorial laws, and reprieve until the President's will be known, for those against 
the laws of the United States. The secretary, justices, attorney, and marshal, are also appointed by the President. The 
secretary holds office for five years, is removable by the President, and in default of the governor fills his place. 

The Judiciarij consists of a Supreme and District courts. There are three judicial districts, in each of which a judge 
appointed for four years and until a successor be appointed and qualified, holds a district court, with law and equity 
jurisdiction as may be regulated by statute, and the same three judges hold the supreme court, to which, cases not to be 
tried by a jury may be removed by appeal from the district courts. Writs of error and appeal from the decisions of the 
supreme court, lie to the Supreme Court of the United States where the matter in dispute exceeds $2,000, or where the 
constitution, or a treaty of the United States, or acts of Congress, are in question. In cases arising out of the Constitution 
of the United States, or of territorial laws, the district courts have the same jurisdiction as the United States district and 
circuit courts. 

Other prominent provisions of the fundamental law, are : The Secretary of the Treasury of the United States shall 
regulate all disbursements of money intrusted to the governor or secretary ; the inhabitants shall enjoy the benefits of the 
Ordinance of 17S7 ; existing laws, compatible with the constitution of the United States, and with this act, unless repealed 
by the legislature shall remain in force, except those affecting the title to land, which are void; a delegate to Congress, 
who shall be a citizen of the United Stales, shall be chosen by a plurality of votes ; $5,000 is appropriated to the purchase 
of a territorial library; sections 16 and 36 in every township are set apart for the benefit of schools; all the ports of tho 
mainland form the collection district of Oregon, and Astoria is made a port of entry ; a port of delivery may be established 
on Puget's Sound, and one other elsewhere; $15,000 is appropriated for light-houses and buoys, etc. 

On the 27th September, 1850, an act was passed, providing for a Surveyor-General of the Territory, and to provide for 
the survey, and to make donations to settlers of the public lands. Its principal provisions are as follows : 

There is granted to every settler or occupant of the public lands, American half-breed Indians included, above the age 
of 18, a citizen of the United States, or having made a declaration of his intention to become a citizen, or who shall make 
such declaration on or before Dec. 1, 1851, now residing in said Territory, or who shall become a resident on or before 
Dec. 1, 1S50, and who shall have resided upon and cultivated the same for four consecutive years, and shall give satis- 
factory proof of settlement and cultivation within 12 months after the surveys have been made, one half-section or 820 
acres of land, if a single man, and if married, or if he shall be married within one year from Dec. 1, 1850, one section or 
640 acres, one half to himself and the other half to his wife, to be held by her in her own right ; and the surveyor-general 
shall designate the part enuring to the husband and that to the wife, and enter the same on the records of his office, and 
when married persons become entitled to a grant, and either shall die before the patent issues, the survivor and children 
shall be entitled to equal portions of the estate, unless it is disposed of by will, under the laws of Oregon. When an aUen 
has declared his intention to become a citizen, and shall die before naturalization, his possessory right shall go to his heirs 

233 



THE TERRITORY OF OREGON, 



or devisees. Donations shall embrace the land actually occupied by the settler, shall be in a compact form, and shall be 
taken as nearly as practicable by legal subdivisions, and shall be claimed williin three months from the completion of the 
survey. Contracts for the sale of the land before the patent is issued are void. If any settler shall die before the expira- 
tion of said four years, his right shall descend to his heirs in equal parK 

To all white male citizens of tlie United States, or persons who shall have made a declaration of intention to become 
Buch, above the age of 21, emigrating to and settling in said Territory between Dec. 1, 1850, and Dec. 1, 1S53, and to all 
white male American citizens, not hereinbefore provided for, becoming 21 years of age in said Territory and settling there 
between the times last aforesaid, who shall comply with the foregoing provisions, there is granted one-quarter section or 
160 acres of land, if a single man ; or if married, or if he shall be married within one year from his arrival in said Territory, 
or within one year after becoming 21 years of age, then one half-section or 320 acres, one half to the husband and the 
Other lialf to the wife in her own right, to be designated by the Surveyor-General. No person shall ever receive a patent 
for more than one donation of land in said Territory, in his or her own right 

No claims upon sections 16 and 3G for residence and cultivation of tlie same, after the survey, shall be valid. Certain 
lands are given for the endowment of a university. No mineral lands, nor lands reserved for salines, can be claimed 
under this act. 

All persons claiming land under this act, by virtue of settlement and cultivation commenced subsequent to Dec. 1, 1 S50, 
must first make oath that the land claimed by them is for tlieir own use and cultivation ; that they are not acting as agents 
for others in making such claims; and that tliey have made no sale or transfer, or any agreement for any sale or transfer, 
or by which the said land shall enure to the benefit of any other person, and persons making false or fraudulent oaths or 
afiBrmations sliall be suljeot to all the pains and penalties of perjury. 

JicJigious iJcnomiiHttionf:. — The statistics of the several religious denominations in the State in 1850, according to the 
census of that year, were as follows : 



Denomina- No. of 


Clmrcli 


Value of 


Denomina- No. of 


ClmrcIi 


Value of 


Denomina- No. of 


Cliurcli 


Value of 


tioiis. Cliurclies. 


accom. 


Property. 


tions. Clia:i:lie3. 


accom. 


Pr.ipert.v. 


tions. ClmrcLe3. 


accom. 


Property. 


Baptist 1 .. 


...100 . 


...$2,000 


Jewish — . . 


. — .. 


..1 - 


Tunker — . 


.. — . 


..$- 


Christian — .. 


... — . 


... — 


Lutheran ... — . . 


. — . 


.. — 


Union — . 


.. — . 


.. — 


Congregafl.. 1 . 


...500 . 


... 6,200 


Mennonite... — .. 


.. — .. 


.. — 


Unitarian — . 


.. — . 


.. — 


Dutch Kef... — . 


... — . 


... — 


Methodist.... 1 .. 


.. 500 . 


.. 22,000 


Universalist . . — . 


.. — . 


.. — 


Episcopal ... — . . 


... — . 


... — 


Moravian — . . 


.. — .. 


.. — 


Minor Sects . . — . 


.. — . 


.. — 


Free — .. 


.. . — . 


... — 


Tresbyterian. 1 .. 


.. 200.. 


. . 5,000 


— 






Friends — . 


... — . 


... — 


R. Catholic... 5 . 


..1,S33. 


.. 41,.320 


Total.... 9 . 


..3,133. 


..$76,520 


German Kef. — . . 


.. . — . 


... — 


Swedenbo'n.. — . 


.. — . 


.. — 









Oregon Territory forms a part of the Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical province, of which Oregon City is the metropolitan 
see, and comprises the diocese of Oregon City, Wallawalla, Fort Hall, and Colville. The Episcopal Church has not yet 
been established in the Territory. 

Educatioiud Statistics. — It is not expected that education in so sparsely populated a Territory as Oregon can have 
made much i)rogress. No statistics are yet published on which dependence can be placed, but it is well known that in 
all the cities there are not only common schools, but respectable academies, and provision has already been made for a 
college or university. The grant of the 16th and 36th section in each township of land for educational purposes is double 
the amount allowed to the western and other new States, and in course of time will become an ample fund. 

Oregon, as a field of labor for the farmer, mechanic, and scholar, or the Christian, has become conspicuous, and will 
continue to attract more and more the attention of the virtuous and industrious who shall emigrate from the Atlantic 
States. While Calil'oruia, poor in soil and most of the conditions for steady industry, holds out her peculiar attractions to 
tJiose who, by a temporary Sf).iouni, would make haste to be rich, Oregon offers a home to all who would become perma- 
nent members of a community relyiug upon the pursuits of agriculture ami the arts for prosperity. What the first has 
been in the eyes of men of commerce, the last has come to be in the view of those who cultivate the soil or follow the me- 
chanic arts. These two countries, though adjoining, differ no less widely iu their physical capabilities than in the exam- 
ples they are furnishing of the law of colonization. In the one case wealth precedes educational and religious establish- 
ments and the reign of law and order ; native gold dug from the earth or gathered from its surface, or separated from the 
pulverized rock, furnishes the means of support for churches, school-houses, and colleges, long before a community 
appears that recognizes them as indispensable elements in the machinery of the State. In the otlier, while wealth is an- 
ticipated as the reward of long-continued effort, and as incidental to the sure and steady growth of a different class of 
interests, the members of the new community can not dispense with institutions which should accompany the colonizers 
as their household gods. This mode of settlement is one that commends itself to those who hope well for the ultimate 
character of those portions of our country yet to be occupied. It is the only way in which a great State can ever be built 
up. The deep foundations of prosperity rest upon the labors of a colony actuated by such views of life .ami effort 

The sovereignty over this Territory was long claimed both by the United States and Great Britain, and after ISIS was 
held in joint occupancy, being, however, subject to neither. The coasts of this country were discovered by the Spaniards 
In the ICth century, but in 1702 the discovery of the Columbi? River, by Captain Gray, gave to the United States a claim 
to sovereignty. The British derived their claim from discovery .^nd occupation. In 1S04-5-6 Captains Lewis and Clarke 
explored the country from the mouth of the Missouri to the mouth of the Columbia, and spent the winter of 1S05-6 on the 
Pacific. In ISOS the first trading-house established on the waters of the Columbia was erected by the Missouri Fur Com- 
pany on Lewis River. In 1810 the Pacific Fur Company, at the head of which was the late John Jacob Astor, of New 
York, was founded, and in llie following year Fort Astoria was built at the mouth of the Columbi.i. This fort was taken 
during the last war by the English, but peace returning, it was again delivered by the British Government to its original 
owners. The disputes respecting the sovereignty were renewed in 1845, and in 1S46 a treaty between England and the 
United States defined the line of 49° as the division between the territories of the two nations. Tlie people of Oregon 
hitherto had existed under a government of their own, and made their own laws. A bill to establish a territorial govern- 
ment passed the House of Representatives 16th January, 1847, but w.-is not acted on by tlie Senate. In 1848 a bill passed 
both houses of Congress, and was approved by the President, 14th August The government was soon after organized 
according to the provisions of the new law, and the Independent government ceased. The emigration to Oregon is con- 
tinually increasing in numbers. 

Salem, on the east side of the "Willamette River, is the political capital of the State. 
234 



THE STATE OE PENISYLVANIA. 



Pennsylvania, from her central position, her natural resources, and her grand system of transit lines, one of the most 
important Stales of the Union, lies in tlie form of a parallelogram, between 39° 43' (Mason and Dixon's line) and 42° 
latitudes N., and extends from 14° 40' to SO^ 36' longitudes W. from Greenwich, or 2° 22' E. and 3° 35' W. from "Wash- 
ington. It is bounded on the north by Lalce Erie and the State of New York ; on the east by New Jersey, from which 
the Delaware Eiver separates it; on the south by Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia; and on the west by Virginia and 
Ohio. "With a length from east to west of 315 miles, and a breadth, exclusive of the strip of land jutting toward Lake 
Erie, of 160 miles, its area covers a surface of 46,000 square miles. 

Pennsylvania, with the exception of Virginia, is the only State which stretches quite across the great Appalachian sys- 
tem of mountains, and is thus naturally divided into throe strilcingly distinct regions — the eastern or Atlantic slope, the 
central or mountain region, and the western, or Ohio and Erie table-land. 

The principal mountain chains definitely traceable in this State are as follows : 

1. The South Mountain enters it from New Jersey, between Northampton and Bucks counties, and after being inter- 
rupted by the Schuylkill above Pottstown, and by the Susquehanna near the southern border of the State, it passes into 
Maryland. 

2. The Blue Eidge enters Pennsylvania below Easton, where it is pierced by the Delaware ; pursuing a south-westerly 
direction, it is internipted by the Scliuylkill at Reading, by the Susquehanna below Harrisburg, and passes out of the 
State between Adams and Franklin counties. The elevation of the former ridge nowhere exceeds 1,000 feet, and that of 
the latter is somewhat more elevated. 

3. The Blue Mountain, or Kittatinny, also enters this State from New Jersey, and is broken by the Delaw-are at Water 
Gap, further west by a pass called the Wind Gap, by the Lehigh, by the Schuylkill above Harrisburg, and by the Sus- 
quehanna five miles above Harrisburg. It then passes between Franklin and Bedford counties into Maryland. Its 
elevation in Pennsylvania varies from SOO to 1,500 feet above the sea level. Between the Kittatinny Mountain and the 
north branch of the Susquehanna Eiver, a distance of about 35 miles, is the great anthracite coal region. 

4. The Broad Mountain, which lies in the intervening space between the Kittatinny Mountain and Susquehanna, forms 
a less continuous but more elevated chain than the last mentioned. It is continued south-west of the Susquehanna by the 
Tuscarora MoiAtains, which are pierced by the Juniata between Mifflin and Perry counties, and passes into Maryland a 
little west of the Kittatinny chain. 

5. Sideling Hill forms a well-defined ridge from the Maryland line to the Juniata, on the south-west comer of 
Mifflin County. 

6. The next well-deflned chain is the Alleghany Mountain, which forms the dividing ridge between the Atlantic basin 
and the Valley of the Ohio. It is therefore the height of land between those two basins, although its summits do not rise to 
60 great an elevation above its base as do those of Broad Mountain above the base of that chain. The Alleghany rises 
in Bradford County, is pierced by the north branch of the Susquehanna below Towanda, traverses Lycoming County, 
where it crosses the west branch of the Susquehanna, and pursuing a southerly course, separates Huntingdon and Bed- 
ford from Cambria and Somerset counties. 

Westward of the Alleghany chain, and on the Ohio table-land, two well-defiued chains cross the State from north to 
south, in a direction nearly parallel to that of the first-mentioned, under the names of (7) the Laurel Kidge, about 
twenty-five miles west of the Alleghanles ; and (S) Chestnut Eidge, ten miles farther west. Neither of these chains is 
very elevated. 

Though in some places rude and rocky, many of these mountain ranges consist of gradually rising swells, cultivated to 
the summits, and the whole mountain region is interspersed with highly beautiful and productive valleys, some of which 
are of considerable extent and under an excellent system of cultivation. The eastern and western parts of the State are 
generally level, or agreeably diversified with hills and vales. 

Every part of Pennsylvania is well watered, and abounds in rivers, streams, rivulets, and brooks ; but some of the rivers 
are bo much obstructed that they serve rather as canal feeders than as navigable channels. 

The Delaware, that rises in the Kaatskill Mountains in New York, and bathes the eastern border, may yet be consid- 
ered as belonging to Pennsylvania, from which it receives its principal tributaries. Pursuing a southerly course, and 
piercing the Kittatinny and Blue Eidge, the Delaware meets the tide 130 miles from the sea at Trenton, to which place it 
is accessible for sloops ; at and above that point the navigation is impeded by a fall and shoals. Large ships ascend to 
Philadelphia, about 40 miles below which it expands into a broad bay. Its whole course is about 320 miles in length. 
The numerous canals connected with various points of the coal region, and uniting its waters with those of the Hudson, 
the Earitan, and Chesapeake, have greatly increased its importance as a channel of trade. Its principal tributaries in 
Pennsylvania are the Lackawaxen, the Lehigh, and the Schuylkill, which rise in the anthracite region. The Schuyl- 
kill has a course of about 130 miles, and is navigable for vessels of above 800 tons to Philadelphia, six miles below which 
it falls into the Delaware. 

The Susquehanna is the principal river of Pennsylvania in point of size, but it is so much broken in its course by 
rapids and bars as to afford little advantage to navigation without artificial aid. It rises in Otsego Lake, in the State of 
New York, and flowing in a circuitous but general southerly direction, nearly parallel with the Delaware, it reaches the 
Chesapeake 400 miles from its source. Its principal tributaries are all from tlie right— they are the TJnadilla and 
Jhenango, in New York; and the Tioga or Chemung, the West Branch, and the Juniata, in Pennsylvania. The most 

235 



THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 



considerable from the west are the Lackawannock, SwaUira, and Conestoga. The channels of the Susquehanna are so 
winding and broken that even the descending navigation is extremely difficult and dangerous, and practicable only at 
certain seasons in particular stages of the waters, and its tributaries partake of the same character. The Juniata rises 
in the Alleghany ridge, but the West Branch rises in numerous streams from the Laurel llill, and pierces the Alleghany 
above Duntistown. 

The great rivers of Western Pennsylvania arc tributaries, or, rather, constituents of the Ohio. The Alleghany, rising 
in the north-western slope of the same range, with some of the remote sources of the West Branch, flows first north into Kew 
York, and then south to its junction with the Monongahela. It is navigable to Oleau. in Kew York, 240 miles from its moui . 
and to Waterford, on French Creek, its principal tributary, 14 miles from Lake Erie. The Kiskiminetas, or Conemaugh, 
the princijjal tributary to the east, rises in the western declivity of the Alleghany Mountains, near the head waters of the 
Juniata, an<l pierces the Laurel and Chestnut ridges. The other constituent branch of the Ohio is the Monongahela, 
which descends from the Alleghany range in Virginia, and before its junction with the Alleghany receives the 
Youghiogeny, a large stream from Maryland. Both of these rivers afford boat navigation for a considerable distance. 
The Big Beaver is the only large tributary of the Ohio within this State, and is navigable for some distance above the 
falls near its mouth. After the junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela, the Ohio has a short part of its course on the 
borders of Pennsylvania. 

Pennsylvania, skirting on Lake Erie, has a coast of about 30 miles in length. Seaward, the State has no coast, but its 
noble river, the Delaware, is easily accessible, an^l furnishes harbors of the greatest importitnce. Westward of the mount- 
ains, its rivers open a highway toward the Great West, and ultimately to the Gulf of Mexico. And both systems of rivers 
and outlets are so connected by vast internal improvements as to create continuous lines of communication, which not 
only permit of a free passage through the State, but bring to a focus all its most distant parts. 

The numerous geological formations which are observable throughout Pennsylvania, are generally composed of suc- 
cessive strata or layers of rock, based one upon another, from the lowest primary in the series up to the highest rocks con- 
taining the anthracite and bituminous coal. The rocks which contain these stratifications are the highest in the regular 
ascending order found in the Slate. If rocks of a more recent formation than the coal are found anywhere in the State, 
their area is of a very limited character, and they must, in all probability, have been deposited since the formation of that 
vast system of lower second.ary strata which occupies so large a portion of the territory. In traveling through this State, 
the attention of the most casual observer can not fail to be attracted by the course or range of the various groups and beds 
of rocks, which run in nearly a north-east and south-west direction, in many places forming a curvature of considerable 
magnitude, and at the same time corresponding with the mountain ridges which traverse the State. The position of 
these strata is not in all places the same, their inclination or dip verging in every degree of slope, from horizontal to 
perpendicular. 

The rocks of the secondary series, being sedimentary, present a beautiful stratified appearance, and, as a matter of 
course, are composed of a succession of water deposits, imlicating to us that they must have originally lain in a horizontal 
position. The different rock belonging to the primary stratified class chiefly consist of gneiss, mica, slate, talc-slate, and 
their subordinate varieties. These occupy the south-eastern portion of Pennsylvania, including a part of Chester, Lan- 
caster, York, Montgomery, Bucks, and Delaware, and the whole of Philadelphia County. There are, however, unstrati- 
fled rocks of a crystalline structure, comprising granite, sienite, etc., discovered in small local and irregular veins, gene- 
rally in the southernmost portion of the primary range. This range of rocks extends from Trenton, on the Delaware, 
downward to the very southern boundary of the State. It also runs westwardly to the south-eastern part of Adams 
county. The crystalline limestone of Chester and Montgomery counties, which sometimes forms good marble, is found 
above this triangular belt as we proceed north ; and in some places north of this limestone, gneiss, with talc and mica- 
slate, have been discovered. 

Continuing northward, we come to the red sandstone formation, which stretches across the State from the Delaware 
above Trenton to the Maryland line. This formation extends through Bucks. Dauphin, Chester, Montgomery, Berks, 
Lancaster, York, and Adams counties. Some geologists have classed this group with the middle secondary period. Be this, 
however, as it may, one thing is certain — it presenta a remarkable uniformity with respect to its material and appearance 
throughi lut its whole range. It is composed of dark, reddish brown, argillaceous sandstone, soft, crumbling, red and brown 
shales, with now and then bands of conglomerate. The dip of tlie strata is almost invariably to the northward, descending 
at an angle of from 12 to 25 degrees. The conglomerates which this group contains are principally discovered in the imdcr 
strata, near the southern formation of the margin, or along its northern border in the highest. In both cases, where the 
red sandstone overlies the older limestone in the vicinity, it is frequently that a large portion, if not the whole, of the im- 
bedded pebbles, consists of rounded fragments of variously colored limestone. The paste which cements them together 
is so highly calcareous that the whole mass can be easily burned and converted into tolerably good lime. Portions of this 
conglomerate, were they to undergo a polishing process, would make a beautiful variegated marble of the breccia species. 
The marble from which the representative chamber of the Capitol, at Washington, is made, and which was quarried on 
the Potomac, is of this character, and belongs to this formation. It is observable at several points in the northern border 
of the red sandstone, in the upper part of Bucks and the southern parts of Berks, but more especially near the Schuylkill, 
two or three miles below Beading. It is also found in several other places, but in less quantity. Numerous hills and 
dykes of trap rock, or greenstone, which sometimes form hills of considerable height, traverse the red sandstone forma- 
tion in the same direction as the other ranges of the State. Generally this rock assumes a dark-gray color, with some shade 
of green crystalline in its structure, being chiefly composed of hornl)lende and feldspar, quite closely mixed. Although this 
rock is exceedingly tough and very difficult to break, yet it is frequently used as a material for buildings ; but in consequence 
of its being scattered over the surface in irregular masses of all sizes, it is seldom quarried for that purpose. It is very 
evident that this rock is of an igneous origin ; and having been brought to the surface in a state of fusion, by an upheaval 
through the dislocated beds of red sandstone, in a highly heated state, it has transformed the texture and color of the shale 
and sanilstone in the neighborhood, turning them into a baked, hard, blue rock, entirely different from their original 
character. In a number of the ridges which cross the upper parts of Bucks and Montgomery counties, this rock only is 
visible, the trap having never reached the surface; but the heat, however, from beneath has been so intense as to change 
the color and texture of the shales and sandstone above. The soil where this rock is generally found is of a cold, clayey 
character, and but little esteemed for agricultural purposes, while the unaltered soil of the shale and sandstone is exceed- 
ingly productive, 

Another belt of primary rocks, which forms a chain of hills stretching south-west across Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, 
236 



THE STATE OP PENNSYLVANIA, 



Lancaster, York, Cumberland, Adams, and Franklin counties to the Maryland line, is found on the Delaware, below 
Easton, north of the middle secondary sandstone. This irregular range is generally called the South Mountain, and 
thouijh frequently interrupted, is nearly continuous across the State. Continuing south-west along this ridge, the primary 
rocks disappear as wo approach the Schuylkill, and although they are seen occasionally west of that even, they are inva- 
riably covered throughout the remainder of the range by overlying rocks of the secondary series. 

The mineral wealth of Pennsylvania consists chiefly in its vast deposits of coal and iron. The coal is of two distinct 
varieties, viz., anthracite, anasphaltic or non-bituminous, and bituminous. 

The anthracite of Pennsylvania is found in the Wyoming and Lackawanna v.nlleys, situated between the Blue Kldge 
and the Susquehanna. The coal district is chiefly occupied by mountains which run parallel to the Blue Kidge, and are 
1,500 feet high. But little of tliis surface, with the exception of a few narrow^ valleys, invites cultivation. These mount- 
ains are chiefly in a wild state, and ofl'i.T a secure retreat to cougars, wolves, bears, and other animals. 

The rocks of the above described region arc of a transition class, and present little diversity. Graywacke slate occurs 
in abundance, loose on the surface and in ledges. It is sometimes based on old red sandstone, and surmounted by un- 
stratifled rocks, an aggregate cjf quartz, pebbles of various dimensions, with a cement usually silicious. In the Blue 
Eidge, in addition, a silicious graywacke, resembling fine-grained granular quartz, is common. It appears in some places 
massive, but is often slaty. Its cement is chiefly silicious; some alumine, however, is indicated in its composition. The 
beds and veins of anthracite range from north-east to south-west, and may often be traced for a considerable distance by 
the compass. The veins have the inclination of the adjacent strata of graywacke, with which they are often alternate, 
usually between SC to 45°. In a few places they are horizontal and vertical. The beds and veins of anthracite have 
narrow strata of dark colored, fine grained, argillaceous schist for the roof and floor. This slate generally contains sul- 
phuret of iron, and disintegrates on exposure to the atmosphere. The sulphates of iron and alumine are often observed in 
the schist, and it frequently presents impressions of plants, and sometimes of maritime shells. Impure pulverulent coal 
is usually connected with this slate, and is said to be a good material for printers ink. 

Anthracite has been found in the greatest quantity in sections of coal regions most accessible by water. Extensive beds 
and veins range from the Lehigh to the Susquehanna, crossing the head waters of the Schuylkill and Swatara about 10 
miles north-west of the Blue Kidge, and it abounds contiguous to the Susquehanna and Lackawanna. But in no part of 
the district does antliracite occur in such apparently inexhaustible beds, or is so abundantly raised, as in the vicinity of 
Mauch Chunk, a village situated on the Lehigh, 35 miles from Easton, and lOS miles by water from Philadelphia. The 
coal is there excavated on the flat summit of a mountain that rises nearly 1,500 feet above the ocean. It is of good 
quality, and presents beds of unparalleled extent, is disclosed for several miles on the summit, and is indicated in many 
places by a coal slate in a pulverulent state on the surface. The mountain rises with a steep acclivity, particularly on the 
north-west side, and when penetrated at various altitudes, discloses coal at about the same distance from the surface. 
Strata of graywacke slate, containing mica, sometimes rest on the coal, parallel with the mountain side. In the deep ex- 
cavations made on the summit no termination of the coal bed has been found, and it is not improbable that the anthracite 
forms the nucleus of the mountain for a considerable distance. 

This coal mountain range is described as extending in a south-west direction to the Susquehanna. To the north-east, 
beyond the Lehigh, it is connected with the Broad Mountain, the first considerable elevation west of the Blue Eidge. 
The Lehigh, from Mauch Chunk to the Water Gap, 11 miles, winds between rocky mountains, with a brisk current, but 
presents no falls. In its passage through the Kittatinny the river has a tranquil but slightly inclined course. On the 
adjacent elevation yellow pine, hemlock, and spruce are interspersed with deciduous trees. From the Water Gap to the 
Delaware the river pursues its course in a deep ravine, seldom with alluvial borders of much extent. In this district of 
country the soil generally rests on limestone sinks, indicating caves, and fissures in the rocks are often observed that must 
in some places render canaling difficult. From the confluence of the Lehigh with the Delaware to tidewater the descent 
is 150 feet. 

Next to Mauch Chunk, Mount Carbon, or Pottsville, as it is now called, situated at the head of the Schuylkill Canal, 
has worked the principal anthracite coal fields. Many large veins are worked within three miles of the landing, and some 
have been opened seven miles to the north-east, in the direction of the Lehigh beds. On almost every eminence adja- 
cent to Pottsville indications of coal are disclosed. The veins generally run in a north-east direction, with an inclination 
of about 45°, and are from 3 to 9 feet in thickness; commencing at or near the surface they penetrate to an unknown 
depth, and can often be traced on hills to a considerable distance by sounding in a north-east or south-west direction. 
Some veins have been wrought to the depth of 200 feet without the necessity of draining, the inclined slate roof shielding 
them from water. The coal and slate are raised by horse-power, in wagons, by a railway that has the inclination of the 
vein. 

The western part of Pennsylvania is abundantly supplied with bituminous coal, as the eastern is with anthracite. It is 
found in the rivers Conemaugh, Alleghany, and Monongahela, and in numerous placeson the west of the Alleghany 
ridge, which is generally its eastern boundary. It occurs on this mountain at a considerable elevation, and elsewhere in 
nearly a horizontal position, alternating with gray sandstone that is often micaceous, and bordered by argillaceous schist. 
The veins are generally narrow, rarely over six feet in width. This mineral is abundant, and of good quality, near Pitts- 
burg, where it is valuable for the extensive manufactures carried on in that place. Beds of bituminous coal are reported 
as occurring in Bedford County, in the Korth-west part of Luzerne, and in Bradford County. In the last-named county, 
nine miles from the Susquehanna, there is an extensive bed of coal regarded as bituminous. It has been penetrated 80 feet 
without fathoming the depth of the strata. Bituminous coal occurs on the Tioga, and on the Chemung, a branch of that 
river. It exists also on the numerous streams that descend the Western side of the extensive peninsula situated between 
the north and west branches of the Susquehanna. The coal of Tioga is nothing inferior to the best Liverpool or 
Newcastle coal. 

According to the statistical tables of C. G. Childs, Pennsylvania contains an area of 46,000 square miles, of which 
upward of 15,000 square miles, or about one-third part of the State, is coal lands, principally lying above or near the 
water level. England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland combined, according to the best authority, contain only 11,000 square 
miles of coal in an area of 120,000 square miles of territory. This coal, in many cases, lies from 900 to 1,S00 feet below the 
jurface of the ground, and is raised by machinery. In relation to the quantity of iron ore, nearly the same relative pro- 
portions exist between Great Britain and Pennsylvania. It will thus be seen that in these articles of the first necessity, 
and indispensable to a state of civilization, Pennsylvania possesses throe times as much as all Great Britain. If to the 
anthracite coal trade of the State the bituminous coal mines in its western part be added (believed to exceed 1,800,000 

23T 



THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 



tons in 1S51), tha total quantity would be about 6,800,000 tons, worth at tide water $S 40 per ton, and we have a total of 
TWt:NTY MILLIONS OF DOLLARS OS the valuc of the coal trade of the State for the year 1S51. 
Table showing the quantity of anthracite coal sent to maricet annually, from its cruninencement in 1820 : 



Years. 


Total 
Lehigh. 


Schuylltill. 


Little 
Schuylkill. 


Total 
Schuylkill. 


Lackawanna. 


Pioe Grove. 


Lykens 
Valley. 


Sharaokin. 


Wyoming. 


Total Supply 


1820 


365 


— 


— 


— 


_ 


_ 


— 


_ 


— 


365 


1821 


1,073 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


1,073 


1822 


2,441 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


2,441 


1823 


5,023 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


1 


5,028 


1S24 


9,541 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


9.541 


1825 


28,396 


6,500 


— 


6,500 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


34,896 


1826 


81,280 


16,767 


— 


16,767 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


48,047 


1827 


82,074 


31,360 


— 


81,360 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


63,434 


1828 


30,232 


47,234 


— 


47,284 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


77,516 


1829 


25,110 


79,972 


— 


79,972 


7,000 


— 


— 


— 


— 


112,063 


1830 


41,750 


89,934 


— 


89,934 


42.700 


— 


— 


— 


— 


176,784 


1831 


40,966 


81,854 


— 


S1,.S54 


54,000 


— 


— 


— 


— 


170,820 


18.33 


75,000 


195,271 


14,000 


209,271 


84,500 


— 


— 


— 


— 


863,771 


1833 


123,000 


216.210 


36,761 


252,971 


111,777 


— 


— 


— 


— 


487,748 , 


1834 


106,244 


191,540 


35,152 


226,692 


43,700 


— 


— 


— 


— 


376,686 


1835* 


131,250 


302,024 


37,494 


339,513 


93.345 


5,500 


— 


— 


— 


575,103 


1836 


146.522 


393,975 


38,070 


432,045 


104,500 


9,978 


5.4.39 


— 


— 


693,484 


1837 


225,937 


491,230 


31,922 


523,152 


115.3S7 


16,726 


6,430 


— 


— 


887,632 


1833 


214,211 


421,569 


12,306 


433,375 


76.321 


16,665 


6,005 


4,104 


— 


746,181 


1839 


222,042 


333,927 


8,249 


442,176 


122,300 


19,227 


5,372 


11,930 


— 


823,479 


1840 


22.5.591 


4-33,263 


19,028 


452,291 


148,470 


19,463 


5,302 


15.928 


— 


867,045 


1S41 


142,307 


543,230 


41,412 


534.692 


192,270 


15,306 


6,176 


22,154 


— 


964,256 


1S42 


271,913 


491.6U2 


26,831 


541,504 


205,263 


81.437 


181 


10,098 


47,346 


1,107,732 


1843 


267,125 


647,308 


30,005 


677.313 


227,605 


22,879 


— 


9,870 


57,740 


1,262,532 


1S44 


376,303 


782,070 


58,309 


840,379 


251,005 


27,719 


— 


13,037 


114,906 


1,623,469 


1845 


430,993 


1,008,901 


76,122 


1,035,023 


206,072 


31,208 


— 


10,135 


;73,401 


2,002,877 


1846 


522,513 


1,150,828 


86,155 


1,236,933 


314,400 


55,346 


— 


12.646 


133,003 


2,3.33,494 


1847 


643,503 


1,467,499 


105,345 


1,572,344 


338,200 


61,233 


— 


14,904 


289,398 


2,970,597 


1848 


680,193 


1,490,209 


162,625 


1,652,834 


434,267 


56,933 


2,000 


19,357 


237,271 


8,082,860 


1849 


800,987 


1,423,156 


174,757 


1,605,626 


454,240 


73,299 


25,000 


19,658 


253,080 


3,241,890 


1850 


722,638 


1,500,047 


211,960 


1,712,007 


543,386 


62,809 


35,000 


19,921 


275.109 


3,371,420 


1851 


939,251 


1,868,277 


310,307 


2,173,534 


783,485 


00,000 


53,150 


23,989 


3:36,018 


4,389,476* 


1S52 





— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


1853 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


1854 


_ 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


1855 
1856 
1S57 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


_ 


_ 


— 


_ 


— 


_ 


— 


_ 


_ 


_ 


1858 
1859 
1?60 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


_ 


— 


_ 


_ 


— 


_ 


_ 


— 


_ 


— 


The annexed r.nalysis of the 


different k 


nds of coal 


analyzed i 


nder direct 


ion of the I 


snvy Depar 


tment, will 


be of value 


as determining their relative qi 


lality : 
















Descriptions. 

Bitiimino'is : 




Fixed Carb 


on. 


Bituminou 
volatile nut 


ter. ev 


Cubic feet 
iporatej per 


lour, c 


ba steam per 
Libic n, of coal. 


Pittsburg 




54.93 




36.16. 




....10.56. 




....884 


Liverpool 

Pictou 




54.90 




39.90. 




13.43. 




875 




60.74 




25.97. 




....16.45. 




. . . .41T 


Cannelton, Ind 




58.44 




33.99. 




....15.05. 




....818 


Semi-bit umincni^ : 


















Blossburg 




73.11 




14.78. 




....1.8.69. 




....515 


Dauphin 




74.24 




13.84. 




....18.35. 




....472 


Anthracite or noiv-biiumino 


m: 
















Peach Orchard 




89.02 




.... 2.96. 




....14.04. 




... 545 


Lackawanna 




87.74 




8.91. 




....11.91. 




....477 


Leh 


igh 






89.15 




5.28. 




....11.63. 




....432 



Almost every county In the State contains deposits of iron in one or other of its multifarious forms. It exists in the 
greatest measure, and in its most v.iluablc ore, in the bituminous coal region, especially in the neighborhood of Pittsburg, 
where it has been wrought to an immense extent for a number of years past. Pennsylvania, indeed, is said to produce 
nearly one half of the whole iron manufactured in the United States. The State is also rich in many of the other useful 
metals. Extensive copper and lead formations have lately been discovered near tlie Schuylkill, some of the veins of which 
have already been profitably worked. The copper ore is said to bear a striking resemblance to that of Cornwall and 
Cuba, The average yield of 20,000 tons has been 20 per cent, of fine copper. The argentiferous lead ore, which is also 
abounding, has been analyzed, and carries about 75 per cent, of lead, and will yield of silver about $35 per ton. The 



' Including 20,000 tons from the Dauphin mine. 



THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 



Perkiomen mine, whioli is near the newlj- clisco\ered veins, has been worked to the depth of 300 ftet, and more than a 
quarter of a mile in length. Already (1851) $64,000 have been received for ore, and about 400 tons more have been mined. 
This, with the new veins, gives evidence of a field of mineral wealth which promises to add to the fame of Pennsylvania 
as the greatest mineral region in the world. Zinc is also a product of the State. Limestone, marbles, granites, etc., with 
a vast variety of other valuable building materials, alum, and other useftil earths, etc., are distributed over the State 
in an unexampled profusion. Salt is chiefly derived from the springs of the Kiskiminetas, Alleghany, and Beaver 
rivers. There are also in this State many mineral and saline springs, which have become the centres of summer recreation. 

Pennsylvania has a climate intermediate between the extremes of the northern and southern sections of the country. 
The south-eastern part, in which Philadelphia is situated, has a changeable atmosphere, and the annual extremes arc 
great Among the mountains and in the northern counties, it is more settled, but much colder, particularly in the winter 
season. To the west of the AUeghanies the weather is generally milder than to the eastward, owing principally to the 
prevalence of south-east winds. The annual mean temperatures of Philadelphia and Pittsburg are almost similar, although 
varied in distribution through the year, from local causes. The temperature of Philadelphia during the year varies from 
93° to 6° Fahr., and at Pittsburg the extremes are 94° and 10°. The winters and summers are decidedly marked, but the 
spring is short, variable, and uncertain. The fall, however, is the pleasantest part of the year, and the weather in that 
season, though sometimes interrupted by excessive heat, is serene and delightful. The Stat«, on the whole, is considered 
one of the most salubrious on the continent, and life is of more than average duration. It is also highly favorable for 
agricultural pursuits. 

The great extent of limestone formation In Pennsylvania assures to the soil fertility and productive strength, and though 
extending over so large a surface, it is, in the main, of excellent quality. The anthracite region, however, which is com- 
posed chiefly of a rugged surface, is forbidding and sterile. Many of the mountains admit of cultivation to their summits, 
and the valleys between them are often of a rich soil, suited to the various kinds of grass and grain. West of the 
mountains the soil is a deep mold, equal in fertility to the best lands of America. To the cast the soil is also excellent, 
and everywhere is the State abundantly watered by fine streams and rills of living water. The natural growths vary with 
locality and elevation, but do not differ in their character from those of other portions of the middle Atlantic region. The 
trees most common in the forests are beech, hemlock, and sugar maple, the oak, hickory, and elm, chestnut, mulberry, 
and locust The wild plum and crab apple grow in abundance, and grape-vines are common. Every description of 
fruit and garden vegetable is cultivated. Wild animals, as the cougar, wolf, etc., still haunt the uncultivated parts, but 
most of these have been extirpated by the onward march of civJfization. 

Pennsylvania is divided into 63 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1S50, were as follows • 



Eastern Pennsylvania — 21 counties. 



Counties. 



Dwell. 



Adams 4,.3S6. 

Berks 12,931. 

Bucks 9,T5T. 

Carbon 2,544. 

Chester 11,580. 

Cumberland. 6,021. 

Dauphin 6,033. 

Delaware ... 4,118. 

Franklin 6,690. 

Lancaster.. . .1T,13S. 
Lebanon 4,452. 



Alleghany 22,551. 

Armstrong .... 5,052 , 

Beaver 4,564. 

Bedford 3,896. 

Blau- 3,718 

Bradford 7,-391. 

Butler 5,254. 

Cambria 2,893. 

Centre 3,9-36, 

Clarion 4,008. 

Clearfield 2,157. 

Clinton 1,930. 

Columbia 2.924. 

Crawford 6,592. 

Elk 643. 

Erie 6,825. 

Fayette 6,59T. 

Fulton 1,333. 

Green 3,777, 

Huntingdon .. 4,293. 
Indiana 4,644. 



Pop. 

25,931. 
17,129. 
56,091 . , 
15,686. 
66,438. 
34,827. 
35,754. 
24,679. 
39,904. 
98,944. 
26,071. 



Pop. 

.138,290. 
. 29,560. 
. 26,689. 
. 23,052. 
. 21,777. 
. 42,831. 
. 30.346. 
. 17,773. 
. 23,-355. 
. 23,565. 
. 12,536. 
. 11,20T. 
. 17,710. 
. .37,849. 
. 3,531 . 
. 88,742. 
. 39.112. 
. 7,567. 
. 22,136. 
. 24,786. 
. 27,170. 



1,902.. 

4,780., 
4,707.. 
246., 
4,8.35. 
1,842. 
,1,956. 
1.376.. 
2,247., 
5,629. 
1,449.. 

Farms 
in cult. 

..8,729. 
.1,612. 
.1,841. 
.1,875. 
. 826. 
.5,096. 
.2,945. 
.1,089. 
.1,04;?. 
.1,726. 
.2,-3l7. 
. 6-38. 
.1,179. 
.4,070. 
. 254. 
.3,8.34. 
.2,1.39. 
. 531. 
.1,789. 
.1,445. 
.2,496. 



124., 

1,286. 

636.. 

158.. 
1,086. 

258., 

253. 

299., 

455. 
1,146. 

146., 



Capitals, 

Gettysburg 

Reading 

Doylestown 

Maueh Chunk 

Westchester 

Carlisle 

Haeribbueo 

Chester 

Chambersburg 

Lancaster 

Lebanon 



Counties. Dwell. 

Lehigh 5,589. 

Monroe 2,155. 

Montgomery . 10,022 . 
Northampton 6,836. 

Perry 8,412. 

Philadelphia 61,278. 

Pike 964. 

Schuylkill.... 10,671. 

Wayne 3,719. 

York 9,927. 



Pop. 

, 32,479. 
. 13,270. 
. .'i8,291. 
, 40,235. 

20,088. 
408,762. 
, 5,881. 

60,713. 
, 21,890. 
. 57,450. 



.2,074. 
. 904. 
.4,456. 
.2,102. 
.1,456. 
.1,530. 
. 370. 
.1,247. 
.1,-336. 
.3,734. 



. 270..Allentown 

76..Stroudsburg 
. 697. .Norristown 
. 424..Easton 
. 2-32..N. Bloomfleld 
.4,589.. Philadelphia 
. 40..MiIford 
. 954. .Orwigsburg 
. 200.. Bethany 
. 533.. York 



Western Pennsylvania — 42 counties. 



,1,290. 
. 93. 

186. 
. 117. 
, 130. 

562. 

143. 

126. 
, 171. 
, 246. 

122. 

149. 

291. 

248. 
50. 

255., 

232. 
49. 
95. 

193., 
75. 



Capitals. 

Pittsburg 

Kittaning 

Beaver 

Bedford 

IlolUdaysb'g 

Towanda 

Butler 

Ebensburg 

Bellefonte 

Clarion 

Clearfield 

Lockhaven 

Bloomsburg 

Meadville 

Eidgeway 

Erie 

Uniontown 

Harrison ville 

Waynesboro' 

Huntingdon 

Indiana 



Counties. 

Jefferson 

Juniata 

Lawrence 

Luzerne 

Lycoming 

Mercer 

Mifflin 

Montour 

M'Kean 

Northumberl'd 

Potter 

Somerset 

Sullivan 

Susquehanna.. 

Tioga 

Union 

Venango 

Warren 

Washington. . . 
Westmoreland. 
Wyoming 



Dwell. 
2,258. 
2,168. 
3,687. 
9,587. 
4,586. 
5,402. 
2,591. 
2,2.89. 

953. 
4,062. 
1,135. 
3,969. 

660. 
5.203. 
4,222. 
4,455. 
8,065. 
2,489. 
3,045. 
8,-350. 

i,a34. 



Pop. 
, 13,518. 
, 13,029. 
. 21,079. 
. 56,072. 

26,257. 
, 33,172. 

14,930. 
. 13,239. 
. 5,254. 
. 23,272. 
, 6,043. 

24,416. 
■^ 3,694. 

28,633. 

23,937. 

26,083. 

18,-310. 
, 1-3,671. 

44,9-39. 
, 51,726. 
. 10,655. 



Farms 
in cult. 

.1,670. 

. 8-32. 
.1,606. 
.1,936. 
.1,561. 
.2,939. 
. 787. 
. 738. 
. 246. 
.1,748. 
. 668. 
.1,613. 
. 425. 
.3,909. 
.2,183. 
.1,597. 
.1.730. 
.1,207. 
.3,572. 
.4,013. 
. 895. 



Mannf. « -. , 
Kstab. Capitals. 

. 222..BrookvilIe 
. 58..Mifflintown 
. 49.. New Castle 
. 175..Wilkesbarre 
. 2.32..Williamsport 
. 150.. Mercer 
. 102 . . Lewistown 
. 89.. Dan ville 
. 40.. Smith port 
. 153..Sunbury 

55..Coudersport 

88.. Somerset 

26..Laporte 
. 322. .Montrose 
. 225..Wellsborough 
. 160..NewBerhn 

72.. Franklin 
. 216.. Warren 
. 247.. Washington 
. 586 . . Greensburg 

59. . Tunkhannock 



The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 886,216, of famUies 408,497, and of inhabitants 
2,311,786, viz., whites 1,180,056— males 589,294, and females 590,762 ; fr. col. 40,007— males 13,-352, and females 21,665. Of 
the whole population there were deaf and dmnb—vfh. 936, fr. col. 18— total 1,004; lUiid—wh. 798, fr. col. 81— total 829; 
t7wan«— wh. 1,842, fr. col. 49— total 1,891 ; and idiotic— -wh. 1,386, fr. col. 62— total 1,448. The number of free persona 

239 



THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 



bom in the United States was 2,014,619 ; the number of foreign birth, 294,871 ; and of birth unknown, 2,296. The native 
population originated as follows: Maine 1,15T, N. llamp. 1,1T5, Verm. 4,532, Mass. 9,330, E. I. 1,946, Conn. 9,266, N. 
Torlj 5S,S35, N. Jer. 29,117, Penmylvania 1,S44,6"2, Del. 12,552, Ind. 21,013, Dist. of Col. 707, Virg. 10,41(1. N. Car. 409, 
S. Car. 659, Ga. 176, Flor. 21. Ala. 87, Miss. 101, La. 1S7, Tex. 17, Ark. 10, Tenn. 15S, Ky. 497, Ohio 7,729, Mich. 224, Ind. 
899, 111. 323, Mo. 220, la. 70, Wise. 45. Calif. 8, Territories 2 ; and the foreign population was composed of persons from— 
England 3?,048, Ireland 151,723, Scotland 7,292, Wales 8,920, Germany 78,592, France 4,0<3, Spain 101, Portugal 34, 
Belgium 126, Holland 257, Turkey 2, Italy 172, Austria 49, Switzerland 914, Russia 139, Denmark 97, Norway 27, Sweden 133, 
Prussia 413, Greece 7, China 1, Asia 42, Africa 40, British America 2,500, Mexico 42, Central America 4, S. America 83, 
West Indies 006, Sandwich Islands 3, and other countries 361. 

The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the 
United States authorities : 

Colored Persons. Decennial Inrrease. 

Census White i * ^ Total < "^ n 

Years. Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Population. Kunierical. Per cent. 

1790 424,099 6,S37 8,737 10,.574 484,373 — — 

ISOO 586,093 14,561 1,706 16,267 602,-365 167,992 .38.7 

1810 786,804 22,492 795 23,287 810,091 207,726 34.4 

1820 1,019,045 30.2U2 211 80,413 1,049,458 239,367 29.5 

1830 1,309,900 37.9-30 403 38,.333 1,343,233 298,775 28.4 

1840 1,676,115 47,854 64 47,918 1,724,033 875,800 27.8 

1850 2,258,463 53,225 — 53,223 2,311,786 587,753 34.1 

The statistics of the productions, manufact\ircs, general industry, and institutions of the State, according to the censua 
of 1850 and other ofBcial returns referring to the same period, are as follows: 

Occupied Lands, etc. — Improved IVirm lands, 8,623,619 acres, and attached lands unimproved, 6,294,728 acres — together 
valued at $407,876,099. Total number of farms in cultivation on the 1st .June 13.50, 127,577— in Eastern Pennsylvania 50,178, 
and in Western Pennsylvania, 77,399. Value of farming implements and machinery, $14,722,,541. 

Live-Stock, et<:. — Horses, 850,398 ; asses and mules, 2,259; milch cows, 532,224 ; working o.\en, 61,527 ; other cattle, 
662,195 ; sheep, 1,822,.357, and swine, 1,040,306. Aggregate value of live-stock, $41,500,053. Compared with the stock 
owned in the State according to the census of 1340, the following results are obtained : 

Stock. 1840, is.io. Movement, 



Horses 

Asses and Mules. 

Milch Cows 1 ( 532,224 



deer. 


1,808,713 




or 27.3 


incr. 


5,595,192 




or 39.3 


incr. 


1,193,895 




or 5.8 


deer. 


44,309 




or 21.1 


incr. 


79,950 




or 3.7 



] 805,129 head | 850,398 head j ^^^^_ ^^,472 head, or 3.4 per cent. 

JVLilen cows \ t 532,224 " j 

Working Oxen J.1,172,665 " \ 61,527 " t deer. 16,719 " or 1.4 " 

Other Cattle ) I 562,195 " I 

Sheep 1,767,620 " 1,822,857 " incr. 54,737 " or 8.1 " 

Swine 1,503,964 " 1,040,366 " <?«c?-. 463,598 " or 80.8 « 

ProdueU of Animals. — Wool, 4,481,570 pounds; butter, 39,878,418 pounds; and cheese, 2,505,034 ponnds. Value of 
anim.als slaughtered during the year, $3,219,348. The quantity of wool reported in the census of 1840 was 3,048,564 
pounds, and hence the increase of production has been 31.9 per cent. ; and the clip per sheep has advanced from 1.72 in 
1840 to 2.46 pounds in 1850, or at the rate of 43 per centum in the decade. 

Grain Crops. — The crops, according to the returns of 1840 and 1850 comparatively, are as follows : 

Crops, 1840, 1850. Movement, 

Wheat 12,218,077 bushels 15,367,691 bushels incr. 2,154,614 bushels, or 16.3 per cent. 

Kye 6,613,373 " 4,8U5,160 " 

Indian corn 14,240,( i-22 " 19,335,214 " 

Oats 20,641,519 " 21,538,156 " 

Barley 209,893 " 165,584 " 

Buclm'heat 2,113,742 " 2,198,692 " 

Ot?ier Food Crops. — Peas and beans, 55,231 bushels; potatoes— Irish, 5,930,732 bushels, and sweet, 52,172 bushels. 
The potato crop returned in the census of 1840 amounted to 9,535,663 bushels ; and hence the decrease of production in 
the decade has been 8,502.759 bushels, or in the ratio of 36.7 per centum. 

Miscellaneowi Crops. — Tobacco, 912,651 pounds; hay, 1,842,970 tons; clover-seed, 125,030 bushels; other grass-seed, 
53,913 bushels ; hops, 22,088 pounds; hemp— dew-rotted, 282 tons, and water-rotted, 2,006 tons; flax, 523,079 pounds ; flax- 
seed, 41,650 bushels; silk cocoons, 235 (in 1840, 7.202J) pounds; maple sugar, 2,-326,525 pounds; molasses, 50,652 gallons; 
bees-wax and honey, 838 609 pounds; wine, 25,590 gallons, etc. Value of orchard products, $723,339; and of market- 
garden products, $688,714. The more important of these several crops, compared with the like crops returned by the 
census of 1840, exhibit the following results : 

Crops. 1840. 1850. Movement. 

Tobacc>^ 325,018 lbs 912,651 lbs incr. 537,6.33 lbs., or 1 SO.S per cent 

Hay 1,-311,6-13 tons 1,842,970 tons »»(•;•. 531,-327 tons, or 40.5 " 

Hops 49,481 lbs 22,083 lbs deer. 27,393 lbs., or 55.3 " 

Hemp— dew-rotted \ t 232 tons \ 

" water-rotted V 2,649} tons -j 2,006 tons V deer. 292,641 lbs., or 4.9 «« 

Flax ) ( 523,079 lbs ) 

Maple sugar 2,205,755 lbs 2,826,.525 lbs incr. 60,770 lbs., or 2.T « 

Wine 14,828 gals 25,590 gals incr. 11,262 gals., or 78.6 " 

Home-made Mnmifactures were produced in the year to the value of $749,132. The same manufactures, according to 
the census of 1840, were v.ilued at $1,303,093. Decrease in value, $5.>3,961, or 42.5 per centum. 

3fan7ifactwes. — Aggregate capital invested, $94,478,810 ; cost of all ruAV materi.1l, fuel, etc., consumed, $87,206,877 ; 
tiverage number of hands employed, —males and females ; monthly wages paid, $ —to 

240 



THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 



males $000,000, and to females $00,000 ; value of products for the year, $00,000,000. Total number of manufacturing eatab 
lishments proilucing to the annual value of $500 and upward, on the 1st June, 1850, 22,03G— in the eastern district 13,S82. 
and in the western district 8,154. Of the total number of establishments 2o8 were cotton factories, 380 woolen factories, 
and 631 iron-works, viz., 320 manufacturing castings, ISO pig iron, and 131 cast iron. The number of tannerieswas 1,039. 

In the manufacture of cotUm. the c.-ipital invested amounts to $4,528,925; material and fuel consumed $3,152,530; pro- 
ducts of the year, 45,746,790 yards of sheeting, etc., and 5,308,561 pounds of yarn ; total value of products, $5,322,262. 
Cotton used, 44,162 bales; coal consumed, 24,189 tons; hands employed, 7,663— males 3,564, and females 4,099; entu-e 
wages per month, $104,298— to males $63,642, and to females $40,656. The capital employed in 106 cotton factories in 
1840 was $3,325,400; hands employed, 5,522; value of articles manufactured, $5,013,007. 

In the icoolen manufactures the capital invested amounts to $3,005,064; wool used, 7,560,379 pounds; coal consumed 
10,777 Ions; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., $3,282,718; hands employed, 5,726— males 3,490, and females 2,236; 
entire wages jwr month, $90,417— to males $67,138, and to females $23,279 ; products of the year, 10,099,234 yards of 
cloth, and 1,941,621 pounds of yarn; value of entire products, $5,321,866. Capital in 1840, $1,510,546; hands employed, 
2,930 ; value of products, $2,319,061. 

The statistics of the iron manufacture are exhibited in the annexed table :* 

Pig Iron. Castings. Wronglit Iron. Total, 

8,570,425 8,422,924 7,620,066 19,613,415 

877,288 

233,203 

819 

20,405 

691,255 

27,505,186 276.855 3,939,998 81,722,039 

8,732,427 2,372,467 5,488,391 11,593,285 



Specifications. 

Capital invested dollars 

Ore used tons. . . 

Pig Iron used " . . 

Old Metal used " . . 

Blooms used 

Mineral Coal consumed 



877,233 



_ 69,501 163,702 

— 819 — 

_ — 20,405 

« 816,060 49,228 825,967 



Coke and Charcoal consumed husJiels .... 

Value of all raw material, etc dollars . . . 

Hands employed — male number. . . 

" " female " 

Monthly cost of labor — male dollars . . . 

" " " female " 

Metal produced t07is 

Value of all other products dollars. . . 

Value of entire products 



9,285 
9 . 

201,039 
46 . 

285,702 
40,000 



4,782 6,764 , 

1 T, 

181,744 187,227 

6 53 

57,810 182,506 . 

661,160 219,500 



20,881 

17 

520,010 

105 

526,018 

920,660 



6,071,513 5,354,881 8,902,907 20,329,301 



-about two-thirds of the aggregate capital is employed in Eastern Pennsylvania, and one-third in Western Pennsylva- 



* The table given above is from the census of 1850. A fuller and more elaborate aeriea of tabular statistics on the iron manu- 
facture of Pennsylvania is published iu "Hunt's Merchants' Magazine" for November, 1851, to which those interested in the sub- 
ject are directed. The following is a compend of the article referred to, which, though differing somewhat in its results from 
the census ascertainments, is nevertheless of great value: 

FURNACES. 
Annual Prcd'ct Larjrest 
Cap'city. in 1S49. Frod'ct. 
Tons. Tons. Tons. 

...221.400.. 



Deecript'n of^Vks. 


Condit'n. 
In. Out 


■g' r Anthracite & Blast .. 


.. 29 23. 


Q Charc'lSi. Hot Blast.. 


.. 31 36. 


^1 .. SLColdBlast .. 


-.27 33. 



Prcd'ct 

in 1S49. 

Tons. 

..109.168.. 



Power Employed 



Men. Anim'ls. St'm. Watr. S.&W. 

.151.331 4225 2126 42 12 1... 

..101.175 43.336 T7.860 4694 2499 5 53 9... 

.. 69.!524 29.697 52.231 3183 1830 4 54 2... 



Capital 
Invested. 

. $3,221,000 
. 2.867.B00 
. 2.356.500 



'xl [Total Eastern Dist 87 92.. 

^ fCharc'l ii. Hot Blast .... 10 8... 

2 •■ StCoIdBlast ....49.... 

2] RawBtm.Cl.&,H.B 3.... 

S I Coke &. Hot Blast.... -■■■■ 

" [Total Western Dist 62 51. 



..392.399 185.201 281.422.... 12.104. 



. 8 29.230 11.9i36. 

.35 104.130 50.908- 

. 4 12.600 4.900. 

. 4 12.000 . 



.. 16.659... 

.. 72.924... 

.. 7.800... 

- 10,000... 



6435 61 119. 

7 10.. 



..12 $8,445,000 



..1310. 713 

..5353 3320 28.. 

.. 513 220 6.. 

.. 900 100 4.. 



. 1 

.11 

. 1 



$611,000 

2.813.876 

223.000 

800.000 



.157.960 67.834 107.3S3.. 



8.078 4653 45 55 13 $4,447,876 



rAntbracite k. Blast .... 29 23 221.400 109.168 151.331 4225. 



.2126. 



12 1. 



ri Charc"l <sl. Hot Blast .... 41.-- 
g! .. &Cold Blast ....73... 
t^-jRawBtm.Cl.&H.B 3... 

5 I Coke &. Hot Blast .... -.- 

I Total 149... 



.44 130.703 58.302 94.319 6004 3212 12 63 10 

..68 173.6.31 80.665 123.155 8538 5350 32 99 13 

.. 4 12.600 4.900 7.800 515 220 6 - 1 

.. 4 12.000 10.000 900 100 4 - -,.... 



$3,221,000 

3.478.500 

5.170.376 

223.000 

800.000 



.143. 



.550.359 253.035 388.805 20.182.... ll.C 



.174 35 $12,892,876 



Distiict 
of State. 



No. of 
Works. 



Eastern 109... 

Western 3... 

Total 112... 



CnAP.COAL FORGES. 
Product 1849. 
Tons. Tons. 

Blooms. Bar. Blooms. Bar. 

39 lf)8 32.737 GSSO 24.349 3946.- 

5 3 (total380) 100 lOO.. 



No. of -Kir. r.e Largest Product. 

I^^'-gs Ham '^""'' 

Fires. "^"^ 



Power Employed. 



Men. Anim'ls. St'm. Wt'r. S.tW. 

.3065 1377 2 104 3.--. 

. 42 13 - 3 -.... 



Capital 
Invested. 



.$2,012,300 
. 14.000 



Eastern 4. 



.171 



.24.449 4046. 



..39.997.. 

F0RGE.9 OTHEK THAN CHAECOAL F0KGE3. 
410 — — 59.-.. 



..$2,026,300 



ROLUNO MILLS. 



District No. of 
of State. Works. 

Eastern 56 

Western.... 23.... 



Furnaces. No. of No. of 

. ■ , Train Nail 

Puddl'g. Heating. Rolls. Machines. 

...247 164 106 276.-.. 

-.187 128 80 330 



Power Employed. 



Largest Product, 

Product. 1849 . ■ > 

Tons. Tons. Men. Anim'ls. St'm. Wt'r. S.&W. 

. 91.598 54.738 3648 511 22 31.-. 3 

. 72.132 53.620 3010 610 22 1..-- 



Capital 
Invested. 



-$ 3.128.700 
. 2.435.500 



Total ...79 434 292 186 606 163.730 108.358.... 6658 1121 44 33 3 $5,554,200 



District 
of State. 



No. of 
Works. 



No. of 
Fires. 



No. of 
Hamrs. 



BLOOMERIESi 



Largest Product. 
Tons. 



Product 1849, 
Tons. 



Power Employed. 



Capital. 
Invested 



Men. Animals. W'ater, 

Eastern 6 12 7 645..- 335 97 40 6 $28,700 

r 241 



THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 



nia. In 1S40 there were in the State 213 establishments, manufacturing annually 9S,395 tons of cast-iron, and 169 
bloomeries, forges, and rolling mills, manufacturing 87,244 tons of bar iron ; total fuel consumed, 855,903 tons ; hands 
employed, 11,522, and capital invested in the manufacture, $7,781,471. The counties having the largest interest in the iron 
trade in 1S50 were Alleghany, Armstrong, Lancaster, Chester, Berks, Clarion, Columbia, Blair, Huntingdon, and Luzerne— 
in these ten counties more than one-half the invested capital is employed. Of the sixty- two counties of the State, forty-five 
contain iron-works, and of the remaining seventeen, nine abound in iron and coal, so that only eight can be regarded as 
not suited to the manufacture of iron. The following will exhibit the relation the iron manufacture of Pennsylvania holds 
to that of the whole Union : 

Pig Iron. Cast Iron. Wrnuglit Iron. Total. 

Capital in Pennsylvania $8,570,425 $3,422,924 $7,G20,066 $19,613,415 

" " United States 17,346,425 17,416,361 14,495,220 49,252,006 



Proportion in Pennsylvania 49.4 p. c 19.6 p. c 52.6 p. c 89.S p. c. 

Eaw material, fuel, etc., in Pennsylvania $3,782,427 $2,372,467 $5,438,391 $11,593,235 

" " " in United States 7,005,289 10,346,855 9,693,109 27,049,753 



Proportion in Pennsylvania 53.3 p. c 22.9 p. c 56.6 p. c 42.8 p. c. 

Iron made in Pennsylvania— tons 235,702 57,310 182,506 526,013 

" " in United States " 564,755 322,745 278,044 1,105,544 



Proportion in Pennsylvania 55.6 p. c 17.9 p. c 65.9 p. c 45.1 p. c. 

Value of total products in Pennsylvania $6,071,513 $5,354,831 $3,902,907 $20,329,301 

« " " in United States 12,746,777 25,103,155 16,744,074 54,601,006 

Proportion in Pennsylvania 47.6 p. c 21.3 p. c 53.2 p. c 87.4 p. c. 

Besides the above manufactures, Pennsylvania has many others, which, though neither so extensive nor valuable, are 
very important in their bearing on the interests oi the commonwealth. It is conspicuous for its manufacture of railroad 
machinery and carriages, its extensive cabinet-ware manufactures, and numerous other crafts, which in the aggregate 
employ the vast capital indicated by the late census returns. As a manufacturing State, indeed, it is only less important 
than New York and Massachusetts. Its great manufacturing centres are Philadelphia in the east and Pittsburg in the 
west, and there are also extensi\'e manufactures carried on in the towns on the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers, and 
others in the interior. If Pennsylvania is mentioned as the great producer of coal and iron, it is only because those inter- 
ests are paramount, and eclipse minor Interests which in the aggregate are really as valuable and important. 

The capital invested in tanneries amounts to $3,540,318 ; value of all raw material, etc., used, $3,169,309 ; hands em- 
ployed, 2,930 ; monthly cost of labor, $54,301 ; skins tanned, 293,798, and sides tanned, 1,852,900 ; value of products for the 
year, $5,275,492. In 1340 there were in the State 1,170 tanneries; hands, 3,445; and capital, $2,783,636; sides of sole 
leather tanned, 415,655, and of upper leather, 405,933. 

In the manufacture of malt and spirituotis liquors, the investment amounts to $1,719,960 ; quantities and kinds of 
grain, etc., consumed — barley 550,105 bushels, oirn 1,433,555 bushels, rye 517,130 bushels, oats 24,990 bushels, apples 
61,200 bushels, molasses 10 hogsheads, and hops 263 tons ; hands employed, 911 ; quantities of liquor produced — ale, 
etc., 189,531 barrels, whisky and high wines 6,543,810 gallons, and rum 1,500 gallons. The census of 1340 returned 
1,010 distilleries, producing 6,24(),193 gallons of spirits ; and 87 breweries, producing 12,765,974 gallons of ale, etc. ; hands 
employed, 1.607; capital invested, $1,589,471. New York and Ohio produce more spirits, and New York alone more 
ale, etc., than Pennsylvania. 

Foreign C<>mnierc«.— Pennsylvania, in regard to its foreign commerce, holds a fourth rank among the States of 
the Union. The oflScial returns exhibit the value of this branch of industry to have been for the year ending 30th June, 
1850, as follows: exports, $4,501,606 and imports, $12,066,154. Of the exports, $4,049,464 was the value of domestic 
products, and of this $3,428,150 was that of merchandise carried in American and $021,314 of merchandise carried in 
forei^ vessels, and $452,142 the value of foreign produce and manufactures, of which to the value of $363,225 was 
carried in American and $33,917 was carried in foreign vessels. Of the imports, $10,795,462 was the value of those 
brought in American and $1,270,692 those brought in foreign vessels. The shipping employed in the carrying trade oon- 
nsted of 

Entered. Clenred. Total. 

Nationality 



ofSbipping. Vessels. Tuns. Men, Vessels. Tons, Men. Vessels. Tons. Men, 

American 852 100,009.. ..4,006 809 81,276 8,822.... 661 .... 131,235 7,828 

Foreign 135 82,861 1,606 170 80,ai2 1,516.... 855.... 62,703 8,212 



Total 537 182,370 5,702 479 111,618 4,838 .... 1,016 .... 243,938 10,540 

Philadelphia is the only district in which foreign commerce is carried on. In 1350 there were owned in that district 
46,885 tons of permanent registered shipping and 17,820 tons of temporary registered shipping, of which latter class 
66 tons were navigated by steam. The distribution of the enrolled and licensed tonnage was as follows : 

Enrolled and Licensed. 

* V Licensed under Enr'd. and lie. ton. 

Collection Dictricts, Permanent. Tempt.rary. 20 tons. Nuvig:ited by steam. 

Philadelphia on Delaware 136,577 2,581 8,184 15,476 

Presque Isle on Lake Erie 7,870 — — 5,351 

Pittsburg on Ohio Pviver 43,476 — 1,095 89,984 

—total tonnage in Philadelphia district 206,498 tons ; in that of Presque Isle 7,S70 tons, and in that of Pittsburg 44,571 
tons— making for the State 257,939 tons. During the year ending as above there were built in the State 185 vessels 
(21,410 tons): 166 (7 ships, 1 brig, 34 schooners, 107 sloops and canal boats, and 17 steamers), of the burden of 18,150 
tons at PhiladelDhia ; 1 schooner (22 tons), at Presque Isle, and 18 vessels (4 schooners and 14 steamers— 3,238 tons), at 
Pittsburg. 



THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 



The statistics of the foreign commerce of the State from 1T91 to the year 1S50, exhibit the following movem(aits: 



year. Exports. 

1791 $8,436,093 . . . . 

1791 3,820,662 . . . . 

1793 6,958,836 . . . . 

1794 6,643,092 . . . . 

1795 11,518,260.... 

1796 17,513,866 . . . . 

1797 11,446,291 . . . . 

1793 8,915,463 . . . . 

1799 12,431,967 . . . . 

1800 11,949,679 . . . . 

1801 17,488,193 . . . . 

1802 12,677,475 . . . . 

1808 7,525,710 . . . . 

1804 11,030,157.... 

1805 13,762,252 . . . . 

1806 17,574,702 . . . . 

1807 16,864,744 . . . . 

1808 4,013,330 . . . . 

1809 9,049,241 .... 

1810 10,998,898 . . . . 



Imports. 



Year. Exports. 

1811 $9,560,117 , 

1S12 5,973,750 . 

1813 8,577,117 . 

1814 . 

1815 4,593,919 . 

1816 7,196,246. 

1817 8,735,592 , 

1S18 8,759,402 . 

1819 6,293,788 . 

1820 5,743,549 . 

1821 7,391,767. 

1822 9,047,802 . 

1823 9,617,192. 

1824 9,.S64,893 . 

1S25 11,269,981. 

1826 8,831,722 , 

1827 7,575,833 . 

1823 6,051,480 . 

1829 4,089,9-35 . 

1830 4,291,793 . 



Imports. 




Year. Exports. 

1831 $5,513,713 . 

1832 8,516,066, 

18-33 4,078,951 , 

1834 2,031,803 . 

1835 8,739,275. 

1836 3,971,555. 

1S37 8,841,599 . 

1833 3,477,151 . 

1839 3,299,415. 

1840 6,820,145 . 

1841 5,152,501 . 

1842 8,770,727 . 

1S43 2,354,948 . 

1844 8,535,256. 

1845 3,574,863 . 

1846 4,751,005 . 

1847 8,544,391. 

1S4S 5,732,3.33 . 

1849 5,343,421 . 

1850 4,501,606 . 



Imports. 

$12,124,083 

10,678,.353 

10,451,250 

10,479,263 

12,359,937 

15,068,233 

11,680,111 

9,860,731 

15,050,715 

8,464,aS2 

10,346,698 

7,385,853 

2,760,6-30 

7,217,267 

8,159,227 

7,989,396 

9,587,516 

12,147.584 

10,645,500 

12,066,154 



Interior Comimmication. — Pennsylvania has numerous magnificent works of internal improvement, on which an 
immense commerce is conducted. The great line of railroad from Philadelphia to Pittsburg is one of the longest and 
most expensive lines in the Union, forming a road 357 miles long ; and another through line from Philadelphia ma 
Sunbury to Erie, on the lake of the same name, is in progress of consfniction, and, when finished, will no doubt form oue 
of the most profitable lines connecting the lakes with the sea-board. Other railroads connect Philadelphia with Baltimore, 
and in the north-eastern portion of the State there are numerous short railroads connecting the coal mines with navigation, 
or passing into the State of New York, furnishing an outlet for its mineral wealth In that direction. Many other railroads 
are in progress or contemplated, all of which will connect with or intersect the trunk lines already built or provided for. 
The canals of this State are also magnificent works, and in their construction a great portion of the heavy debt of the 
State has been contracted. They follow generally the great valleys of the interior, and in their courses accommodate an 
immense area of fertile and productive country. These are still incomplete, but every year is adding to their length and 
consequent value, nor can it be any long period before they will yield a revenue commensurate to the outlay that their 
construction has demanded. [See statistics of railroads and canals in Appendix.] 

Banks, etc.— The number of banks in the State, in November, 1850, was 46, and 5 branch banks. The financial con- 
dition of these, at that period, was as follows: Xta&i/rt/^.s — capital, $17,701,206; circulation, $11,798,906; deposits, 
$17,659,212 ; due other banks, $5,811,157, and other liabilities, $93,015 ; and «ssrf.s— loans and discounts, $3S.423.274 ; 
real estate, $1,114,738 ; stocks, $1,417,073; due by other banks, .$4,214,174; notes of other banks, $2,570,139 ; specie funds, 
$2,787,665, and specie, $4,337,594. 

Government, etc. — The first constitution of Pennsylvania was adopted in 1776, the second in 1790, and the present, 
■which was amended in 1850, in 1333. 

The 7-ight of mffrage is given to every white free man, 21 years old, resident In the State for one year, and in his 
election district for ten days before the election, and who has paid within two years a State or county tax, assessed at least 
ten days before the election, but white free men, between 21 and 22 years old, being citizens of the United States, need 
not have paid a tax; and qualified voters, who are citizens of the United States, and who have removed from the State 
and returned, may vote after six months' residence. The general election is held on the second Tuesday of October 
annually. 

The legislature is composed of a House of Eepresentatives and a Senate. Eepresentatives, not less than 60, nor more 
than 100 in number (now 100), must have attained the age of 21 years, must have been citizens and inhabitants of the 
State for the last three years, and for the last year of the districts they represent, and are elected annually. Senators in 
number not less than one-fourth, nor more than one-third (now one-third) the number of representatives, are chosen 
for three years, one-third of their number annually. They must be at least 25 years of age, must have been citizens and 
inhabitants of the State for the four years preceding the election, and for the last year of their districts. The General 
Assembly meets on the first Tuesday of January annually. The constitution provides that there shall be an enumeration 
of taxable inhabitants every seven years, to fix the number of Senators and Eepresentatives, and every county shall have 
at least one representative, but counties erected after 183S shall have none until entitled thereto by their population. No 
representative shall be appointed to any civil office created or increased in pay during his term. 

The governor must have attained his 30th year of age, have been a citizen and inhabitant of the State for the last seven 
years, and holds office for three years, his term commencing on the third Tuesday in January ensuing his election. lie 
receives a fixed compensation, and is not eligible for more than six years out of every nine years. He may remit fines, 
and grant pardons, except in cases of impeachment, and may vet-o a bill of the legislature, but it may be passed into law 
by a two-thirds vote of both houses, notwithstanding his objections. 

The administrative otHcers of the State are — the Secretary of State, who is eoe-officio Commissioner of Common Schools ; 
the Deputy Secretary of Slate, the State Treasurer, the Auditor-general, the Surveyor-general, the Deputy Surveyor- 
general, the Adjutant-general, and the three Canal Commissioners. 

The jitdiciary is vested in a Supreme Court, Courts of Common Pleas, District Courts of the city and county of Phila- 
delphia, and of the county of Alleghany, County or Probate Courts, and other local courts. By the amended constitution, 
all judges are now elected by the people. The judges of the supreme court are chosen at large, and for a term of fifteen 
years. The judge having the shortest term to serve is chief justice. The resident judges of the several courts of common 
pleas and other courts of record, and all other judges required to be learned in the law, are elected by the electors of the 
districts over which they are to preside, and for a term of ten years. The associate judges of the common pleas hold their 

243 



THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 



offices for five years. AH judges liokl office for their respective terms tluring pood behavior, but for reasonalile cause, 
though not sufficient grounds for impeachment, the governor may remove them upon the address of two-thirds of each 
branch of the Legislature. Any vacancy is filled by appointment of the governor, the incumbent holding office until the 
first Monday in December succeeding the next subsequent general election. During the continuance in office, the judges 
of the supreme court must reside within the commonwealth, and the other judges in the district or county for which they 
were elected. The supreme court Is composed of a chief and four associate justices, and the attorney-general, and has a 
reporter of supreme court decisions, and a prothonotary for each of the four districts into which the SUite is divided. 
The district court of the city and county of Philadelphia consists of a president and two associate judges, and that of AUo- 
ghany County of a president and one associate. For the sessions of the courts of common pleas, the Slate was formerly 
divided into 21 districts, but in 1S50 the number was increased to 24 districts, each of which (except the first, comprising 
the county of Philadelphia, which has also two associate judges) has a president judge. The district courts are invested 
with the civil jurisdiction of the common pleas in their respective districts in all cases exceeding a certain sum. 

Federal licpresentttUon.—ln accordance with the law of 23d May, 1S50, Pennsylvania la entitled to iwenty-Jlve repre- 
sentatives in the Congress of the United States. 

The militia force of the State consists of 276,070 men of all arms, of which T,51S are commissioned officers, and 203,552 
non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and i)ri\'ate3. Of the commissioned officers, 55 are general officers, 164 
general staff officers, 1,245 field, etc., officers, and 6,054 company officers. The governor is ex-officio commander-in-chief 
Of the military force of the State; and every white male citizen between the ages of IS and 45 is liable to military duty. 

Puhlic Fi>iance.s:.—TLhe debt of the State, funded and unfunded, on the Ist December, 1S50, amounted to $4(i,775,4S5 42, 
composed as follows: fancied debU-6 per cent, stocks, $2,312,022 51; 5 per cent, stocks, $37,.350,S92 ; and 4i per cent 
stocks, .|;200,000 ; making a total funded debt of $39,002,914 78 ; and unfunded delt—mlM notes in circulation, $652,164; 
interest certificates outstanding, $162,135 90, and unclaimed, $4,448 38; interest on unclaimed and outstanding certificates, 
to be added to them when fimded, $10,504 57 ; domestic creditors, $83,317 79— make the total unfunded debt, $012,570 64. 
The commissioners of the sinking fund, at the date specified, held $459,122 93, which, to ascertain the exact liabilities of 
the State, must be deducted from the aggregate, which would leave it $40,316,302 44. The regular annual interest on 
loans amounts to $2,004,714 51, and the interest guaranteed on internal improvement companies' assumed debts to $32,500, 
making the total annual interest paid by the State amount to $2,037,214 51. 

The asseU of the State consist of its canals and railroads, which had cost $29,204,787 35; stocks of incorporated com- 
panies amounting to $1,907,948 52— total $31.112,7.35 85, and deposits (unavailable) in the Bank of the United States, 
$28;3,000. The fiiuincial condition of the railroads and canals owned by the State for the year ending on the 30th Novem- 
ber, 1850, is exhibited in the following details: 



Wnrks Gross Revenue. Expenses. 

Bailroads— Columbia $638,447 56. . . ..$310,834 30 

" Alleghany Portage . 241,817 43.... 247,844 17 

Canals— Main Line 479.446 89 ... . 161,900 77 

" Delaware Division 215,.347 87 ... . 60,834 22 



Works, Gross Revenue. Expenses. 

Canals — Susquehanna Division \ 

North Branch V $193,150 19 ... . $76,304 64 

" West Branch ) 

Expenses of Canal Commissioners 53,000 00 



—making a gross revenue of $1,768,209 46, and an expenditure amounting to $862,528 00. Net revenue, $905,681 46. 

The value of real and personal property liable to taxation under the triennial assessment of 1848, was $468,031,458 ; and 
the tax assessed in 1350, $1,545,956 44. The true value of real and personal property in 1850, according to the census of 
that year, was $722,480,120. 

The revenue and disbursements of the Treasury for the fiscal year were as follows : revenus — receipts during the year, 
$4,438,131 51; balance from 1849, $926,207 24— making a total means of $5,364,.338 75; and disbursements— payments 
during the year, $4,567,053 94 ; depreciated funds in treasury (unavailable), $41,032 00 ; surplus available funds, $754,252 81. 
The principal sources of revenue, and the chief olyects of expenditure, were as follows : sources of revenue — lands, 
$16,378 58 ; auction commissions, $18,673,75 ; auction duties, $44,893 22 ; tax on bank dividends, $153,877 14 ; tax on cor- 
poration stocks, $136,510 14; tax on real and personal estate, $1,317,821 55; tavern licenses, $107,427 49 ; retailers' licenses, 
$171,062 26 ; peddlers' licenses, $2,525 05 ; brokers' licenses, $10,228 73 ; theatre, circus, and menagerie licenses, $2,384 50 ; 
distillery and brewery licenses, $4,203 91 ; billiard room, bowling saloon, and ten-pin alley licenses, $3,045 81 ; eating- 
house, beer-house, and restaurant licenses, $6,530 97; patent medicine licenses, $2,033 04; pamphlet laws, $345 53; 
militia fines, $12,953 73 ; foreign insurance agencies, $2,760 S3; tax on writs, wills, deeds, etc., $45,409 47; tax on certain 
offices, $14,047 21 ; collateral inheritance tax, $102,295 07 ; canal and railroad tolls, $1,713,843 10 : canal fines, sales of old 
materials, etc., $6,9.53 64; tax on enrollment of laws, $10,270 00; premiums on charters, $89,262 21; tax on loans, 
$119,856 30; loans, $270,000 00; interest on loans, $13,721 27; dividends on turnpike and bridge stocks, $2,460 00; sales 
of turnpike stocks, $13,685 44 ; accrued interest, $3,678 82 ; refunded cash, $13,278 61 ; fees of the public offices, $3,687 20 ; 
Pennsylvania State Lunatic Hospital, $177 00; miscellaneous, $1,740 33; and— ohJecU of ea'pe7uliture : public improve- 
ments, $1,438,79974; expenses of government, $262,899 71; militia expenses, $16,282 25; pensions and gratuities, 
$17,277 91; charitable institutions, $02,207 S5; common schools, $213,728 49; commissioners of the sinking fund, 
$318,864 03; loans, $8,150 19; interest on loans, $2,004,714 51; guaranteed interest, $.32,500 00; domestic creditors, 
$6,337 41; damages on the puljlic works, $23,068 84; special commissioners, $2,551 03; State Librarj', $1,000 00; public 
buildings and grounds, $2,002 73; eastern reservoir of the Pennsylvania Canal, $1,W7 00; weigh-Iock at Beach Haven, 
$163 00; use of patent rights, $.3,000 00; penitentiaries, $19,233 79; House of Kefuge, $6,000 OH; conveying fugitives, 
$100 00; Nicholson lands, $192 75; amendmenU to the Constitution, $2,500 00; escheats, $1,740 53; abatement of State 
tax, $43,525 04; re-issuing relief notes, $10,940 00 ; counsel fees and commissions, $5,934 15 ; miscellaneous, $S,130 44. 

The following exhibits the condition of the treasury at the end of each of the named fiscal years : 

INCOME. DISBtTKSE.\lENT8. 



Years. li.il. Irom last year. Annual Rpceipts. Total Revenue. 

1845 $603,8.51 88 $3,010,002 34 $3,673,914 22 

1846 884,886 09 8,529,057 28 3,913,943 87 

1847 884,673 70 8,977,025 89 4,361,704 59 

1848 630,390 85 3,831,770 22 4,512,067 07 

1849 557,299 39 4,4-3.3,633 65 5,010.979 04 

1850 926,207 24 4,433,131 51 5,304,838 75 

244 



Years. Interest on Loans, Pub. Improvements. Total Expend. 

1845 $1,784,182 65 $661,.340 06 $3,289,023 18 

1346 1,931,623 77 694,505 12 3,529,264 67 

1347 2,002.2-10 41 690,575 95 3,680,813 74 

134S 2,005,740 79 990,592 70 8,9.35,376 03 

1849 2,047,616 99 951,249 03 4,084,771 80 

1350 2,004,714 51 1,488,799 74 4,569,053 94 



THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 



Education. — ""Wisdom and virtue are qualities which, because they descend not with worldly inheritances, must be 
carefully propagated by a virtuous education of youth." Such was the sentiment of the illustrious founder of this State; 
but although the principle of universal education was thus authoritatively recognized at the earliest period of her history, 
no system of popular instruction in the commonwealth was attempted, nor common school fund established, until the 2d 
April, 1831. By a legislative act of that date, certain moneys, arising from the sale of lauds and other sources, were set 
apart as a common school fund, at an interest of 5 per cent, and this interest was directed to be added to the principal, 
until the proceeds should amount to $100,000 annually. By a subsequent act (1st April, 1834), the State was divided into 
districts, and $75,000 was ordered to be paid out of the school fund, for the year 1S35, and annually thereafter, to be dia- 
tributed among the several counties that should comply with the provisions of the said act, until the year when the fund 
Bhould yield an interest of .$100,000. Provision was also made by this law for levying a tax on the districts iiot less than 
douUe the amount of the appropriation. On the 13th June, 1S36, an act was passed, appropriating .$200,000 for the year 
1837, and annually thereafter, to be apportioned among the several school districts and the city and county of Philadel- 
phia, and authorizing the levying of a tax not less than equal to nor more than trehle the amount of each district's por- 
tion of the State appropriation. By resolution of 3d April, 1837, $500,000 was appropriated to the common school fund for 
the year 1838, "to be applied by the several districts either for building, repairing, or purchasing school houses, or for 
education, as they might deem best." On the 12th April, 1S3S, the appropriation was increased to a sum equal to one 
dollar for every taxable inhabitant in the State, to be increased triennially, with the increase of such inhabitants, but with- 
out any increase of taxation above that authorized by the act of ls36. Various acts, resolutions, and supplements were 
Bubsequently passed, not, however, materially changing any important features of the law regulating the system, until, by 
the act of 11th April, 1848, it was made to embrace every county in the commonwealth. Provision was also made by this 
act for tlie payment to those districts from which the undrawn appropriations were taken by the act of 29th April, 1844, 
of the oive-fourth of the State tax levied in such districts, to be applied exclusively to the erection of school houses therein. 
On the 7th April, 1849, an act was passed, revising and consolidating all former acts relating to common schools, and 
effecting many valuable improvements in the system, and greatly simplifying the law. Since, and including the year 
1844, the annual appropriation by the State, for the support of schools, has been $200,000. Such is the history of the 
enactments of the legislature, creating and providing a fund as the basis of the whole system of common schools. The 
following exhibit aflfords a condensed view of the operations of the system for the year ending 1st June, 1850 : 

Number learning German 11,041 

Average number of scholars in each school 40 

Cost of teaching each scholar, per month $1 44 

Amount of tax levied $768,422 

State appropriations distributed $159,367 



Whole number of districts 

Number paid during the year 

Whole number of schools 

Number yet required 

Average number of months taught 

Number of male teachers 

Number of female teachers 

Average monthly salaries — males $1 7 20 

Average monthly salaries — females $10 15 

Number of male scholars 233,392 

Number of female scholars 190,952 



1,387 
1,273 
8,510 
674 
5.1 
6,972 
3,935 



Total funds raised $92T,T89 

Cost of instruction $609,37T 

Fuel and contingencies $63,829 

Cost of school-houses, purchasing, renting, build- 
ing, and repairing $253,741 

Total funds expended $926,44T 

The following table exhibits the progress of the system in its main features, since its establishment in 1834 : 





Wliole 


Di'itrictB 


Dist's. 
p.iid. 




Whole 


Whole 


Whole No. 


Apportion't 


Tax levied 


Eip'd for 


Exp'd for 


Year. 


No. of 
Dist's. 


accept- 
ing. 


reported. 


No. of 
Schools. 


No. of 
Teachers. 


of 
Scholars. 

32.544 


to accpptiiig 
Districtfl 


on accepting 
Districts. 


School- 
houses. 


instruction, 
fuel, etc. 


1835 


907 


" 536 





156 


763 


808 


$ - 


$ - 


$ - 


$ - 


18.36 


987 


745 


603 


573 


3,384 


3,394 


139,604 


98.670 


207,105 


111,803 


193,972 


1837 


1,001 


796 


765 


664 


4,089 


4,841 


182,355 


463,749 


231,552 


202,230 


493,071 


1838 


1,0113 


861 


820 


628 


3,939 


5,034 


174,733 


323,794 


335,788 


149,132 


560,450 


1839 


1,050 


879 


857 


633 


3,152 


4,666 


181,913 


276,826 


332,527 


161,334 


579,162 


1840 


1,050 


879 


867 


633 


3,152 


4,666 


181,913 


264,536 


395,918 


161,-384 


580,262 


1841 


1,072 


902 


8S5 


734 


5,179 


6,086 


227,699 


249,400 


397,952 


123,004 


524,.343 


1842 


1,113 


905 


905 


861 


6,116 


7,494 


281,085 


250,065 


398,766 


119,006 


439,872 


184:3 


1,139 


945 


946 


865 


6,156 


7,594 


288,762 


272,720 


419,307 


92,749 


484,454 


1844 


1,172 


939 


939 


846 


5,993 


7,585 


288.402 


264,520 


391,340 


75,918 


470,223 


1845 


1,189 


1,012 


1,018 


961 


6,690 


8,031 


327,418 


192,813 


370,744 


77,173 


375,982 


1846 


1,246 


1,067 


1,056 


994 


7,096 


8,468 


329.805 


186,417 


406,740 


60,900 


486,475 


1847 


1.249 


1,105 


1,054 


1,048 


r.320 


8,674 


331,967 


187.269 


436,727 


60,410 


487.201 


1848 


1,330 


1,330 


1,129 


1,07S 


7,845 


9,096 


360,605 


193,035 


501,681 


90,539 


505,505 


1849 


1,-344 


_ 


1,218 


1,194 


8,287 


10,050 


385,175 


182,883 


5S3,1S7 


146,144 


562,930 


1850 


1..3S7 


— 


1,273 


— 


8.510 


10.907 


424,-344 


186,763 


76S.422 


253,741 


609,377 



The number of the schools in the several counties, in 1S50. was as follows : Adams 127, Alleghany 280, Armstrong 128, 
Beaver 111, Be4ford 195, Berks 214, Blair 101, Bradford 312, Bucks 189, Butler 162, Cambria 102, Carbon 45, Centre 126, 
Chester 265, Clarion 119, ClearfieKl 83. Clinton 50, Columbia 171, Crawfor.l 298, Cumberland 152, Dauphin 1.51, Delaware 
69, Elk 25, Erie 271, Fayette 164, Franklin 172, Greene 118, IIuntmg<lon 108, Indiana 164, Jefferson 82, Juniata 63, Lan- 
caster 345, Lawrence — , Lebanon 129, Lehigh 12S, Luzerne 252, Lycoming 146, M'Kean 51, Mercer 197, Mifflin 64, 
Monroe 76, Montgomery 147, Northampton 14;5, Northumberland 91, Perry 115, Pike 37. Potter 65, Schuylkill 1-33, Somerset 
144, Susquehanna 216, Sullivan 31, Tioga 178, Union 141, Venango 144, Warren 120, Washington 220, Wayne 130, West- 
moreland 202, Wyoming 56, York 193. 

The city and county of Philadelphia constitutes the first school district, but is not subject to the general school law. 
The direction of the schools is committed by law to 228 directors and 24 controllers, one each of the eleven sections into 
which the district is divided being governed by a separate board of directors, all being under the supervision of the Board 
of Controllers. Public schools were first established in the city in 1818. The whole number of schools in 1851 was 2T0, 
namely, the Central High School, the Normal School, 53 grammar schools, 34 secondary schools, 142 primary schools, and 

245 



THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 



39 unclassified ; number of teachers, 7S1 — S2 males, and 699 femalea ; number of scholars, 43,056 — male« 24,503, and 
females 23,548. Besides these, there were 141 teachers in the evening schuols. The sum expeuded during the year had 
been $366,362, of which only $33,306 was distributed from the State appropriation, the balance having been raised by 
taxation. 

The principal universities and colleges, medical schools, theological seminaries, law schools, etc., in the State, and the 
Btatislics of each in 1S51>, were as follows : 

Name. Locutifin. Founded. Professors, Students 

University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia 1755 7 83 . 

Dickinson College Carlisle 17S3 8 

Jefferson College Canonsburg 1802 8 

Washington College Washington 1S06 8 

Alleghany College Meadville 1817 7 



Pennsylvania College Gettysburg 1S32 

Lafayette College Euston 1332 

MarshaU Mercersburg 1835 

Theological Seminary (Lutheran) Gettysburg 1S25 



Theological Seminary (Germ. Kef.) . . . Mercersburg 1S25 2 



179 . 
197 . 

1S7 . 
106 . 
65 
62 . 
58 . 
26 . 
18 , 
48 , 
, 83 

40 . 

, 35 

. 13 

9 

450 



Alumni, Vols, in Lib'y. 

6,142 5,000 

673 14,100 

1,000 10,000 



.. 3,300 

.. 8,200 

.. 6,000 

.. 5,000 

., 6,000 

227 9,000 

121 6,000 

252 6,000 



441 
144 
163 
101 
155 



147 



85 



5,316 



2,000 
8,000 
1,500 



7 514 2,036 

7 176 73 

,.. 75 250 



Western Theolog. Seminary (Presb.). . Allcg. Town 1S23 2 

Theological School (Assoc.) Canonsburg 1792 2 

Western Theol. School (Cong. Unit) . Meadville 1S44 4 

Theological Seminary (Asso. Ref.) . . . Pittsburg 1323 3 

Theolog. Seminary (lief. Presb.) Philadelphia — 3 

Law Depart. Dickinson College Carlisle — 1 

Medical Depart. University Penn Philadelphia 1765 7 

Jefferson Medical College Philadelphia 1S24 

Medical Depart. Penn, College " 1333 7 

College of Medicine " 1347 7 

Homoeopathic Medical College " 1346 10 — — — 

Female Medical College " 1349 7 — — — 

CoUege of Pharmacy " 1322 4 — — — 

Besides the schools and colleges above enumerated, there are numerous academies, public and private, in every part of 
the State, scientific institutions, and societies founded for the encouragement of literature and the arts, Girard College, in 
Philadelphia, is a school for the education of orphans, and in its several departments highly efficient. Church schools are 
also numerous, and many of them in a highly prosperous condition. Pennsylvania, within the past ten or twelve years, 
indeed, has made great and wonderful progress in its educational facilities, and now stands deservedly in the foremost 
rank among States which make education a primary necessit) in their economy. 

Piihlio Libraries. — According to the Report of the Librarian of the Smithsonian Institute, there were in the State, in 
1851, the following libraries: one State library, 10,000 volumes; 16 social, 125,335 volumes; 10 college, 37,375 volumes; 
12 students', 29,350 volumes ; 7 academic and professional, 83,300 volumes ; 5 scientific and historical, 33,473 volumes ; 29 
public school, 8,131 volumes ; total — 30 libraries, and 237,519 volumes. 

Periodical Press.— The whole number of periodicals published in the State of Pennsylvania on the 1st June, 1850, was 
828, and of these 96 were whig, 110 democratic, and 207 neutral in politics ; the latter class embraces those devoted to 
literature, religion, science, etc., and those the character of which was not ascertained. Of the aggregate number, 25 
were published daily, circulating at each issue 152,076 copies, or 49,120,543 annually; 3 tri-weekly, 500, or 7S,000 
annually ; 1 semi-weekly, 600, or 62,400 annually ; 275 weekly, 526,642, or 27,335,334 annually ; 8 semi-monthly, 130,800, 
or 3,139,200 annually; 12 monthly, 159,700, or 1,916,400 annually; and 2 quarterly, 1,900, or 7,600 annu.iUy; total copies 
at each issue, 972,213, or 79,792.532 copies annually. The counties in which published are as follows: in Adams, 3 w. 
and 1 q. ; Alleghany (Pittsburg, etc.), 13 d., 2 t.-w., 20 w., 1 s.-m., and 2 m. ; Armstrong and Beaver, each 2 w. ; Bedford, 
8 w. ; Berks, 9 w. ; Blair, 4 w. ; Bradford, 8 w. ; Bucks, 7 w. ; Butler, Cambria, and Centre, each 3 w. ; Carbon, 2 w. ; 
Chester, 5 w. ; Clarion and Clinton, each 2 w, ; Clearfield, 1 w. ; Columbia, 3 w. ; Crawford and Cumberland, each 5 w. ; 
Dauphin, 1 d., 7 w. ; Delaware, 3 w, ; Elk, 1 w. ; Erie, 1 t.-w., 4 w. ; Fayette, 10 w. ; Franklin, 7 w. ; Fulton, 1 w. ; 
Greene, 2 w. ; Huntingdon, 2 w. ; Indiana, 3 w. ; Jefferson and Juniata, each 2 w, ; Lancaster, 10 w., 1 m. ; Lawrence, 
2 w. ; Lebanon, 5 w, ; Lehigh, 5 w., 1 s.-m. ; Lucerne, 2 w. ; Lycoming, 4 w. ; M'Kean, 1 w. ; Mercer, 4 w. ; Mifflin and 
Monroe, each 2 w. ; Montgomery, 6 w. ; Montour, 2 w. ; Northampton, 8 w. ; Northumberland, 4 w. ; Perry, 2 w. ; Phil- 
adelphia, 11 d., 1 8,-w., 3S w,, 5 s.-ra., S m.. 1 q., 1 an. ; Pike, 1 w, ; Potter, 2 w. ; Schuylkill, 9 w., 1 m. ; Somerset, 2 w. ; 
Susquehanna, 2 w. ; Tioga, 4 w. ; Union, 7 w., 1 m. ; Venango, 2 w. ; Warren, 3 w. ; Washington, 4 w. ; Wayne, 2 w. ; 
Wyoming, 2 w. ; Westmoreland, 4 w. ; York, 7 weekly. 

Relifjious I)e7iominations.— The statistics of the several religious denominations in the State in 1350, were as stated in 
the table annexed : 

Cliurrh Value of Denomina- 

Chnrches. accom. Projiert; 

208.. 104,262.. $639,210 

7.. 3,175.. 45,700 

495.. 259,502.. 1,683,356 

86.. 2-3,870.. 82,400 
878.. 839,026., 1,715,653 

84., 82,715,. 221 ,.350 
755.. 857,431 



Dem.mina- No. of 


Cliurrh 


Value of 


Denomina- 


tifms. Uhun-Iies. 


aiTdin. 


rr-rerty. 


tions. 


Baptist 317. 


127,.S08,. 


$806,395 


Germ'n Ref, 


Christian,.. 19, 


6,400,, 


24,400 


Jewish 


Congregat'l. 9 , 


8,100,, 


17,250 


Lutheran, , . 


Dutch Ref,, 7. 


6,640.. 


79,500 


Mennonite, 


Episcopal., 1.85. 


67,824.. 


1,483,700 


Methodist,, 


Free 22 . 


6,400.. 


15,050 


Moravian . . 


Friends.... 141. 


60,974.. 


661,737 


Presbytcr'n. 



Derjomina- No. of 
tions. Churches. 

R. Catholic. 139.. 
Swedenb'g.. 3.. 

Tunker 14., 

Union SO.. 

Unitarian. . , 4 . . 
Universal ist. 19.. 



[Ihurch Value of 

acc()m. Property. 

89,251., $1,084,204 



1,475.. 
6,100.. 
23,300.. 
1,6-30.. 
8,920,. 



2,574,700 ! Minor Sects. 92.. 82,560. 



11,000 
11,700 
78,825 
28,000 
82,800 
254,700 



—making a total of 3.509 churches, having acconmiodation for 1.566,413 persons, and valued at $11,551,885. This State 
comprises the Protestant Episcopal diocese of Pennsylvania, and the Roman Catholic dioceses of Pittsburg and Pliiladel- 
phia, in the latler of which are also included West New Jersey and the State of Delaware. 
Pauperism.— The whole number of paupers that received assistance or support during the year ending 1st June, 1S50, 
246 



THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 



was 11,551, of which number 5,89S were native-born, 5,653 foreigners ; and the whole number of paupers on the lists at 
the date specified was 3,811, of which 2,054 were native-born, and 1,157 foreigners. Annual cost of support, $232,133. 

mstorical >S/fc«fc^.— Pennsylvania is the only State of the Union which bears and transmits to future ages the name of 
a private individual. William Penn, the illustrious founder of Pennsylvania, a name given to the infant colony by 
Charles II., was the son of Admiral Penn, who in the year 1655 acquired distinction as a commander in the conquest of 
Jamaica, and in the war with the Dutch. At an early period of life, Penn had joined the Qualcers, who began about that 
period to attract public attention, and it seems to have been the intolerance manifested toward the sect that first turned 
his mind toward America. He and some others purchased a large quantity of land in New Jersey, but becoming dissat- 
isfied, he formed the design of acquiring a separate estate. The crown was indebted to his father's executors in the 
sum of about £16,000, and as an acquittance for this, a large tract was granted to him in severalty. His charter conveyed 
to him all that tract of country bounded on the east by the river Delaware, extending westward five degrees, and north 
and south between the 40th and 42d parallels, except an area around New Castle, circumscribed by a radius of 12 miles. 
From want of sutflcient attention to former charters, this grant interfered both with that of Maryland on the south, and 
with the claims of Connecticut on the east, and hence arose contentions which disturbed the repose of the colonies for a 
century afterward. 

In May, 16S1, the proprietary sent over Markham, with a few others, to take possession of the territory, and in July he 
sold 20,000 acres to a company of merchants, at the rate of £20 the thousand acres, entering into articles of agreement 
with them, entitled " Conditions and Concessions." In the foUowing year, Penn published his " Frame of Government," 
by which the supreme power was to be vested in a governor and general assembly, consisting at first in the whole body 
of the people, and afterward in a House of Representatives. A provincial council was established, consisting of 72 per 
sons, to be chosen by the freemen. The governor, possessed of three votes, presided in this council, which prepared and 
digested all laws, leaving to the people the entire right of rejecting or affirming. This constitution was after a while laid 
aside, and another, resembling those established in the other pro-iinces, was adopted. In October, 1682, Penn, accompa- 
nied by about 2,000 settlers, arrived at New Castle, on the Delaware. He had previously acquired from the Duke of 
York a conveyance of the land at present included in the State of Delaware. His first step on landing was to convoke 
an assembly, which was held at Upland (now called Chester), in December, 16S2. In a short session of three days, a 
constitution modifying that drawn up by Penn in England was adopted, and several important laws passed. Among 
other provisions, that great principle, to an adherance to which the province owed much of its prosperity, was adopted, 
that " none acknowledging one God, and living peaceably in society, should be molested for his opinions or practice, or 
compelled to frequent or maintain any ministry whatsoever." Another principle of Penn's system, equally novel and 
praiseworthy, regarded the treatment of the Indians. Soon after his arrival, he summoned them to a council, and treat- 
ing with them on an amicable and equal footing, as men and brethren ; obtained from them, in return for valuable pres- 
ents, a cession of as much land as his exigencies required. The same course was pursued in his subsequent intercourse 
with them, and it was seen with surprise by mankind that kindness and good faith were as useful assistants as the sword 
in the affairs of a colony. No one of the colonies made such rapid advances in prosperity as Pennsylvania. The salu- 
brity of the climate, and the general fruitfulness of the soil, had some influence, but the moral attractions predominated. 
The persecutions at home drove thousands to a place where religious worship was free, and the prospect of enjoying equal 
rights in civil matters, attracted from the continent of Europe a vast number of industrious and moral emigrants. 

The city of Philadelphia was founded at an early period after the arrival of the first settlers, and the second assembly of 
the colony was held at this place, in April, 16S3. Among other important laws adopted by this assembly was one abrogating 
the common law of England respecting descents, and distributing the estates of persons dying intestate among the children, 
giving to the eldest son, however, a double share. The Revolution in England produced some change in the government 
of Pennsylvania. Penn, being suspected of being disaff'ected toward the House of Orange, was suspended from the privi- 
lege of appointing a deputy for his province ; ai\d in 1692 Pennsylvania was annexed to New York and subjected to the 
administration of the governor of that province. Two years after, however, the proprietary was reinstated, and ap- 
pointed a new governor. Notwithstanding the pacific disposition of the governor and people, and the general concordance 
of their opinions, Pennsylvania proved to be no Utopia for the worthy proprietary. Bickerings about the constitution or 
the laws, or the manner of disposing of the lands, almost constantly existed. The charter had twice been altered, but the 
colonists were still discontented. A third charter was given them in 1701, which provided that the assembly should consist 
of deputies from each county, and that it should have the right to originate, amend, or reject all bills ; that the governor 
should nominate his own council, exercise the whole executive power, and have a negative on the proceedings of the 
assembly. The delegates from Pennsylvania assented to this constitution, but those from " the Three Lower Counties on 
the Delaware," as they were called, refused to adopt it, and seceded from the assembly. From this period the Three 
Counties had a distinct assembly, though they were subject to the same governor as Pennsylvania. The constitution thus 
adopted continued in force until the Revolution. Penn died in 1718, at the age of 74 years. Since his founding the State 
that immortalizes his name, his life had been a uniform scene of vexation and disquiet. His private fortune had materially 
suffered by his advances to promote the infant colony, and at one time he was compelled to submit to S. temporary depri- 
vation of liberty. He left, however, to his descendants an inheritance of great value, which they enjoyed until the 
overthrow of the British power, when the Commonwealth became the possessor, and, as an indemnification, granted them 
an ample sum of money. From the death of Penn the history of the colony is little more than a narrative of petty quar- 
rels between the proprietary governors and the assembly. The chief subject of dispute arose from the lands of the pro- 
prietary, which it was wished to exempt from taxation, to which other lands were liable. The assembly resisted the 
exemption, and this disagreement frequently prevented the passage of necessary laws. In 1749, an important treaty was 
made with the Indians of the Six Nations at Philadelphia, in which, for goods of considerable value, they granted to the 
proprietary all the lands on the Susquehanna, south as far as the boundary of Pennsylvania, and north to the Kittatinny 
Hills, or Blu" Mountain. The whole Indian title to lands within the State was subsequently merged. A large portion 
of the inhabitants of Pennsylvania were Quakers, but notwithstanding their peaceful inclinations, the colony opposed 
with as much zeal as her sister colonies, the arbitrary measures of the British government which led to the Revolution. 
The first congress of deputies from the States, and most of the subsequent sessions of the same assembly, were held in 
Philadelphia, and it was at the same place that the Declaration of Independence was adopted and proclaimed. During 
a considerable part of the war the State was the theatre of hostilities. On the Declaration of Independence the pro- 
prietary government was abrogated, and the people, by their representatives, formed a new constitution. The form of 
government adopted at this period was found, after the peace, to be liable to serious objections. Two parties then arose, 

24T 



THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 



the republicans and the constitutionalists— the former, desiring a constitution in which the legislative power should be 
exercised by two branches and the executive invested in a single person, finally triumphed, and in 1790, a constitution, 
Bimiliir to Ihat of the United States, was adopted. In 1794, an insurrection l)rokc out in four of the western counties, in 
oppositinn to the law of the United States imposing a tax on spirits. From this, called the "Whisky Insurrection," 
serious consequences were at first threatened, but by a happy union of firmness and lenity on the part of President 
Washington, the revolt was quelled. In Northampton County, in 1797, some deluded persons attempted to resist the 
process of the marshal, but the power of the laws again triumphed. In 1799, the public offices and the sittings of the 
legislature, which, from the settlement of the colony, had been held at Philadelphia, were removed to Lancaster, and in 
1812, they were transferred from Lancaster to Harrisburg, the present capital. From this period no conspicuous event 
of history has transpired. The State, indeed, has gone through many financial diflieuUies, and for a time even her con- 
dition was considered as a blot on the honor of the nation. The fair name of the State, however, has been redeemed, 
and the debt, which circumstances forced her to suspend, is now liquidated, interest having been regularly paid for many 
years, and the principal is being reduced by the operation of a sinliing fund. The day of her degradation indeed is 
passed, and she now looms up among that glorious galaxy of states which circumscribes her boundaries, as one of the 
most glorious and honored. 

Succession of (;o«e;?i<3r«.— Propkietort Governors: William Penn, 1682; Thomas Lloyd (Pres.), 1684; John Black- 
well (Dep.-Gov.), 16SS; Benjamin Fletcher, 1693 (also governor of New York); William Markham, 1693 ; William Penn, 
1699; Andrew Hamilton (Dep.-Gov.), 1701; Edward Shippen (Pres.), 1703; John Evans (Dep.-Gov.), 1704; Charles 
Gooken (Dep.-Gov.), 1709; Sir William Keith (Dep.-Gov.), 1717; Patrick Gordon (Dep.-Gov.), 1726; James Logan 
(Pres.), 1736; George Thomas (Dep.-Gov.), 1738; Anthony Palmer (Pres.), 1747; James Hamilton (Dep.-Gov.), 1748; 
Kobert H. Morris (Dep.-Gov.), 1754; William Denny (Dep.-Gov.), 1756; James Hamilton, 1759; John Penn, 1763; 
James Hamilton (Pres.), 1771 ; Richard Penn, 1771 ; John Penn, 1773-1776;— Presidents under First Constitution : 
Thomas Wharton, 1777; Joseph Iteed, 177S; William Moore, 1781; John Dickinson, 1782; Benjamin Franklin, 1785; 
Thomas Mifflin, 17S8-1790; and— Governors under the Sroond Constitution: Thomas Mifflin, 1790; Thom.as M'Kean, 
1799 ; Simon Snyder, 1808; William Findlay, 1817 ; Joseph Hiester, 1820 ; J. Andrew Shulze, 1823; George Wolf, 1829; 
Joseph Kilner, 1835; David K. Porter, 1S3S; Francis E. Shunk, 1844 ; William F. Johnson {ea>-officio), 9th July, 1848; 
William F. Johnson. 1849 ; William Higler, 1851. 

Hakbisburo, on the left bank of the Susquehanna, is the political capital of the State. 
24S 



£i 



p-w^ii 



Bi. 





m,. 




THE STATE OF RHODE ISLAND, 



Ehode Island (or more properly Rhode Island and Providence Plantotions), although the smallest Slate of the Uniou, 
is considerably larger than many of the sovereignties of Europe, and in point of intelligence and productive powers, far 
in advance of any American community of the same population. It is situated between 41° 22' and 42° 03' latitudes 
north, and between 11° 06' and 71° 38' longitudes west from Greenwich, or 5° 24' and 6° 56' east from Washington. 
Massachusetts bounds it on the north and the east, the Atlantic Ocean on the south, and Connecticut on the west. About 
42 miles long, and in its greatest width 35 miles, it contains a land area of 1,360 square miles. 

The surface of the State is generally hilly and broken, but nowhere does it present any elevation deserving of the name 
of mountain. Mount Hope, in Bristol, the highest land in the State, is only 300 feet above the sea level. In the 
neighborhood of Narragansett Bay, and on the islands within it, the land is more level, and at most exhibits but slight 
undulations. The rivers are little more than mill streams, with courses of not more than 50 or 60 miles in length, and 
discharging an Inconsiderable amount of water ; but as they descend from 200 to 450 feet, and are steady in their supply 
of water, they furnish v'aluable power, which is extensively applied to manufacturing purposes. The Pawtucket, the 
principal river, rises in Massachusetts, where it has the name of Blackstone River, and running south-east into this State, 
falls into Providence River, one mile below the city of Providence. There are falls of about 50 feet descent four miles from 
its mouth— below the falls it boars the name of the Seekonk River. Providence River is formed by the Wanasquiatucket and 
Moshasuck. two small streams which unite a short distance above the city of the same name. It falls into the northern 
arm of Narragansett Bay, and is navigable to Providence for ships of 900 tons. Pawtuxet River, rising by several 
branches, and flowing east, enters Providence River, Ave miles below the city. It abounds with falls, which furnish fine 
locations for mills and manufacturing establishments. Pawcatuck River, formed by Wood and Charles rivers, waters the 
south-western part of the State, and falls into Stonington harbor— in the latter part of its course it is the boundarj' between 
this State and the State of Connecticut. 

Narragansett Bay, a fine body of water, divides the State into two unequal proportions. It extends more than 30 miles 
inland, and is about 15 miles wide at its southern pari, but a considerable portion of this space is occupied by islands. It 
communicates with the ocean between Point Judith on the west, and Seaconet Point on the east. The north-eastern arm 
of the bay is called Mount Hope Bay ; the north-western arm Greenwich Bay, and the northern arm Providence Bay. 
The principal rivers falling into it are the Providence and the Taunton, the latter from Massachusetts. It affords great 
advantages to ship navigation, having many excellent harbors, and being accessible at all seasons. Newport harbor, in 
the channel, between Canonicut and Rhode Island, is one of the finest in the world ; the entrance is protected by Fort 
Walcott, on Goafs Island, and Fort Adams, on Rhode Island — the latter a large stone castle of great strength. 

Rhode Island, lying in Narragansett Bay, gives name to the State. It is 15 miles long, and on an average 3} miles 
wide, containing an area of about 50 square miles. Its climate is delightful, and the soil very fertile. Travelers hare 
called at the " Eden of America," and southerns have chosen it as a summer residence. Canonicut is a beautiful island 
to the west of Rhode Island. It is about seven miles long and one mile broad. Prudence Island lies to the north-east of 
Canonicut, and Block Island about ten miles south-west of Point Judith. The latter is about seven miles long, and about 
four miles broad. The islanders derive their support chiefly from fishing, but they have also large numbers of cattle and 
sheep, and produce cheese and butter of the finest quality. 

The climate of the whole State, influenced by the vapors from the Atlantic, is mild, though changeable, and in its 
general characteristics is said to assimilate that of Great Britain. The seasons are more uniform than in the more 
northern parts of New England— the winters are sensibly milder, and the heats of summer are much modified. Spring 
commences in March, and summer reigns from June to September. The latter month, and also October, have delightful 
■weather. Winter sets in with November, and continues to the middle of March. The air is at all times pure, and the 
longevity of the inhabitants, as indicated by the census, is a true indication of its salubrious qualities. 

The mineral productions of Rhode Island are of little importance. Some iron ore is found in different parts. Anthracite 
occurs, but although it has been pronounced to be of a gfiod quality, little has been done to bring it into use. It is found 
chiefly in the same graywacke formation with the Massachusett's coal. Limestone abounds in the north-eastern section 
of the State, and in these calcareous shale. There are some excellent quarries of marble. Serpentine is also abundant, 
and there are in various places extensive quarries of freestone. On the continental portion of the State the soil is 
generally a gravelly loam, which is tolerably fertile, but difiScull of cultivation. The soil of the islands is slaty, yet they 
are the most productive and valuable lands in the State. There is very little alluvial land. Pine plains are found in 
several low regions, but there are no extensive forests. Oak, walnut, ami chestnut, are the prevailing growths. Fruits 
and culinary vegetables are produced in great perfection, and in abundance. Grain is grown in considerable quantities, 
in reference to the area of the State, but, on the whole, the lands are better adapted for grazing than for cereal agriculture. 

Rhode Island is divided into five counties, the general statistics of which and the capitals of each in 1850 were as follows : 

Counties. Dwell. P„p. F^' ^l"^^- Capitals. 

Bristol 1,167.. 8,514.. 200 .. 87 .. Bristol 

Kent 2,625 . . 15,063 . . 688 . . 90 . . E, Greenwich 



Counties. Dwell. Pop. F»™J_ ^^^2[' ^»P''»"- 

Providence. 12,760 . . 87,525 . . 2,162 . . 804 . . Pbovidenob 
Washington 2,891 . . 16,430 . . 1,308 . . 95 . . Kingston 



Newport .... 2,936 . . 20,007 . . 1,027 . . 68 . . Newport 

The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 22.379; of fiimilies, 28,216, and of inhabitants, 
147,544 ; viz., whites 144,000— males 70,417, and females 73,583 ; fr. col. 3,541— males 1,660, and females 1,834. Of the 

249 



THE STATE OF RHODE ISLAND. 



whole population there were, deaf and dttmb—vih. 61, fr. col. 8— total 64; blind — wh. 61, fir. col. 3— total 64; insane— 
wh. 24S, fr. col. 4 — total 252 ; and idiotic — wh. 104, fr. col. 3— total 107. The number of free persons born in the United 
States was 124,299, the number of foreign birth 23,111, and of l)irth unknown l:?.5. The natice population originated as 
follows: Me. 7G3, N. llamp. T16, Verm. 459, Mass. 11,883, lihode Island 102,041, Conn. .3,976, N. Y. 2,055, N. Jer. 193, 
Penn. 447, Del. 50, Md. 365, Dist. of Col. 64, Virg. 191, N. Car. 76, S. Cxt. 57, Ga. 68, Flor. 22, Ala. 13, Miss. 33, La. 21, Tex. 
4, Ark. 0, Tenn. 4, Ky. 19, Oh. 98, Mich. 22, Ind. 11, III. 1.5, Mo. 13, la. 9, Wise. 6, Calif. 0, Territories 40 ; and ihe/breign 
population was composed of persons from — England 4,490, Ireland 15.944, Scotland 933, Wales 12, Germany 230, France 
80, Spain 14, Portugal 58, Belgium 2, Holland 12, Turkey 1, Italy 25, Austria 1, Switzerland 8, Russia 1, Denmark 15, Nor- 
way 25, Sweden 17, Prussia 5, Asia 1, Africa 9, British America 1,024, Mexico 7, Central America 4, South America 4, West 
Indies 57, Sandwich Islands 8, and other countries 52. 

The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the flrst census of the State, taken by tho 
United States authority : 

Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. 

Census White . ' \ Total / ' > 

Years. J'ersons. Free. Slave. Total. Pop. Numerical. Per cent. 

1790 64,689 8,469 952 4,421 69,110 — — 

1300 65,437 3,304 381 3,685 69,122 12 0.0 

1810 73,314 3,609 103 -3,717 77,0.31 T,909 11.4 

1820 79,418 3.593 48 3,646 8-3,059 6,023 T.9 

1S30 93,621 3,561 17 3,578 97,199 14,140 17.0 

1840 105,537 3,238 5 3,243 103.830 11,631 11.9 

1350 144,100 3.554 — 3,554 147,654 33,824 35.6 

The general statistics of the wealth, productions, manufactures, etc., of the State, according to the census of 1850 and 
other documents referring to the same period, are as follows : 

Occupied Lands, etc. — Improveil lands, 356,487 acres, and unimproved lands, 197,451 acres — valued in the aggregate 
at f!l7,070,S02. The whole number of farms in operation on the Ist June, 1S50, was 5,335. Value of farming implements 
and machinery, $497,201. 

Livestock.— Roracs, 6,168; asses and mules, 1 ; milch cows, 23,698; working oxen, 8,139; other cattle, 9,375 : sheep, 
44,296, and swine, 19,509 ; in all valued at ,$1,532,637. In 1840 the stock consisted of 8,024 horses and mules, 36,891 neat 
cattle of all kinds, 90,146 sheep, and 30,659 swine. 

ProdiicU of Animals. — Wool, 129,692 pounds ; butter, 995,670 pounds ; cheese, 316,508 pounds ; and the value of 
animals slaughtered during the year had been .$607,486. The wool returned in 1S40 was 183,830 pounds. 

Grain Crops. — Wheat, 49 bushels; rye, 26,409 bushels; Indian corn, 539,202 bushels; oats, 215,232 bushels; barley, 
18,875 bushels; and buckwheat, 1,245 bushels. Compared with the crops e.\hibited in the census of 1840, the following 
results are obtained : 

Crops. 1840, I860. Movement, 

Wheat 3,093bushel3 49 bushels deer. 8,049 bushels, or 93.4perceut> 

Eye 34,521 " 26,409 " deer. 8,112 « or 23.5 " 

Indian corn 450,493 « .5-39,202 " i?ic?-. 83,704 " or 19.7 « 

Oats 171,517 " 215,2-32 " iwcr. 4-3,715 " or 25.5 " 

Barley 66,490 " 18,875 " tfocr. 47,615 " or 71.6 " 

Buckwheat 2,979 " 1,245 " deer. 1,734 " or 41.7 " 

Other Food Crops.— Vnai and beans, 6,346 bushels ; potatoes— Irish, 65t,029 bushels, and sweet, bushels. The potato 
crop of 1339 amounted to 911,973 bushels. 

Mincellaneom Crops— ll&y, 74,813 (in 1840, 63,449) tons; clover-seed, 1,323 bushels ; other grass seed, 3,703 bushels; 
hops, 277 pounds ; flax, 85 pounds ; maple sugar, 23 pounds ; molasses, 4 gallons ; beeswax and honey, 6,347 pounds ; 
wine, 1,018 gallons, etc. Value of orchard products, $63,994, and of market-garden products, $93,293. 

Hoine-iaade 3[anvf(ictiu-es were produced in the year to the value of $26,495. The same class of goods returned m 
the census of 1840 were v.ilued at $51,180. 

Munufactures.—1oii\\ capital invested in manufactures, $ ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed in 

the year, $ ; monthly cost of labor, $ —male $ , and female $ ; value of products for the year, 

$ The number of manufacturing establishments in operation within the State on the 1st June, 1350, was 1,144, 

distributed among the counties as shown in the general table. Of this number 158 were cotton fact(jrie3, 45 woolen fac- 
tories, 10 tanneries, and 21 engaged in the manuf;icture of iron, namely, 20 in the manufacture of castings and 1 in that 
of wrought iron. The aggregate capital invested in manufactures in 1840 amounted to $10,096,136. 

In the cottwi manufacture the capital employed was $6,675,000 ; the value of raw material, ftiel, etc., consumed, 
$8,484,579 ; and the products for the year, 96,925,612 yards of sheeting, and 1,902,980 pounds of thread and yarn, valued 
at $0,447,120. Cotton consumed, 50,713 bales, and coal, 13,116 tons; hands employed, 10,875— males 4,959 and females 
5,916 ; entire wages paid per month, $103,933— to m.ales $92,282 and to females $76,656. The census of 1840 returned 209 
factories and 17 dyeing establishments; capital, $7,326,000; hands, 12,086 ; and v.ilue of annual products, $7,116,792. 

In W\B woolen manufacture the capital invested was $1,013,000; value of raw material, fuel, etc., $1,46:3,900; products 
of the year, 8,612,400 yards of cloth, 46,000 pounds of yarn, etc., valued at $2,381,825. Wool consumed, 4,108,870 pounds, 
and coal, 2,032 tons ; hands employed, 1,758— m.iles 987, and females 771 ; monthly wages paid, $32,139— to m.iles $20,431, 
and females $11,708. In 1840 there were in the State 45 fulling-mills and 41 woolen factories; capital, $685,350; hands, 
961 ; and value of products for the year, $842,172. 

In tanneries the cai)ital invested amounted to $42,900 ; value of hides and skins used, $40,615 ; hands employed, 33- at 
a monthly cost of $829; skins tanned, 14,861, and sides of leather tanned, 21,142, together vttiued at $75,040. In 1840 
there were in the State 27 tanneries ; capital $72,000 ; hands employed, 89 ; products— 1,534 sides of sole leather and 50,860 
Bides of upper leather. 

The iron manufacture is comparatively a small interest on Rhode Island. No manufactures of pig iron are returned in 
the census of 1850. In the manufactiu-e of castings the capital invested amounted to $428,800 ; value of all raw material, 
fuel, etc., used, $258,267 ; hands employed, 800— at average wages $29 63 per month ; pig iron used, 8,913 tons, and min- 
250 



THE STATE OF RHODE ISLAND, 



eral coal, 4,670 tons ; castings made, 8,55S tons, and other products to the value of $119,500 ; total value of prodacts for the 
year, 1728,105. The capital invested in the manufacture of ivrought iron was $208,000; pig metal used, 3,000 tons, and 
mineral coal consumed, 6,000 tons ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., $111,750 ; hands employed, 220, at wages aver- 
aging $26 per month; wrought iron made, 2,650 tons; value of entire annual products, $222,400. In 1840 there were 
5 furnaces in the State, producing 4,126 tons of cast iron, consuming 227 tons fuel, and employing 29 men. The capital 
invested in the manufacture of iron in that year was $22,250. 

In the manufacture of malt and spirituous liquors, the capital Invested amounted to $17,000; the number of hands 
employed was 9 ; and the consumption of barley, 12,500 bushels, and of hops, 6 tons; ale, etc., produced, 3,900 barrels. 
In 1840, 4 distilleries produced 855,000 gallons of spirits, and 3 breweries 819,600 gallons ale, etc. ; hands, 42 ; and capital 
invested, $139,006. 

Among the manufactures of the State others than those specified above, the most important are those of hardware, 
machinery, cutlery, etc. There are also considerable investments in the manufacture of jewelry, hats and caps, saddlery, 
paper, and in the various descriptions of mills. 

Foreign Commerce. — The direct foreign commerce of Rhode Island, once considerable, is now comparatively of small 
amount, and relatively to its population and manufacturing importance, very small indeed. Indirectly, its connection 
with foreign countries is commensurate with its rank as a manufacturing State. It imports and exports chiefly through 
the ports of Massachusetts and New York, to which it has easy access by railroads and other means. The value of the 
exports and imports for the year ending 30th June, 1850, was, according to the treasury report, as follows — exports: do- 
mestic products, in American vessels, $205,969, and in foreign vessels, $330— total value of domestic exports, $206,299 ; and 
foreign products, $9,966, all in American vessels — total value of all exports, $216,265— and imports : in American vessels, 
$251,708, and in foreign vessels, $6,595— total value of imports, $253,303. The statistics of navigation exhibit the en- 
trances and clearances thus : 

Entered. Cleared. Total. 



Nationality 
of Shipping. 



Vessels. Tons. Crews, 

American 100 17,847 821 . 

Foreign 19 2,075 118 . 



Total 119 



19,922 



Providence 69 11,786 540 

Bristo' 33 5,534 273 

Newport 17 2,602 126 



Vessels. 
. . . 94 . 
. . . 16 . 



Tons. Crews. 

16,770 8;33 . 

1,705 99 . 



Vessela. 

, . 194 . . 
.. 35., 



110 

50 
43 

17 



18,475 932 



229 



Tons. Crews, 

84,617 1,654 

8,780 217 



33,397 1,871 



8,457 , 

7,266 

2,752 



403 ... . 
402 ... . 
127 .... 



119 20,243 943 

76 12,800 675 

84 5,354 253 



— of this aggregate. Providence entered 69 vessels (11,786 tons), Bristol 33 vessels (5,534 tons), and Newport 17 vessels 
(2,602 tons) ; and Providence cleared 50 vessels (8,457 tons), Bristol 43 vessels (7,266 tons), and Newport 17 vessels (2,752 
tons). The total shipping owned in the State at the above date was 40,439 tons. The amount of registered shipping 
amounted to 26,068 tons, of which 21,497 tons were of permanent register, and 4,571 of temporary register, and of this 
5,829 tons were employed in the whale fisheries, and the remainder in the foreign trade. The enrolled and licensed ship- 
ping amounted to 18,722 tons, of which 13,178 tons were employed in coasting, 155 tons In the cod fisheries, and 389 tons 
in the mackerel fisheries, and 432 tons were navigated by steam. The licensed shipping (under 20 tons) amounted to 699 
tons, of which 360 tons were employed in coasting, and 339 tons in the cod fishery. Total registered, 26,063 tons ; enrolled 
and licensed, 13,721 tons; and licensed, 699— aggregate tonnage, 40,488 tons. Owned in Providence district, 16,712 tons; 
in Bristol, 13,193 tons; and in Newport, 10,578 tons. Fourteen vessels, viz., 5 ships, 5 schooners, 3 sloops, and 1 steamer, 
were built in the State during the year, and of these the burden was 3,587 tons— built at Bristol, 2,191 tons ; at Providence, 
1,299 tons ; and at Newport, 95 tons. 
The statistics of the imports and exports of Pvhode Island from 1791-1810 exhibit the following movements: 



Year. Exports. 

1791 $470,181 .... 

1792 693,109 .... 

1793 616,432 .... 

1794 945,599 .... 

1795 1,222,917.... 

1796 1,589,872.... 

1797 975,530 .... 

1798 917,827 .... 

1799 1,055,278.... 

1800 1,822,945.... 

1801 1,832,773 .... 

1802 2,433,363 .... 

1808 1,275,596 .... 

1804 1,735,671.... 

1805 2,572,049 .... 

1806 2,091,835.... 

1807 1,657,564 .... 

1808 442,034 .... 

1809 1,5(84,532 .... 

1810 1,331,576 .... 



Imports. 
$ 



Year. Exports 

1811 $1,571,424 



Imports. 



1812 . 

1813 . 
1814, 
1815, 
1816, 
1817. 



755,137 .... 
236,802 .... 
472,434 .... 
561,183 .... 
612,794 .... 
950,467 .... 



1818 .... 
1819 


. . 1,027,291 . . . 

. . 1,281,484 . . . 

. . 1,072,762 . . . 

996,828 . . . 




1820 




1821 .... 


. 1,082,968 


1822 .... 


862,363... 


. 1,834,144 


1823.... 


933,114 . . . 


. 1,412,958 


1824 .... 


872,899 . . . 


. 1,388,836 


1825.... 


678,467 . . . 


907,906 


1826.... 


781,540... 


. 1,185,9.34 


1827 .... 


804,187... 


. 1,241,828 


1828 .... 


722,166 . . . 


. 1,128,226 


1829.... 


890,881 . . . 


423,811 


1380 . . . . 


278,950 . . . 


488,756 



Year. Exports. 

1881 $867,465 . 



1832, 

1883 , 

1834 

1885. 

18-36 , 

1837, 

1838 , 

1889 , 

1840, 

1841 , 

1342 , 

1843, 

1844. 

1845, 

1846. 

1847. 

1943 . 

1S49, 

1S50, 



534,459 . . . 
485,481 . . . 
420,885 . . . 
296,003 . . . 
228,420 . . . 
488,258 . . . 
291,257 . . . 
185,254 . . . 
206,989 . . . 
278,465 . . . 
348,696 . . . 
105,847 . . . 
260,777 . . . 
191,082 . . . 
224,364 . . . 
192,369 . . . 
221,6.31... 
178,152 . . . 
216,265 . . . 



Imports. 

$562,161 
657,969 
1,042,286 
427,024 
597,713 
555,199 
523,610 
656,613 
612,05T 
274,534 
339,593 
828,692 
155,753 
269,437 
274,330 
210,489 
805,489 
851,590 
237,478 
258,303 



Internal Improvements.— Rhode Island has several excellent railroads and other improvements. The principal rail- 
roads are those connecting it with Boston and Worcester on the one hand, and with the ports of Long Island Sound and 
New York on the other. The first comprise the Boston and Providence E. R. and the Providence and Worcester R. K., 
and the latter the Stonington E. E., the Providence, Hartford, and Fislikill R. E., and the New York and Boston R. E., 
the two latter yet incomplete. The Blackstone Canal also extends from Providence to Worcester. The condition of theso 
•everal works is shown in the " Appendix." 

251 



THE STATE OF RHODE ISLAND. 



Bmiks. — In September, 1S50, there were in the State 63 banking institutions, the assets and liabilities of which at that 
date were as follows: asaeU — loans and discounts, $15,492,547; stocks, $151,277; real estate, $233,344; other investments, 
$13,461; due by other banks, $441,164; notes of other banks, $5;j7,761 ; and specie, $297,661; and Uahilitien—cz\)\\a\, 
111,645,492 ; circulation, $2,553,S65 ; deposits, $1,4S8,596 ; due other banks, $650,560 ; an<l other liabilities, $133,733. There 
are also savings' institutions, and life, fire, and marine insurance companies in all the large cities. 

Government. — Until the year 1S44 tlio form of government was that ordained by the ancient royal charter, which was 
originally one of the most liberal granted to the American colonies. In that year a new constitution was formed and 
ratified by the people. 

Every male citizen of the United States, resident in the State for the last past year, and in the town or city in which ho 
claims to vote, for the six months next preceding an election, and owning real estate in such town or city worth $134 
above all incumbrances, or of the clear yearly value of $7, may vote for all civil officers, and on all questions in all legal 
town or ward meetings, or if the estate lie without such town or city, but within the St;ite, he may vote for all general 
officers anil members of the General Assembly in the town or city of which he is a resident, etc. No Narragansitt Indian 
can vote, etc. The general election Is held on the first Wednesday in April annually. In all elections for State officers, a 
majority of votes is necessary to a choice. 

All leghhttive poicer is vested in the General Assembly, which consists of a Senate and House of Representatives — the 
former consists of senators, one from each town or city, and the lieutenant-governor. The governor presides therein (and 
in his absence the lieutenant-governor), and has a casting vote only. The house consists of members not to exceed 72 In 
number, elected in ratio of population, but every town is entitled to at least one representative, and not to more than twelve. 
The convention of the two houses is styled the Grand Committee, and is presided over by the president of the Senate. 
There are two sessions of the General Assembly every year, one at Newport, on the first Tuesday of May, ami the other 
at South Kingston, on the last Monday in October, every two years, and the Intermediate years alternately at Bristol and 
East Greenwich, and this session adjourns every year to Providence. 

The ea-ecutice authority is vested in a governor. If no governor be chosen by the people, the Grand Committee elects 
one of the two popular candidates having the highest number of votes, and so in respect of the election of the lieutenant- 
governor. The governor has not the usual veto on the acts of the legislature, nor may he grant pardons, but except in 
cases of impeachment he has power to grant reprieves. If the office of governor be vacant, the lieutenant-governor, and 
after him the president of the Senate pro tempore, acts as governor. 

Every elector is qualified to hold the office for which hs may he qualified to vote. 

Judicial poviers reside in a Supreme Court and Courts of Common Pleas. The Supreme Court consists of a chief 
and three a<soeiate judges, who are appointed by the Grand Committee, and hold office until they are removed by a reso- 
lution of two-thirds of both houses. On this court alone may chancery powers be conferred. The Courts of Common 
Pleas, formerly held by a judge of the Supreme Court and two associate justices, elected for each county, are now held by 
a Supreme Court judge sitting alone — the associate justices of that court dividing the duty among themselves. 

Thefinancial stat-ement of the tre.-isurer, for the year 1849-50, exhibits the receipts into the public treasury at $161,649, 
and the expenditures at $161,414— excess of receipts, $2.35. The chief sources of income are, the bank tax $.33,669, the 
State tax $17,084, public deposits $34,326, etc. The principal expenditures are those for executive, legislative, and judicial 
support, and several amounts paid for the support of schools, etc. Properly speaking, Rhode Island has no public 
debt. 

The State militia, in 1850, consisted of an aggregate of 15,037 men of all arms, of which 71 were c<rmmissioned officers, 
and 14,966 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers 6 were general 
officers, 16 general staff officers, 30 field officers, etc., and 19 company officers. The governor is ex officio commander-in- 
chief, and all persons between 18 and 45 years of age, except those excused from military duty by law, are subject to 
enrollment. 

The State, within its own borders, has no institutions for the support .and education of the deaf and dumb, and blind ; but 
an annual appropriation is made for these purposes, amounting to $2,5O0, which is expended in furnishing faeilities for 
such afflicted persons in the institutions of the adjoining St.ates. The insane are provided for in the Butler lIospiLal for 
the Insane, at Providence, and the 1st .Jan., 1851, there were in the eslabllshment 113 patients— 50 males and 63 females. 

Federal representation.— \r\ accordance with the law of the 23d May, 1850, apportioning representation, Rhode Island 
sends two members to the National Congress. 

Education — The school fimd proper, which is invested in bank stock, amounts to $51,300: and besides the interest on 
this sum, the following are appropriated to the support of common schools: the interest of the State's part of the U. S. 
deposit fund, and the proceeds of the militia commutation tax collected in the towns. The whole number of school dis- 
tricts in the State, in 18.50, was 332, of which 231 owned school-houses. There had been expended on school-houses, in 
the last past six years, $148,254. Number of persons under 15 years of age. 47.857 ; number attending school, 24,442, and 
average attemlance, 13,182. Number of teachers, 509 — male 239, and female 270. Moneys received from public funds in 
1850, $34,348 71 ; and raised by towns, $,50,382 70— total, .$96 913 54. Expended for schools, $95,291 16, and for school- 
houses, $19,070 81. In .Tune, 1851, the school laws were reviseil and consolidated, and in many respects much improved. 
Academies, grammar, and other private schools, are numerous. The chief collegiate institution of the State is Brown 
University (Baptist), at Providence, founded 1764. It is one of the most respectable and flourishing institutions of the 
State. In 1850 it had 10 professors, 195 students, and 1,765 alumni, of which number 460 were in the ministry. It baa 
valuable libraries of 31,000 volumes, a museum, cabinet, philosophical apparatus, etc. It was originally located in Warren, 
but in 1770 was removed to Providence. The number of adults in the State who can not read and write is 3,744. 

Public Libraries. — 5 social libraries— 25,104 volumes; 1 college— 24,000 volumes; 2 students'— 7,600 volumes; 2 scien- 
tific and historical— 3,000 volumes ; 35 public school— 19,637 volumes. Total — 15 libraries, and 79,341 volumes.— lieport 
qfLibr. Smithsonian Institute, 1851. 

Periodical Press.— Tho whole number of periodicals published in the State, in 1850, was 19, of which S advocated 
"whig" principles, and 4 those of the democratic party. Seven were neutral in politics, or devoted to literature, religion, 
etc., including those the character of which has not been ascertained. Of the whole number, 5 were issue.l daily, circu- 
lating at each issue 9,750 copies, or 3,032,250 copies annually ; 2 semi-weekly, circulating 2.000 copies, or ZO'^,!!!!!* annually; 
12 weekly, circulating 14,225 copies, or 739,700 annually. Total copies at each issue, 25,975, or 3,979,950 copies annually. 
The papers as published in the counties are— Bristol, 2 weekly ; Kent, 1 weekly ; Newport, 2 daily and 3 weekly ; and 
Providence, 8 daily, 2 semi- weekly, and 6 weekly. The dailies are published in the cities of Newport and Providence. 
252 



THE STATE OF RHODE ISLAND. 



Helii/ious Denominations. — Tlie statistics of the several religious denominations in the State were, for the year 1S50, as 
follows : 



Denomina No. of 


Church 


Value of 


Denomina- 


No. of 


tioiis. Cliun-hes. 


accom. 


Property. 


tions. 


Churches 


Baptist 100. 


40.151 . . 


$-366.3U0 


Gemin Kef. 


— . 


Christian... 7. 


2,500.. 


24,300 


Jewish .... 


1 . 


Congregat'l. 21 . 


11.703.. 


178,550 


Lutheran.. . 


_ . 


Dutch Ref.. — . 


— .. 


— 


Mennonite. 


_ . 


Episcopal.. 26.. 


11,606.. 


248.500 


Methodist.. 


23 . 


Free 2.. 


611.. 


5,000 


Moravian. . 


— . 


Friends.... 18.. 


6,.370.. 


57,800 


Presbyter'n. 


— . 



Value of 


Denomina- 


No. of 


Church 


Value of 


Property. 


tions. 


Churches 


accom. 


Prr.perty. 


$ - 


R. Catholic. . 


T .. 


7,300 . 


172,500 


1,000 


Swedenb'g . 


2 


325 . 


4,400 


_ 


Tunker 


— .. 


— .. 


— 





Union 


4 .. 


2,450 .. 


5,000 


102,900 


Unitarian. . . 


4 .. 


2,950 .. 


127,000 





Universalis!. 


4 .. 


2,230 .. 


55,000 


_ 


Minor Sects. 


2 .. 


950 .. 


4,650 



—in all 221 churches, accommodating 93,736 persons, and valued at $1,252,900. The State forms the Protestant Episcopal 
diocese of Rhode Island, and constitutes a portion of the Roman Catholic diocese of Hartford. 

Puupermn and OniM.—Ihe whole number of paupers relieved or supported from the public funds for the year ending 
80th June, 1S50, was 2,560, of which 1,115 were native and 1,445 foreign born ; and the whole number on the rolls at tha 
date specified was 696-^92 natives and 204 foreigners. Total cost of support, $45,837. The State Prison is located at 
Providence. The whole numl)er of convicts in confinement on the 30th September, 1S49, was 28—27 males and 1 female 
committed during the next year, 23; discharged— by expiration of sentence 3, and by the General Assembly 11— leaving 
in prison, at the end of the ofHcial year, 1S50, 37 prisoners, all males. The convicts are chiefly employed in shoemaking. 
Income of prison, $3,964 56, and expenditure, $9,427 43. The number of persons in Providence jail, confined at the suit 
of the State, was 66, and are employed principally in the manufacture of cabinet-ware. 

Bistorical Sketch.— Uoger Williams was the first white settler within the present limits of Rhode Island. Expelled 
from Massachusetts for maintaining opinions for which the minds of men were not yet prepared, he sought refuge in the 
wilderness, and after habiting with the Indians for many weeks, he descended the Pawtucket River, and turning round 
Fox Point, slaked his thirst at a spring on the bank, and afterward erected his habitation near by. In grateful acknowl- 
edgment of " God's merciful providence to him in his distress," he called the place Providence. 

He found the land on which he had seated himself within the territory of the Narragansett Indians, and in 1636 he pur- 
chased it of their chiefs. Many soon settled around him. It was one of the charges against him in Massachusetts that he 
had avowed the doctrine tliat •' to punish a man for matter of conscience is persecution.'' In his exile he adhered to that 
doctrine ; he welcomed all that came, and the patriarch of the settlement would allow no interference with religious 
opinions. The charter of Maryland was the first to secure liberty of conscience to all Christian sects— the charity of Roger 
Williams embraced Jews, Mohammedans, and all the heathen. His benevolence was not confined to his civilized breth- 
ren ; he labored to enlighten, improve, and conciliate the savages. He learned their language, traveled among them, 
and gained the entire confiiJence of the chiefs. He had often the happiness, by his influence over them, of saving fjom 
injury the colony Uiat had proclaimed him an outlaw and driven him into the wilderness. 

In 1638, two years after the expulsion of Williams, William Coddington and seventeen others, being persecuted for re- 
ligious heresies in Massachusetts, followed him to Providence. By his advice they purchased from the Indians the island 
of Aquetnee, now called Rhode Island, and removed thither. Coddington was chosen their chief magistrate. Pursuing 
the same liberal policy which distinguished the settlers at Providence, numerous emigrants from the neighboring colonies 
were attracted to the settlement. 

When the New England colonies, in 1G43, formed their memorable confederacy, Rhode Island applied to be admitted 
a member. Plymouth asserting that the settlement was within her limits, it was decided by the commissioners that by 
submitting to the jurisdiction of that colony she would be entitled to all the advantages of the Union. These conditions 
were rejected, and Rhode Island continued in separate independence. In this year Williams was sent to England as 
agent for the two settlements, and the next year obtained a patent from the Parliament, by which the towns of Provi- 
dence, Newport, and Portsmouth were incorporated, with the power of governing themselves. In 1647 all the freemen 
met at Portsmouth, enacted a code of laws, and established a civil government. An Assembly was con.stituted, to consist 
of six representatives from each town ; and the executive and chief judicial power was vested in a president and four 
assistants. Town courts were established for small causes, with an appeal to the president and assistants. 

The Executive Committee of Parliament had given Coddington a commission to govern the islands in the bay. This 
interfered with the patent which had been granted to Williams, and threatened the dismemberment of the colony. In 
1651 he and John Clarke were appointed agents, and sent to England to persuade the committee to revoke the commis- 
sion. In this they succeeded, through the influence of Sir Harry Vane, who had been of great assistance to Williams in 
1643 in procuring the charter. Williams returned to Rhode Island, but Clarke remained in London, and long acted as 
the faithful agent of the colony. 

Upon the application of the inhabitants, the King in 1663 granted a charter, incorporating the colony of " Rhode Island 
and Providence Plantations." It declared that no person should be molested or called to account for any difference in 
matters of religion. For the government of the colony it vested the supreme power in an Assembly, to consist of a 
governor or deputy governor, ten assistants, and representatives from the several towns, all to be chosen by the freemen. 

The benevolent policy of Williams secured to the colony an almost total exemption from Indian hostilities ; he continued 
to reside at Providence, ever active in the service of the people, sometimes their president, and at others as assistant or 
representative, until the period of his death, in 1683. In his lifetime he was beloved of his people, and in his death his 
memory is held sacred as the founder of a prosperous State. 

When Sir Edmund Andros was made governor of New England in 1685, he dissolved the charter government of the 
colony, and appointed a council to do his bidding; after he was deposed and sent to England, the freemen met at New- 
port and re-established the ancient order of things. All the officers who three years before had been displaced, were 
reinstated, and all accepted but Walter Clarke, who had been re-elected president. In his stead the Assembly appointed 
Henry Bull, a Quaker, the only one living who came with Coddington in 1638. 

From this period to the commencement of the American Revolution, the history of Rhode Island is barren of events. 
Fortunate in living under a well-regulated government, and possessing great advantages in commerce, the inhabitants, 
tf they played no distinguished part in the drama of life, were prosperous and happy. We find it recorded that in 1730 
the population was about 18,000, and that in 1T40 it was 35,000. In the last-mentioned year three hundred men were 
voted for an expedition into Canada, projected 1 y the British government 

2oS 



THE STATE OF RHODE ISLAND, 



When the Stamp Act was attempted to be imposed, Rhode Island was as hostile to the purpose as any other colony ; 
delegates were sent to the Continental Congress in 1765, and a general association was entered into against the use of 
Stamps. The subsequent proceedings of the British were resisted with eipial constancy. In 1774, when the British pre* 
vented the exportation of military stores from England, Rhode Island seiz-ed the cannon in the public batteries, and the 
Assembly passed resolutions for arming the people. Every action on the part of this province was on the popular side, 
and from her exposed situation she was made to feel the hate of the common enemy. In December, 1776, Clinton and 
Parker, with strong forces, sailed from New York for the purpose of occupying Rhode Island. The American forces, 
unable to resist, withdrew on the approach of the fleet, and the squadron of Commodore Hopkins, and a number of 
privateers, found themselves l)lockaded in the harbor of Providence. General Sullivan, aided by the French shipn of war, 
made several unsuccessful attempts to dislodge the British, and in 177S laid siege to Newport, but was obliged to abandon 
the attempt. During the retreat an engagement took place at Quaker Hill, the result of which wa.s indecisive. In 
October, 1779, the British troops were withdrawn ; and in 17S0 a body of French, under Rochambeau, arrived at New- 
port in a squadron under Dc Ternay. Clinton, on hearing of their arrival, embarked 6,000 men with the hope of sur- 
prising them, but the project was ultimately abandoned. From this period Rhode Island was unmolested, and the inhab- 
itants again resumed their commercial pursuits. 

Rhode Island was not represented in the convention that formed the Constitution in 17S7, and this State evinced for the 
time a determined hostility to the new frame of government. She was the last of the original States to ratify this instru- 
ment; and it was not until the May, 1790, that her acquiescence was secured. 

Little is recorded of its history from this period until 1S12. During the ensuing contest with Great Britain, the majority 
of the people were hostile to the policy of the General Government, and adopted the system of action of the neighboring 
States, lending no aid to the national arms. Delegates were sent to the memorable Convention at Hartford, and unit«d 
in the report made by that body. With the exception of the occupation of Block Island by the enemy in 1S13, this State 
remained unmolested during the war. 

Up to the year 1S44, the Charter granted by Charles II. was the only constitution of the State, though for more than 
twenty years before that date efforts had been made to obtain from the General Assembly permission to form a new and 
more perfect frame of government, but without effect. In the spring of 1S40 an association was formed, the object of 
which was to secure the right of suffrage to every adult white male citizen of the United States resident in the State; and 
inlS41 this association took the responsibility of calling a convention to form a State constitution in accordance with their 
peculiar views. Such convention was held, and such constitution formed and submitted to the people, but on account of 
the informality under which it was prepared, only a portion of the people recognized or voted on the question. Those 
Who did vote being in its favor, a majority was declared, and the instrument acknowledged by its partisans as the su- 
preme law of the land. The legal government, however, refused to recognize it, and in the mean time had taken measures 
for the calling of a convention for a similar purpose ; and by this convention another constitution was prepared and 
adopted by two-thirds of the inhabitants. Two separate forms of government were now recognized by two different 
portions of the people. The Suffrage Party^-as the illegal party called themselves — proceeded to elect their governor 
and public officers, and claiming them as legitimate officers, their government was organized at Providence, under the 
protection of an armed force, on the 3d May, 1S41. Owing to the public excitement, the government under the legiti- 
mate constitution had not been able to organize, and consequently the old charter government met as usual at Newport, 
on the 4th May, 1S42. On the ISlh of the same month Thom.is W. Dorr, the governor elected by the "Suffrage Party," 
attempted to capture the State arsenal at Providence, but failed in the attempt. Desirous of meeting the views of all 
parties, the General Assembly provided for another convention to form anollicr constitution ; and about the same time 
another attempt was made to overthrow by force of arms the charter government. The insurgents, led by their aoi- 
disant governor, took up a position at Chepachet, from which, however, they were easily dislodged by the State troops, 
and completely dispersed. The convention last provided for by the charter government, met in September, and on their 
constitution being submitted to the popular vote, it was almost unanimously adopted, the " Suffrage Party'" protesting 
against it, yet subsequently voting under it. 

Succession of Governors. — Presidents ttndek the First Charter: John Coggeshall, 1647; Jeremiah Clarke, 1648; 
John Smith, 1G49; Nicholas Easton, 1650; Roger Williams, 1655; Benedict Arnold, 1657; William Brenton, 1600; Bene- 
dict Arnold ;— Governors under the Second Charter: Benedict Arnold, 1663; William Brenton, 1666; Benedict 
Arnold, 1669; Nicholas Easton, 1672; William Coddington, 1674; Walter Clarke, 1676; Benedict Arnold, 1677; John 
Cranston, 1679; Peleg Sandford, 16S0; William Coddington, 10S3; Henry Bull, 16S5; Walter Clarke, 16S6; {CViarter 
suspended— Sir Edmund Andros, 16S6) Henry Bull, 1689; John Easttm. 1690; Caleb Carr, 1695 ; Walter Clarke, 1696; 
Samuel Cranston, 1698; Joseph Jenekes, 1727; William Wanton, 1732; John Wanton, 1734; Richard Ward, 1741; 
William Greene, 1743; Gideon Wanton, 1745; William Greene, 1746; Gideon Wanton, 1747; William Greene, 174S; 
Stephen Hopkins, 1755; William Greene, 1757; Stephen Hopkins, 175S; Samuel Ward, 1762; Stephen Hopkins, 1763; 
Samuel Ward, 17C5 ; Stephen Hopkins, 1767 ; Josias Lyndon, 176S ; Joseph Wanton, 1769 ; Nicholas Cooke, Vi'b.— Since 
tli^ Revolution : Nicholas Cooke, 1776 ; William Greene, 1778 ; John Collins, 17S6; Arthur Fenncr, 1789; Henry Smith 
(acting), 1S05; Isa.ac Wilborn (Lt.-Gov.), 1S06 ; James Fenner, 1807; William Jones, 1811 ; Nehemiah R. Knight, 1S17; 
William C. Gibbs, 1821 ; James Fenncr, 1824 ; Lemuel H. Arnold, ISSl ; John Brown Francis, 1833; William Sprague, 
1838; Samuel W. King (acting), 1839; S.amuel W. King, 1840 ;— Constitittionai, Governors: James Fenner, 1843; 
Charles Jackson, 1845 ; Byron Diman, 1846 ; Elisha Harris, 1847 ; Henry B. Anthony, 1850 ; Philip Allen, 18-^2. 

Peovidence, Newport, South Kingston, Bristol, and East Greenwich, are the political capitals of the State. 
There are two sessions of the General Assembly every year : one at Newport on the first Tuesday of May, and the other 
on the last Monday of October once in two years at South Kingston, and the intermediate years alternately at Bristol and 
East Greenwich ; and this second session adjourns every year to Providence. 
254 



THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 



South Carolina is situate between tlie latitudes 32° 04' and 85° 12' north, and between the longitudes 78° 25' and 
83° 19' west from Greenwich, or lo 23' and 6° 17' from Washington. Its shape is irregularly triangular. The distance 
north and south on the meridian of Savannah is 212 miles, and from the head of Tugaloo River, on the west, to the mouth 
of Little River, on the east, 263 miles. On the south-east the Atlantic forms its boundary for upward of 200 miles ; on 
the south-west, dividing it from Georgia, the Sa^'annah River for 240 miles, or following the windings of the stream, 
upward of 500 miles; and the north line, separating it from North Carolina, is an irregular conventional boundary. 
Included within these limits the land area is estimated at 24,500 square miles. 

The coast region for 100 miles from the ocean is covered with forests of pitch pine, intersected with swampy tracts, and 
permeated by sluggish streams. In this respect, it assimilates the whole southern coast region. Beyond this, and 
parallel to it, is a belt of territory, called the " Middle Country," consisting of low sand hills, resembling the waves of au 
agitated sea. This tract occasionally presents an oasis of verdure, or a plantation of maize, but otherwise it is forbidding 
to the agriculturist. The middle country is bounded westward by another belt of land, called the " Ridge," where the 
country rises by a steep and sudden elevation, and afterward continues gradually to ascend. Beyond, the surface exhibits 
a beautiful alternation of hill and dale, interspersed with extensive forests, and watered by pleasant streams. There are 
a few lofty mountains in the western part, belonging to the Blue Ridge. Tiiblc Mountain, in this chain, rises to the height 
of 4,000 feet above the level of the sea. King's Mountain, in York District, lies partly in North Carolina, and la au iso- 
lated eminence of considerable elevation. 

The principal rivers of South Carolina have their sources in the Blue Ridge. The great Pee Dee, which bears the name 
of Yadkin, in North Carolina, reaches Winyaw Bay, after having received the waters of Lynch's Creek and Black River 
from the right, and the Little Pee Dee and Waccamaw from the left. It is navigable for steamboats to Cheraw, above 
which there is a fall of 15 feet in 18 miles. The Santee, the greatest river of the State, is formed by the junction of the 
Catawba, or Wateree, and the Congaree, and it reaches the sea without receiving any considerable tributary by two mouths. 
Steamboats ascend it to Camden and Columbia, and, by the aid of canals, there is navigation for boats to the mountains. 
The Congaree is itself formed by the junction of two considerable navigable streams, the Saluda and the Broad rivers. The 
Edisto, Cambahee, and Coosawatchie, are smaller streams, in the southern part of the State, navigable for some distance 
by small vessels. Ashley River is navigable by schooners 20 miles, and Cooper's River, which joins it at Charleston, 80 miles 
to the Santee Canal. Although most of these rivers are navigable, as a general thing the lower parts of their courses are 
shallow, and obstructed by bars. The harbors of the State are almost valueless, but the coast presents numerous entrances, 
which are accessible to small vessels, and which afford advantages to an extensive and active coasting trade. The 
harbor of Charleston is obstructed by a dangerous sand bar, and that of Georgetown will only admit small cr.aft. The 
harbor of Beaufort, or Port Royal, is the best in the State, and is sufficient to receive a navy, but is little frequented Stone 
Inlet has nine or ten feet of water, and was used during the blockade of Charleston, in 1775. St. Helena Sound is the 
most spacious opening for a great distance along the coast, but although about 3 miles wide and 10 miles long, it is too 
much beset by shoals to be of any great commercial value. The southern part of the coast is skirted by a range of 
islands, separated from the mainland by narrow channels, which affi)rd an inland steamboat navigation from Charleston 
to Savannah. These islands, like the neighboring continent, are low and flat, but are covered with forests of live oak, 
pine, and palmettoes, and they yield the black seed, or Sea Island cotton. Before the cultivation of cotton was com- 
menced, many of them were the haunts of alligators, and their thick woods and rank weeds rendered them impenetrable 
to man. At present they are under cultivation, and well inhabited, and as the voyager glides by their shores, he is 
enchanted by the prospect of their lively verdure, interspersed by thick clumps of palmettoes and flowering groves of 
orange trees. The live oak, which is so called from its being an evergreen, is a noble tree, with a trunk sometimes 12 
feet girtJi— its long branches are spread horizontally, and festoons of moss hang from them, almost sweeping the ground. 
The laurel is here seen covered with large white blossoms, shaped like a lily, and a foot in circumference. The long sand 
beaches, which border these islands toward the sea, are covered with thousands of water-fowl. 

The mineral resources of South Carolina are by no means insignificant. The primitive region of the western part Ol 
the State belongs to the auriferous belt of the Atlantic slope, and for a number of years past the production of gold has 
been such as to encourage the miner in continuing his piu-suits. In several cases large nuggets of native metal have been 
dug up, but the largest quantities have been obtained from washings. Iron is also abundant in this region, and in quality 
the ore is not surpassed. Coal is not found within the State ; and the rocks which include the coal formation, between 
the clay slate and the new red sandstone, are entirely wanting. Regarding the minerals used as building material, Prof. 
Tuomey says, " it is owing to the difference in the facilities for transportation that the granite, marble, and flagstone of 
Massachusetts and Connecticut are better known in Charleston and other cities, than those of the State (South Carolina), 
notwithstanding the abundance and quality of the latter. In choosing building materials, strength and resistance to 
external agents are among the principal requisites." * * * * " The granite and sienite around Columbia are of this char- 
acter. Among the beautiful granites of the State, the porphyritic granite of Camden and Buffalo Creek, and the red 
granite near Columbia, are conspicuous. Of the sienites, those found in Abbeville, Fairfield, and Lexington are the most 
beautiful. The former resembles the Quincy granite, and the latter is remarkable for its white feldspar, contrasting so 
strikingly with the black crystals of hornblende. The white and variegated marble of Spartanburg and Laurens form 
excellent materials for building and ornamental purposes." * * * * " Gneiss, besides furnishing an excellent building 
Btone, is often sufficiently slaty m its structure to allow of being split into slabs, A fine quarry of this sort is open at 

255 



THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 



Piekeus. In Ihe lower part of York gneiss is found, hiiving a similar structure : it passes in to mica slate, whioh preseuts 
every appearance of making an excellent fiasging stone." * * * * "The mica slate found in Fairfield is equally prom- 
ising." Soapstone of very fine quality is found at some of the above-named localities; and porcelain earth abounds 
through the primary region, wherever the feldspathic granite is found in a slate of disintegration. Localities are so well 
linown as " chalk hills," that they need not be enumerated. A long-known locality occurs above Pendleton, and along 
the base of the mountains in Pickens it is seen in several places; in Greenville, near where the Pendleton roa<l crosses 
the Saluda; and in Abbeville, near the village, a remarkable locality is pointed out. This deposit is the result of the 
decomposition of eurite. A simitar deposit is found near Cherokee Ford, where it is used as a fire clay, and it is seea 
again on the branches of King's Creek. But the finest exposures of this earth are found in the diluvium. A good mate- 
rial for gliizing pottery will be found in the undecomposed felilspar of the granites, where it abounds. Sand of line quality 
for the manufacture of glass is aKso abundant. Ked and yellow ochres abound in Chesterfield District, of very fine quality, 
yet they seem scarcely to be used even for domestic purposes. There are many localities where the micaceous and talco- 
micaceous rocks occur, which answer well for whetstone. A noted locality occurs in York, and another in Chesterfield, 
and in the upper part of Lancaster. Many of the precious stones are also found in various parts of Ihe State. 

In richness, variety, and abundance, perhaps no part of the habit.ible globe, of the same territorialextent, exceeds South 
Carohna in agricultural capabilities. Governor Seabrook says, "Of the four great materials for human clothing, cotton, 
wool, silk, and flax, her climate and soil are peculiarly adapted to the first three, and in locations to the last. Of the 
prominent articles of food, she produces rice, wheat, Indian corn, oats, rye, barley, sweet and Irish potatoes, ami different 
varieties of the pea tribe. For the habitation of man, the earth, her quarries, and forests, furnish an inexhaustible 
supply. Iron, so essential to every class in society, is superior in quality, it has been ascertained, to any found in the 
country. Gold, not too abundant to divert from other and more profitable pursuits, excites the enterprise, and rewards 
the labor of a portion of our citizens. In other minerals she is neither deficient in quantity nor value. "While the woods 
abound in game, including the deer and turkey, the ocean, which laves her southern border, and the numerous streams, 
both salt and fresh, that penetrate every part of her surface, yield almost every variety of the choicest fish. In relation 
to medicinal and culinary plants, her catalogue is large. To tobacco, indigo, and hemp, which once were staple com- 
modities, fruits and esculent vcget.ibles that everywhere meet the eye, and other productions that minister to Ihe comfort 
or necessities of her people, it is needless in this place especially to direct your notice. So remarkable, indeed, is her 
topographical condition, that wheat and the sugar-cane grow profitably side by side, and the olive and orange ripen under 
the provident care of the same family of cultivators, who extract the saccharine matter of the maple, but essay in vain to 
secure the maturity of the native corn of America. Wheat is cultivated as low as .32° 30', and from bleak, cold winds, 
the northern side of the Glassy Mountains will not produce maize. To comprehend this subject in all its relations a more 
detailed examination is necessary. 

" South Carolina is most favorably situated, not only with regard to the States of the Union, but to the other portions of 
the globe. Midway between the frozen regions of the north, and the burning heats of the tropics, in her climate, seasons, 
and proiluctions,it has been fully represented that she enjoys most of the advantages of all. If we except tropical fruits, 
to which frost is fatal, her capacity successfully to rear all the grains, fruits, and esculent roots, which enrich more southern 
countries, is nearly certain. Her latitude for cotton enjoys an extraordinary advantage. Much farther south, the forcing 
nature of a vertical sun develops the plant too rapidly, thereby running it into weed and foliage ; it is from the same cause 
most exposed to the ravages of the caterpillar and other insects. Farther north, the season is too short to mature an 
abundant crop of bolls, while the staple degenerates, and becomes less valuable. From the Sea Island the best cotton 
known to commerce is exported. So circumscribed are the lands in which it can be grown, that a half degree (.32° 10' to 
32° 40' north latitudes) of the sea-coast of North America seems to be the precise point where the length, strength, and 
firmness of the fibre are most happily blended. In reference to rice, our State enjoys almost a monopoly. South Carolina 
includes an area of 30,213 square miles, or 19,435,680 acres (according to the last census 24,500 square miles, or 15.630,000 
acres). Of Uiis area there is as little land in one body, the highest authorities assure us, unsusceptible of remunerating 
culture as the United States can furnish. Undistinguished by mountains with their agricultural disadv.antages, it is worthy 
of remark that the spurs that make out from the great r.ange which separates the waters falling into the Atlantic Ocean, 
and into the Gulf of Mexico, are capable of profitable tillage to their very summits. 

"As a difference of 12 degrees of latitudes exists between the western and eastern hemispheres, the countries of the 
latter, which are subject to the same atmospherical influences with South Carolina, comprise the most delightful and fruit- 
bearing portions of France, Italy, Turkey in Europe, Paissia, Tartary, and China. 

" Between the primitive and alluvial formation the State is nearly equally divided. The soils, though of every kind, 
may be said to comprehend six varieties, each the best suited to a certain crop, yet all of them capable of advantageously 
producing three-fourths of the vegetable products grown in its limits. While local differences are everywhere observable, 
the surface and soil of the upper districts present a great similarity ; and this is equally true of the lower districts. In the 
former the lands are broken and hilly, in the latter level— oak is the natural growth of the one, pine of the other. Clay is 
the soil of much the largest portion of the State, and, except in the immediate vicinity of the ocean, is almost the universal 
substratum. A close, stiff land predominates generally in the parishes south-east, and an open sand on the sea islands. 
The highlands of the country above the falls of the rivers are naturally much superior to those of the pine-covcrcd region, 
but the alluvial bottoms of the former are greatly surpassed in richness by the river swamps of the latter. In its capacity 
for permanent improvement, the granite half of the State has been more highly favored by nature than the alluvial. 
This is mainly ascribable to the open texture permeable to water of its clayey subsoil, and the potash in the soil and sub- 
soil, formed by the decomposition of the feldspar and mica of the granite. In a few localities, however, the depth of the 
substratum and its proximity to the suiface offer serious obstacles to its higher productions. These, among other causes, 
seem yet to be operating against the cultivation of perhaps the greater part of those peculiar soils known as the 'Flat 
Woods' of Abbeville; those in the neighborhood of Dutchman's and Wateree creeks, in Fairfield, and the Black Jack 
lands of Chester. Deriving their fertility from the hornblende disintegrated rocks which lie below the close clay subsoil, 
it would appear that steady industry, incited and directed by ordinary skill, was alone wanting to preserve and perpetuate 
the uncommon productiveness which, in spite of long-continued and improvident tillage, still distinguishes these remark- 
able tracts of land. In reference to the soils of the primitive country, to one more peculiarly only shall I now advert 
When the rocks lie horizontally, it is known that the soils derived from clay slates frequently suffer from the impenetrable 
nature of the subsoil and the position of the underlying rocks. In the regions to which they are confined in this State, 
they ' are all highly inclined, presenting their edges to the surface, and allowing the water to percolate through the strata.' 
256 



THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 



" The swamps, covering 2,000 square miles of land of inexhaustible fertility, are capable of thorough and economical 
drainage and conversion into active and available capital. Tho pine lands, emiiracing 6,000,000 of acres, constitute the 
most neglected portion of the State, vfhile in some quarters they are erroneously regarded as valuable only for tho abun- 
dance and quality of their timber, in others the belief is equally unsound, that their productive capacity is limited to 
plants which flourish only in a thin and feeble soil. That in all its relations it is a district of country of immeasurable 
value to our community, will hereafter be attempted to be shown. 

"South Carolina is most bountifully supplied with water. The base of her triangular form is washed by the ocean, and 
one of her lateral sides rests on a river accessible to vessels more than one-half its length, and small boats 100 miles 
beyond. Many bold and navigable streams, with numerous tributaries crossing through her territory in every direction, 
disembogue into the Atlantic at distances from each other, most suitable for the purpose of intercommunicatiim and trafHc. 
Before reaching the point where all traces of their distinctive character are lust forever, by united contributions they form 
a bold channel between the mainland and the sea islands the entire width of the State. Apart from the creeks and inlets 
of the sea, there is now an inland navigation equal to about 2,400 miles. Greenville is the only division of our domain 
■without tho benefit of navigation. In all the districts, however, water-courses abound which afford remarkably eligible 
sites fir mills. The rocks cross the streams nearly at right angles, and hence form a series of natural dams across their 
beds, and make falls that vary from five to eighty feet in comparatively short distances. In perhaps no equal extent of 
territory are there so many advantages of this sort presented. In connection with this subject, it is proper to add that the 
metropolis of the State (Charleston) is only seven miles from the ocean ; that its harbor is spacious, well protected from 
storms, and at all times accessible. 

" Surprising to many as may be the declaration, South Carolina, in reference to her whole population, is a very healthy 
country, and by no means a sickly one with regard to her white inhabitants. If the alluvial regicm and a few of the middle 
districts are subject to fevers in summer, the whole State in winter is comparatively exempt fVom the diseases to which 
more northern climates are peculiarly liable. The assertion, too, is with entire confidence made, that even during the hot 
months, in perhaps one-half of her limits, foreigners may reside, not only with impunity, but with renovated constitutions. 
In the neighborhood of every locality in which mephitic exhalations show the fatality of their power, there are sites for 
settlements where vigorous health, under the ordinary safeguards, is always secured. The entire sand hill country and 
pine lands generally, as well as our towns and villages, furnish the most signal evidence of the salubrity of their atmos- 
pheric influence. It may here be appropriately observed, that while from causes, several of which are among the arcana 
of nature, the lower division is becoming gradually but steadily healthier, a portion of the middle zone is decidedly more 
liable to maladies of a fatal character. If a better system of drainage and other improvements in the cultivation of the 
ground do not satisfactorily account for the one, certain agricultural features are perhaps sufficient to explain the other. 
For the diseases which occasionally clothe, in the habiliments of mourning, the people of Abbeville, Union, Chester, and 
York, it is supposed that the planters of those districts are competent to the diminution of the sources whence they spring. 
It is not unworthy of especial remark, that the atmosphere of the swamps and marshes, so poisonous to the white man, 
is at all times innocuous to his slave. If it were not for this merciful provision of an All-Wise Being, the alluvial region of 
South Carolina in the immediate vicinity of its water-courses would soon become a dreary waste, and tenanted only by 
the beasts of the forest. Of the cities of the Union, Charleston, and it may be added Columbia, show a lower mortality 
among their acclimated inhabitants than any others. With regard to the former, the number of deaths from all fevers 
(tlie epidemic of the State), except from yellow fever, for the last 18 ye.irs, is 656, and in any one year 81 in a population 
of between 30,000 and 40,000. From yellow fever, which has prevailed as an epidemic but twice in 22 years, for the same 
period, the aggregate number of deaths is 646. The average mortality for the last 6 years, all classes included, is 1 in 51 ; 
blacks alone 1 in 44, and whites alone 1 in 58." 

South Carolina is divided into 29 districts, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1850, were as 
follows : 



Counties. 

Abbeville. 
Anderson 
Barnwell. 



Dwell, 
. 3,391 



„ Farms 

^°V- in cult. 

.32,318.. 1,814. 



2,440.. 21, 4T5.. 1,986 .. 

2,460 ..26,608.. 1,558 .. 

Beaufort 1,385 . . 88,805 . . 842 . . 

Charleston . . . 5,213 . . 72,805 . . 682 . . 

Chester 1,541 . . 18,038 . . 844 . . 

Chesterfield .. 1,263 . . 10,790 . . 548 . . 

Colleton 1,515 . . 39,505 . . 888 . . 

Darlington. . . 1,.313 . . 16,830 . . 857 . . 
Edgefield . . . 3,019 . . 39,262 . . 2,030 . . 

Fairfield 1,282 . . 21,404 . . 675 . . 

Georgetown. 575 .. 20,647 . . 550.. 
GreenviUe. . . 2,851 . . 20,156 . . 1,068 . . 
Horry 9S0 . . 7,646 . . 781 . . 



Capitals, 

Abbeville 
Anderson 
Barnwell 
Gillisonville 
Charleston 
Chester 
Chesterfield 
Walterboro' 
Darlington 
197 . . Edgefield 
36 . . Winnsboro' 

6 . . Georgetown 
55 . . Greenville 

7 . . Conwaysboro' 



156. 
66. 
85. 
18 . 
76. 
50. 
32. 
10. 
26. 



Kershaw .... 928 . . 14,473 . . 383 . . 21 . . Camden 



Dwell. 



Pop. 



Farms 



. 580 
. 1,603 
, 837 



Comities. 

Lancaster. . . . 1,096 . . 10,988 . , 

Laurens 2,132 . . 23,407 . , 

Lexington. . . 1,312 . . 12,930 . . 

Manon 1,856 . . 17,407 . . 1,374 

Marlborough. 929 . . 10,789 . . 621 . 
Newberry . . . 1.494 . . 20,143 . . 1,045 
Orangeburg.. 1,513 . . 23,582 . . 1,206 

Pickens 2,232 . . 16,904 . . 1,231 

Eichland.... 1,588 ..20,343.. 543. 
Spartansburg 3,185 . . 26,400 . . 1,555 

Sumter 1,908 . . 83.220 . . 1,343 , 

Union 1,734 . . 19,852 . . 869 

Williamsburg 717 . . 12,447 . . 454 
York 2,190 . . 19,4-33 . . 1,252 



Manuf. 

Estab. 
. 20. 
.141. 
. 40. 
. 0. 



Capitals, 

Lancaster 
Laurens 
Lexington 
Marion 
23 . . Bennettsville 
39 . . Newberry 
41 . . Orangebtirg 
Pickens 
Columbia 
Spartansburg 
Sumter 
UnionviUe 
Kingstree 
Torkville 



23, 
87. 
34. 
82 . 
72. 
0. 
30. 



The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 52,642; of families, 52,937; and of inhabitants, 
668,507 ; viz., whites 274,623— males 137.773, and females 136,850 ; fr. col. 8,900— males 4,110, and females 4,790, and 
sl. 834,984. Of the whole population there were, deaf and dumb—wh. 129, fr. col. 1, si. 15— total 145; blind— y/h. 152, 
fr. col. 14, sl. 56— total 222; insane— wh. 192, fr. col. 3, sl. 9— total 204; and idiotic— v/h. 242, fr. col. 3, sl. 50— total 295. 
The number of free persons born in the United States was 274,813, the number of foreign birth 8,662, and of birth un- 
known 48. The native population originated as follows : Maine 68, N. Hamp. 39, Verm. 37, Mass. 407, E. I. 97, Conn. 228, 
N. York 884, N. Jer. 182, Penn. 362, Del. 14, Md. 320, Dist. of Col. 30, Virg. 1,621, N. Car. 6,173, South Carolina 262,160, 
Ga. 1,504, Flor. 55, Ala. 225, Miss. 60, La. 30, Tex. 1, Ark. 9, Tenn. 188, Ky. 73, Ohio 23, Mich. 2, Ind. 11, 111. 6, Mo. 8, 
la. 0, Wise. 0, Calif. 1, Territories ; and the foreign population was composed of persons from — England 921, Ireland 
4,051, Scotland 651, Wales 10, Germany 2,180, France 274, Spain 30, Portugal 14, Belgium 0, Holland 9, Turkey 0, Italy 59, 
Austria 11, Switzerland 18, Eussia 19, Denmark 24, Norway 7, Sweden 29, Prussia 44, Sardinia 0, Greece 1, China J, 

Q 257 



THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA 



Asia 4, Africa 9, British America 57, Mexico 4, Central America 0, South Americii 8, West Indies 177, Sandwich Islands 0, 
and other conniries 5". 

The folIowinK tiiljle will show the decennial progress of the pnpiilation since the first census of the State, taken l>y tho 
United States authorities : 

Colored Persons. Dec'»nnial Ini'rr*a!»e. 
Census 'White , > , Tntal , ■ > 



Years. Persons. Fre». Slave Total. P(>|Mil..linn. Numerical. Percent. 

1790 140.17S I.Sni 107,1194 108,^95 219.073 — — 

1800 196.255 3.185 146,151 U9.Zm 345 591 96,518 8S.7 

1810 214.196 4.654 196,365 200.919 415.115 69.524 20.1 

1820 237.540 6.72G 258.475 2i;5 201 .5 '2,741 87,626 21.1 

1830 257.863 7.921 315,401 32S.322 .581,1-5 78.444 15.6 

1840 259.089 8,271 817.038 32.=),3n9 59t..'!98 1.3,213 2.3 

1850 274,623 8,900 384,954 393.SS4 668,507 74,109 12.8 

The general statistics of the State reganling its productions, manufactures, commerce, and institutions, aceording to tho 
census of lS5ii, and other official reliiriis for ihat ye:ir, were as follows: 

Occicpied Lands, etc. — Improved farm lands, 4,072,651 acres, and unimproved lands, 12,145.049 acres — valued together 
at 182.431.684. The whole number of farms under cultivation on the 30th June, 1850, was 29,969. Value of farming implo- 
ments and machinery, .$4,136,3."j4. 

Live-Stock — The number of live-stock or domestic animals for the two periods 1S40 and 1350, according to the census 
of those years, was comparatively : 

Description. )S40. ls.=,o. Increase. 



^"""^'^ hon«.,i .„„^ I 97.171 head ) 4,733 head, or 3.6 per cent 

I 37.483 " ) y < y 

\ I 193,244 " J 

[-572,608 " -j 20,504 " V 205,075 " or 35.8 " 

) I 503 9-35 " ) 



,129,921 head 

Mules and Asses I ( 37.483 

Milch Cows 1 ( 193,244 

"Worliiiig Oxen 

Other Cattle... 

Bheep 232,981 " 285,.^51 " 52.570 " or 22.6 



incr. 97,923 bushels 


1 or 


101 


per cent. 


deer. 3,049 " 


or 


2.1 


" 


«)icr. 1,448.649 " 


or 


99 


" 


incr. 845.947 " 


or 


56.9 


" 


incr. 610 '' 


or 


1,5.5 


11 


incr. 211 " 


or 


273.0 


« 



Swine 87S..532 " 1,065,503 " 186,971 " or 21.3 « 

— the value of all live-stock in 1850, was -$15,060,015. 

Prodiict.<< of AnimaU. — Wool, 4S7.2.33 pounds ; butter, 2,981,850 pounds ; cheese, 4,970 pounds ; and the value of animals 
slaughtered in the year had been $1,302,637. The wool crop according to the census of lS4n amounted to 299,170 pounds; 
and hence the increase exhibited in 1850, was 18S.063 pounds, or 62.8 per cent. The product per fleece in 1840, was 
20.1 ounces, and in 1S50, 27.3 ounces, showing an incre.^se of 7.2 ounces, or 35.8 p r cent. 

Grain Tro/i.v.— Wheat, 1,066.277 liushels; rye, 4-3,790 bushels; Indian corn. 16.271.454 bushels; oats, 2,322.155 bushels; 
barley, 4,583 bushels; and buckwheat, 283 bushels. Comparing the above with the products according to the census of 
1840, the following results are obtained: 

Crops. If40. tS50. Movement. 

Wheat 968,354 busheli 1,066.277 bushels 

Eye 44,7-38 " 43.790 " 

Indian com 14,722.805 " 16..501.454 " 

Oats 1,486.208 " 2,322,165 " 

Barley 3,9«7 " 4,583 " 

Buckwheat 72 " 283 " 

Other Food Crops. — Rice, 159,930.613 poimds; pens and beans, 1,02%900 bushels; potatoes— Irish. 136.494 bn.sbels, and 
sweet. 4,337,469 bushels. The rice cr^p of X^if) was 60.590,861 pounds, and the inereii.so in 1850 was 99.3'i9.752 pounds, or 
163.9 per cent. About three-fourtb.s of the whole rice crop grown in the United States is produced in South Carolina, the 
proporiions being as 1.699 to 2.153. The crop of potatoes in 1840, amounted to 2,698,313 bushels, and hence the increase 
over this in 1850 was 1,775,650 bushels, or 60.0 per cent. 

Miscellaneous Crops.— Toharcn. 74,285 pounds; cotton, 33",991 bales of 400 poimds; hay, 20,925 tons; clover-seed, 376 
bushels; other grass seed, 30 bushels: hops, 26 pounds: flax, 333 pounds; flax-seed, .^5 bushels ; silk cocoons. 123 pounds; 
sugar— maple 200 pounds, and cane. 671 hi 'gsheads of 1,000 pounds; molasses, 15,904 gallons; beeswax and honey.216231 
pounds; wine, 5,880 galloas. etc. Value of orchard products .$35,108, and of market-garden products $47,256. The prin- 
cipal of these crops in 1840 and 1850 compare as follows: 

Cnipa. I8-)0. 18'n. Movement. 

Tobacco 61.519 pounds 74.285 pounds increase 23,776 pounds, or 46.1 per cent 

Cotton 61,710,274 " 132,396.410 " " 70,686,126 " or 114.3 " 

Hay 24.618 tons 20.925 tons decrease 3,693 tons or 15 " 

Sugar 30,000 pounds 671,200 pounds increase 641.200 pounds, or 2,237.3 " 

Wine 643g:illons 5,680 gallons " 5,137 gallons, or 79^.9 " 

Bilk cocoons, 2,080 pounds 123 pounds decrease 1,957 pounds, or 90.7 " 

ITomf^made Manufactures were produced in the year ending 1st June, 1S60, to the value of $909,525. The same class 
Of gooils for the year preceding ihe census of 1840, were valued at $9.30.703. 

Manufiictures. — Total capital investeil, $6,060,565; value of all raw material, fuel, etc. consumed, $2.8u9,.''i34; bands 
employed -males and females ; monthly cost of labor % — male $ and female % ; 

value of products for the year, $7,076,077. The number of m:mufacluring esU-iblishments in operation and producing to 
the annual value of $500 and upward on the 30th June, 1850, was 1.473, distributeil to the counties according to the ex- 
hibit of the general tjtble. Of this number 18 were cotton factories, 91 tanneries, and 6 iron works. The total capital ia- 
vested in manufactures in 1840, amounted to $3,216,970. 

Capital invested in cotton manufactures, $557,200; cotton used, 9.929 hales; value of all r.iw material, $295,971 ; hands 
employed, 919— males 399, and females 62u; monthly cost of labor, $10,716— male $5,565, and female $5,151 ; annual pro- 
258 



THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 



ducts— sheeting, etc. 6,563,737 yards, and yam 1,34S,343 pounds ; value of entire products, $749,338. In 1S40, there were 
in tlie Slate 15 cotton factories— cajiUal $617,450; liands, 570; value of manufactures, $359,000. 

Capilal invested in tanneries, $184,335; value of lii.jes and skins used, $131,679; liauds employed, 264; monthly cost 
of labor, $3,667; products of ihe year, IS.S-M skins, and 110,000 sides of leather, valued together at $261,.332. In 1840, 
the capitid in^ ested in 97 tanneries was $212,020 ; hands 281, and products — 68,081 sides of upper leather, and 89,586 sidea 
of sole leather. 

The iron mamifacture of South Carolina is conBned to the manufacture of eastings. In 1850 there were 6 establish- 
ments in operation, ha\ ing an aggregate cai)ital of $185,700. The material used in these was 169 Ions of pig iron, 2,800 
tons ore, and 405.560 bushels of charcoal and coke, valued as raw material at $29,128. Hands employed 155— males 153, 
and females 2; average wages per monih— to males $13 59, and to females $4 ; castings manufactured, 1 236 tons; total 
value of annual products, $87,683. In 1S40 there were in the State 4 furnaces, producing 1.250 tons, and 9 liloomerieB 
forges, and rolling-mills, producing 1,165 tons ; fuel consumed, 6,384 tons; hands, 24S ; and capital investe<l, $133,300. 

In tile manufacture of malt and spiritons liquors, the capital invested amounted to $3,475; Indian corn consumed, 
18,100 bushels; hands employed, 33; whisky and high wines produced, 43,900 gallons. In 1340, 251 distilleries em- 
ployed 219 men, and produced 102,288 gallons; and the capital invested amounted to $14,342. 

The manufacturing establishments making up the "hole mimber as ascertained, otherwise than those detailed above, 
consist chiefly of such as are usual in an agricultural Slate, as carriages, saddlerj-, etc., and the mills of various descrip- 
tions f lund in all parts of tlie country. At least one-half Ihe whole capital is employed in these multifarious interests. 

Foreign commerce. — ^The value of the foreign import and export trade in the year ending 30th June, 18.50, was as fol- 
lows — of exports $11.'14S,800, and of imports $1 9-33,78.5. Of the experts, $11,446,892 was the value of domestic products- 
carried in American ships $6,467,201, and in f ireign $4,979,691 ; and $908 was the value of foreign goods re-exported ; and 
of the imports $1,313,6.58 was ihe value of goods carried in American, and $020,127 that of goods carried in foreign ships. 
The statistics of the shipping employed in this branch of industry in the year aforesaid, exhibit the annexed aggregates. 

Kntered. Cleared. Total. 



Natlimnlifv . ■ > 

of Sliippiiii;. Vessels. Tuna. Crew>. 

American 163 52.711 2.206 

'Foreign 142 44,205 1.947 



3l'5 



96,916 4,153 



Ve..,sel9. 

205 . . 

170 .. 


Ton!). 

. . . 72.222 . . 
. . . 52,830 . . 


. . 2.781 . . . 
. . . 2,2.35 . . 

... 5,016 .. 

. . 4,859 . . . 
. . 157 .. . 


Vessels. 
.... 363 . . 
.... 312 .. 

.... 680 . . 

.... 424 . . 
.... 26 . . . 


TlHlS. 

. . 124,933 . . 

. . 97,035 . . 

. . 221,963 . . 

.. 217,986 .. 
. . 3,982 . . 


Crews. 
... 4.98T 
... 4,182 


375 .. 

351 . . 

24 . 


. . 125.052 . . 

.. 121.367 .. 
.. 8,685 .. 


. . 9,169 

. . 8.998 
.. 171 



Total.. 

Distriits. 

Charleston .308 96.619 4,139 

Georgetown 2 297 14 

The total amount of shipping owned in the Stale was 36,072 tons, of which 17,126 tons was registered shipping, 18,926 
tons enrolled and licensed, and 69 tons licensed (under 20 tons). Of the registered tonnage 1,116 tons was navigated by 
steam, and of the enrolled and licensed ship|)ing 6.339 Ions. No shipping had been built during the year. The statistics 
of the value of the foreign commerce fur a series of years exhibit the following movements: 



rear. KxpiirH. 

1791 $2,693,268 .. 

1792 2,428.250 . . 

1793 3.191,867.. 

1794 3,867,908 . . 

1795 5.998,492 . . 

1796 7.620.049 . . 

1797 6.505,118.. 

1798 6,994,179 . . 

1T99 8,729,015 . . 

1800 10.66.3,510.. 

1801 14,304,045 . . 

1802 10.639.866 . . 

1803 7.811,108.. 

1804 7,4^1,616.. 

1805 9,066,625 . . 

1806 9,743.782 . . 

1807 10,912.564.. 

1808 1,664,445.. 

1809 3,247.341 . . 

1810 5,290,614.. 



Vear. Kx|...rts. 

1811 $4,861,279 

1812 2.030,195 

1813 2.968,484 

1814 737.899 

1S15 6.07.5,129, 

1816 10.849.409 

1817 10,872.613, 

ISIS 11,4^0,962, 

1819 8.2.511,790 , 



1-20 
1821 
l'.-22 
1823 
1824 
1-25 
1S26 



8 SS2,940 . . 
7,200,511 .. 



Imports. 

. $1,2.38,163 
, 1,21:5,725 

. 1,517,705 



lear. Exports. 

1831 $6,575,201 , 

1832 7.752,781 

1883 8,4.34,.325 

1.834 11 ,1 19,565 1.787,267 

18.35 11,338,016 1,891,805 

1836 13,684.376 2.801,361 

1837 11,220,161 2,510.860 

18-33 11.042,070 2.318.791 



1839 10,387,426... 

1840 10.036,769... 

1S41 8,043,284 ... 

1842 7,525,7-23... 

1843 7,760,809... 

1844 7.433.282 ... 

1845 8,89ii,648 ... 

1346 6,848,477 9ii2,536 

1847 10,431.517 1.580,653 

1843 8,081,917 1,485.299 

1849 9,701,176 1,475.695 

1850 11,447.800 1,93-3,785 



3,086,077 
2,058.870 
1,557.431 
1.359.465 
1,294.709 
1.131.515 
1,143,158 



3,007.113 

7.260 3'30 2 283.5-^6 

6,89S814 2.4191111 

8.034,1 82 2.16!i.lS5 

1,056,742 1,892,L'97 

7.554,0-36 1,534.433 

1827 8.322,561 1,434.106 

1828 6..5.50.712 1.242.048 

1829 8.175..".86 1,1.39,618 

1830 7,627.031 1,054,619 

Coa.stiiiff Trade, Internal Jmprovementf:, ftc.~The great bulk of the commercial material of Soulh Carolina and the 
States westward using its p'Tts, is carried to New York for a market and for exportation, and in like manner these Slates 
are supfilied with foreign goods from the same mart. This arrangement creates an immense coasting tra<le, which in 
South C^arolina chiefly centres .-it Charleston. (See Charleston.) With Georgi.q, Florida, and Ihe Gulf ports a large trade 
is kept up, and regular lines of steamers and coasting vessels ply between the ports. Navigation on the rivers is also 
carried on to a great cxtenl, and the heavy products of the interior are mostly brought down to the sea-board through 
this me;ins. The Santee and other canals in this State are liltle used as channels of commerce, but are of local utility. 
The lines of railroad tenniiiiiling at Charleston also greatly facilitate internal commerce. These railroads, indeed, are to 
Charleston what the Erie. Central, and oih>r roads in New York are to tlie sea-board in that quarter, and have done 
more than all the natural facilities enjined by the country to swell the volume of iis industry and wealth. These are 
noticed at length in Ihe Appkndix. K.xcept Georgia, no other Southern Slate has in operation such a successful system 
of railpiads, and it was in South Carolina that the American railroad system was first tested as an agent in commercial 
movements. 

Bankf!, etc.— On the Ist .Tanuary, 1S50. there were 12 banks and 2 branch banks in the State, the condition of which at 
that date was as foUows: «((W^«ie«— capital, $13,139,571 ; circulation, $8,741,765; deposits, $3,322,132- due other banks. 



THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 



$2,047,777; and olh.T liabilities, $642,231 ; an<i «.ss<»te— loans and diaoounts, $20,601,187; etocks, $1,849,463; real estate, 
$377,571 ; other investments, $34S,530 ; due by other banks, $2,850,942 ; notes of other banks, $715,093 ; specie funds, 
$239,278; and specie, $1,711,902. 

Oovernment, rtc— Tlie first constitution of Sonth Carolina -wns framed in 1775. The constitution adopted in 1790 is 
the basis of the government as at present administered. 

Ever}' free white citizen of the State, 21 years of age, resident in the State two years, and owning a freehold of flrty 
acres, or a town lot, six months before the eleciion. may vote wherever he so resides or holds such property. The general 
election is held on the second Monday of October annually. 

The Legidature consists of a House of Representatives and a Senate. Representatives, 124 in number, are chosen for 
two ye.irs on a mixed basis of population and taxation, and must be free white men, 21 years old, citizens and residents 
of the State for three years, and if resitlent in their election district, seized of a freehold estate of 500 acres and ten 
negroes, or of unencumbered real estate worth £150, and if non-residents, of an unencumbered freehold worth £500. 
Senators, 45 in number, shall be free white men, 30 years old, citizens and residents of the State for five years next l>ef(jrc 
the election; if residents of their districts, shall own a freehol<l of the clear value of £300; if non-residents, of the clear 
value of £1,000 ; and shall be chosen for four years, one-half the number of senators every two years. The Legislature 
assembles at Columbia annually on the fourth Monday in November. 

The Governor and Lieutenant-governor shall be 30 years of age, residents and citizens of the State for ten years, and 
owners of a settled estate within the Slate of the clear value of £1,500 each ; and shall be chosen by joint ballot of both 
houses of the Legislature for two years, and shall be ineligible during the succeeding four years. If the office of governor 
be vacant, it shall be filled by the lieutenant-governor, and after him by the president of the senate, until it is filled by the 
General Assembly. 

The administrative officers of the State are, the Secretary of State, the Comptroller-general, two treasurers, the sur- 
veyor-general, attorney-general, and the President of the Bank of the State of South Carolina. 

The jitdiciary consists of a Law Court of Appeals, and an Equity Court of Appeals, Courts for the Correction of Errors, 
Courts of Common Pleas and General Sessions, etc. The Law Court of Appeals, consisting of all the law judges, for 
hearing appeals from the Courts of Law, and the Equity Court of Appeals, consisting of all the chancellors, for hearing 
appeals from the Courts of Equity, are held in the capital, in May and November, and at Charleston, for the determining 
of facts from the districts of Georgetown, Horry, Beaufort, Colleton, and Charleston, in the month of .January. Courts for 
the Correction of Errors, consisting of all the judges in law and equity, to try constitutional questions, or questions where 
the law and equity courts are divided, and which are referred thereto by either of the courts, are held at such times, during 
the sitting of the Court of Appeals, as the chancellors and judges may appoint. Courts of Common Pleas and General 
Sessions have original jurisdiction in all civil cases where legal rights are involved (except in matters of contract, where 
the account is $20 or under), and in all criminal cases affecting free white men ; and appellate jurisdiction in all 
appeals from the magistrates' courts, and in appeals from the Court of Ordinary in all cases except in matters of account. 
They are held in each and every d istrict of the State twice in each year. Courts of Equity take cognizance of all matters 
in equity, as contra-distinguished from law, and a term is held annually in each district, except in that of Charleston, in 
which two are held. The City Court of Charleston is an inferior court of both civil and criminal jurisdiction, and is 
presided over by a Pvccorder. An Ordinary's Court is established in each district. The principal duties of the Ordinary 
is to grant letters of administration, probate of wills, examining executors' and administrators' accounts, etc., and his 
office is the proper depository of wills an<l other papers relative to the administration of estates. Appe.il lies from this 
court in matters of account to the Courtof Equity, and in all other cases to the Common Pleas. M<tgijitrates' CourtshavQ 
exclusive jurisdiction in matters of contract and under $20. Courts of Magistrate.'s and Freeholders are established for 
the trial of slaves and free people of color for criminal ofienses. The judges and chancellors are elected by joint ballot 
of the Legislature, and hold office during good behavior. Sheriffs hold office for four years, and are ineligible for the 
succeeding four years. 

Amendments to the constitution, if proposed by two-thirds of the members of each house of the Legislature, must be 
published three months before the next election of representatives, and if agreed to by a vote of two-thirds of the members, 
at the next session, shall be adopted. No convention of the people shall be called unless by a vote of two-thirds of both 
bouses. 

Federal Representation.— ^awih Carolina, in accordance with the law of 23d May, 1850, is entitled to ^»e representatives 
in Congress. This State is the only one of the Union in which Presidential electors are chosen by the Legislature. 

The militia force of the State, as reported by the Adjutant-general of the United States, in 1850, consisted of 55,209 
men of all arms, of which 2,591 were commissioned officers, an<l ■'52,618 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, 
and privates. Of the commissioned officers 19 were general officers, 96 general stafl"-offlcers, 452 field-officers, and 2,024 
company-officers. The Governor is eo'-officio Commander-in-chief in and over the State of South Carolina. 

PuUio Finances, Debt, etc. — The whole .imount of moneys received into the treasury, during the year ending SOlh 
September, 1850, was— from taxation $313,381 55, and from other sources $280,911 22 ; total $600,292 S7 ; and the whole 
amount expended was $540,864 42 : leaving in the treasury $69,428 45. 

The debt of the State, according to the report of the Legislature, in 1S50, is as follows: 5 per cents, issued for the capital 
of the Railroad Bank, $46,714 34 ; Randolph Stock, $1,250 ; Revolutionary debt, $78,810 60 ; 6 per cenU. due 1850, $3,726 84; 
6 per cents, due 1852. $175,426 55 ; 5 per cents. Eire Loan Foreign Debt due 1858, $471,111 12 ; 5 per cents, do. due 1868, 
$482,222 21 ; 5 per cents, domestic debt due 1 860, $482,222 23; 5 per cents, do. due 1870, $325,808 92— total debt, $2,061,29*? 81. 

Since the adjournment of the previous Legislature $193,437 30 of the domestic, and $23,250 80 of the foreign debt had 
been cancelled by the bank, besides $8,750 of the Randolph Stock paid by the treasury. 

The net profits of the State Bank, for the past year, including $95,000 as arrears derived from business of former years, 
were .$364,825 59. From this amount there has been transferred to the Sinking Fund $243,158 91, and been paid 
$78,453 11 for interest on the debt in Europe, and the balance that the bank was in adv.ince for interest and expenses; 
also the interest on the 6 per cents, (fire loans), amounting to $48,179 99. The aggregate funds of the bank, on the Ist 
October, were $6,353,660 06, and the total liabilities $2,770,934 86, leaving as surplus the sum of $3,582,725 20. 

The property of the State consists of b;mk capital $2,933,611 10, sinking fund $653,022 72, and balance due treasurers 
of State Bank $101,071 15 ; debt of railroad and c.an.al companies, $523,396 09 ; shares in South Carolina Railroad Com- 
pany and South-Western Railroad Bank, $SOO,000 ; and sundries, $9,415 61— total $5,020,517 32. 

The State is possessed of several highly creditable charitableinsUMiions, of which the Lunatic Asylum and the Deaf 
260 



THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 



and Dumb Asylum are (he principal. The State Lunatic Asylum is located at Columbia. On the 5th November, 1850, it 
had 121 inmates ; during the ensuing year 55 others were received, and 49 were discharged — 22 cured, 18 improved, and 
9 died, leaving in the institution at the end of the year 127. Receipts during the year $20,501 43, and expenditures 
1123,702 54. The Asylum for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb is situate at Cold Spring, and was instituted in 1849. 
In November, 1851, it had 27 pupils. 

Education. — The number of public schools in this State, in 1849, was 1,023, the number of teachers 1,019, and the 
number of scholars 9,122. These schools are under the superintendence of Commissioners appointed by the Legislature, 
In 1S4S, the amount expended from the public funds, on account of public education, was $40,561 53. Throughout the 
State there are grammar schools, academies, and private establishments, at one class of which, in preference to the public 
schools of the State, the great majority of young people are educated. The State also supports .several military institutes 
the curriculum of instruction at which is based on that of the West Point Academy. The principal colleges, theological 
seminaries, and medical schools in the State, and the statistics of each, are as follows : 

Names. Location. Founded. Professors. Students. Alumni. Vols, in libr. 



Charleston College Charleston 1785 6 

South Carolina College Columbia 1804 8 

Southern Theological Seminary (Pres.). do 1831 6 

Furman Theol. Seminary (Bapt.) Fairfield District. 1826 2 

Theological Seminary (Lutheran) Lexington 1835 2 

Med. Coll. of suite of S. Carolina Charleston 18-33 S 



70 
195 
32 
30 
10 
158 



124 2,000 

17,000 

30 ... 
20 . 



4,600 
1,000 
1,800 



Puhlia Libraries. — According to the report of the Librarian of the Smithsonian Institute, in 1851, there were in the 
State the following libraries : 2 social — 2S,5ilO volumes ; 2 college — 19,000 volumes ; 4 students — 1 ,900 volumes ; 5 academic 
and professional — 10,264 volumes ; 1 public school — 250 volumes. Total 14 libraries, and 59,914 volumes. 

Periodical Press. — The whole number of periodicals and newspapers published in the Slate on the 1st June, 1850, waa 
47, of which number 7 were published daily, 4 tri- weekly, 2 semi-weekly, 25 weekly, 5 monthly, and 1 quarterly. Of the 
whole, 22 were democratic in politics, and 25 whig, or neutral, or devoted to religion, literature, etc. Of the dailies, the 
aggregate circulation was 20,700 copies at each issue ; of the tri-weeklies, — : of the serai-weeklies, 925 ; of the weeklies, 
25,990 ; of the monthlies, 5,700 ; and of the quarterly, 1,600 copies. The number and character of periodicals in each dis- 
trict, was as follows: Abbeville, 2 w. ; Anderson, 2 w. and 1 m. ; Beaufort, 1 w. ; Charleston, 4 d., 1 t.-w., 4 w., 3 m., 1 
bi-m., and 1 quarterly ; Chesterfield, 1 w. ; Chester, 1 w. ; Edgefield, 2 w. ; Fairfield, 1 w. and 1 m. ; Greenville, 1 w. and 
1 t-w. ; Georgetown, 1 s.-w. and 1 w. ; Kershaw, 1 s.-w. ; Laurens, Marion, Newberry, and Pickens, each 1 w. ; Eieh- 
land, 3 d., 2 t.-w., and 3 w. ; Spartansburg, 1 w. ; Sumter, 2 w. ; and York, 1 weekly. 

Pauperism. — Whole number of paupers who received relief or support within the j'ear ending Ist June, 1850, 1,642— 
1,313 natives, and 329 foreigners ; and the whole number of paupers at that date, 1,293 — 1,113 natives, and 180 foreigners 
annual cost of support, $48,337. 

Religious Penominaiions. — The statistics of the several religious denominations in the State in 1850, were as follows : 



Denomina- No. of 


Cliurrh 


Value of 


Denomina- 


No. of Cliunli 


Value of 


Denomina- No. of 


Cliurch 


Value of 


lions. Cliurclies 


aci.iim. 


Property, 


tions. 


Churches. accom. 


Property. 


tions. Churches 


accom. 


Property. 


Baptist 413. 


165,805.. 


$293,863 


Germ'n Ref. 


— .. — . 


.$ - 


Pv. Catholic. . 14 .. 


6,030 . 


$73,315 


Christian ... — . 


— .. 


— 


Jewish 


3 . . 2,400 . 


. 83,700 


Swedenb'g .. — .. 


— . 


— 


Congregat'l. 1 . 


2,000.. 


70,000 


Lutheran.. . 


41 . . 14,750 . 


. 109,500 


Tunker — . . 


— . 


_ 


Dutch Eef.. — . 


— .. 


— 


Mennonite. . 


— .. — . 


_ 


Union — .. 


_ . 


— 


Episcopal.. 71. 


28,540.. 


615.450 


Methodist. . 


467 ..159.920 . 


. 311,168 


Unitarian... 1 .. 


700 .. 


30,000 


Free 5. 


1,550.. 


1,700 


Moravian.. 


— .. — . 


— 


Universalist. 2 . . 


650 . 


5,600 


Friends 1. 


500.. 


500 


Presbyter'n. 


125 . . 64,405 . 


. 471,125 


Minor Sects . 19 . . 


6,620 . 


69,425 



— making a total of 1,163 churches, having accommodation for 453,930 persons, and valued at $2,140,346. South Carolina 
is a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and also forms a part of the Roman Catholic diocese of Charleston. 

Historical Sketch.^Soulh Carolina, for many years after its settlement, was united under the same government aa 
North Carolina; but as early as 1671 it had been set off as the "County of Carteret in Carolina," and in 1715 had a sep- 
arate legislature. In 1727 it became a royal colony. 

The general history of the colony, from its first settlement to the division of Carolina into North and South, is given in 
connection with the description of North Carolina (which see). The germ of the populatiim of South Carolina was 
planted at Port Royal in 1670, but becoming dissatisfied with the locality, the colony removed the next year to the banks 
of Ashley River, where they founded old Charleston. A second removal took place in 1680 to Oyster Point, at the con- 
fluence of Ashley and Cooper rivers, where the present city of Charleston was commenced. 

On the settlement of South Carolina, the proprietors engaged the celebrated John Locko to frame for them a constitu- 
tion and body of laws. The system of government proposed by the philosopher consisted of 120 articles, and was partly 
aristocratic and partly feudal in its principles. Three classes of nobility were established, viz., barons, caciques, and 
landgraves. The first were to possess 12,000, the second 24.000, and the third 48,000 acres of land, which was to remain 
unalienable in their families. The legislature consisted of only one house, and was composed of the lords proprietors, the 
nobility, and deputies chosen by the free inhabitants holding heritable property. This plan of government, ill suited to the 
condition and views of the people, produced discord and anarchy. Its spirit was adverse to a democracy, and encour- 
aged the proprietaries in arbitrary proceedings. Religious disputes, however, at this time, were the great causes of 
disturbance. The Episcopalians being in a majority, attempted to exclude dissenters from the legislature, and the at- 
tempt succeeding, the Church of England was established by law. A train of evil coasiquences followed; and though 
the obnoxious law was annulled by the British Parliament, tranquillity w.-is not restored, and soon after (1729) the people 
preferring a monarchy to an oligarchy, the colony became a royal government, the king purchasing the rights of the 
proprietaries. 

From this period the colony was governed on the same plan as the other royal governments, and its growth became 
more rapid. Population began to pour in when discord subsided. The Dutch expelled from New York, the French 
Protestants, on the revocation of the Edict of Nantz, and olhers fleeing from tyranny and opposition, sought asylum in 
the young colony These generally settled themselves on the Santee River, and perhnps more by their respectaliility and 
character than by their numbers, contributed to the future welfare of the State. The insurrections of 1715 and 1745 in 

261 



THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 



England also sent numbers to tbe settlement; many arrived from Germany and Swiuerland, and 1,500 French colonist* 
expatriated from Nova Scotia, foimd saiicUiary in South Carolina. The cultivation of rice was commenced about the 
end of the seventeenth century, and as is well known, to this event (which was purely accidental) the State has derived a 
lasting source of wealth. 

The wars of the Spaniards, French, and Indians, undertaken by each for the extermination of the settlers, greatly 
impi'ded the j)rc>gress of the country during the period commencing with the eighteenth century, and ending with the 
general peace of 1T63. The coasts were ravaged, the frontier settlements broken up, and numbers left tbe country in 
despair, and, to add to the misfortunes of this state of matters, the small-pox raged with violence during the latter portion 
of this calamitous period. 

During the thirteen years intervening to the breaking out of the Revolution of 1TT6, the province enjoyed uninterrupted 
peace and prosperity, and in that time nearly doubled its popuUition ; and the Southern colonies were at that time little 
inclined to disturb the peaceful order of things, then existing, by joining in the revolt against the mother country. But 
though this feeling animated the inhabitants generally, there was also a minority favorable to the revolution; and aljout 
this time a revulsion was brought about even among the monarchical party, by orders having been given the governor to 
use immediately and effeclually the military in the subjugation of the dissentients. This circumstance seems to have 
determined the conduct of the colonists. During the long struggle that followed, this State suffered much both from the 
British and Indians, and the lory interest among themselves. The war in South Carolina was remarkable both for gene- 
ral actions of great imporUmce to the public cause, and for the di.-play of individual bravery and patriotism. The battles 
of Cowpens and Eutaw Sjirings may vie with any in the contest for skill and courage, and the names of Mariim, .Sumter, 
and Lee will ever live on the page of history. The city of Charleston was twice besieged — once in 17T6, unsuccessfully, 
and once in 1780, when after a determined resistance its inhabitants and garrison fell into the hands of the enemy. The 
victory of Eutaw Springs in 1781 relieved the State from the pressure of war, and contributed not a little to the successful 
issue of the contest. The scenes of the battles and sieges within South Carolina occurred iu the following chronological 
order: Fort Moultrie, 2Sth June, 1776: Port Royal, 1779 ; St. John's, 1779 ; Monk's Corner, 14th April, 1730 : Charles- 
ton. 12th May, 17So; Camden, 16th August, 17S0: Broad A'/v^/-, October, 17S0 ; TV?*'- i^iw, October, 1780 ; Cowpens, 
17tli January, 1781 ; Fort Wntnon, 14th April, 1781 ; Hobkirk's Hill, 25 April, 1731 ; Ninety-Six, ISth June, 1751; Eutaw 
iSpringn, 8th September, 1781, the scenes of American success being noted in italics. 

The history of the State since this period has been one of interest. It notes many phases in politics which have startled 
the public mind, and though comparatively a small State, its procet'dings have occupied a large share of public attention. 
Its altitude on several important federal questions has been peculiar and indei)endent, and so tenacious of '• State rights" 
have the people appeared, that on several occasions they have even gone so far as to threaten a separation from the 
Union. In these manifestations of sovereignty, however, the patriotism of the people has not suffered in the general 
esteem of the world ; and it amy be added that the influence of the conduct of South Carolina has not been without its 
benelils to the Union, in restraining the federal aggressions and upholding the rights of States to the management of their 
own internal affairs. South Carolina, too, has given to its sister States an example worthy of imitation, in its advocacy 
of Southern iixiustry and improvement. Among Southern States, this is second to none in its public works, and in many 
of its industrial employments ranks superior to any other in which slave labor is used as a producing power. 

Siicc-esftioii of Governors.— V:iT>^R the Proi'riktaky : 'William Sayle. 1669 ; Joseph West. 1671 ; John Yeamans, 1671 ; 
Joseph West, 1674; Joseph Morton. 16^2; Joseph West, 1CS4; Richard Kirk. 1684; Robert Quarry, 1684; Josei)h Mor- 
ton, 1685; James Colleton, 1036; Selh Sothwell, 1690; Philip Ludwell, 1692; Thomas Smith, 1693; Joseph Blake, 1694; 
John Arehdale, 1095; Joseph Blake, 1096; James Moore, 1700; Nathaniel Johnstm, 1703 ; Edward Tynte, 1706; Robert 
Gibbes, 1710; Charles Craven, 1712; Robert Daniel, 1716; Robert Johnson, 1719; James Moore, \119 -.—ArtAur 
Middletwi, 1719-21, during which a temporary republic existed ;— Under the Royal Govebn.ment: Francis Nicholson, 
1721 ; Arthur Middleton. 1725 ; Robert Johnson, 1730 ; Thomas Bronghton, 17-35 ; William Bull, 1737 ; James Glen, 1743 ; 
William II. Littleton, 1756; William Bull, 1760; Thomas Boone, 1762; William Bull, 1763; Charles Montague,-1766; 
William Bull, 1709 ;— Unukr thk First Constitution : John Rutledge, 1775 ; Rawlins Lowndes, 1778 ; John Rutledge, 
1779; John Mathews, 1732; Benjamin Guerard, 1783; William Moultrie, 1735; Thomas Pinckney, 1737; Charles 
Pinckney, 1789 ;— Under the Skcond Constitution: Charles Pinckney, 1700; Arnoldus Vanderhorst, 1792; William 
Moultrie, 1794; Charles Pinckney, 1796; Edward Rutledge, 1793; John Drayton (acting), 1300; John Drayton, 1300; 
James B. Richardson, 1S02 ; Paul Hamilton, 1804 ; Charles Pinckney, 1806 ; John Drayton, 1808 ; Henry Middleton, 1310; 
Joseph Alston, 1812; David R. Williams, 1814; Andrew Pickens, 1816; John Geddes, 1818; Thomas Bennet, 1820; 
John L. Wilson, 1822 ; Richard J. Manning, 1324 ; John Taylor, 1826 ; Stephen D. Miller, 1S2S ; James Hamilton, ISoO; 
Robert T. Hayne, 13-32 ; George M-Duffie, 1834 ; Pierce M. Butler, 1336; Patrick Noble, 1833 ; B. K. Hennegan (acting), 
1840; John P. Richardson, 1340; James H. Hammond, 1342 ; William Aiken, 1344; David Johnson, 1840; W. B. Sea- 
brook, 1S4S ; John II. Means, 1350 ; John L. Manning, 1352. 

CoLUiiBiA, on the east side of Congaree River, is the political capital of the State. 
262 



THE STATE OF TENNESSEE. 



Tennessee lies in the form of a parallelogram, with Kentucky and Virginia on the north, North Carolina on the east, 
Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi on the south, and tlie Mississippi Eiver on the west, which divides it from Missouri 
and ArivJiDsas, and extends east and west between SP 37' and 90° 2S' west from Greenwich, or 4° 35' and 13° 26' west 
from Washington, and between the latitudes 35° and 36° 35' north. From North Carolina it is separated chiefly by the 
Alleghanies. Its area is computed at 45,600 square miles. 

Tennessee is perhaps more diversified in the character of its surface than any other of the central States. In the east, 
mountain prevails, and in this section the country is traversed in a north and south direction by several ridges of the 
Appalachian chain, and in its topography presents much picturesque and beautiful scenery. The middle portion of the 
State is less bold in its outlines, and the surface imperceptibly declines by gradations from a region overspread by hills 
and .swells of ever-changing and varying elevation and character, to a rolling country of exquisite fertility, and watered 
by innumerable streams, affluents of its great rivers, the Cumberland and Tennessee. Between the Tennessee and the 
Mississippi ill the west, the surface is nearly level, tlic general evenness being interrupted only by the courses of the low 
water-shed dividing the tributaries of the two rivers, or by alternations of woodland and prairie. In all the country, 
however, there are but few portions so hilly and broken as to interfere with its agricultural capacities; the hills are 
clothed with wood to their summits, and the soil is everywhere sufficiently fertile for profitable cultivation, or yields nour- 
ishing grasses for pasturage to the hill-tops. The cast abounds in minerals, the rich deposits of which are only now 
being disclosed, and the spurs of the mountains contain in the various rocks materials useful for building purposes 
and ornamental architecture. 

The Kittatinny range, under the local name of Stone, Bald, Iron, Smoky, and Unika mountains, forms the dividing lino 
between Tennessee and North Carolina, while the prolongation of the Alleghany chain, of Chestnut Eidge and of Laurel 
Ridge, traverse the State north and south. The latter, which here takes the name of Cumberland Mountains, spreads out 
in this State to a breadth of about fifty miles, filling that section of the country which lies be. ween the Tennessee and the 
Cumberland rivers, before they take a western course, with long regular ridges of no great elevation. Perhaps none of 
their summits exceed 2,000 feet in height, but the chains are continuous, interrupted only at great intervals by gaps or 
passes. In some places they are rocky and rugged, while in others, and generally, they swell gently from their elevated 
bases and embosom numerous, delightful, and fertile valleys. The valleys of the small rivers are extremly beautiful, and 
rich beyond any of the same description west of the Alleghanies. The valleys of the great streams— the Tennessee and 
Cumberland— differ little from the alluvions of the other great rivers of the central region of the Union. In the small 
valleys are many fine plantations, so lonely that they seem lost among the mountains. 

Noble rivers, open to navigation, and fine pure streams, furnishing ample power for economical purposes, are distin- 
guishing features of Tennessee. The Mississippi washes the western border for 160 miles, and its banks within this 
State afford some of the most valuable commercial sites to be found in its long course. The Cumberland has its sources 
and its mouth in Kentucky, but runs for about 250 miles in Tennessee, through which is its most southern bend ; it enters 
this State about longitude 85° 40', and leaves it about longitude 8S° 12', and within 10 miles to the east of Tennessee 
Eiver. Steamboats have ascended to Burkesville, in Kentucky, but they rarely pass above Carthage, the point where 
Caney Fork meets the principal stream. To Nashville, the capital of the State, steamboat navigation is Ciisy and conve- 
nient. The Tennessee also rises beyond the limits of the State. The Clinch and Holston have their sources in the 
Alleghany ridge of Virginia, but Uie Watauga, a tributary of the Holston, the Nolichucky, and Big Pigeon, branches 
of the French Broad River, the Little Tennessee, and the Iliwassee — all rise in the Blue Ridge. The Little Tennessee is 
often considered as the m.ain river, but it is much inferior to the Holston, with which it unites, and the confluence of the 
Holston anil Clinch form the Tennessee Eiver. Most of these rivers are navigable by boats, and they receive numerous 
valuable mill-streams. The junction is effected at Kingston, whence the course of the Tennessee is south and south-west 
until it enters Alabama, through which State its course is generally west to the Mississippi State line, on which it takes a 
north direction, through Tennessee and Kentucky, to the Ohio. After re-entering Tennessee, it flows 200 miles within its 
limits, and is navigable throughout that distance for steamboats. The Elk and Duck rivers are its only considerable 
tributaries; rising in the same district, on the western slope of the Cumberland Mountains, they reach their common 
recipient at a distance of 200 miles from each other, and are both navigable for a considerable distance. The Sequatchee 
is a smaller stream, flowing through a rich and beautiful v.illey in the Cumberland Mountains. Caney Fork, and Stone's 
Kiver, tlie principal tributaries of the Cumberland, are navigable streams: the former rises within the mountains, and the 
latter on their western slope. Western Tennessee is almost entirely drained by affluents of the Mississippi. 

The mineral resources of Tennessee consist of valuable deposits of iron, copper, lead, etc., of which the ores are ex- 
ceedingly rich ; these are mostly located in the eastern and middle divisions of the State. Copper is of recent discovery, 
and promises to become a rich acquisition to the known resources of the country. Iron is extensively reduced along the 
borders of Cumberland River. In December, 1852, there were In this region 19 furnaces, 9 forges, and 2 rolling-mills in 
operation,* .nd producing in the aggregate 44,5i>0 tons of metal annually. The lead-mines have lieen partially worked 

* The fulluwiiig statistics are from Hunt's " Merchants' Magazine" for May, ls't3. 

Number Products. Value nf Capital 

of Works. 18)2. Products. Invested. 

Furnaces 19 29,200 tons pig metal $6ii7,lino $766,000 1,045 

For;;e8 9 lO.fiOO " blooms 68.3,000 23n,000 260, 

KollingMills 2 4,700 " bar iron 421,000 225,000 90 



Total 30 44,500 $1,673,000 $1,216,000 1,395 1,910 



THE STATE OF TENNESSEE. 



The gold region extends into the north-eastern part of Tennessee, but the metal has not been found in any large quanti- 
ties. Coal of excellent quality has been mined in the Cumberland Muunlaius, but, except for local purposes, can be of 
little value, the means of transportation being inferior, and the coal-fields of the Ohio basin being much more accessible 
and more cheaply wrought. Formerly this coal was mined to a considerable extent, and carried from Crab Orchard 
Mountain, near Emory's lliver, down the Tennessee to New Orleans. The supposed coal of Williamson, Davidson, and 
Maury counties is, according to Professor Troost, aluminous slate. The State contains quarries of excellent marble and 
Other calcareous formations ; gypsum is also abundant; nitrous earths are found in the limestone caverns, and there area 
variety of other useful minerals throughout the country; east of the Tennessee salt is abundant. In the eastern section 
there are numerous sulphur and other mineral springs. Many of the caverns are of great extent— some have been ex- 
ploreil for a distance of ten miles, and contain spacious apartments, and are traversed by considerable streams. 

The climate of Tennessee is mild and genial, being free from the scorching heals of the South and the chilling blasts 
of the North. Cattle may graze on the plains throughout the winter. Its salubrity is unquestionable; the low valleys 
where the waters are stagnant, and the alluvions of the great rivers, being exceptions. The soil of East Tennessee, prin- 
cipally calcareous, is eminently fertile. In the west the soils vary, and the strata descend from the mountains in the fol- 
lowing order: first, loamy soil, or mixtures of clay and sand ; next, yellow clay; next, a mixture of red sand and red 
clay ; and lastly, white sand. In the southern parts are immense beds of oyster shells, on high table-land, at a distance 
from any stream. Nearly all the forest trees of the central country are found in this State ; juniper, red cedar, and 8a\in 
cover the mountains. The pine-forests of the eastern section are valuable for their tar, turpentine, etc. The sugar-maple 
is very abundant. Fruit in all its varieties is raised in great perfection in every part of the State. The agricullural pro- 
ductions are similar to those of the Ohio Valley generally, with the addition of cotton, which is grown chiefly in the south 
and west. The east is chiefly engaged in cattle-raising, and exports largely to the south. Tobacco and hemp are also 
staples of Tennessee, and in quality are excellent. 

Tennessee is divided into 79 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1850, were as follows: 

Eastern Tennessee — 2S counties. 

Farma Manuf. ^.„,..,. Counties. Dwell. Pop. ^^^J™ 

Johnson 565 . . 3,705 . . 325 . 

Knox 2,804 . .18.755 . .1,403 . 



Counties. 

Anderson 



nweli. Pop. 

. 1,091 .. 6.9,W .. 

Bledsoe 854.. 5.951 .. 

Blount 1,992 ..12,.3S2 .. 

Bradley 1.955 ..12,25'J .. 

Campbell 916 .. 6.(168 .. 

Carter 1,002 .. 6.296 .. 

Claiborne .... 1,425 . . 9,369 . . 

Cooke 1,295.. 8,3(10.. 

Granger 1.894 ..12.370 .. 

Greene 2,938 ..17,824 .. 

Hamilton 1,590 . .10,075 . . 

nancoek: 939 .. 5,660 .. 

Hawkins 2.019 ..13,370 .. 

Jefferson 1,975 



698 . 
325 . 
976. 
886 . 
521 . 
565. 
944 . 
836. 
723. 
1,346 . 
633 . . 10 
787 . . 17 
735 . . 21 
13,204 . . 904 . . 72 



2.. 



Capitals, 
Clinton 
Pikeville 
38 . . Marysville 
44 . . Cleaveland 
14 . . Jacksboro' 
47 . . Elizabethtown 
24 . . Tazewell 
85 . . Newport 
84 . . Eutledge 
47 . . Greenville 
. Harrison 
. Sneedville 
. Eogersville 
. Danbridge 



Marion 957 . . 6,314 . . 724 . 

Meigs 819 . . 4.879 . . 598 

Monroe 1,816 . .11,874 . . 918 

Morgan 581 . . 3.430 . . 430 , 

M'Miim 2,040 . .1.3,906 . .1,688 . .115 

Polk 1,012 . . 6,-338 . . 561 . . 11 



Ehea 681 

Roane 1,812 , 

Scott 296 

Sevier 1.071 

SulUvan 1,826 , 



. 4,415 . . 
.12,185.. 
. 1,905 . . 
. 6,920 . . 
.11,742 .. 



305.. 
842.. 
290.. 
531 .. 
816.. 
922.. 



■sub: Capitals. 
42 . . Taylorsville 
67 . . KnoxvUle 
9 . . Jasper 
1 . . Decatur 
59 . . Madisonville 
3 . . Montgomery 
Athens 
Beuton 
Washington 
Kingston 



Counties SweU. 

Bedford 2.754 . . 

Cannon 1.326 .. 

Coffee 1,179 .. 

Davi.lson .... 4,257 . . 

Dick.son 1,080 .. 

De Kalb 1,247 .. 

Fentress 707 . . 

Franklin 1,638 .. 

Giles 2,830 .. 

Grundy 4.35 . . 

Hickman 1,296 .. 

Humphreys . . 919 . . 

Jackson 2,325 . . 

Lawrence 1,364 . . 

Lewis 599 . . 

Lincoln 3,010 .. 



Pop 
21,513 
9,982 
8,351 



litnls. 



Middle Tennessee 

F.<rni9 Maniif. 
ini-ult. E.stali. 

. 986 . . 28 . . Shelbyville 
. 877.. 7.. Woodbury 
. 485 . . 19 . . Manchester 



38,881 ..1,348 ..169 .. Nasuvillk 



, 467 . , 
. 717. 

499 ., 
1,015. 
2,075 . . 

263. 



8,404 . 

8,016 . 

4,454 . 
13,768 . 
25.949 . 

2,773 . 

9.397 . 

6,422 . 
15,673.. 1,211 

9,280 . . 993 

4,438 . . 894 
23,492 ..1,926 



14. 
24. 
5. 
67. 
139. 
2. 



778 . . 46 . 

679 . . 46 . 

,. 4. 

. 43. 

,.18. 
.100 . 



Washington .. 2,155 . .13,801 .. 
32 counties. 

Counties. Dwell. Pop. _j^^™ 

Macon 1,044 . . 6,948 . . 782 . . 3 , 

Marshall 2,061 . . 15,616 . .1,032 . . 33 

Maury 2,961 . . 29,520 . .1,501 . .112 



. Sevier 
Blountville 
. Jonesboro' 



Counties. Dwell. 

Benton 984. 

Carroll 2,105 . 

Decatur 941 . 



P"P- .nrult. V.iuh 

6,315 . . 706 . . 2 . . 
15,967 ..1,404.. 24.. 

6,003 . . 443 . . 15 . 

Dyer 824 . . 6,361 . . 515 . . 7 . 

Fayette 1,951 . . 26,719 . .1,172 . . 29 . 

Gibson 2,.529 .. 19,548 ..2,160 .. 48. 

Henderson. . . 1,798 . . 13,164 . . 973 . . 25 . 
Haywood .... 1 ,454 . . 17,259 . . 967 . . 13 . 
Hardeman... 1.7.35 .. 17.456 . .1,027 . . 64. 

Hardin 1,503 . . 10,323 . . 690 . . 19 . 

264 



. Charlotte 
. Smilhville 
. Jamestown 
. Winchester 
. Pulaski 
. Altamont 
. Centreville 
. Waverly 
. Gainesboro' 
. Lawrenceburg 
. Hampshire 
, . Fayetteville 

Western Tennessee 

Capitals, 
Camden 
Huntingdon 
Decaturville 
Dyersburg 
Somerville 
Trenton 
Lexington 
Brownsville 
Bolivar 
Savannah 



, 2,086 , 
1.673 , 
1,995 . 
2,895 . 

. . 2,422 . 

,. 1,2J5 



Montgomery , 

Overton 

Robertson . . . 
Rutherford . . . 
Smith ., 
Stewart 

Sumner 2,555 . 

Van Buren . . . 404 . 

Warren 1,-387 . 

Wayne 1,216 . 

White 1,706 , 

Willi.tmson... 2,5-34 , 
Wilson 3,411 , 

19 counties. 



,21,045 ,.1,227 
11.211 .. 929, 
16,145 . .1,063 

. 29,122 . .1,507 



18,412 . 
. 9,719 

22,717 . 
, 2,674. 

10,179 . 
. 8.170. 
. 11,444 , 
. 27,201 , 



,1,310 . 
. 936 
.1,335 . 
. 192, 
, 645. 
. 689 . 
.1,341 , 
.1.355. 



.27,444.. 1,983. 



Es^b' Capital,. 
3 . . La Fayette 
Lewisburg 
Columbia 
Clarksvillo 
Monroe 
Springfield 
Murfreesboro' 
Carthage 
33 . . Dover 
103 . . Gallatin 
5 . . Spencer 
6 . . MMinnville 
10 . . Waynesboro 
22 . . Sparta 
54 .. Franklin 
36 . . Lebanon 



59.. 
9.. 
63.. 
41 .. 
32.. 



Counties. Dwell. 

Henry 2,245 . . 

Lauderdale. .. 568 .. 

Mailison 2,282 . . 

M'Nairy 1,895 ., 

Obicm 1,131 .. 

Perry 927 . 

Shelby 2,926 ., 

Tipton 813, 

Weakley 1,943. 



Pop, 

18,233.. 1,478 
5,169.. 287 
21, 470.. 1,408 

12.814 . 

7,633. 

5.822 . 
31,157 . 

6,887 . 
14,608 . 



Farms Manuf. 



.1,379 . 
. 653 
. 458 
.1,115. 
. 631 
.1,467 



E.tab. CapitHla. 
. 51 . . Paris 
. 4 . . Ripley 
. 49 . . Jackson 
. 83 . . Purdy 
. 6 . . Troy 
. 4 . . Linden 
.129., Raleigh 
. 16 , . Covington 
. 13 . , Dresden 



THE STATE OF TENNESSEE. 



The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 129,420; of families, 130,005; and of inhabitants, 
1,002.625 ; viz., whites 756,893— males 382,270, and fema(es 374,623 ; fr. col. 6,271 -males 3,072, and females 3,199, and 
el. 239,461. Of the whole population there were, deaf and dmiib — wh. 335, fr. col. 2, si. 40 — total 377; bUnd—v/h. 385, 
fr. col. 10, si. 73— total 468; imane—wh. 453, fr. col. 4, si. 21 total 478; and idiotic— wh. 789, fr. col. 4, si. 61— total 854. 
The number of free persons born in the United States was (55,655, the number of foreign birth 5,740, and of birth un- 
known 1,759. The 7iatire population originated as follows: Maine 97, N. Hamp. 64, Verm. 179, Mass. 831, K. I. 88, 
Conn. 261, N. Tork 1,019, N. Jer. 248, Penn. 2,146, Del. 95, Md. 1,554, Dist. of Ool. 101, Virg. 46,631. N. Car. 72,027, 
8. Car. 15,197, Ga. 4,863, Flor. 369, Ala. 6,398, Miss. 2.137, La. 261, Tex. 100, Ark. 496, Tennesnee 585,034, Ky. 12,069, 
Ohio 742, Mich. 7, Ind. 769, III. 872, Mo. 920, la. 80, Wise. 8, Calif. 0, Territories 2 ; and the foreign population was com- 
posed of persons from— England 706, Ireland 2.640, Scotland 827, Wales 17, Germany 1,168, France 245, Spain 3, Portugal 2, 
Belgium 4, Holland 57, Italy 59, Austria 10, Switzerland 266, Ilussia 9, Denmark S, Norway 0, Sweden 8, Prussia 82, 
Sardinia 2, Greece 2, China 0, Asia 3, Africa 5, British America 76, Mexico 12, Central America 0, South America 0, 
West Indies 20, Sandwich Islands 0, and other countries 59. 

The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State: 

Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. 

Census 'Wliite , ■ . — — , Total , > ^ 

Years. Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Popniation. Numerical. Percent, 

1790 32,013 361 3,417 3,778 35,791 — — 

1800 91,709 309 13,584 13,893 105.602. , .69,811 195.0 

1810 215,875 1,317 44.535 45,852 261.727 156,125 147.8 

1820 339.927 2.779 80,107 82,856 422,813 ...161,086 61.5 

1830 535,646 4.655 141,603 146,258 681,904 259,091 61.2 

1840 640,627 5.524 183,059 188,683. . .. .... 829,210 147.306 21.6 

1850 756,893 6,271 239,461 245,732 1,002,725 173,615 20.9 

The general statistics of the industry, products, wealth, and institutions of the State, according to the census returns of 
1850, and other official documents referring to the same year, are as follows : 

Occupied Lands, etc. — Improved farm lands, 5,175,172 acres, and unimproved attached lands, 13,808,849 acres — valued 
together at $97,851,212. The whole number of farms under cultivation on the 1st June, 1850, was 72,710, of which 21,232 
were in Eastern, 32.545 in Middle, and 18,933 in Western Tennessee. Value of farming implements, etc., $5.360,'J20. 

ZM'f-.S7w*.— Horses, 270,636 ; asses and mules, 75,303 ; milch cows. 250,456 ; w<irkmg-oxen, 86,255; other cattle, 414,051 ; 
Bheep, 811,591 ; and swine, 3,114,111. These numbers, compared with the stock in 1840, exhibit the following results : 

Description. IMO. 18.W. Movement. 

=<'"•"« 1341,409 head \ 270,636 head ) 4,530 head, or 1.3 per cent. 

Mules and Asses ) I 75,303 " ) . . r 

Milch Cows 1 I 250,456 

"Working Oxen [-822.851 " < 86,255 

Other Cattle I I 414.051 

Sheep 741,.593 " 811,691 

Swine 2,9-26,607 " 3,114,111 

— the live-stock in 1850 was valued in the aggregate at $29,978,016. 

Products of Animals.— 'Woo\,l,SGi.S7S'pnunc\s; butter, 8,139,585 pounds; cheese, 177,681 pounds; and the value of ani- 
mals slaughtered was $6,401,765. The wool crop according to the census of 1S40 amounted to 1,060,332 pounds ; and hence 
the increase exhibited in 1850, is 304,046 pounds, or 19.2 per cent. The product per fleece in 1840, was 22.8 ounces, 
and in 1S50, 26.8 ounces — increase in production 4 ounces per fleece, or 17.6 per cent. 

Grain Crops:— Wheat, 1,619,3S6 bushels; rye, 89,163 bushels; Indian corn, 52,279,223 bushels ; oats, 7,703,086 bushels; 
barley, 2,737 bushels; and buckwheat, 19,427 bushels. Comparatively, the crops returned in 1840 and 1850 were as follows: 

Crops. 1840. IS.W. Movement. 

Wheat 4,569.692 bushels 1 619,386 bushels deer. 2,950,306 bushels, or 

Eye 304,320 " 89,163 " 



[■ 



.deer. 72,089 


u 


or 


9.6 


iner. 69,998 


« 


or 


9.4 


.incv. 187,504 


>i 


or 


6.4 



deer. 2,950,306 b 


ush 


.els, or 


64.5 per cent. 


deer. 225,157 




or 


73.9 " 


iner. 7,293,035 




or 


16.2 « 


incr. 667,408 




or 


9.4 " 


deer. 2,072 




or 


43.1 « 


iticr. 2,309 




or 


13.4 «' 



Indian corn 44,986,188 " 52,279,223 

Oats 7,035,678 " 7,703,086 

Barley 4,809 " 2,737 

Buckwheat 17,118 " 19,427 

OtAer Food Crops.— Uice, 258,854 (in 1840, 7,977) pounds; peas and beans, 369,321 bushels; potatoes— Irish, 1,060,844 
bushels, an<l sweet. 2,777,716 bushels. The potato crop of lS4i) amounted to 1,904,370 bushels, and hence the increase in 
1850 was 1,934,190 bushels, or 101.5 per cent. Elce culture may be said to have been commenced wilhin the decade. 

Miscellaneous Crops. — Tobacco, 20,148.932 pounds; cotton, 194,532 bales of 400 pounds; hay, 74,092 tons; clover-seed, 
6,096 bushels; other grass seed, 9,118 bushels; hops, 1,032 pounds; hemp — dew-rotted 3,913 tons, and water-rotted 1,183 
tons: flax, 367,807 pounds; flax-seed, 18,905 bushels; silk cocoons, 1.923 pounds; sugar — maple, 158,557 pounds, and cane, 
248 hogsheads of 1,000 pounds; molasses, 7,223 gallons; beeswax and honey, 1,036,672 pounds; wine, 92 gallons, etc. 
The value of orchard products was .$5i,S94, and of market-garden products $97,183. On comparison with the like pro- 
ducts of 1840 the following are the results 

Crops. 1840. 18.50. Movement. 

Tobacco 29,550,432 pounds 20,148,932 pounds deer. 9,401 ,500 pounds, or 31.8 per cent 

Cotton 27,701,277 " 77,812,8n0 " iVicr. 50,111,523 " or 180.9 " 

Hay 31,233 tons 74,092 tons, incr. 43,849 tons or 140.4 " 

Hemp — dew-rotted...) / 3.913 



— dew-rotted... J / 3.913 " \ 

water-roited... V 3,344i tons \ 1,183 " >■ incr. 4,291,167 pounds, or 57.2 

Flax ) 1 367.807 pounds ' 

Sugar — maple > < 158 557 " > 

« cane [ 258,073 pounds {248^000 « } "'"''• 148,434 pounds, or 57.5 

Wine 653galIons 92galIons.. dear. 661 galloni, or 85.9 

265 



THE STATE OP TENNESSEE. 



Boms-made Manufactures were produced in the year ending 1st June, 1S50, to the valne of $3,137,710. The same claaa 
Of goods for the cfiisns year of 1840, were vidued at .$2,886,661. Increase $251,0-19. or 8.7 per cent. 

Mamtfiictiires. — Agiiregalc capital invested, $7,044,144; value of all raw niatirial. fuel, etc., used and consumed, 
$4,757,2,57; hands employed — males and lemales ; monlhly cnst of labor $ —male $ and 

female $ ; value of the year's products, $9,443,701 The whole number of manufacturing establishments in opera- 

tion on the 1st June. 1850, and producing to the value of $500 and upward annually, was 2,789 — in the Eastern District 
941, in Ihc Middle District 1,297, and in the Western District 551, and distributed to the counties of each disirict as exhibit- 
ed in the general table. Of the aggregate number 33 were cotton factories, 4 woolen factories, 81 iron works — Hi making 
castings, 23 making pig iron, and 42 making wrought iron— and 394 were tanneries. The total capital employed in man- 
ufactures, according to the returns of 1840, amounted to $3,731,589. 

Cotton ninmifactures employ a capital of $(i69.60u; cimsume annually 6,411 bales of cotton, and 3,010 tons of coal, 
valued :.t $297,500 ; hands employed 891— males 310, and females 581 ; monlhly cost of labor, $7,124— male .$3,392, and fe- 
male $3 730; produclsof the year— sheeting, etc., 363,250 yards, and yarn 2,326.25ii pounds; value of entire piixlucts, 
$510,644. In 1840 there were in the State 3S factories, with an aggregate capital amounting to $462,240, employing 1,542 
hands, and producing to the annual value of $325,719. 

Wuol-en miinufniture.f have a capital of $10,900 ; used 6,200 pounds of wool, valued at $1,675; hands employed 17 — 
males 15, and females 2 ; monthly cost of labor $277 — male $2(55, and female $12; hats manufactured 2, 22l», valued at 
$6,310. There are probably other woolen factories producing to a less amount than $500 annually. In 1840. the number 
Of factories was 26, and fulling-mills 4, with an aggregate capital of $25,000, employing 45 hands, and producing to the 
value of $14,290. 

Jro7i matiufactures enumerated in the census of 1850, exhibit the following statistical details : 

Specifirations. Pig Iron. Cist Iron. Wrouglit Iron. Total. 

Capital invested dollars.... 1,021,400 139,500 775,050 1,9:?5,950 

Iron ore used tons 88,810 5,050 9,161 103,011 

Pig Iron used " — 1,682 11,696 13,378 

Blooms used " — — 325 325 

Mineral Coal consumed " 177,167 24,690 6,2.33 208,095 

Coke and Charcoal con.sumed httshUs.... 164,000 13,2m0 — 173,200 

Value of all raw material, etc dollars... 254.900 90,035 385,616 730,551 

Hands employed— male number. . . 1,713 261 731 2,705 

" •' female " ... 109 8 55 172 

Monthly cost of labor— male dollars... 21,958 4,687 11,111 37,756 

" '• " female .... " ... 558 36 275 869 

Iron produced tans 30,420 3,-384 10,348 44,152 

Value of all other products dollars... 41.9U0 , — 38.800 80,700 

Value of entire products " ... 676,100 264,325 670,618 1,611,043 

— in 1840 there were in Tennessee 34 furnaces, producing 16,128} tons cast iron, and 99 bloomeries, forges, and rolling- 
mills, producing 9 673 tons bar iron ; fuel consumed, 187,453 tons; hands employed 2,266, and aggregate capital invested 
in the manufaciure, $1,514,786. 

Tanneries employ a capital of $490 320; value of hides and skins, $396,159 ; hands employed 921 — males 916, and fo 
males 6 ; m<mthly cost of labor $14.37il— male $14,338, and female $-32; sides of leather tanned 3-33,888, and skins laniied 
48,429 ; value of annual products, $746,484. The number of tanneries in 1840 was 454, employing a capital of $484,114, 
and 9(i9 hands, and producing annually 1-33.547 sides of sole leather, and 171,324 sides of upper leather. 

3falt and spiritous liquors employ in their manufacture $66,125 ; quantities and kinds of grain, etc, consumed — barley 
8,000 bushels ; corn 253.400 bushels, and rye 5,480 bushels ; hands employed, 159 ; and whisky and high wines proiluced 
657,000 gallons. In 1840 there were reported 1,426 distilleries, producing annually 1,109,107 gallons, and 6 breweries, pro- 
ducing 1,835 gallons; hands employed 1,341, and capital invested $218,082. 

Tennessee has also large manufactories of machinery, hardware, and other metallic ware, brick-yards, tobacco factories, 
saddlery maimfactories, potteries, paper-mills, cordage factories, carriage factories, etc. Grist, saw, flour, and other mills 
common to agricultural States, emjdoy about one-third the whole capital invested in manufactures. The chief maiiul'ac- 
turing centres are Nashville, Knoxville, Memphis, etc., but the great bulk of the manufactures are distributed among the 
villages, and as yet there are no manufacturing towns such as exist in the Eastern Stales. 

Commerce and internal cmnmuniartion. — Tennessee has no direct foreign commerce. The internal trade carried on 
through its rivers, railroads, and other channels, however, is extensive, and a large amount of produce, goods, and mer- 
chan<lise is carried to the seaboard at New Orleans, Savannah, and Charleston, and much of the produce of the State is 
brought down the Tennes,see and Cumberland rivers to the Ohio, and seeks a northern outlet by way of Pittsburg and the 
lakes. The shipping owned in the district of N;ishville in 1850 amounted to 3.776 tons, all of which was navigated by 
Bteam-power. The system of railroads in Tennessee is as yet but partially completed, but great progress has been made, 
and a magnificent system projected. The centres are Nashville and Kuiixville. From Nashville, lines diverge toward 
every direction — north toward Henderson, Louisville, Cincinnati, and Maysville, east toward Savannah and Charleston, 
south toward Mobile and New Orleans, and west toward the Mississippi, at Memphis, etc. The great line from Mobile to 
Cairo also passes through this State. From Knoxville, lines also diverge to Louisville, on the Ohio, to Richmond on the 
Atlantic, and to the southern Atlantic ports. The Charleston and Memphis Kailroa<l is also in part within this State, but 
chiefly in Mississippi and Alabama, Tennessee has no canals, but several of the rivers have been improved and rendered 
navigable. The county roads, turnpikes, etc., are of ordinary construction, and hitherto have been the <mly available 
channels of trade to and from the rivers. They are generally good, and, except in wet weather, answer the present do 
mands of the country. The several lines of railroad are detailed in the Appkndi.^. 

Bankn.— On the 1st January, 1851, there were in Tennessee 4 banks and 19 branch banks. The Bank of Tennessee 
(head quarters at Nashville) has branches at Athr-ns, Clarksville, Columbia, Kogersville, Shelbyville, Somerville, Sparta, 
and Trenton ; the Planters' bank of Tennessee (Nashville) has branches at Athens, ("Clarksville, Franklin, Memphis, and 
Pulaski ; the Union Bank of Teimessee (Nashville) has branches at Columbus, Chattanooga, Jackson, Knoxville, and 
Memphis ; and the Bank of East Tennessee is located at Knoxville. The condition of the reporting banks at the data 
266 



THE STATE OF TENNESSEE. 



specified was as follows: liabilities— ceipHa.], $6,881,563: circulation. $6,814.3X6; deposits, $1,917,757; due other bank*, 
$61,638 ; and other liabilities, $10,000 ; and as.<iets~-\oiim and discounts. $10,992.139 ; stocks, $432,902 ; real t'state, $662,520 ; 
due by other banks, $1,559,418 ; notes of other banks, $729.186 ; ami specie, $1.4.^8,778. A free banking law has como 
into openition since the above returns were made, and several banks have commenced under its provisions. 

Government. — The first constitution of Tennessee was adopted at Knoxville in 1796, and amended at Nashville 
in 1834. 

The right of suffrage is secured to every free male white citizen. 21 years old, resident in the county where he offers 
his vote six months next before the election. Every man is to be considered while who is a competent witness in court 
against a white man. The general election is lield every second year on the first Thursday of August 

The Legisliiture consists of a House of Representatives and a Senate, llepresentalives, in number not exceeding 75, 
until the population of the State is 500.000, and thereafter not exceeding 99 (now 75). shall have the same qualifications as 
voters, and have resided in the State three years, and in the county one year next before the election. Senators, in num- 
ber not exceeding one-third of the representatives, shall have the qualifications of representatives, and shall be 30 years 
of age. Representatives and Senators are chosen for two years. The sessions commence (every second year) on the first 
Monday of October. " A census shall be taken and an apportionment made in 1S41, and in every tenth year thereafter." 
The Governor must be 30 years of age, a citizen of the United States, and a citizen of tlie State for seven years pre- 
ceding the election, and is chosen by a plurality of votes for two years, but the same person is not eligible for more than 
six out of every eight years. If llie office of Governor become vacant, the Speaker of the Senate, and after him the 
Speaker of the House of Representatives, shall act as Governor. 
The admin istnitive officers are, the Secretary of State, the Treasurer, Comptroller of the Treasury, Attorney-general, etc. 
The judiciary is vested in a Supreme Court, a Court of Chancery, and Circuit Courts. The supreme court is constituted 
of three ju<lges, one of whom resi<les in each of the three grand divisions of the State. Judges of this court must be at 
least 35 years of age, and are elected by joint ballot of the two houses of the General Assembly for 12 years. The court 
of chancery is presided over by a chancellor, one in each of the four chancery districts of the State. There are fourteen 
circuit courts, also a special criminal court in Davidson county (Nashville), and a commercial and criminal court of Shelby 
county (Memphis). The judges of all inferior courts must be at least 30 years of age, and are chosen in the same way as 
supreme court justices, but only for eight years. All judges receive a fixed compensation, and are removable on a vote 
of two-thirds of both houses. Justices of the peace are elected in districts for six ye.ars; sheriffs in counties for two years, 
and registrars for eight years. 

Among the provisions of the constitution are the following: No person who denies the being of a God or a future state 
of rewards and punishments, can hold any ofBce; any person directly or indirectly engaged in a duel sh;dl be disquali- 
fied for officii; no fine exceeding $50 shall be laid on any citizen of the St.ite, unless assessed by a jury ; lotteries and the 
sale of lottery tickets are prohibited; the proportion and the proceeds of the sale of the public lands coming to the State 
shall be applied to education and internal improvement; the General Assembly can not emancipate slaves without the 
consent of the owners, etc. 

Amendments to the constitution, if agreed to by a majority of the members of the two houses, shall be published six 
months before the next gener.-il election, and if approved by a vote of two-thirds of the members of the next Legislature, 
shall be submitted to the people, and if ratified by a majority of votes, shall be adopted. But the Legislature shall not 
propose alterations oflener than ten years. 

Federal Repreveiitaticm. — In accordance with the law of 23d May, 1850, Tennessee is entitled to te7i representatives in 
the Congress of the United States. 

Finance,i. Debt, etc. — There had been paid into the treasury, during the biennial period ending on the first Monday in 
October, 1S51. the sum of $l,n04,004 94, and there had been paid out within the same period for all purposes, $933,4.31 25. 
Excess of receipts over disbursements for the two years, $70,573 69, which, added to balances from former years, amount- 
ing to $152,198 11, makes the resources of the treasury in October, 1851, $222,771 SO. The receipts have increased within 
the last two years from $790,695 53 to $1,004,004 94, and the disbursements from $862,436 66 to the sum of $933,431 25. 

The State debt amounted at the date aforenamed to $3,651,866 66, and the annual interest on it to $195,626 37. The 
amount of productive property held by the State in 1851 was $4,128,725 74; school fund, $1,321,655. Ordinary annual 
expenditure, exclusive of debts and school fund, $290,000. 

The principal henevolent itustitutions of Tennessee are, the Lunatic Asylum and Institution for the Blind at Nashville, 
and the Deaf and Dumb School at Knoxville. The State appropriates about .$5,000 annually to each of these institutiona. 
Tennessee has made no general returns of its militia Jorce to the United States Government since 1840. At that date 
the total number enrolled was 71,252. of which 3,607 were commissioned officers, and 67,645 non-commissioned officers, 
musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers 25 wore general officers, 79 general staff-officers, 8.59 field- 
officers, etc., and 2,644 company-officers. All white male persons between IS and 45 years of age are subject to military 
duty; but ail free colored men are exempt in time of pe.ace, and exempt also from poll tax. 

Education. — The only returns required of the District School Commissioners are of the scholastic population of their 
■everal districts. The amount of school fund apportioned among the several counties in July, 1847, was $117,234 12 • 
increased by sums remaining undrawn, in treasury, and otherwise, to $191,241 84. Scholastic population at the same 
lime, 266,078. Amount apportioned in July, 1S4S, $114,227 IS. Scholastic population in 1843,272,000 and a fraction. 
There are academies in all the principal towns and villages which receive a portion of the school fund. The principal 
colleges and professional schools within the State, and the statistics of each, as exhibited by their returns in 1850, are as 
follows : 

Names, Location. Fnumied. Professnrs, Alumni, Students. Vols, in libr. 

East Tennessee College Knoxville 1792 5 122 57 4,500 

Washington College Washington co 1795 3 116 22 1,800 

University of Nashville Nashville 1806 7 398 75 10,207 

Jackson College Columbia 18.38 5 46 26 2,500 

Tusculum College Near Greenville 1847 2 10 36 — 

Cumberland University Lebanon 1844 5 80 63 5,000 

Franklin College Near Nashville 1845 5 26 SO 3,000 

Union College Murfreesboro' 1848 5 6 100 1,300 

south-western Theol. Sem. (Presb.) Maryville 1821 2 90 24 6,000 



^67 



THE STATE OF TENNESSEE. 



—the Cumberland University has a Law Department, which in 1850 had 3 professors and 58 students, and the University 
Of Nashville has a Medical Department, whicli at the same lime had 7 professors. 

Puhlic /.ibrarit's.— According to the report of the Librarian of the Smithsonian Institute, in 1S51, there "were in the 
State 21 libraries and 47,356 volumes; 1 State library— 8,000 volumes; 9 college— 2(1,844 volumes; S students'— 9,712 
volumes; 1 professional— 3,500 volumes, and 2 public school— 5,000 volumes. Total 21 libraries-47,356 volumes. 

Periodical Prexs.—Tbn whole number of periodicals published in the Slate on the 1st June, 1S50, was 61, and of these 
24 were whig. 17 democratic, and 20 neutral in polities, the last named including such as are devoted to literature, religion, 
science, etc.. and of which the political principles were not ascertiiined. Of the aggregate number 8 were published da: ^, 
2 semi-weekly, 46 wckly. and 4 monthly ; and the aggregate circulation of each class was as follows: of llie dailies, 
14,082 copies; ofthe semi-weeklies, 1,718 copies; of the weeklies, 41,477 copies, and of the monthlies, 10,600 copies ateach 
issue. Bedford County has 1 w. ; Davidson (Nashville), 5 d., 7 w., and 2 ra. ; Franklin, Gibson, Greene, and Giles, each 
1 w. ; Hamilton, 2 w. ; Henry and Hawkins, each 1 w. ; Knox, 1 s. w. and 5 w. ; Lawrence and Lincoln, each 1 w.; 
Montgomery, 3 w. and 1 m. ; Marshall, 1 w. ; Maury, 2 w. and 1 m. ; M-Minn, 1 w. ; Rutherford, 2 w. ; Shelby, 4 d., 1 
B. w., and C w. ; Sumner, 1 w. ; Wilson, 2 w. ; White, 1 w. ; Weakley, 2 w. ; Williamson and Washington, each 1 w. 

Reliaioux Denwninations.—Tht statistics of the several religious denominations in the State in 1S50, as is shown by the 
census of that year, were as follows : 



I'roperty. 
$ - 

2,600 
878,511 



Deiiomina- No. cif 


Clmrrh 


Value of 


Dennmina- No. of Cliurcli 


turns Chvirihes 


ac-c<im. 


Pr..pHrty, 


tmns. Cliur<:lie9. accom. 


Baptist 611. 


188,815.. 


$269,424 


Germ'n Ref. — . . — 


Christian... 57. 


17,800.. 


48,295 


Jewish — . . — 


Congregat'l. — . 


— .. 


— 


Lutheran... 12 .. 3,400 


Dutch Ref.. — . 


— .. 


_ 


Mennonite.. — . . — 


Episcopal.. 17. 


7,810.. 


85,-300 


Methodist.. 831 ..240,353 


Free 23. 


6,900.. 


6,665 


Moravian. . — . . — 


Friends 4. 


1,600.. 


1,300 


Presbyter'n. 357.. 132,717 



Denomina- 


No. of 


Church 


Value of 


tions. 


CImrdies 


accom. 


Priiperty. 


R. Catholic. 


3 .. 


1,300 . 


$45,000 


Swedenb'g . 


. — .. 


— . 


— 


Tunker 


1 .. 


500 . 


800 


Union 


15 .. 


3,900 . 


3,800 


Unitarian.. 


— .. 


— . 


— 


Universalist 


— .. 


_ . 


— 


Minor Sects. 


3 .. 


1,600 . 


2,150 



365,531 

—making a total of 1,939 churches, having accommodation for 606,695 persons, and valued as property at $1,208,876. 
Tennessee forms a diocese ofthe Protestant Episcopal Church, and also the Roman Catholic diocese of Nashville. 

Pauperism ami Crime.— The whole number of paupers who received support within the year ending 1st June, 1850, 
was 1,005, of which 99 were native born, and 14 foreigners ; and the whole number of paupers at the date specified was 
691, of which 577 were natives, and 14 foreigners. Annual cost of support, $30,931. Of 195 convicts in the Tennessee 
Penitentiary on the 30th September, 1847, 56 had been ccmvicted for crimes against life and person; 121 for crimes 
against property, including larceny, forgery, counterfeiting, burglary, etc., 14 for negro stealing, harboring, etc., 2 for 
incest, 8 for bigamj', 4 for arson, and 1 for perjury. 

Historical .5^c*cA.— Tennessee derives its name from its principal river. On the division of Carolina into two provinces 
this country fell to the lot of North Carolina. Between 1740 and 1750 the eastern parts ofthe country were explored, and 
large grants of land awarded for the service. No settlements however were made at this time. At the commencement 
of the French War in 1754, about fitly families were located on the Cumberlanil River, but these were driven off by the 
Indians. About the same time the Shawnees, who had lived near the river Savannah,-emigraled to the banks of the 
Cumberland and settled near the present site of Nashville, but they also were driven away by the Cherokees. In 1755, a 
number of persons settled themselves beyond the present limits of North Carolina, and were the permanent colonists of 
Tennessee. In 1773, population was found to have increased to a very considerable extent. In the succeediug year a 
war broke out with the northern Indians residing across the Ohio, and terminated by their suing for peace. The year 
1776 was ren.lered memorable by a formidable invasion of the Cherokees, whom the British had incited to attack the infant 
settlements. The British superintendent had previously made proposals to the Tennessc.ins to join the British standard, 
and failing to lure them from the support ofthe colonies, thus directed against them the savage foe. A strong force from 
Virginia and the Carolinas, however, soon dispersed the enemy, and peace was again restored. When the constitution of 
North Carolina was formed in 1776, Tennessee (then the "District of Washington") sent deputies to the convention. 
In 1780 the mountaineers ofthe borders of North Carolina and Tennessee distinguished themselves in the southern cam- 
paign, at King's Mountain, Guilford, and other battle scenes, and soon after these events they penetrated the Indian 
country and dispersed the savages. At the peace these brave men again sought their mountain homes, and devoted 
themselves to the improvement of their settlements. About this time, a small colony of about forty families, under the direction 
of James Robertson, crossed the mountains, and settled on the Cumberland River, where they founded the town of Nash- 
ville. The nearest white neighbors were the settlers of Kentucky, and between them was a wilderness of 200 miles. 
In 1783 the Legislature of North Carolina laid off a tract of land on the Cumberland River for the discharge ofthe military 
bounties and the ofBcers and soldiers of the Continental Line. The district set apart included the colony at Nashville, 
a small tract having been allotted to the original settlers. After this period population l)egan to increase rapidly. Many 
to whom military lands had been granted repaired thither with their families, while others sold their warrants to citizens 
of different States. In 1785, the inhabitants, feeling sensibly the inconveniences of a government so remote as that at the 
capital of North Carolina, endeavored to form an independent one, to which they gave the title of the '• Slate of Franklin," 
or Frankland, but the scheme was ultimately abandoned. In 17S9, the Legislature of the State of North Carolina passed 
an act ceding the territory, on certain conditions, to the United States ; and in the following year Congress accepted the 
cession, ami by its act of 26th May, 1790, provitled for its government under the title of "The Territory of the United 
States South of the Ohio," which included the present States of Kentucky and Tennessee, the former having been ceded 
by Virginia. In 1794 Tennessee was constituted a separate territory. Two years afterward Congress passed an act 
enabling the people to form a State constitution, which, having been adopted, was approved by Congress Ist June, 1796, 
and Tennessee w.is admitted as a sovereign State of the Union. 

Succe-snion of Governors. — Tekritobial Governor : William Blount, 1790 ; and — CoNSTiTTj-noKAL Governors: John 
Sevier, 1796; Archibald Roane, 1801; John Sevier, 1803; Wilie Blount, 1S09; Joseph McMinn, 1815; William Caroll, 
1821 ; Samuel Houston, 1827 ; William Caroll, 1829 ; Newton Cannon, 18.35 ; James K. Polk, 1S39 ; James C. Jones, 1841 
Aaron V. Brown, 1845; Neil S. Brown, 1847; William Treus<lale, 1S49; William B. Campbell, 1861. 

Nashville, on the left bank of the Cumberland River, is the political capital of the State. 
268 




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THE STATE OE TEIAS. 



Texas is bounded north by New Mexico and the Indian Territories, from the latter of which it is divided chiefly by 
the Red and Arl<ansas rivers; east by Arlianaas and Louisiana, the Sabine Eiver being its boundary toward Louisiana ; 
Bouth by the Gulf of Mexico, and west by Mexico, from wliich the Eio Grande separates it, and the Territory of New 
Mexico. It lies between latitudes 20° and 80° 30' N., and longitudes 93° 30' and 110° west of Greenwich, or 16° 28' and 
82° 58' from Washington. Its greatest extent north and south is 700 miles, and east and west SCO miles; but its average 
extent is much less. The superficies is estimated at 237,321 square miles— an area more than equal to the whole of 
France, and nearly four times tlie area of New England. 

Texas may be divided into three physical districts or regions of country, each of which, in many respects, is entirely 
different. These are the level, the undulating, and the mountainous or hilly; or the lower, middle, and upper districts, 
or, as it may be more convenient, the country may be divided into Eastern, Middle, and Western Texas. Eastern Texas 
extends from the Sabine to the Trinity ; Middle Texas from the Trinity to the Colorado, and Western Texas from the 
Colorado to the Kio Grande del Norte. The level region occupies the entire coast, extending from 30 to 60 miles into 
the interior. The undulating succeeds this, and embraces the whole of the interior and the north, and reaches westward 
to the mountainous tract, which is distant \bO to 200 miles from the boundaries of the level lands. The alluvial lands of 
the several rivers which make into the Gulf are from 3 to 20 miles in breadth, and are heavily timbered with live-oak, 
red, black, and white, and other species of oak ; with ash, cedar, pecean, elm, hickory, mulberry, and all other varieties 
of forest trees and growths common in the rich alluvions of the Mississippi. The cane-brakes are of immense extent in 
the low country, and on the Caney Creek may be seen 70 miles long and from 1 to 3 miles wide. Here may be grown 
cotton, sugar, rice, etc. 

In the second division are the high, rolling, verdant prairies, the narrow-wooded bottoms, the beautiful islands of 
timber, the quick-running streams, the cool, refreshing springs, and the healthful clime of Texas. Here the soil, a little 
broken, is not inferior to that of the alluvial country below, is more easily worked, the products are greater and more 
varied, and though not so convenient to a foreign market, will have a market at home. This is destined to be the m'^st 
densely populated part of Texas, if not of America. In this region the planter may raise all the cotton, rice, and tobacco, 
and the corn and grain he requires, and stock to any extent, without labor and almost without care. The table-lands are 
yet the home of the hunter and the range of the buffalo. Little is known of them, but they are represented by trarelers 
to rival the table-lands of Mexico, to be rich in soil and climate, to be clothed in constant verdure, beautifully variegated 
in surface, and watered by streams as clear as crystal— to be, in fine, a perfect paradise. Of the northern portion of Texas 
still less is known than of the table-lands. This region is said to be intersected by many streams furnishing water-power 
and to be rich in the precious metals. 

No part of the extensive coast of the Gulf of Mexico presents a greater number of commanding harbors, bays, and 
Inleta, than that of Texas. The interior, intersected by numerous magnificent and navigable streams, in close vicinity to 
the great western tributaries of the Mississippi, and holding easy communication with the mighty " Father of Waters " 
furnishes a commercial position very desirable and seldom surpassed. Red Eiver may be considered in part as belong- 
ing to Texas. The vast region west of the mountains in which it rises and through which it rolls its turbid waters, has 
been yet scarcely explored, but it is known to be of great fertility and of surpassing beauty. In this region has the 
Texan emigr.ant reared his cottage and planted his cotton, and his com, and his wheat, which are borne along the 
current of Red Eiver to the great mart of the South-west. The chief rivers, those which are more or less navigable for 
6teamboals, are the Sabine or Neches, Trinity, Brazos, Colorado, Guadalupe, San Antonio, and the Rio Grande. Besides 
these, there are others of less note and magnitude, though navigable to a considerable extent— the Angelina, San Jacinto, 
Buffalo Bayou, Oyster and Chocolate bayoux, San Bernard, Caney, Navidad, Lavacca, and Nuecea. There are no lakes 
of any importance to be found in the country. A few small ones near the sources of the Guadalupe, and on some of the 
tributaries of Red River and the Trinity, are all that are worthy of the name, and they are inconsiderable. To a country 
80 well watered, intersected by rivers so numerous and important, and offering such valuable facilities for canal commu- 
nication, they would be useless. Indeed, its vast water-courses might be united in one great navigable chain, which 
would render transportation from any section of this wide-spread territory to a commercial emporium at any point on the 
coast, a matter of the utmost ease and but very little expense. 

Texas abounds with minerals, and is interesting in its geology. The silver mine of San Saba is among the richest in 
the world, and under the dominion of Spain afforded considerable revenue to the crown. Gold has been found on the 
Atoyac and other streams, especially toward the western hill country, and silver also on the Bedais. Iron ore pervades 
the greater portion of the country. Lead, copper, alum, etc., are found in several parts, and bituminous coal on the 
Trinity and Upper Brazos. Salt is exceedingly abundant, and immense quantities are annually taken from a famous 
Bait lake near the Rio Grande. Salt springs and lagoons abound near the Trinity, and a branch of the Brazos has its 
waters highly impregnated. Soda and potash are found near the salt lagoons in dry seasons. Lime can be plentifully 
famished from limestone existing in the undulating and northern sections. In the level districts oyster-shell lime can be 
substituted. Asphaltum is sometimes found on the coast. Agate, chalcedony, jasper, and some singular petrifactions 
are found near the mountains. The remains of whole forests are seen on the Trinity and Brazos rivers entirely petrified. 
Extensive quarries of red and white sandstone, or freestone, abound throughout the country. At Austin there is a 
quarry of white stone similar to that of the Paris basin, and of which the Louvre is built. It is soft and easily worked 
with the knife, and may be reduced to any form ; but on exposure to the atmosphere it becomes a perfect freestone, and 
l» as hard and compact as granite and marble. The same kind of stone is found on the Trinity and in the vicinity of 
Ban Antonio de Bexar, 

269 



THE STATE OF TEXAS. 



Mineral sprinjrs are numerous. The Saliiiilla Springs, both white and salt siiiphur, in Wallier Counly, are very 
remarkal)le. Th>.-y rise near the salines, in a picturesque valUy, an.l are highly apjtricialed fur their medicinal virtues. 
Kot I'ar Ihini these, and near the Bedais, is a while sulphur spring, supersaturated with magnesia, and possessing all the 
bealini: properties of the celebrated Virginia springs. Thirty miles west, in the same couTity, is a blue sulphur spring. 
Near Cibolo, and about thirty miles from Bexar, is a mineral spring, the waters of which are in high repute. Besides 
these there are others of great value. Kear Carolina, in Montgomery County, is a white sulphur spring, the waters of, 
which are efTieacious in many distempers. 

All who have visited Texas concur in aseribing to it the most delightful of climates. Though varying with location 
from tropical to temperate, it is reniarUaldy pleasant and salubrious. The average notation of the thermometer in the 
summer season is about 80° Fahr., and refreshing breezes from the south blow almost wilhout interrujilion. During the 
winter ice is seldom seen, except in the northern part of the State. From March to November but little rain falls. The 
southerly winds are invigoKiting. In November the slr<mg northers set in, and in the nionlhs of December and January 
the cold norlh wind sweeps down the plains with near as much rcgiilurily as the south wind of the summer. These 
periodical winds tend to purify the atiiiosjihere, and contribute much to the salubrity which distinguishes Texas from 
other Gulf States. The climate, indeed, is modified by so many favorable circumstances, as to possess all the genial in- 
fluences of Louisiana, while it escapes its attendant evils. In the river bottoms, which are periodically overflowed, 
however, fever jirevads to a greater or less extent ; but elsewhere the danger of endemic disease is trifling. The prairies 
are open and admit of a free circulation of air, and the forests, for the most part, are free from undergrowth. Miasmatic 
marshes and stagnant pools, which so frequently originate endemics, are seldrm found in any portion of the eouniry. 

Texas, in general, is a prairie country, having all the streams skirted with timber. The sublime and beautiful are 
blended in iJiese vast natural meadows — sublime in extent and beautikd in prospect. Leagues may be traveled over a 
continuous plain, with nothing to interrupt the utmost stretch of vision upon the living green, save the beautiful groves 
and islands of limber which are here and there interspersed, and flowers of every variety, hue, and fragrance, and 
herds of cattle and deer— delighting the eye with the view of splendid lawns and magnificent parks tastefully laid out 
by the hand of Nature, and presenling all the order and taste of civilizatif.n. Nothing in Nature can surpass the beauty 
and loveliness of a Texan landscape. Nothing can surpass its beauty in the spring and summer seasons, neither is it 
possible to furm an estimats, even in imagination, of the number of useful domestic anitnals that are reared on them with- 
out trouble or expense. Even in the winter 8<ason the pasturage issufTiciently verdant to dispense with feeding live-stock, 
Texas in her forests has an infinite variety of limber suitable fir building and ornamental purposes. Her forests of live- 
oak and cedar are unrivaled. The whole coast nearly, including all the bayoiix anil river bottoms, from the ^al>ino to 
the Nueces, is one enlire belt of timber. The eastern section probably embraces more woodland than any oilier. It is 
heavily limbered with pine, oak, ash, walnut, hickory, pecan, mulberry, cc<lar, cypress, and other forest trees which 
extend quite to the Red Kiver, occasionally variegated with beautiful prairies containing from one hundred to several 
thousand acres. The soil is admirably adapted to grasses and other agricultural staples, and the lumber trade will soon 
become extensive and lucrative in this section. 

Among the productions which may be regarded as naturally adapted to the soil, and which now form a chief and im- 
portant article of commerce, cotton stamls pre-eminent. This is the great crop of Texas, and the source of much of its 
wealth and power. Its staple is uniformly good, and near the Gulf it equals in length and firmness the Se.i Island cotton 
of Georgia. Il is an indigenous plant, and in the western region needs to be planlid only once in three or four years to 
yield .an abundant crop. The climate is ever favorable, and the soil, whether upliind or lowl.and, woodland or prairie, is 
admirably adapteil to its culture. The sugar-cane grows luxuriantly throughout the whole level region; but its culture, 
for various reasons, will not be extensive, nor will the production of sugar, unless forced by unexpected circumstances, 
probably compete with that of Louisiana for many years to come. Tobacco grows almost spontaneously thriUghout the 
country. It is an impurtaiit production, equal in quality to that of Cuba, and will soon become an article of commerce 
and export. The in<ligenous in<ligo <if Texas is greatly superior to the plant which is cultivated in the United Stales. It 
is manufactured in families for domestic use. and is preferable to the imported article. 

BreadstufTs of every description are produced easily and abundantly in every district. Two crops of Indian corn an- 
nually is a commim thing— the first planted in February, and the List in .Tune. Wheat, bucUwheat, millet, rye. oats, bar- 
ley, ami other small grain yield ))lentiful crops throughout the \mdulating region. Flax and hemp are well ad:ipted to 
the soil. Kiee is also produced in considerable quantities, and can be grown to any extent. 

Fruits of all descriptions are profusely plentiful. The grape and mulberry are indigenous, and grow luxuriantly, 
indicating that wine an<l silk, as well as toba<co and cotton, will one day become valuable staples. The vanilla plant 
grows wild. It can be successfully cultivated as a comnu rcial commodity. This delicious plant is highly esleeii'.ed in 
medicine, as a perfume t) flavor the cigar, and in various culinary arts, etc. The nopal, celebrated for the proilucliou of 
the cochineal insect, grows luxuriantly. lis fruit, with the leaves, furnishes f'od for vast herds of cattle and horses; for 
building purposes and fencing its timber is superior, and in Texas it also forms a princ ip.al article of fuel. The yaupan, 
or tea-tree, furnishes an acceptable anil cheap beverage in lieu of the China product. an<l is not at all inferior in flavor 
to the common black tea of that coimtry. Cayenne pepper, or the chile of Mexii-o. grows exuberantly all over Texas. 
Many other sources of wealth an<l enjoyment abound heri\ and will in all good lime be realized by the citizens, who are 
already industriously exploring the true springs of national gre.alness and individual prosperity. 

The displays of vegetation in Texas are profuse, various, and valuable, presenling on the one hand the stiitidy and 
magnificent forest, and on the other delighting the eye with the rii h and splendi.l scene of the luxuriant jirairie. irarnished 
with an endless variety of fragrant flowers, and forming a landseai)e of surpiissing loveliness. All the varieties of the 
Btellaria, yellow, blue, and purple, display their ri« h and gaudy lint-s. The fashionable dahlia, an exotic highly esteemed 
and carefully raised in foreign hot-houses, is imligeiious to the south-west. Ger.iniums adorn and perl'uine with their 
fragrance the wild meadows, and the water lily, trumpet flower, and the cardinal, are common in the fioU'.s. The May 
apple, bearing a delicate flower, is abuiulant, and violets form a common carpeting for tlie prairies. The p.is<ion flower 
is frequent in its season, while the perpetual rose, multiflora, and chickasaws. and other varieties, grow without culliva- 
tion or care. The chaste and elegant primrose flowers everywhere ; while the jonquil and hyacinth, honeysuckle and 
ewcet seringa, form a variegated garland, or are thrown together in most admirable d'.sorder throughout the paradise of 
flowers. The shrinking mimosa, an object of so much interest to the naturalist an I philosopher, is also a native of the 
wilds, and Ihe traveler, trampling over its drooping and apj)areiiily withered leaves, looks back in vain for the palh Ma 
rude footsteiis had marked out, hut not a vestige of the invasion remains, but all again is life and verdure. 
270 



THE STATE OF TEXAS. 



The frui(s of Ihe tropics and of the north alike flourish in Texan soil. Tlie fig is common, the peach unrivaled, the nectar- 
ine, quince, and grape luxuriant, and these, si<le by side, grow in ihe same suu and soil with the plum, apple, and paw- 
paw. The orange, lemon, and lime, the pine-apple, and olive ripen together. Uerries are in great variely. The 
mulberry, dewberry, whortleberry, and gooseberry grow wild and in the greatest profusion. The peean, walnut, and 
liickory nuls are very abundant. Garden vegetables of every description, and melons, are easily cultivated and yield in 
the greatest abundance. 

■Wild animals, formerly numerous and formidable tenants of the forests, are now comparatively strangers to the country. 
The black bear frequents the cane-brake, and is a favorite object of the hunt. Wolves abound. The pecrary, or Mexican 
hog, and the wild hog, run at large in the woods. These have degenerated from the domestic species, and are very fero- 
cious. Mustangs roam in her.ls over the north and west. Many of tliem are of line figure and sjiirit, and are highly 
prized for their fleetness. When domesticale<l, tliey are hardy and active, and alike adapteil to the saddle or slirrup. 
Mingled with the herds of mustangs are found jacks, jennies, and mules. The buffalo or bison is found in Tex.as astonish- 
ingly gregarious. Thousands and tens of thousands in a drove are yet seen in the interior roving (»vi r the piairies, the 
luxuriant herbage affording them the means of subsistence. The deer is still more numerous th.m ihe buffalo, and the 
moose, antelope, and mountain goal are also found ranging upon the frontier or far-west. The fox peeps from every 
bush and brake. Raccoons, opossinns, rabbits, and squirrels are in great numbers ; and a grealer variely of smaller 
animals serve to stock the forests ot Texas with game, and supply the hunter with endless and animated sport. 

Wild fowl an<l game birds are everywhere plentiful, and one accustomed to the use of the fowling-piece m.iy easily keep 
a table well supplied. Wild turkeys, prairie hens, geese, branl, teal, canvas-bticUs, partridges, quails, phi-asanis, grouse, 
pigeon, plovers, snipes, woodcock, ortolans, cranes, swans, pelicans, king-fishers, crows, blackbirds, starlings, ami hun- 
dreds of other descriptions of the family " aves" are in endless numbers. The beauliful paroquet, the oriole, whip-poor- 
will, and cardinal, and the sweet-toned mocking-bird, enliven the woods with the beauty of plumage and melody of voice 
which belong to them. 

The rivers and bays of Texas abound in fish of an excellent quality, in great variety, and some of them of peculiar 
character. Redfish Bar, in Galveston Bay, takes ils name (roni the number of red fish which are caught there. This fish 
is very delicious, and often weighs fifty pounds. Yellow, white, and blue codfish are found in Ihe rivers and streams; 
Bheep-head, buffalo, perch, mullet, pike, trout, flounders, suckers, and other flsli common in American waters, are found 
not only in abundance, but of rare size and flavor. The gar is a worthless flsh, with a snout of immense length. The 
alligator gar is very large— several \ards in length ; ils back is covered with scales, and it resembles the alligator, which 
is very common in the rivers and bayoux, and of enormous size. Beds of o_\sler3 line the coasts; crabs, dams, nuiscles, 
and various marine animals may be bad all along the shore, and turlles are common to all the rivers imd buys. Ser- 
pents, snakes, lizarbs, and many other curious, venomous, and vexatious species of crawling things of the earth are found 
in Texas. 15ut of these few are as dangerous as troublesome. Insects swarm in myriads, some useful, some ilangerous, 
some annoying, but most of them attractive on account of their beauliful forms and magnificent colors. The cantharidcs 
and honey-bee are among the first; spiders and the tarantula represent the socimd ; mosquitoes, gad-flies, ticks, and sand- 
flies the (hird. and the wonderful variety of beetles, bugs, butterflies, etc., fill up the fourth (hapter of insect life. Many 
of these, if not carefully guarded against, will spoil the beauty of Ihe fairest face in creation beyimil the redemption of 
cosmetics for days to come. Their attachment to suffering humanity is a wonderful instinct of their nature. The traveler, 
however, has a certain remedy against attacks in liquid ammonia, a small vial of which should at all times be accessible 
when passing through the brake or river bottom. Its application immediately neutralizes the venom even of the tarantula 
and renders it harmless. 
Texas is divided into 77 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1S50, were as follows: 



lilt. 



Counties. Dwell. Pop. 

Anderson 875.. 2.8S4...200. 

Angelina 166.. 1,165... 88. 



..2-30. 
..219. 

..iir. 



Kl't'i'li! Capitals. 
. 0. . .Palestine 
. 0... Marion 
. 0... Belleville 
. 9. . .Bastrop 
.13. . .San Antonio 

5. . .Boston 

0. .Brazoria 

0.. .Boonevill 

0. ..Caldwell 

0. . .Lock hart 

0. . .Port Lavacea 
Brownsville 

0.-! Rio Grande C. 



/ isrownsv 

. -< Rio Gra 

I Laredo 



Austin 432.. 3,811 

Bastrop 377.. 3,099 

Bexar 1,204.. 6.052 

Bowie 250.; 2,912. . .l.'J7. . 

Brazoria 296.. 4,841. ..131. . 

Brazos 81.. 614... 47.. 

Burleson 224.. 1,713. ..115.. 

Caldwell 174.. 1,329... 51.. 

Calhoun 182.. 1,110... 22.. 

Cameron \ 

Stitrr V 1,554.. 8,541... 11.. 

Webb ) 

Cass 553.. 4,991. ..365. ..10. ...lefferson 

Cherokee 891.. 6,673. ..454.. . 8. ..Rusk 

Collin 311.. 1.950... 218... O...MKinney 

Colorado 283.. 2.257. ..116. . 

Comal 367.. 1,723... 55.. 

Cook 33.. 220... 25.. 

Dallas 435.. 2,743. . .178. . . 1. ..Dallas 

Denton 109.. 641. .. 81 ... 0. . .Alton 

De Witt 2.31.. 1,712. ..100.. 

Fannin 548.. 2,7SS. . .331. . 

Fayette 494.. 3,756. . .209. . 

Fort Bend 199.. 2,533. ..109. . 

4,529... 33... 33 

1,240... 40... 7 

648... 30... 



2. ..Columbus 

8. . .New iJraunfels 

O...Cook C. H. 



Galveston 727. . 

Gille.spie 274. . 

Goliad 83.. 



3. . .Cuero 
2. . .Botiham 
6.. .La Grange 
0. . .Richmond 
Galveston 
Fredericksb'g 
Goliad 



Gonzales 18S.. 

Gr.ayson 295.. 

Grimes 405.. 



^"P- ^"'uIIkAIhu!' Capital,. 
1,492. ..123... 0.. .Gonzales 
2,0(18... 171... 0... Sherman 
4,008... 217... 0... Anderson 

Guadalupe 216.. 1,511.. .101. . . 3...Siguin 

Harris 831.. 4,668.. .197. ..42. ..llouslon 

Harrison 972. .11,822. . .521 . . .13. . .Marshall 

Hays 41.. .387. .. 22. .. 3. . .San Marcos 

Henderson 192.. 1.237. . .106. . . 0... Athens 

Hopkins 435.. 2,623. . .121.. . 0.. .Tarrant 

Houston 357.. 2,721.. .192.. . 0.. .Crockett 

Hunt 26S.. 1,.=)20... 93.. 

Jackson 114.. 996... 73.. 

•Tasper 192. . .1,767. . .123. . 

Jefferson 2.59. . .1,836. . . 91.. 

Kaufman 170. ..1.047. . . 94.. 

Lamar 497. . .3.973. . .407. . 

Lavacea 203. . .1,571. . .139 



Leon 231 . . .1,946 ... 151 . . 

Liberty 312.. .2,522. . .149.. 

Limestone 380. ..2,608. ..279. . 

Matagorda 176. . .2.124. . . 39.. 

Medina 177... 909... 40.. 

Milam 414... 2,907... 152.. 

Montgomery 260. . .2.3S4.. .180. . 

Nacog.loches ... 631 . . .5,193. . .287. . 

Navarro 576. . ..3,843. . .304. . 

Newton 219. . .1,639. . .145.. 

Nueces l.il... 693... 8.. 

Panola 456. . .8,871. . .209. . 



0. . .Greenrille 
. O...Texana 
. 6... Jasper 
. 4. ..Beaumont 
. 0... Kaufman C.H. 
. 7... Paris 
. . . . Petersburg 



. 5. . .Leona 
. 1. . .Liberty 
. 0... Springfield 
. 0. . .Matagorda 
. 0.. .Castroville 
. 1. . .Cameron 
. 8. . .Montstomery 
. 8. . .Nacogdoches 
.13. . .Corsicana 
. 5. ..Burkeville 
. 1. . .Corpus Christi 
. O...CMrlhagoi 
2TI 



THE STATE OF TEXAS 



M - -nun rnriiis 

Counties. Dwell. Top. j^^ ^^^^ 

Polk 292. . .2,340. . .1T2. 

Bed Kiver 420. . .3,906. . .166. 

Refugio 56... 28S... 21. 

Koberlson 132... 934... IS. 

Kusk 1,045... 8,148... 567. 

Sabine 283. . .2,493. . .171. . .12. . .Milam 

San Augustine. . 850. . .8,647. . .158. . .14. . .San Augustine 
San Patricio ... . 38... 200. .. 10. .. 0.. .S.in Patricio 

Shelby 560. ..4,239.. .380. .. 6. ..Shelby ville 

Smith 603... 4,292... 248... 1... Tyler 



Hsub. C"r"^i9- 
, . 0. . .Livingston 
,. 7...CIarksville 
, . 0. . . Refugio 
. . 0... Franklin 
.15.. .Ilenderson 



Counties. Dwell. Pop. )„ p""' 

Titus 548. . .8.630. . .269. 



litals. 



Travis 423. . .3.1-33. . .146. 

Tyler 267. . .1,894. ..137. . . 6 

Upshur 484... 3,394... 240... 

Vanzants 24G. . .1,343. . .138. . . 4 

Victoria 317. . .2.019. . . &4... 9 

Walker 478. . .3,964.. .234. .. 

Washington.... 600. . .5,983. . .306. . . 

Wharton 112. ..1,752. .. 55... 

Williamson 2.30. ..1,568. ..107. . . 1, 



Manuf. 
Kstab. 

. 4. . .Mt. Pleasant 
, 1.. .Austin City. 

.Wood ville 

.Gilmer 

.Jordan's Saline 

.Yictoria 

.Ilunlsvillo 

.Brenham 

.Wharton 

.Georgetown 



The whole number of dwellings in the State at the above date was 27,988; of families, 28,377 ; and of inhabitant.^, 
212,592; viz., whites 154,100— males 84,S63, and females 69,2:^; fr. col. 331— males 171, and females 160; si. 58.161. Of 
the whole population there were, c7eaf and dumb — wh. 49, fr. col. 0, si. 9 — total 58 ; hlind — wh. 59, fr. col. 3, si. 14 — total 
76; insane — wh. 39, fr. col. 1, si. — total 40. The number of free persons born in the United Slates was 137,070, the 
number of foreign birth 16,774, and of birth unknown 604. The native population originated as follows : Maine 226, 
N. Hamp. 97, Verm. 144, Mass. 414, R. I. 56, Conn. 369, N. Y. 1,589, N. Jer. 205, Penn. 1,005, Del. 61, Md. 521, Dist. of 
Col. 86, Virg. 3,580, N. Car. 5,155, S. Car. 4,482, 6a. 7,639, Flor. 36.5, Ala. 12,040, Miss. 6,.54.5, La. 4,472, Tevas 49,177, Ark. 
4,693, Tenn. 17,692, Ky. 5,473, Oh. 947, Mich. 125, Ind. 1,799, 111. 2.S.M, Mo. 5,139, la. 109, Wise. 42, Calif. 0, Territories 14; 
and the foreign population was composed of persons from — England 1,002, Ireland 1,403, Scotland 261, Wales 17, Ger- 
many 8,191, France 647, Spain 62, Portugal 5, Belgium 8, Holland 14, Italy 41, Austria 11, Switzerland 134, Russia 10, 
Denmark 49, Norway 105, Sweden 48, Prussia 75, Greece 0, China 0, Africa 4, British America 1-37, Mexico 4,459, Central 
America 3, South America 1, West Indies 22, Sandwich Islands 5, and other countries 60. 

The general statistics* of the products, manufactures, wealth, institutions, etc., of the State, in accordance with the cen- 
sus of 1S50 and other ofBcial returns referring to the same period, are as follows : 

Occupied Lands. — Improved farm lands, 639,107 acres, and unimproved lands attached to farms, 14,464,669 acres — 
valued together at $16,398,748. The whole number of farms under cullivation in the State is 12,198 ; and the value of 
farming implements and machinery, $2,133,731. 

Live-stock. — Horses, 75,419 ; asses and mules, 12,364 ; milch cows, 214,758 ; working even, 49,932 ; other cattle, 636,805 ; 
sheep, 99,098, and swine, 683,914. Total value of live-stock, .$10,266,830. 

Animal Products. — Wool, 131,374 pounds ; butter, 2,320,556 pounds; cheese, 91,019 pounds; and the value of animals 
Blaughtered, $1,106,032. 

Grain C/'o;?*.— Wheat, 41,689 bushels ; rye, .3,103 bushels ; Indian corn, 5,926,611 bushels; oats, 178,883 bushels; bar- 
ley, 4,776 bushels ; and buckwheat, 59 bushels. 

Other Food Crops. — Rice, 87,916 poimds; peas and beans, 179,332 bushels; potatoes — Irish, 93,543 bushels, and sweet, 
1,323,170 bushels. 

Miscellaneous Crops — Tobacco, 66,897 pounds ; ginned cotton, 57,596 bales of 400 pounds ; hay, 8,279 tons ; clover- 
seed, 10 bushels ; hops, 7 pounds; flax, 1,048 pounds; flax-seed, 26 bushels; silk cocoons, 22 pounds; cane sugar, 7,351 
hogsheads of 1,000 pounds ; molasses, 441,633 gallons ; beeswax and honey, 330,532 pounds ; wine, 99 gallons, etc. Value 
of orchard products, $12,605, and value of market-garden products, $12,254. 

Home-made Manufactiu-es produced in the year ending 1st June, 1850, were valued at $255,719. 

Manufactures. — Total capital invested $01.3.238 , value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed in the year, $399,734; 
hands employed, — males and females ; monthly cost of labor, $ — male$ and female $ ; value 

of products in the year, $1,202,885. The whole number of manufacturing establishments in operation, on the 1st June, 
1850, was 307, of which number 1 was a woolen factory, 2 iron works, and 22 tanneries. 

In the woolen manufacture the invested capital amounted to $8,000 ; wool used, 30,000 pounds ; value of all raw material, 
$10,000; hands employed, 8 — males 4, and females 4; monthly cost of labor, $160— male $30, and female $80; annual 
producis — cloth 14,000 yards, and blankets 4,000 ; value of entire products $15,000. 

The iron manufacture employed a capital amounting to $16,000 ; pig iron used, 250 tons; mineral coal consumed, 250 
tons ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc.. $3,400 ; hands employed, 35 ; entire mcmthly cost of labor, $1,520; castings made 
200 tons ; olher products valued at $15,000 ; value of entire products, $55,000. 

The tanneries had a capital of $33,850; value of hides and skins u.sed, $18,624; hands employed, 64 — males 63, and 
females 1 ; monthly cost of labor, $1,017 — male $1,007, and female $10 ; skins tanned, 1,750, and sides of leather tanned, 
18,700 ; value of products of the year, $52,050. 

The manufactures of Texas, otherwise than those enumerated, consist chiefly of those incident to agricultur.il countries, 
as carriages, harness, farming implements, and machinery, etc., and the great bulk of the capital is invested in milling and 
other like occupations. 

Commerce.— Tho exports direct to foreign eotmtries, for the year ending 80th June, 1850, were valued at $24,953, all 
carried in foreign bottoms, and the imports were valued at $25,650, of which, to the value of $14,652 were carried in 
American, and to that of $10,998 in foreign bottoms. The great bulk of the commercial material of the State is carried 
coastwise to New Orleans, New York, etc., and is thence shipped to other countries. The shipping employed in the 
foreign carrying trade was as follows: 

Entered. CleareJ. Total. 



ofSliippins. 


Vesaets, 


TO.19. 


Crews, 


Vessels. 


l0D3. 


Crews, 


Vessels. 


Ton.". 


Crews, 


American 


.. 3.... 


. 494 .. 


. . 26 . . . 


... 3... 


. 591 .. . 


. . 23 . . . 


... 6... 


. 1,0S.5 . . 


... 54 


Foreign 


.. 18 .... 


. 8,177 .. 


. . . 133 .. . 


... 12 .... 


. 8,017 . . . 


.. 189 ... 


... 25... 


. 6,194 . . 


. . . 27T 


Total 


. . 16 ... . 


. 3,671 .. 


. . . 164 .. . 


... 15.... 


. 8,603 . . . 


.. 167... 


... 31 ... 


. 7,279 . . 


.. 831 


Districts. 




















Galveston 


. 10 .... 


. 2,987 . . 


.. 113... 


... 9.... 


2,924 . . . 


.. 121 ... 


... 19 .... 


. 5,911 .. 


. . 239 


Brazos Santiago.. 


.. 6... 


. 634 . . 


. . ., 46 . . . 


... 6 .. 


684 ... 


. . 46 . . . 


... 12 . . . 


. 1,363 . . 


.. 92 



' The Btatiatics of the county of Lavacca are not included in the census returns. 



THE STATE OF TEXAS. 



The total amount of shipping owned within this State, at the date specified, wa3 3,897 tons, of which 3,309 tons were 
owned in the district of Galveston, and 5S8 tons in that of SaUiria. The principal ports of the atate are Sabine, Galveston, 
h& Salle, and Point Isabel. The serial statistics of the commerce of the State are as follows : 



ITear. Exports. Imports. 

1846 17,266 

1847 29,826 



Year. Exports. Imports. | Year. Exports. ImporU. 

184S 143,610 94,024 1850 24,953 25,650 

1849 82,791 16,600 I 1851 75,422 94,715 

Coasting, inland, etc., trade.— In proportion as the direct foreign commerce of Texas is small, the coasting trade ia 
extensive. As before remarked, the great bulk of its commercial material is carried to the other States fur export, and 
hence a coasting trade commensurate with the staple and surplus products of the State is carried on. The interior is 
chiefly reached by the fine streams which in every direction penetrate it, the principal of which are the Red River, on the 
northern boundary, and Sabine, Neches, Trinity, Brazos, Colorado, Lavacca, Gu.adaUipe, Nueces, and the Rio Grande 
emptying into the Gulf of Mexico. Most of these are navigable for light-draft steamers, which ply regularly on their 
waters without interruption on account of season. The rivers are reached from the neighboring settlements by wagon 
roads, which are good except in the wet season. The railroad is practically unknown in Texas, but many are now in progress 
of construction, and a few miles of the Iliirrisburg railroad were brought into use in April, 1853. Texas will be intersected 
east and west by a Southern Pacific railroad, and many lines are projected between the principal ports and the interior, 
with lateral lines diverging to the various centres of commerce. It would, however, be immature to mention definitely 
any of the lines projected, as few are located, and fewer have made any advance toward construction. The great road 
will probably pass from Providence, on the Mississippi, through Shreveport, La., and Marshall, Tex., and another from 
New Orleans, via Opelousas, etc., westward. A road will also be extended from the Red River to the Gulf. With these 
improvements the markets will be reached with facility, and immigration and settlement be rapidly directed to the fertile 
interior. Cotton and sugar are as yet the only available exports of the State, the annual product of which articles has 
been given on a former page. The imports consist of manufactures of all kinds, groceries, etc. 

^a»A-i;ij7.— With the exception of the Commercial and Agricultural Bank of Galveston, there would not appear to be 
any other recognized banking institution in the State. 

Government, etc.— The constitution of Texas was adopted at Austin City, 27th August, and ratified by the people 13th 
October, 1845. 

The right of siifrage is conceded to every free white male person, 21 years old, a citizen of the United States, or of 
Texas, when resident in the State one year, and six months in the district, county, city, or town, where he offers to vote 
The general election is held on the first Monday of August biennially. 

The legislative authority is vested in a House of Representatives and a Senate. Representatives in number not less 
than 45, nor more than 90 (now 66) arc chosen for two years, and they must be qualified voters who have lived two years 
in the State, and one year in the place where they are chosen. Senators in number not less than 19, nor more than 38 
(now 21), chosen for f()ur years, one h.ilf leaving office biennially, and they must be qualified voters, 30 years of age, who 
have lived in Texas three years, and the last year thereof in their district. The sessions of the Legislature are biennial, and 
commence on the 1st Monday in November. The fifth biennial session commences in November, 1853. 

The governor and lieutenant-governor are chosen, by a plurality of votes, for two years, and are not eligible for more 
than four out of any six years. They must have the qualifications of Senators, and the lieutenant-governor is esa-offldo 
president of the Senate. The governor's veto to a bill is negatived by a subsequent two-thirds vote of both houses. 

The administrative officers of the State are a secretary, nominated by the governor, and confirmed by the Senate for 
two years ; and a treasurer and a comptroller of accounts, chosen biennially by joint vote of both houses. Other 
officers are the attorney-general, auditor, adjutant- general, commissioner of the land office, and superintendent of peni- 
tentiary. 

The judiciary consists of the Supreme Court, District Courts, County Courts, etc. The Supreme Court consists of a 
Chief Justice and two associates, who are chosen by the people for six years. Three sessions are held annually : one at 
Austin, on the second Monday of November ; one at Galveston, on the first Monday of January, and one at Tyler, on the 
first Monday of April. The Court has appellate jurisdiction only ; but in criminal cases, and appeals from interlocutory 
judgments, it is under legislative regulations. The judges of the District Courts are elected for six years, and hold a 
court twice a ye.ir in each county. District Courts have original jurisdiction in all commercial cases, and in all suits both 
in law and equity, in which more than $100, exclusive of interest, is at stake. In criminal cases, if the punishment be 
not specifically determined by law, the jury shall determine it. In equity causes, either party may demand a jury. The 
judges I if both courts may be removed by the governor on the address of two-thirds of each house ; or, upon impeach- 
ment, to be tried by the Senate. There is also in each county a County Court, sitting once a month, as a Court of 
Ordinary, and once in three months for the transaction of county business. Justices of the Peace, with jurisdiction to the 
amount of $100, are elected in precincts for two years. Among the provisions of the constitution, the following are the 
most in)portant : Any person concerned in a duel, sending or accepting a challenge, shall be ineligible to any public office ; 
grants of money for private purposes, or for internal improvement, must be made by two-thirds of both houses; a wife's 
property, both real and personal, acquired before or after marriage, shall be her separate property ; a homestead of not 
more than 200 acres, not included in a town or city, or city and town lots, worth not more than $2,000, shall not be subject 
to forced sale for any debt hereafter contracted ; no corporation shall be created, renewed, or extended, with banking 
or discounting privileges; private corporations can only be created by a vote of two-thirds of both houses; the State 
may not borrow money unless by a like vote, nor contract an aggregate amount of debt of more than $100,000, except in 
case of war, invasion, or insurrection ; no law shall be passed to emancipate slaves, except by their owners' consent, and 
after paying a full compensation for them ; emigrants to the State shall not be prevented from bringing their slaves with 
them, but the importation of slaves as merchandise may be forbidden ; laws may be passed obliging masters to treat their 
slaves with humanity, and to abstain from injuries to them, affecting life or limb. In case of disobedience of these laws, 
the slaves may be taken away, and sold for the benefit of the owners; slaves accused of higher crimes than petit larceny 
shall have a fair trial by jury ; and any one who maliciously dismembers or deprives a slave of life, shall be punished as 
If he had committed the same crime on a white person, except in case of insurrection of such slave ; one-tenth of the 
annual revenue derived from taxation shall be set aside as a permanent fund for the support of free public schools, and 
aU public lands granted for such schools shall not be alienated in fee, nor leased for more than 20 years. The constitution 
may be amended on the proposal of two-thirds of both houses, which propositions shall then be published three moutha 

R 273 



THE STATE OF TEXAS. 



before (he next generiil eKction ; .'in^l if approved of at that election by a m;ijiirity of the voters, and then ratified by two- 
thirds of bolli housca, in the next Le>;lshilure, Ihey sliall be valid, and form |)art ol the constitution. 

Finniice.s, Debt, etc. — Acconliii}; lo ihe Comptroller's report, dated 12ih November, 1851, the debt of tlic late Republic 
Of Texas, whirh has been recognized and adopted by tlie State, iMcluding inieri'sl, amounted ostensibly to <;12,I3G.991, or 
at par to 4(G.S2T,278. Of tlie dibt, ^9.047 253, or $4,807,774. par. had b.-en filed according to the act (»f 20th Marcli, 1843, 
and $2,7s9,7oS, <jr .^2,019.514, lia<i not lieeii tiled, and would require further legislative action before its owners could benefit 
by the act of 1848. The debt is classified as follows : 



Ost'n-ible. 

Mrst clafm. — Audited and ascertained claims $8,587,132 92 

Second cliiSM. — Sufficiently autlienlicated to be audited 962.445 12 

Third clitm. — Not suflacienlly autheiiiicate.l to be audited 97,675 10 



Par value. 

3,sn.321 64 

S9J,76r 68 

97,675 10 



The first class embraces all consolidated funds, funded debts, treasury bonds, and audited paper, including the claims 
fornaval vessels, loans from United States bank. etc. 

The second class embraces claims not audited, but for debts contracted by the government under the sanction of law. 

The third class embraces claims not provideil lor by law. though many of them are highly meritorious. Among them 
are many claims for losses sustained during the war, from the appropriation or destruction of property by the Texan army 
or that of the enemy. 

The act of Congress of 9th of September, 1850, provided that, as an indemnity for lands ceded by that act, for public 
property ceded by annexation, an<l for relinquishment for all claims upon the federal treasury, the Unitrd States should 
pay to Texas $10,000,000 in 5 per cent, slock, redeemable at the end of f )urleeii years, witli interest, payable half yearly; 
15.000.000 of this stock was not to be issued "until the creditors of the Stale holdintj bonds and other certificates of stock 
of Texas, ,/br idiich duties (m imports were upeciaUy jjUdged.shM first file in proper form, at the Treasury of the United 
Slates, releases of all claims against the United ttates on account of said l)onds or cerlificales." The execulive of the 
United States has decided '• that all the public debt of Texas createil prior to the act of Congress of that Republic of the 
14th January, 1840, and all the debt of said Republic made receivable for all public dues, are debts of Texas, for which 
the duties on imports are specially pledged, and that releases of all claims against the United States for or <)n account of 
•guch debts, should be filed in the 'I'reasury Department, before the President will be justified in issuing the second 
15,000,000 stock to Texas." 

Besides this immense sum. the Stale owns nearly 200,000.000 acres of lands, and according to the census of the United 
States, the value of real and personal estate liable to Uixation was valued at $52,740,473. 

The average annual expenses of the State government are about $100,000, which is raised chiefly by a direct tax on 
assessments, and a capitation lax. 

The military force of Texas consists of 19,766 men of all arms, of which 1.24S are commissioned officers, and 18,518 
non-commis.sioned officers, mnsicians, artificers, and privates. Of the officers, 15 are general officers, 45 general slafT-offl- 
cers. 248 field officers, etc.. ami 940 company officers. Every white male citizen between the ages of 18 and 45 years, 
unless exempt by law, is liable to military duty. 

Federal liepreseiitation. — In accordance with the act of 23d May, 1850, apportioning representation, Texas is entitled 
to two representatives in Ihe Congress of the United States. 

Skhuiatitm. — Primary and common schools are established in the chief towns and counties, and education is becoming 
universal and easy of atUiinment. The State has a considerable school fund, wliieh is being constantly augmented by 
grants and donations. The Colleg' of Ruterville has been liberally endowed by Ihe Slate, and is quite flourishing. Gal- 
Teston University is also in full operation, and is very popular. There are also theological institutions m various towns, 
supported by the several denominations. Though in respect of educational means the State may at present occupy a 
second.iry rank, the provisions made for its advancement insure the speedy enlargement of the sphere of their influence. 

Religi'm.1 DeiiomincUionK. — The statistics of the several religious denominations in the State, in 1850, according to the 
census of that year, were as follows : 



Denomina- N. 
tidiis, Cliur.li 

Baptist 30 

Christi.in 1 

Congregat'l.. — 

Dutch Ref... — 

Episcopal ... 5 

Free 7 

Friends — 



of 



Chiirrli 
«cc«»m. 

8,075 
100 



1,025 
1,600 



V.ilii" of 
Property. 

, $19,790 
150 



15.100 
7,100 



Denomina- Nr 

tions. Cliu 

German Ref. 

.lewish 

L\itheran ... 
Mennonite . . 
Methodist.. . 
Moravian ... 
Presbyterian 



De 



"l"-'tj' 



Clii 



No. of Cle 



15 .. 



23,985 . . 
6,100 . . 



$ — I R. Catholic... 13 .. 6,760 

— I Swedenbo'n .. — .. — 

— jTunker — .. — 

— I Union 2 .. 350 

56,095 I Unitarian — .. — 

— I UTiiversalist. .. — .. — 
19,070 I Minor Sects.. 3 .. 1,500 



Value of 
Property. 

$79,700 



525 



8,00» 



— making a tot.al of 164 churches, having accommodation for 74.495 persons, and valued as property at $200,530. Texas 
forms a missionary diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church; and also the Roman Catholic diocese of Galveston, a 
suffragan of the ecclesiastical province of New Orleans. 

Pufdic /.i^TO;-ie«.— According to the report of the librarian of Ihe Smithsonian Institution, in 1851, Texas contained but 
4 public libraries, and 1,631 volumes— one State library, 1,001 volumes; one college library, 800 volumes; and two public 
school libraries, 830 volumes. 

Periodical Pre<ss.— The whole number of periodicals publisheil in the Stale, in 1850, according to the census, was 87, 
of which the political principles of three were -'whig," and of 11 "democratic," and 23 were neutral in politics, including 
those devoted to literature, religion, science, etc. Of the whole number (37), 3 were issued tri-weekly, 2 send-weekly, and 
82 weekly. The aggregate circulation of tlie tri-weeklies was 2.5iiO copies at each issue, of the semi-weeklies 1 800 copies, 
and of the weeklies 14,8-37 copies. There were published— in .\nderson county, 1 weekly ; in Bexar (San Antonio), 2 week- 
lies : in Bowie, 1 weekly; in Cameron (Brownsvilli-),2 weeklies; in Cherokee, Calhoun, D.iUas, Fannin, and Fayette, each 
1 weekly; in Galveston (Galveston City), 2 tri-weeklies, 1 semi-weekly, and 1 we(jkly ; in Harris (Houston), 1 tri-weekly 
and 4 weeklies; in Harrison (MarshiU), 2 weeklies ; in eTasper. Lnmar, and Matagorda, each 1 weekly ; in Rusk (Hender- 
son), 8 weeklies; in Red River and San Augustine, each 1 weekly ; in Travis (Austin), 2 weeklies; in Victoria, 1 weekly; 
in Walker (Iluntsville), 2 weeklies ; in Washington, 1 semi-weekly and 1 weekly. 
274 



THE STATE OF TEXAS. 



Paupei'imi. ^The whole number of paupers relieved or supported within the year ending 1st June, 1850, was 7, all 

natives, and the whole number of paupers at that date was 4. Cost of support, etc., .$438. 

Historical SketcK—lbe first settlements in Texas were made by the French at Matagorda; but the settlers were soon 
after expelled by the Spani;trds, who, in 1690, extended their cordons from New Spain over the whole territory. Previous 
to this time the Indians held undisputed sway over this fine country. Spanish forces were stationed at Goliad, Bexar, 
Nacogdoehes, etc., and held military possession until the revolution which overthrew the Spanish power in Mexico. 
On the consMmmation of Mexican independence, Texas became, in connection with the adjoining Slate of Coahuila, a 
province of the Republic. Soon alter this period, several colonies of Americans, who had been invited into the territory 
by the Mexicans, settled in the eastern section, and were for a long time secured from the onerous burdens of Mexico 
Proper. Previous to 1S35, however, serious complaints against the central government, now a consolidated republic, 
were uttered, and in the following year open rebellion was rife. The Mexican President invaded Texas with a large 
army, and was successively victorious and defeated in numerous skirmishes. The American settlers declared their inde- 
pendence in March, 1836, and the defeat of the Mexicans and capture of Santa Anna, at San Jacinto, 21st April, 1836, 
secured to the patriot party the acknowledgment of their assumption by that leader, and the whole of the country east of 
the Eio Grande was acceded to them. The acts of Santa Anna, however, were never confirmed by the Senate, and of 
course their authority was, to say the least, equivocal. No serious attempts having been made by the Mexicans to regaia 
Texas for eight or nine years, the political nationality of the country was considered as consolidated, and in 1845, the 
United States of America admitted the young repul)lic as a State of the Union. The consequences of this act was war 
with Mexico — a war which the United States virtually assumed by the annexation, at a time when Texas was in a state 
of war with Mexico. The history of this war is recent and well known. The arms of the United States were every- 
where \ ictorious ; and when peace returned, not Texas alone, but New Mexico and California Alta were parceled off to 
the Americans, and forever lost to the Mexican Republic. The joint resolutions of Congress, admitting Texas into the 
Union, were signed by the President of the United States, on the 1st March, 1845, and ratified by the Congress of Texas, 
on the 4lh July of the same year. The State Government was organized on the 19th Feb., 1846. The boundary between 
New Mexico and Texas, the latter of which claimed the line of the Kio Grande, was adjusted by compromise in 1850. 

Succession of Presidents and Governors. — Prksidknts of toe Republic: Samuel Houston, 1836; Mirabeau Lamar, 
1838; Samuel Houston, 1841; Anson Jones, 1844; and— Governors of tub State: J. Piuckney Henderson, from 19th 
February, 1846, to 21st December, 1847 ; George T. Wood, to 21sl December, 1849 ; P. Hansborough Bell, to 2l8t Decem- 
ber, 1851 ; P. Hansborough Bell (re-elected), to 21st December, 1853. 

Austin Citt is the political capital of the State. 

2T6 



THE TERRITORY OF UTAH. 



TJiAH, originally a portion of California Alta, lies between latitudes 87° and 42°, and longitudes 106° and 120° we8» 
from Greenwich, or about 29° and 43° west from Washington. It is bounded north by Oregon, east by Nebraska and 
New Mexico, south by New Mexico, and south-west and west by California. In extreme length east and west 740 miles, 
and in brcidth 840 miles, it contains an area estimated at 1S7,92.S square miles. 

This territory occupies the great basin lying between the Rocky Mountains on one hand, and the Sierra Nevada on the 
Other; and with the exception of its eastern portion, drained by the Colorado and its tributaries, forms a distinct geo- 
graphical region, having mountains, rivers, ami lakes all its own, and which originate and terminate within its natural 
limits. It is one of the most peculiar countries of the world ; and in many respects assimulates the topography of 
Palestine, and like that country has its Dead Sea, its mountain borders, its peculiar people as Palestine of old, and on its 
west the maritime Philistines of California. The characteristics, historical, geographical, and theocratical, of the two 
might be compared indefinitely ; nor is the resemblance less striking in form of government, in manners, and in customs. 
The physical elements of the countries are the same, and the moral and religious, modified, however, by external associa- 
tions, only distinct in the perceptions of the sectarian. 

The Great Basin, in which the larger portion of Utah lies, says Dr. Bemhisel, is about 500 miles long east and west, 
by 265 miles breadth. It has never been fully explored ; but so far as it has been, a portion of it is found to consist of arid 
and sterile plains, another of undulating table-lands, and a third of elevated mountains, a few of whose summits are 
capped with perpetual snow. Some portions of the basin abound in rich and nutritious grasses. There are within its 
limits many streams and lakes, and of the latter, the most remarkable is the Great Salt Lake, which is about 70 miles in 
length, and 30 to 35 miles in breadth. Its waters are a saturated solution of muriate of soda or common salt. Indeed, 
they contain more salt than they are capable of holding in solution ; and when low, considerable quantities of it are pre- 
cipitated to the bottom of the lake, or rather are there crystallized. No living creature can exist in this lake. A striking 
feature in the topography of this region is, that none of the streams or lakes have any visible outlet either to the Atlantic 
or Pacific Ocean. The sources of the Colorado are in the Eocky Mountains, lying in Oregon and New Mexico, and the 
country in their vicinity is unfit for cultivation. 

No portion of that vast extent of country between the Great Basin and the Eocky Mountains is habitable excepting the 
valley of the Uintah, and perhaps that of Green Eiver. The valleys known in the Great Basin are the Great Salt Lake 
Valley, Bear Eiver Valley, Utah Valley, Yuab Valley, South Valley, Sevier Valley, and Sand Pitch Valley. The Great Salt 
Lake Valley, which is much the largest, is about 115 to 120 miles long, and from 20 to 40 broad, but the Salt Lake occupies 
the greater part of the northern portion of it. The surface of the centre of the valley is level, but ascends gently on either 
Bide toward the mountains. There is in the immediate vicinity of the city bearing the name of this lake, a warm saline 
mineral spring issuing from the base of a mountain, the temperature of which is 108°, and two miles north of this is a 
similar spring, whose temperature is 125° Fahr. The character of the best soil in the valleys that are inhabitable, is aa 
follows: one portion of jt. ia a vegetable loam, another a marly loam, and the third a gravelly shale containing some 
Silica. The latitude of Great Salt Lake City is 40° 45' 44" north. The altitude is 4,300 feet. The climate is milder 
and drier in general than it is in the same parallel on the Atlantic coast. The temperature in the Salt Lake Valley in the 
■winter season is more uniform than that of the Atlantic States in the samo season, the thermometer rarely descending to 
zero. There is but little rain except on the mountains between the 1st May and the 1st October, and hence the necessity 
for irrigation in most places which are susceptible of it. The other valleys bear a general resemblance to the Salt Lake 
Valley, except that they are much smaller ; South Valley being 30 miles long, by 20 broad ; Utah Valley about 60 long, by 
20 broad, and Sand Pitch Valley some 40 or 50 long, and perhaps 20 wide. The only timber to be found in this region is 
in the cailons, on the banks of a few of the streams, and along the b.ises of some of the mountains. Wheat, rye, barley, 
buckwheat, f)ats, and Indian corn are its chief agricultural products ; and all the garden vegetables peculiar to the Middle 
and Western States are produced in great perfection. Cotton, sugar, and rice, are not susceptible of cultivation in the 
region described ; tobacco and sweet potatoes can be produced in limited quantities. Only a few portions of the valleys 
are well supplied with water, and upon the rest but limited crops can be raised, as artificial irrigation in agriculture is 
indispensable to success. There are tracts of land of considerable extent in each of these valleys which are not susceptible 
of cultivation, because they can not be irrigated. 

But limited portions, therefore, adds Erastus Snow, even of the most fertile and warmest valleys in this region, can ever 
be made available for agricultural purposes, and only such as are adjacent to streams, and are well located for irrigation. 
Small valleys, surrounded by high mountains, are the most abundantly supplied with water, the streams being fed by the 
melting snow and summer showers. Broad extended plains, whether level or broken, are generally arid and unproduc- 
tive. Such is the whole eastern portion of Utah, including the valley of Green Eiver, and those of its tributaries, which 
extend from the Sierra Madre on the east, to the Bear Eiver divide on the west, and from the Wind Eiver Chain, and 
Cascade mountains on the north, to a i)oint at the south where Green Eiver passes through the mountains, descending 
over rapids and cataracts, to the plains of the lower Colorado. Green Eiver Valley is about 150 miles square ; and though 
larger than several States of the Union, yet its elevation is such, and it is so badly watered, that it is doubted whether a 
single spot in it is adapted to agriculture. There is, however, a small valley on the Uintah Eiver, about 60 miles south of 
Fort Bridger, which is, perhaps, the warmest and most inviting in this portion of Utah. 

The Great Basin, although warmer than the eastern section, is, to a great extent, as arid and unproductive. A portion of 
& large desert, extending through the centre of the basin from north to south, and from the western shore of the Great 
Bait Lake toward the Sierra Nevada, was evidently ouce the bed of the lake, for various portions of it are covered with 
276 



THE TERRITORY OP UTAH. 



incrustations of salt, and abound in salt springs, but are destitute of fresh water. All the streams that have their sourcea 
in the eastern declivity of the Sierra Nevada for a distance of 500 miles, soon disappear beneath the surface, and none of 
them are known to disembogue themselves either into the lakes of the basin or into the Pacific Ocean. There are several 
small valleys and oases along the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada, but these are iuc!u<led within the limits of the State 
of California. By far the most desirable portions of the Great Basin are the valleys on its eastern border, skirted by the 
Wasatch Range, which extend from near the mouth of Bear River to the Rio Virgin. 

An analysis of the facts presented by Dr. Bernhisel and Mr. Snow, exhibits difiSculties of significant importance. The 
■whole country is isolated from the States on either side, by mountains impassible except in a few gaps, and even through 
those during a great portion of the year. Its seclusion in the middle of the continent, indeed, is more complete than if 
surrounded by waters in the middle of the ocean ; and its distance from the settlements in Iowa, Missouri, and Arkansas, 
is too great to allow of any commercial connection. As to the latter point, witness the following statement : from Inde- 
pendence (on Missouri River) to Fort Kearny, is 400 miles; froi.'. the latter to Fort Laramie, 306 miles; thence to the 
north fork of the Platte River, 127 miles ; thence to Rock Independence, 50 miles ; thence to South Pass, 100 miles ; thence 
to Fort Bridger, 118 miles; and thence to Salt Lake City, 113 miles; making a total distance of 1,214 miles. To this 
should be added, 400 miles between Independence and St. Louis, or in all 1,614 miles from the Great Salt Lake to the 
first considerable market. In no part of this vast tract can the rains of heaven be relied upon to any great extent for 
the cultwation of the soil. The earth is destitute of trees, and in great part also of any vegetation whatever. Should 
the Great Pacific Railroad, however, be carried through this territory, the natural obstacles to intercourse would in a great 
measure be overcome, but at best, Utah must ever remain a country within itself naturally and politically, and as a 
member of the American Union, will ever be independent of that Union in all but in theory. Nor can the theological 
system held by the inhabitants of Utah, have the sympathies of the more dogmatic sectaries of the old States. The 
success of the State, then, depends on no external influences ; but on the intelligence and forces of the people within 

Utah in 1850 was divided into seven counties,* the general statistics of which and the capitals of each were as follows : 



Pop. 


in cult. 


Estab 


Capitals. 


1,134 . 


. 112 


. 1 . 


Miller's Creek 


6,157 . 


. 605 . 


. 6 .. 


Salt Lake City 


360 . 


. 64 . 


. 2 . 


Cedar City 


365 . 


. 51 . 


. 1 .. 


Manti City 



Counties. Dwell. Pop. I'n'^culL Estab Capitals. 

Tooele 33 . . 152 . . 27 . . . . Tooele City 

Utah 411 .. 2,000 .. 144 .. 4 .. Provo City 

Weber 227 . . 1,186 . . 33 . . 2 . . Ogden City 



CouRtiea. Dwell. 

Davis 215 . . 

Great Salt Lake 1,288 . . 

Iron 86 . . 

San Pete 62 . . 

The whole number of dwellings in the Territory was at the above date 2,322 ; of families, 2,322 ; and of inhabitants, 
11,380 ; viz., whites 11,330— males 6,022, and females 5,308 ; fr. col. 24— males 13, and females 12; si. 26. Of the whole 
population there were deaf and dumb, ; blind, 2 ; insane, 3 ; and idiotic, 2. The number of free persons born ia 
the United States was 9,355 ; the number of foreign birth 1,990, and of birth unknown 9. The native population originated 
as follows: Maine 151. N. Harap. 123, Verm. 232, Mass. 350, R. I. 21, Conn. 193, N. Y. 1,430, N. Jer. 96, Penn. 553, Del. 
17, Md. 27, Dist. of Col. 1, Virg. 99, N. Car. 92, S. Car. 58, Ga. 12, Flor. 4, Ala. 62, Miss. 119, La. 8. Tex. 7, Ark. 7, Tenn. 
294, Ky. 256, Oh. 694, Mich. 121, Ind. 303, III. 1,2S5, Mo. 519, la. 726, Wise. 30, Calif. 14, Territories 76, and the foreign 
population was composed of persons from — England 1,056, Ireland 106, Scotland 232, Wales 125, Germany 60, France IS 
Norway 32, Prussia 6, British America 338, Mexico 7, West Indies 2, and other countries 23. 

The statistics of the industry and wealth of the Territory, as derived from the census of 1860, are as follows: 

Occupied Land, etc. — Improved farm land, 16,333 acres, and unimproved, 30,516; valued in cash at $311,799. The 
number of farms under cultivation on the 1st June, 1850, was 926. Value of farming implements and machinery, $34,288. 

Live-Stock. — Horses, 5,429 ; asses and mules, 325 ; milch cows, 4,861 ; working oxen, 5,266 ; other cattle, 2,489 ; sheep, 
8,262, and swine, 914. Value of live-stock, $546,968. 

Products of Animals. — Wool, 9,222 pounds ; butter, 83,309 pounds ; cheese, 30,998 pounds, and the value of animala 
slaughtered during the year had been $67,985. 

Grain Crops. — Wheat, 107,702 bushels; rye, 210 bushels; Indian corn, 9,899 bushels; oats, 10,000 bushels; barley, 
1,799 bushels, and buckwheat, 332 bushels. 

Other Food Crops. — Peas and beans, 239 bushels ; potatoes — Irish, 43,968 bushels, and sweet 60 bushels. 

3/iscellaneoiis Crops. — Tobacco, 70 pounds ; hay, 4,805 tons ; clover-seed, 2 bushels ; hops. 50 pounds ; flax, 550 pounds ; 
flax-seed. 5 bushels ; molasses, 58 gallons ; bees-wax and honey, 10 pounds, etc. Produce of market-gardens, $23,868. 

Home-made Manufactures were produced to the value of $1,302. 

Manufactures. — In 1850 there were 16 manufacturing establishments producing to the annual value of $500 and upward. 

The ascertained value of all property, real and personal, assessed for taxation in 1850 amounted to $986,083. 

Govemm.ent. — The basis of the government of Utah is identical with that of New Mexico, except that in it there is no 
provision that " no citizen of the United States shall be deprived of his life, liberty, or property, except by the judgment of 
his peers or the laws of the land." (_See New Mexico, p. 552.) 

Historical Sketch. — The territory, now called Utah, formerly constituted a portion of the Mexican province of California 
Alta, and as such passed into the possession of the United States by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 2d February, 1848. 
Previous to the Mexican War, few white men, except those engaged in scientific explorations, had entered the country. 
About the period that the war had broken out, the Mormons were driven from their city of Nauvoo, in Illinois, by mob 
violence, and shortly afterward emigrated to the borders of the Great Salt Lake. Their settlements became prosperous 
and populous, and within two years after the first pioneers had entered the country their numbers had increased to about 
five thousand. After the ratification of peace, they found themselves without a government, and without protection for 
person or property. To remedy this anomalous condition of the body politic, a temporary government was organized 
under the style of "The State of Deseret," and under its sanction the usual government officials were elected. But the 
ultimate destiny of the country beUmged to Congress, and that body, during the session of 1849-50, remanded the State 
back to a territorial condition under its present title. The increase of its population, however, continues to be so rapid, 
that it must at no distant period be admitted as a State. 

Fillmore City, in Millard County, is the political capital of the Territory. 

* To tliese liave since been added the counties of " Desert," extending from tlie Salt Lake to ttie Califomian boundary — " Green River," in the 
N. E. part of the territory—" Millard," in tbe S. W.— ■' Washington," in width half a degree, and running along the whole length o£ the S. border 
and " Yuab," lying immediately N. of Millard County— in all twelve counties. 

277 



THE STATE OF VERMONT. 



Vermont, so called from the verdant aspect of its mountains, lies between 42^ 44' and 45° latitudes north, and between 
71° 38' ami 73° 26' lonrritndes west from Greenwich, or lietween 3° 3G' and 5° 24' east from Washington. It is bounded 
on the north by Lower Canada, on the east by New H.^nlp8hire. on the south by Massachusetts, and on the west by 
New York. Its eastern Iwundary is formed by the Connecticut Eiver, and on the west it is separated from New York 
chiefly by Lalie Champlain. The length of the State from north to south is 157 miles, and its breadth from east to west 
from 40 to 92 miles, its widest part being on the northern Slate line. The superficial area of the country is estimated to 
contain 10,212 square miles. 

The surface of Vermont, wi Ih some slight exceptions, is mountainous. The most striking feature in its topography is 
the range called the Green Mountains, which traverses the State in a direction north and south. Southward it is contin- 
ued into Massachusetts, where it is known under the name of the Iloosic Mountains. In the centre of the State this ridge 
biftircates: one branch, the Western, and principal, continuing in a northerly direction, sinks down gradually, and 
terminates near the norlhern boundary; and the other, or Eastern branch, called also the ''Height of Land," strikes a 
course to the north-east, and, passing into Canada, is l"st on the stiores of the St. Lawrence. The latter dividts the streams 
of lakes Champlain and Mtmphremagog frnni the tributaries of the Connecticut, while the former, though loftii-r, pre- 
sents a more broken outline, and is cut through liy several rivers. It is a curious fact that this immense barrier has a 
passage through it, even without any high hills, and the southern branch of the Onion Eiver, which passes through it and 
flows into Lake Champlain, h.as its source very near to, if not in, the same swamp with the head waters of While Eiver, 
which flows into the Connecticut. The Vermont Central Railroad also passes along these streams without any consider- 
able elevations or dt'pressions, although near the base of Camel's Rump, one of the liighest peaks of the range. The part 
of the mountains which traverses the southern portion of the State forms the watershed between the Hudson and Con- 
necticut rivers. The hase of these mountains varies from ten to fifteen miles in width. Beautiful and fertile valleys 
intersect them everywhere, and the slopes are covered with growths of small evergreen trees and shrubs, and the sum- 
mits with green mosses and winter grasses. There are many fine farms among the hills, and much of the land upon 
them is excellent for grazing. Before the mountain bifurcates, the highest summit is Killington Peak, 3,675 feet above 
the level of the sea; but there are two higher culminations after it divides, and which are in tlie western range: these are 
Gamers Rump, on the south side of Onion River, which is 4,18S feet high; and Mansfleld Mountain, the highest of all, 
which is 4.279 feet high. Ascutney is an isolated mountain in the town of Windsor, near the Connecticut, the apex of 
which is 3,320 feet above tide-water. In the neighljorhoods of Lake Champlain ami the Connecticut Eiver the country 
is only moderately uneven, and in many places extensive level tracts are found, which form a striking contrast to the gen- 
eral features of the country. 

The Connecticut River washes the eastern borders of the St.ite, the watershed, or dividing ridge already mentioned 
being nowhere more than thirtj'-five miles from the river, and throusrhout most of its course not more than half that 
distance; its tributaries in this State, viz., the Deerfleld, White, Black, and Passumpsic rivers are scarcely more than 
mountain torrents. On the western side of the ridge the streams have chiefly a north-westerly course, and are consider- 
ably longer ; but as they force thiir way through the westerly branch of the mountain ranges, their courses are also rapid 
and much broken by falls. The Missisqui, Lamoille, Onion, and other creeks flowing into Lake Champlain, are the prin- 
cipal, and these afford navig.ation for lake craft to their lower cascades, from flve to six miles up. The Battenkil and 
Hoosic rivers have their rise in the S. part of the range, but soon pass into New York. The whole State is abundantly 
watered by pure running brooks, many of which, as also the larger streams, are turned to use in operating numerous mills. 

Lake Champlain extends along the western border a distance of 140 miles, and varies in width from one to sixteen 
miles, covering an area of 600 square miles. It is sufficiently deep for the largest cl.ass of shipping ; it is, however, usually 
navigated by vessels of SO or luO tons, to which the rivers and canals are accessible, and several fine steamboats ply to 
and from different points on its shores. It receives the surplus waters of Lake George, and discharges itself by the Sor- 
relle or Richelieu, which, by means of some canals round its rapids, affords a navigable communication with the St. 
Lawrence. At its southern base it is connected by canal with the Hudson River and the New York and Erie Canal. 
There are several large i.slands in the northern part of the lake, which, together with Alhurg Peninsula, divide it in its 
broadc-st part into two unequ.-d proportions. There are also some flfly or sixty smaller islands. The aspect of its shores 
is varied and pleasant; the penks of the Green Mountains are visible in the distance, and well-cultivated farms line its 
shores. The harbors on the Vermont side of the lake are generally good, and the principal of these are Burlington, St. 
Albans, and Vergennes. Lake Memphremagog is partly in this State, but mostly in Canada; it is thirty miles long, and 
discharges its waters intcTthe St. Lawrence through the channel of the St. Fr.ancis Eiver. Between the mountains and 
New York State line there are several smaller lakes, which are known under the names of Bombazine Lake. Austin 
Lake, Great Trout Pond, etc., which are remarkable for the purity and clearness of their waters and the bland scenery 
that surrounds them. 

Theminer.als produced in this State are iron, copper, zinc, and a great variety of rocks. Iron occurs in great abund- 
ance. Sulphuret of iron, or pyrites, is found at Strafford and Shrewsbury, from which an immense quantity of copperas is 
annually manufactured. Copper has been discovered near Brandon, and a few miles south-east of that place a bed of 
silver and copper. The ore of the latter is incorporated with milk quartz and argillaceous slate ; an average specimen, 
analyzed by W. H. Shepherd, mineralogist, yielded 31.13 per cent, of pure silver and 17.09 of copper. Lead, zinc, and 
manganese are also found. At Monckton, near Burlington, there is also an extensive bed of kaolin, or porcelain earths 
Granite, however, is the great staple, and marbles of fine quality are extensively quarried at Middlebury, Swanton, Ben- 
278 



THE STATE OF VERMONT. 



ninglon, etc. The novaculite, or oil-stone, sold under the name of tnagog oil-stone, is found on one of the islai^ds in 
Lake Memphreraagog, and quarries of slate are wrought near Brattleboro'. Vermont has also several mineral springs, 
containing iron and suljihur, which are n sorted to for relief in many cutaneous and chronic complaints. 

The climate assimilates that of New Hampshire, and is variable and cold, but extremely salubrious. Snow lies on the 
ground from the middle df November to the end of April, and on the hill-sides it is often six or eight feet deep. The 
mean annual range of (he thermometer is about 120°, the temperature in winter sinking sometimes to 25° or 30° below 
zero, and in summer rising to 90° or 100°. Trees commence to bud early in April, and flowers unfold themselves in 
May. The first frosts appear about the middle of September, but are light until November. The summer season is fair 
and serene, and although the heat of the day is sometimes excessive, the nights are always cool. Through September 
and October Ihe finest weather prevails, with gentle winds and a blue sky. 

The natural growths of Vermont are hemlock, spruce, and fir, which flourish on the mount.ain sides ; the lower tract, 
abound with elm, oak, hickory, butternut, pine, beech, sugar-maple, and birch, and the cedar grows luxuriantly in the 
swamps. The indigenous animals are wolves, foxes, and others, similar in a great measure to those which are spread 
over Canada and the North-eastern States generally. The lakes and rivers abound with excellent fish. 

The soils of Vermont are generally rich and loamy. On the borders of the rivers are fine tracts of valley land, 
which consist of a deep black alluvial deposit — these are sometimes a mile in width, and very productive in grain, 
grass, and garden vegetables. The uplands are in many places scarcely inferior to the intervales, and are in general 
Bufficiently free from stone to admit of easy cultivation. The hills and mountains, that are not arable on account of their 
Steepness or the rocks, yield the best of paslurage. There is hardly any part of the country better adapted to the rearing 
of horses, horned cattle, and sheep, than the mountain regions of this State. Wheat is raised more abundantly on the 
western than on the eastern side of the mountains. The soils and climate of all parts are favorable to the growth of the 
apple and most other kinds of garden trees ; but the peach seldom comes to perfection anywhere. The greater part of the 
State is better suited to grazing than to tillage. Springs and brooks are very numerous. 

Vermont is divided into li counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1850, were as follows : 



Counties. 


Dwell. 


Pop. 


Farms 
in cult. 


M:inur. 
Kstab. 


Addison 


. 4,679 . 


. 26,549 . 


. 2,292 . 


. 1.57 . . 


Bennington . 


. 3,404 . 


. 18,589 . 


. 1,397 . 


. 147 . . 


Caledonia. . . 


. 4,231 . 


. 23,086 . 


. 2,754 . 


. 245 .. 


Chittenden. . 


. 4,805 . 


. 29,036 . 


. 1,908 . 


. 201 . . 




. 846 . 
. 4,82T .. 


. 4.650 . 
^23,586 . 


. 602 . 
. 2,172 . 


. 32 .. 


Franklin 


. 108 . . 


Grand Isle.. 


. 691. 


. 4,145 . 


. 339 . 


. 8 .. 



Capitals. 

. Middleburg 

. Manchester 

Danville 

Burlington 

. Guildhall 

. St. Albans 

8 . . North Hero 



Counties. Dwell, Pop, 

Lamoille 2,022 .. 10,872 . 

Orange 5,192 ..27,296 , 

Orleans 2,780 . . 15,707 . 

Rutland 6,661 . . 3:^,059 . 

Washington., 4.442 .. 24,654 , 
Windham. , . . 5,374 . . 29,062 , 
Windsor 7,373 . . 38,320 . . 4,274 . 



Farms 
in cult. 


Mannf 
Estab. 


Capitals, 


1,082 . 


, 42, 


. Hyde Park 


2,677 , 


. 86 . 


. Chelsea 


2,055 . 


, 68, 


. Irasburg 


2,663 . 


,275, 


. Rutland 


2,104 , 


, 77, 


. MONTPEI.IKB 


3,363 . 


,197. 


Fayetteville 


4,274 . 


. 192 , 


, Woodstock 



The whole number of dwellings in the State at the above date was 56,327; of families, 58,475; and of inhabitants, 
313,611 ; viz., whites 312,902— males 159 374, and females 153,528; fr. col, 709— males 366, and females 343. Of the whole 
population there vrere, deaf (ind dumb — wh. 143, fr, col. 1, — total 144; blind — wh, 138, fr. col. — total 138; insane — 
wh. 552, fr, col, — total 552, and idiotic — wh, 280, fr, col, 1 — total 281. The number of free persons born in Iho United 
States was 2>0,966, the number of foreign birth 32,831, and of birth unknown 323. The native population originated as 
follows: Maine 835, N. Hamp. 19,6(i9, Vermont 232,086, Mass. 15,059, R, I. 801, Conn. 4,551, N. Y. 7,218, N. Jer. 171, Penn. 
138, Del. 1, Md. 23, Dist, of Col. 5, Virg 21, N, Car, 7, S, Car. 5, Ga, IS, Flor. 9, Ala. 6, Miss. 5, La. 12, Tex. 1, Ark. 2, 
Tenn. 6, Ky. 7, Oh. 166, Mich. 86, Ind. 15, III. 34, Mo. 10, la, 5, Wise. ;32, Calif. 0, Territories 1 ; and the foreign popula- 
tion was composed of persons from — England 1,546, Ireland 15,377, Scotland 1,045, Wales 57, Germany 218, France 40, 
Bpain 3, Portugal 5, Belgium 0, Holland 2, Italy 7, Austria 0, Switzerland 2, Russia 1, Denmark 1, Norway S, Sweden 0, 
Prussia 6, Greece 0, Asia 7, Africa 0, British America 14,470, Mexico 0, Central America 0, South America 3, West Indies 
6, Sandwich Islands 4, and other countries 23. 

The following table will show the deceimial progress of the population since the first census of the State : 

Colored Persons. Derennial increase 

Census Wliite / 



Years. rer.sons. Free. 

1790 85,144 255 

1800 153,908 557 

1810 216,963 750 

1820 234,846 918 

1830 279,771 881 

1840 291.213 730 

1850 312,902 709 



17 



Total. Total. Numer, Per cen 

.272 85,416 — — 

.557 154.465 69,049 80.8 

,750 217.713 63,248 40,8 

.918 2.35,T64 18,051 8,3 

,881 280,652 44,883 19,0 

,780 291,943 11,296 4,0 

,709 313,611 21,563 , T.4 



The general statistics of the wealth, industry, productions, manufactures, and institutions of Vermont, as ascertained 
by the census of 1850, and other official reports made in the same year, afford the following results : 

Ocotipied Lands, etc. — Improved farm lands 2,591,379 acres, and unimproved lands 1,525,368 acres — together valued 
in cash at .$59,727,7.31. The whole number of farms under cultivation on the 1st June, 1850, was 29,687. Value of 
farming implements and machinery $2,790,237. 

Idve^Stock.— Horses, 61,057; asses and mules, 218; milch cows, 146,146; working oxen, 48,497; otlier cattle, 1.54,025; 
sheep, 919,992, and swine, 66,278, Compared with the live-stock in the State In 1S40, the following movement is shown: 

1810. 18.10. Decrease, 



62,402 



Live-stock. 

Horses ) 

Asses aT;d mules ) 

Milch cows 

Working oxen 

Other cattle 

Sheep 1,681.819 

Swine 203,800 



:;[ 



head \ ^^fif^^T'^ ;■;■;[ 1,127 head, or 1.8 per cent. 



384,341 



146.146 « 

48,497 " 

154.025 " .,, ) 

919,992 " ., 761,827 

66,278 " 137,522 



35.673 « or 9.3 



or 45.3 
or 67.4 



—in 1850 the aggregate value of live-stock in cash was f 12,640,243. 



379 



THE STATE OF VERMONT. 



Products of Animals.— VfooX 3,410,993 pounds, butter 11,871,451 pounds, cheese 8,729,834 pounds; and the value of 
animals slaughtered during the year had been $1,871,468. The quantity of wool returned in the census of 1840 was 
8,699,235 pounds, or 288,242 pounds more than in 1850, and hence the decrease shown in the latter year amounts 7.8 per 
cent. The production in relation to the number of sheep, however, has been much larger at the latter than at the former 
period ; in 1840 it was 35.2 ounces per fleece, and in 1S50, 59.3 ounces. In the production of butter only five States surpass 
Verumnt, and of cheese only two — New York and Ohio, and of the latter article it produces one-twelfth the quantity 
made in the Union. 

Grain Craps.— Vt'hetil 525,925 bushels, rye 176,207 bushels, Indian corn 2,032,016 bushels, oats 2,307,714 bushels, barley 
42,147 bushels, and buckwheat 203,699. The crops of 1840 and their comparative quantities, with those of 1850, are as 
follows : 

Crops, IS40. 1850. Movement 

Wheat 495.800 bushels 525,925 bushels incr. 80,125 bushels, or 6.1 per cent 

Eye 230,993 " 176.207 " deer. 54,786 " or 23.7 " 

Indiancorn 1,119.678 " 2,032,016 " incr. 912,338 " or 81.5 " 

Oats 2,222,584 " 2,307,714 » incr. 85,130 " or 87.8 « 

Barley 54,781 " 42,147 « d&cr. 12,634 « or 28.1 « 

Buckwheat 228,416 " 208,699 " decr> 19,717 " or 8.6 " 

Other Food Crops.— 'Beam and peas 104 bushels ; potatoes, Irish, 4,947,351 bushels. Tho potato crop reported in the 
census of 1840 amounted to 8,869,751 bushels, and hence the decrease between the returns of 1840 and 1850 has been 
8,922,400 bushels, or 44.2 per centum. 

MUcelUmeous Crops.— Ihiy, 806,989 tons; clover-seed, 760 bushels; other grass-seed, 14,996 bushels; hops, 258,518 
pounds; flax, 20,752 pounds ; flax-seed, 939 bushels ; silk cocoons, 26S pounds; Maple sugar, 5,930,955 pounds; molasses, 
6,997 gallons ; beeswax and honey, 249,432 pounds; wine 659 gallons, etc. Value of orchard products, 1315,045, and of 
market-garden pro<lucts, $18,853. A comparison of the principal productions of 1850 with those returned in 1840, gives 
the following result : 

Productions. 1840. 1850. Movement 

Hay 836,7.S9 tons 866,989 tons incr. 80,250 tons, or 3.6 per cent 

Hops 48,137 pounds 258,513 pounds incr. 210,376 pounds, or 434.9 " 

Flax 66,080 " 20,752 " deer. 45,328 " or 68.6 « 

Maple sugar 4,647,934 " 5,980,955 " rracr.l ,333,021 « or 28.6 " 

Wine 94 gallons 659 gallons incr. 565 gallons, or 601.1 " 

ITome-made mannfaciures were prod\iced in the year ending 1st June, 1850, to the value of $278,331. The same class 
Of goods produced in the year represented in the census of 1840, were valued at $674,548. 

Manufactures. — Aggregate capital invested, $.i,001,377; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed in the year, 
$4,172,552; average number of hands employed, —males and females ; monthly cost of labor, $ — 

male $ and female $ ; total value of manufactures for the year $8,570,920. The whole number of manufao- 

ing establishments in operation on the 1st June, 1850, and producing to the annual value of $500 and upwards, was 1,835, 
and these were distributed among the counties in proportion, as shown in the general table before given. Of these 9 
■were cotton ftietories, 72 woolen factories, .37 iron factories— 3 making pig iron, 26 making castings, and 8 making wrought 
Iron ; and 152 were tanneries. The manufacturing establishments others than those named were various, but chiefly such 
as are incident to an agriouUural region, or such as the immediate wants of the people demand. The total capital 
invested in manufactures, in 1840, amounted to $4,326,440. 

In the cotfon manufacture, the capital employed is $202,500 ; cotton used, 2,243 bales ; value of all raw material, etc., 
consumed, $114,415 ; hands employed, 231— males 94, and females 147 ; entire wages per month, $3,321 — to males $1,460, 
and to females $1,861 ; products of the year — sheeting, etc., 1,651,000 yards, an<l yarn 53.050 pounds, valued at $196,100. 
In 1840, there were in the State 7 factories— capit.il $118,100; hands 262, and value of products $113,000. 

In the manufacture of leonlen goods, the capital employed is $886,300 ; annual consumption of wool. 2,328.100 pounds ; 
value of .III ray-i material, etc., consumed, $830,684 ; average h.ands employed, 1,893 — males 683, and females 710 ; entire 
monthly wages, $25,100— to males $16,712, and to females $8,388 ; products for the year, 2,830,400 yards of cloth, valued 
at $1,579,181. The number of factories in 1840 was 95, which, with 2.39 fulling mills, employed a capital of $1,406,950; 
bands 1.4.50; annual value of products, $1.331,9.53. 

The statistics of the iron manufactures, in 1850, were in accordance with the annexed table : 

Sperific.itions. Pig Iron. Cast Iron. Wrought Iron. Total. 

Capital invested dollars 02,500 290,720 62,700 415,920 

©reused tons 7,676 — 2,625 10,301 

Pig iron used " — 5,279 750 6,029 

Blooms used " — — 625 525 

'Old metal used " — 274 — 274 

Mineral coal consumed " 150 1,066 — 1,216 

Coke and charcoal bushels.. .326,4.37 198,400 837,000 961,887 

Value of r-aw material dollars 40,175 160,603 66,194 266,972 

Hands employed number... 100 881 57 6.33 

Monthly cost of labor dollars.... 2,208 10,771 1,719 14,743 

Iron produced tons 8,200 5,000 2,045 10,245 

Value of other products dollars.... — 87.770 — 87,770 

Entire value of products " 65,000 460,831 163,986 692,817 

— in' 1840, there were in the State 26 fnrnaoes, producing annually 6.743 tons cast iron, and 14 bloomerios, forges, and rolling 
mills, producing-6S5 tons bar iron ; fuel, etc., c(msumed, 388.407 tons ; hands, 783 ; capital invested, $604,150. 

The tanneries employ a capital of $.346,250 ; value of hides and skins, $,357,946 ; hands employed 397 ; monthly wages, 
^8,80" ; skins tanned, 44,330, and sides of leather tanned, $250,104 ; value of products $587,466. In 1840, there were 261 
.280 



THE STATE OF VERMONT. 



tanneries in the State, employing a capital of $403,093, and 509 hands, and producing annually 102,763 sides of sole leather, 
and 102,937 sides of upper leatlier. 

The capital invested in the manufacture of malt and spintuojis Uqruirs is $7,000; quantities and kinds of grain, 
etc. consumed— barley 2,500 bushels, and hops 1 ton; hands employed, 2 ; ale manufactured, 800 barrels. No spirits are 
returned, and probably none is now manufactured as an article of commerce. In 1840, there were two distilleries, pro- 
ducing annually 3,500 gallons, and one brewery producing 12,800 gallons— the whole employing 5 men, and a capital of 
$8,850. 

Internal Improvements, etc—The lines of railroad from Boston and the coast of New England, generally toward 
Canada and the north-west, pass through Vermont, and the lines from New York also form connection with those of the 
western districts of the State. Locally these roads have tended greatly lo the development of the resources of the towns 
through which they pass, and have opened sea-board markets to the great body of the State. The bulk of the mer- 
chandise and travel on the Vermont roads, however, is from and to places beyond the limits of the State, which has no 
large manufacturing towns or aggregated populations, beyond a few thousands in number. The several lines are noted 
in the " Appendix." On the 1st .January, 1S53, the railroads in operation had a total length of 427 miles, and there were 
some 50 miles additional in course of construction. There are no canals in Vermont, with the exception of three short 
cuts to overcome river falls, viz. : that around White River Falls, that at Bellows Valley, and that at Waterqueechy Falla. 
The macadamized and ordinary roads of the State are generally well kept, and in sufficient number for all purposes. 

Foreign Commerce.— The. commerce of Vermont is carried on chiefly at Burlington on Lake Champlain, and finds an 
outlet by the Chambly river to Canada, and transmarine countries. The exports in this direction, in the year ending 
30th June, 1S50, were valued at $430,906, of which .$404,749 was the value of domestic products exported, and $26,15T 
that of foreign re-exports, and the value of imports amounted to $463,002. The shipping employed in carrying the mer- 
chandise above represented, was as follows : 

Entered. Cleared. Total. 



Nationality . * . 

ofShipping. Vessels. T<iii8. Crews, 

American 330 86,R2S 3,535 , 

Foreign 174 12,607 716 . 



Vessels. Tons. 

..322 81,073 

. . 20 1.783 



Crews. 

. 3,201 
. 97 



Veaaela. 

. . 652 . . 
. . 194 . . 



Tons. CrewB. 

167,901 6,736 

14,390 813 



Total 504 99,435 4,251 342 82,856 3.298 846 182,291 7,549 

— the shipping owned in the State at the above period amounted to 4,530 tons, all of the class enrolled and licensed, and 
of this, 3,097 tons was navigated by steam. The commercial movement for a series of years had been as follows : 



Imports. 



Year. Exports. 

1817 91-3,201 

ISIS 240,069 

1819 585,596 

1S20 395,869 

1821 263,330 

1822 . . 

1823 . . 
1824.. 



Imports 



.. 15,987 

. 257,694 60,897 

. $236,140 $62,242 

. 208,258 161,e54 



1825 396,166 



109.021 



1S26. 
1827. 
1828. 
1829. 
1S30. 
1S31 . 
18-32 . 
1833. 



. 884,202 228,650 

.1,259,441 144,078 

. 2-39,610 177.5-39 

. 808,079 205,392 

. 658,256 140.059 

. 925,127 166.206 

. 349,820 ^,214.672 

. 377,399 523,260 



Year. Exports. Imports, 

1S34 334,372 322,806 

1835 $328,1.51 $217,853 

1836 188,165 456,846 

1837 138,693 342,449 

183S 132,650 258,417 

1S39 193,886 413,513 

1840 305,150 404,617 

1841 $277.987 $246,739 

1842 557.509 209,863 

1843 169,971 38,000 

1844 413.367 97,183 

1845 542.607 81,99T 

1846 $403,820 $127,223 



1847. 
184S, 
1849, 

1850, 



514,298 239,641 

534,102 306,005 

688,869 147,721 

430,906 463,092 



Year. Exports. 

1799 $20,480 $• 

1800 57,041 ■ 

1801 57,267 ■ 

1802 31,479 • 

1803 117,450 ■ 

1804 191,725 • 

1805 169,402 ■ 

1806 193,775 • 

1807 204,285 • 

1808 108.772 ■ 

1809 175,782 ■ 

1810 432,631 ■ 

1811 $571,104 $■ 

1812 138,647 - 

1813 - 

1814 

1815 161,002 • 

1816 892,594 ■ 

Sanks. — The returns of August, 1850, report 27 banks, and their condition as fullows — Liabilities: capital, $2,197,249; 
circulation. $9,856,027; deposiis, $546,703; and debts to banks, .$32,984; and assets, loans and discounts, $4,423,719; 
stocks, $40,500; real estate, $94,497; due by other banks, $1,001,789; notes of other banks, $127,637; specie fund, $2,376; 
and specie, $127,825. 

Government. — The first Constitution of this State was formed in" 1777; the one now In operation was adopted ou the 
4th July, 1793, but has since been modified at various periods. It secures lo every man on attaining his 21st year, the 
right of suffrage, provided he has been a resident of the State for the next preceding year, and la of aquiet and peaceable 
behavior. The annual elections are held on the first Tuesday of September. 

The Legislature consists of a Senate (established in 1836), and a House of Representatives. The Senate consists of 30 
members, chosen by a plurality of votes, .apportioned in ratio of the population, but each county is entitled to at least one. 
The IIou>ie of Representatives, at present, consists of 230 members, one from each town. Representatives shall be persona 
noted for wisdom and virtue, resident in the State for the last two years, and for one year in the town. Two-thirds of the 
members elected are required to form a quorum, when a State tax is voted. The Legislature is renewed annually. The 
Lieutenant-governor is ex-officio President of the Senate, otherwise the officers of both houses are chosen by the member? 
thereof respectively 

The chief (■vecuti'iie is vested in a Governor, chosen annually by a majority of votes. In case of no choice being made, 
the three candidates having the highest poll numbers are presented lo the Legislature, which in joint ballot elects one of 
their number to be governor. The Lieutenant-governor and Treasurer are elected in like manner. No one is qualified 
for these offices unless he has resided in the Slate for the preceding four years. Twelve Councilors, assistants to the 
executive, are chosen annually by general ticket, and by a plurality of votes. The Governor and Council appoint to offices 
and fill vacancies, and may grant pardons for all crimes excepting treason and murder, in which they may grant reprieves 
until the end of the next session of the General Assembly, and e.xcepting also impeachments, which can be reversed only 
by act of the Assembly. The Governor presides in the Council and has a casting vote only. He may veto a bill, but two- 

2^ 



THE STATE OF VERMONT. 



thirds of both houses may pass it again, and it thus may become law notwithstanding. He is allowed a Secretary of civil 
and military affairs, chusen t>y himself and paid by the State. 

Juflicidri/ paicers are vested in a Supreme Court, consisting of a chief and two assistant justices ; in County Courts, or 
Courts of Common Pleas comprising four eircuits, each County Court being composed of one Judge of Circuit, elected by 
the Legislature, who is esc-nfficio chief justice of tlie County Courts of his Circuit, and two assistant judges for e;icli county, 
elected by ttie people ; and in .Tustices of the Peace. The Supreme Court sits in each county once, and the County Courts 
twice in each year; an additional term of the Supreme Court is also held once a year in each district, at such time and 
place as the court may order. Each .Judge of the Supreme Court is Chancellor of a Circuit, The Court of Chancery has 
two stated sessions annually in each county, and is always in session for all purposes, except the final hearing (!f a cause. 
An appeal from a decree of the Chancellor lies to the Supreme Court. Judges of the Supreme Court, county and probate 
Courts, sheriffs, and justices of the peace, are elected by the General Assembly in joint ballot. 

The Constilulion prohibits slavery, and permits imprisonment for debt only in cases of fraud. It abolishes perpetuities. 
Every alien of gofid character coming to settle in the State, and swearing allegiance thereto, is permitted to hold land. 
By a law of 18-50, a homestead of the value of $500 is secured from attachment or execution. 

Once in .seven years, 13 censors are chosen on one ticket by the people, whose duty it is to inquire whether the Con- 
stitution has been observed in every particular, etc., and also to call a convention for amending the Constitution within 
two year.s, six months' public notice beini: given of the amendments proposed. 

T\i& Jin<inci<tl coru/Uicm of this State is in an enviable conditiim— the expenses of government are small, and its lia- 
bilities insiginficant. For the year ending 31st August, 1850, the receipts into the treasury, including a balance from 1S49 
of $8,330, amounted to $125,375, of which $94,309 was raised from taxes. The disbursements for the same year amounted 
to $1'22,253, leaving a balance of $3,122. The principal sums paid out, were the expenses of the Legislature, $36,043; 
executive expenses, $2,618, and pay of judiciary and for prosecuting crime, $49,7.33. The minor items of expense were 
those on account of elections, pauper relief, common schools, agricultural societies, militia, etc. The expenses of 1S50 
exceed Uiose of 1849 by $7,767, but they embrace about $15,000 of extraordinary expenditure. 

Vermont has no public debt. It has some temporary liabilities, which at the above-named date amounted to $.58,036. 

Among the henemilent iiistUutions of the State, the Vermont Asylum for the Insane, at Brattleboro', is the most con- 
spicuous. Since the opening of the asylum there have been admitted to .\ngust 1st. 1850, 1,609 patients, ami 1,281 h.ive 
been discharged, and 328 remained in the institution. Of the discharged, 745, or 46.3 per cent, had been recovered. Of 
those placed in the asylum within six numllis from the attack, nearly nine-tenths have recovered. During the year end- 
ing as al)0»e, the whole number of palienls was 46S ; admitted 150, and discharged 140. Of those discharged, 79 were 
cured, 26 dicil, 16 were improved, and 19 not improved. Income $34,240 12, and expenditures $33.8CS 92. There is 
connected with the asylum a library of over 1.2 '0 volumes, and a large number of periodicals and newspapers are taken. 
The deaf and dumb and the blind are supported at institutions in other States, for which purpose the Legislature appro- 
priates a large sum of money annually. 

Federal representKtion.— In accordance with the provisions of the law of 23d May, 1850, Vermont sends four repre- 
sentatives to the federal Congress. 

Education. — In 1850 there were 2,594 school districts in the State, and the whole number of scholars was 90,110 ; aver- 
age length of schools 24 weeks ; average of scholars in each district, 39 ; expen.se of each scholar, $2 20 ; average wages 
to teachers — male $1,.355, and female $554 per month ; whole wages — to males $65,759 16, and females $61,312 65; total 
$127,071 81; cost of board, $70,492 87; cost of fuel, $19,837 64; cost of wages, board, fuel, etc., $217,402 33. Public 
money divided for support of schools, $90,893 91. Vermont has no school fund. 

The collegiate institutions of the State are--the University of Vermont at Burlington, founded 1791 ; Middlebury Col- 
lege, founded in 1800 ; and Norwich University, founded in 1834. The University of Vermont in 1850 had 7 professors, 
95 students, and 416 a'umni, and a library of 10,000 volumes; Middlebury College, 6 professors, 63 students, 877 alumni, 
and 5,000 volumes ; and Norwich University had 4 professors, 60 students, and 133 alumni, and 1,400 volumes. Medical 
schools are es ablished at Castleton and Woodstock. The Castleton Medical College was founded in ISIS, and in 1850 had 
7 professors, 104 students, and 555 graduates, and the Vermont Medical College at Woodstock was founded in 1835, and 
in 1850 had 7 professors, 90 students, and 332 graduites. 

Academies are established in all the larger towns and villages, and throughout the State there are private schools of 
high reputation. 

Puhlic Libraries. — According to a report of the librarian of the Smithsonian Institution in 1851, there were in Vermont 

1 State library— 3,500 volumes ; 3 college libraries — 13.0-32 volumes ; 6 students' libraries — S,66T volumes ; and 13 public 
school libraries— 9,100 volumes ; toUd 23 libraries, and 84,299 volumes. 

Periodical Press. — The whole number of periodicals published in Vermont in 1850 was 86 — 14 whig, 7 democrati-^, and 
15 neutral in politics. In the latter class are included religious, literary, and other generjil issues. Of the whole number 

2 were published daily, 1 semi-weekly, 31 weekly, and 2 monthly. The dailies ha<I an aggregate circulation of 550 copies, 
the tri-weeklies of 2,200 copies, the weeklies of 41,206 copies, and the monthlies of 2,000 copies. The counties in which 
issued are as follows: Addison, Bennington, and Caledonia, each 2 weeklies; Chittenden (Burlington), 2 dailies and 3 
weeklies; Franklin. 1 weekly and 1 monthly ; Orange, 2 weekly and 1 monthly ; Orleans, 1 weekly ; Rutland, 4 weeklies; 
"Washington, 6 weeklies; Windham, 5 weeklies; Windsor, 4 weeklies. 

Religious Denominations. — The statistics of the several religious denominations in the State in 1850, will be found by 
reference to the table annexed : 



Denomiiia- No cf 


Churili 


Value of 


Denomina- Nn, of 


Cljiircll 


Value of 


Dennmina- No. of 


Clmrch 


Value of 


tioiis. Cliurcliea 


accoiYi. 


Pniperty. 


tions. Cliurclies 


nccoin. 


Property. 


tiona. Cliurclies. 


arci-m. 


Vropt-rty. 


Baptist 88 .. 


.81,9-37. 


.$153,842 


German Ref. — . . 


.. — .. 


... — 


R. Catholic... 8.. 


..4,305.. 


..$42,200 


Christian 7 . . 


. 2.220. 


.. 12,000 


Jewish — .. 


.. — .. 


..$ - 


Swedenbo'n.. — .. 


.. — .. 


.. — 


Congreg!it'1..168 .. 


..76,122. 


..451,084 


Lutheran ... — . . 


.. — .. 


.. — 


Tunker — . 


. — .. 


.. — 


Dutch Kef. . . — . . 


. — . 


.. — 


Mennonite... — .. 


.. — .. 


.. — 


Union 88 . 


.84,550.. 


..122,800 


Episcopal . . 25 . . 


.10,525. 


.. 81,500 


Methodist.... 123 .. 


..45,010. 


..221,850 


Unitarian 2 . 


. 1,000.. 


.. 82.000 


Free 1.. 


. 100.. 


300 


Moravian — . . 


.. — .. 


.. — 


Universalist . . 34 . 


.13.325.. 


.. 71,750 


Friends 7 . . 


.. 2,550. 


. . 5.500 


Presbyterian. 10 . 


..4.100.. 


.. 17,500 


Minor Sects .. 3 . 


. 700.. 


,. 800 



—making a t<ital of 564 churches, with accommodation for 226,444 persons, and valued at $1,213,120. Vermont forms a 
liocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and is included in the Roman Catholic diocese of Boston. 
282 



THE STATE OP VERMONT. 



Pauperism and Crime. — The whole number of paupers relieved and supported within the year endinfj 1st June, 1S50 
was 3.654, of which 2,043 were native, and 1,611 foreign born; and the wliule number of paupers at the date speeifled 
■was 1,879, of which 1,565 were natives, and 314 foreigners. Cost of support, etc., .$120,462. The total numljer of convicts 
Bent to the State Prison in the year ending 1st September, 1850, was 33, and at that date 76 were undergoing sentence. 
The convicts are chiefly employed in sriath-nialiing and shoe-making. 

Historicid Si-etch. — The distance of Vermont from the coast prevented any settlement being made within its borders, 
Cither by the French or English, until the colonies of the latter extended themselves into its vicinity. The governments 
of New York and Massachusetts made large grants in the direction of this State, but it was not until 1724 that any actual 
possession was taken of lands within its present bounds. In that year Fort Durance, or Dummer, was built on the Conneo 
ticut River. On the other end of the State, in 1731, the French built a fort at Crown Point, and began a settlement on the 
eastern shore of Lake Champlaln. Vermont, however, attracted little attention until the reduction of Quebec. After 
that event, New Hampshire, supposing the territory to fall within its limits, made large grants to settlers; but New York 
also claiming it, the matter became involved in serious ctmlroversy. Having been referred to the crown, a decision was 
made confirmatory of the title of the latter to all the country west of the Connecticut, and in this determination New 
Hampshire seems to have acquiesced, with the understanding, that the titles of the lauds purchased from her by the settlers 
should not be disturbed. 

Had New York contented itself with the possession of the unsold lands and jurisdiction over those which had been 
fairly purchased from New Hampshire, Vermont would probably have been to this day an integral portion of that great 
State: a violent and impolitic course, however, was pursued. The New Hampshire grants were declared invalid, and the 
settlers were required to take out new patents. The refusal to do this was nearly general, and in consequence decrees of 
ejectment were issued by the courts at Albany. At the head of the Verraonters was Ethan Allen, a bold and determined 
man, without mental cultivation, but of great natural powers. Under his guidance and counsel they resolved to main- 
tain what they conceived to be their rights, at the risk of being treated as outlaws. The militia of New York was called 
out, but effected nothing. Appeal was now made by the inhabitants to the crown, and the government of New York was 
forbidden to make any grant of the lands in question. The order was evaded, however, and the same state of atfairs 
continued as before. The battle of Lexington was fought, and more important objects then occupied the attention of the 
government of New York. 

The attempts of the British ministry upon the liberties of the colonies excited as much indignation in Vermont as in 
those provinces which were more immediately obnoxious to the royal power. On the news that hostilities had com- 
menced, Ethan Allen collected a body of about three hundred settlers, and, joined by some officers from Connecticut and 
New Hampshire, surprised the British post at Ticonderoga. The fort at Crown Point was surrendered soon afterward. 
These enterprises, executed with address, redounded greatly to the success of the revolutionary cause, and operated 
strongly on 'he public mind in favor of the Vermontese. In a bold attempt on Montreal, Allen was shortly afterward 
taken prisoner, and carried to England in irons. In the following year the British succeeded in defeating the colonial 
navy on Lake Champlain, and on the advance of Burgoyne's army in 1777, Ticonderoga fell again into their possession. 
War now pressed heavily upon Vermont ; the northern settlements were broken up, and the whole frontier subjected 
to savage incursion. Submission to the British, however, was never thought of. A force was raised and united with 
that of General Starke. The battle of Bennington, where upward of one thousand regular troops were assaulted in their 
intrenchments and compelled to surrender, will be long remembered as a proof of what an undisciplined militia are 
capable, when warmed by patriotism and animated by hatred to the oppressor. The surrender of Burgoyne's army 
restored the country to comparative tranquillity. 

■While thus fighting in favor of the general cause, the people of Vermont were placed,'a3 regards their civil govern- 
ment, in an anomalous situation. At the commencement of hostilities they found themselves even without a form of gov- 
ernment. The jurisdiction of New York was disclaimed, and the authority of the crown was thrown off. In this state 
of matters every thing was effected by voluntary agreement. Application was made to Congress for its interference, but 
that body recommended submission to New York. Kesolute in their delertnination not to submit, the people saw no 
alternative than to establish an independent State. In January, 1777, a general convention met, and proclaimed that the 
district of territory, previously known by the name of the New Hampshire grants, was of right a free and independent 
jurisdiction, to be thenceforth called by the name of "New Connecticut, alias Vermont." The convention now ad- 
dressed Congress, and claimed admission into the confederation. 

The petition for admission was met by a counter-memorial from New York, and Congress refused to recognize its 
separate existence. Embarrassment increased, and other circumstances soon after involved the Vermontese in a contest 
with the government of New Hampshire. The charter of the latter State circumscribed it by a line drawn at a distance 
of sixty miles from the sea. All the lands west of this line to the Connecticut were derived from royal grants ; and the 
inhabitants of the towns within this strip, conceiving that the royal authority expired with the Declaration of Independ- 
ence, imagined they had a right to determine to what State they would be attached. Under this impressi<in they applied 
to the Vermontese requesting a union with them. The assembly of Vermont acceded to the application, but the vote 
of anion was subsequently rescinded on a representation that Congress would, on the connection with the revolted 
towns of New Hampshire being dissolved, admit Vermont as a separate State. This action was followed by great dis- 
content within the State. The inhabitants of that part which lies near the Connecticut Elver determined to unite with 
the New Hampshire towns, and to form a State government. Encouraged by these dissentions. New Hampshire now ad- 
vanced a claim before Congress for the whole of Vermont. New York did the same, and Massachusetts endeavored to 
obtain a part by reviving an antiquated title. 

Menaced from so many quarters, the Vermontese gave up their local dissentions, and united in their own defense. 
Ethan Allen, who had returned from captivity, was placed at the head of a body of militia, and made prisoners of the 
officers who were acting under the authority of New York. Complaint was made to Congress, but the discussion of the 
subject was postponed from time to time, as the Vermontese refused to become parties to it, and no decision was pro- 
nounced. The British were naturally attentive to the progress of the contest, and flattered themselves that the people of 
Vermont, exasperated and neglected by Congress, would place themselves under their protection. Negotiations were 
actually opened for this purpose in 1780, and were continued without any open result until 1783. Whatever the inten- 
tions of the leading men of Vermont were, there is no doubt but that the body of the people were still warmly attached to 
the revolutionary cause. The consequences of the negotiation in one respect, however, were favorable to Vermont, as 
ehe remained unmolested by the British during the remainder of the war. 

<S88 



THE STATE OF VERMONT. 



The peace of 17S3 found Vermont a snven-ign and independent State de facto, and the Vermontese felt little desire If 
join in a confederation, the rulers of which had pursued such an evasive policy toward her during the war. New York 
Still claimed a jurisdiction over the State, but was unable to enforce it, and the State government was administered as 
regularly as in any other part of the United States. Affairs remained in this singular condition until after the formatloa 
of the constitution in 17ST, the advantages of which, under the admini8trati(m of Washington, inclined the people of Ver- 
mont again to attempt an admission into tlie Union. The only obstacle arose from the oppusition of New York, which 
was finally withdrawn in 1789. In that year commissioners from the two States met, and effected an amicable arrange- 
mcnt. The sum of $30,000 was agreed to be paid to New York as a compensation for lands belonging to its citizens, 
■which had been re-granted by Vermont, and New York consented that her claims to jurisdiction should cease. A con- 
vention was immediately called, by which it was resolved to join the Union. The consent of Congress was given, and 
on the 4th of March, 1791, Vermont became one of the United States. 

During the war of 1812-15 with England, the vicinity of this State was the seat of a warm contest. On th(^ invasion 
of New York, volunteers poured from the mountains and valleys of Vermont, and by their patriotism and valor proved 
that they had not degenerated from, or forgotten the prowess of, their fathers. The repulse of the British from Platts- 
burg, and the capture of their squadron on Lake Champlain, delivered the soil of this district from the presence of an 
enemy. Aside from this interruption the prosperity of the State has been onward, but ita history furnishes no event of 
suflBcient importance to require detail. 

Success-ion of Governors.— Before Admission into the Union: Thomas Chittenden, 1778; Moses Eobinson, 1789; 
Thomas Chittenden, 1790 ; and — Since Admission into the Union : Thomas Chittenden, 1791 ; Isaac Tichenors, 1797; 
Israel Smith, 1807; Isaac Tichenors, 1808; Jonas Galusha, 1S09 ; Marlin Chittenden, 1813; Jonas Galusha, 1815; 
Eichard Skinner, 1820; C. P. Van Ness, 1823; Ezra Butler, 182G; Samuel C. Crafts, 1828; William A. Palmer, 1831; 
Bilas H. Jenisnn, 1885; Charles Paine, 1841; John Mattocks, 1843; William Slade, 1844; Horace Eaton, 1846; Carlos 
Ooolidge, 1849 ; C. K. Williams, 1850 ; Erastus Fairbanks, 1852. 

Montpelier is the political capital of the State, 
284 



/ 



THE STATE OF YIRGINIA. 



Virginia, perhaps, in natural resources, as well as in geographical position, one of the most important States of the 
Union, lies generally between the latitudes 360 3iJ'and 390 43' north, and extends east and west between longitudes 75° 40' 
and 88° 83' west, and is bounded on the north by Peimsylvania and Maryland, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean and 
Chesapeake Bay, on the south by North Can^Iina and Tennessee, and on the west by Kenluclcy and Ohio. With the ex- 
ception of the long tongue of land between Pennsylvania and the Ohio River, and the peninsular projection between the 
Chesapeake Bay and the ocean, the State has an average length of 855 miles, and a breadth of 218 miles, and comprises 
an area computed at 61,352 square miles. 

Virginia is naturally divided into east and west by the Blue Eidge, a division which obtains also in the distribution of 
the federal judiciary ; but according to the State constitution, it is divided into four districts or sections— the Tide Water, 
below the lower falls of the rivers ; the Piedmont, between those falls and the Blue Eidge ; the Valley, between the Blue 
Eidge and the Alleghany ; and the Trnns-Alleghany — the latter comprising all the country west of the mountain ranges. 
The first mountains are found in the Piedmont section, which is traversed by a low ridge, under the local names of White Oak, 
Southern, etc., and running nearly parallel with the Blue Ridge, at a distance of 25 or 80 miles. The Blue Ridge, although 
pierced by the Potomac, James, and Staunton rivers, constitutes a well-marked and continuous chain of more than 250 
miles in length. In general, it forms rounded, swelling masses, but in several places, and especially the Peaks of Otter, 
shoot up in projecting summits to the height of 4,260 feet. The Kittatiny, or Blue Mountain, enters the State farther 
west, under the name of Great North Mountain, and forming the centre of the great plateau or table-land of Virginia, is 
continued, under various local names, until it takes the name of Iron Mountain, and enters North Carolina. It is pierced 
by the Potomac and James rivers running eastwardly, and by the New Eiver running westwardly. West of this great 
lidge lie several detached masses, bearing the local names of Sideling Hill, etc. Still farther west is the great Alleghany 
chain, which is broken through by New Eiver and other streams to the north. Powell's Mountain appears to be an out-lier 
of this chain, and reaches to the height of 4,500 feet. Westward of the Alleghany there is a general slope toward the 
Ohio; but several other considerable chains traverse this section, the principal of which is Laurel Mountain, of which 
Greenbrier, Great Flat Top, and the Cumberland Mountains appear to form a part. With the exception of Pennsylvania, 
Virginia is the only other State of the Union that has territory on both sides of the Alleghany Mountains. 

Virginia has noble rivers and streams, useful as channels of commerce or for industrial purposes. With few excep- 
tions, the Ohio River west, and Chesapeake Bay east of the mountains, are the recipients of the waters of tlie whole State : 
those of Eastern Virginia flow, with an almost uniform south-easterly course, into the bay, carrying with them also the 
waters of the great valley, excepting only those of New Eiver and the Holston, on the extreme southern part. 

The Potomac rises in the Great Back Bone, but a few miles from the Youghiogeny, and pursuing a devious course, 
forces its way through the several intermediate mountain chains to the Piedmont section, whore it is broken by falls nine 
miles above Georgetown, at which place it meets the tide-water, and about 100 miles below, after a course of 350 miles, it 
reaches the Chesapeake. At Alexandria, 290 miles from the ocean, it is 1^ miles wide, and below the city gradually ex- 
pands, till at its mouth it forms a broad estuary, 10 miles in breadth. 8hips-of-the-line ascend to the navy-yard at Wash- 
ington; above this it is obstructed by numerous falls and rapids. The principal tributaries of the Potomac are its South 
Branch, which rises near the head-streams of James Eiver, the Great Cacapou, and the Shenandoah, the latter of which 
flows about 120 miles along the western base of the Blue Eidge, and joins the main river at Harper's Ferry. "The pas- 
sage of the Potomac through the Blue Eidge," says Mr. JeflTersou, " is perhaps one of the most stupendous scenes in 
nature." 

The Rappahannock rises in the Blue Eidge, and receives the Eapid Ann from the same ridge, and falling over the 
primary ledge of Fredericksburg, 100 miles from its mouth, there reaches tide-water. Vesselsof 140 tons ascend it to this 
point. York Eiver, formed by the union of the Pamunky and Mattapony, partakes rather of the character of a long nar- 
row bay than of a river; to the junction, 40 miles from the bay, it is from two to four miles wide, and large vessels pass 
to Yorktown — smaller ones ascend some distance above the bifurcation. 

James River, the principal river of Virginia, rises in the Alleghany Mountains in several head streams, of which Jack- 
son's Eiver must be considered the main constituent ; after having received the Cow Pasture and the Calf Pasture rivers 
from the north, it forces its way through the Blue Eidge, and falling over numerous pitches, meets the tide 100 miles from 
Its mouth at Richmond, which is accessible to vessels of 140 tons. The only considerable tributary of this river below the 
Blue Eidge is the Appomattox, which carries seven feet of water to Petersburg, 12 miles. The James Eiver and Kanawha 
Canal, now complete to Balcony Falls, at the passage of the Blue Eidge, is constructed along the valley of the river, and 
is one of the most stupendous and important works in the United States. 

The Meherrin and Nottoway are small rivers, which unite in North Carolina, and form the Chowan. The Eoanoke 
is formed in Virginia by the junction of Dan Eiver and Staunton Eiver, two rapid mountain streams which rise, the 
former in the Blue Eidge, and the latter in the North Mountain. The larger part of the Eoanoke is through North Caro- 
lina, which State it enters about 40 miles below the union of its constituent rivers. 

The great rivers of Western Virginia, flowing to the Ohio Eiver are— the Monongahela, one of the constituents of that 
river; the Kanawha; the Guyandotte; the Big Sandy, etc. The Monongahela is formed in Virginia by the junction of 
the West Branch and Tygart's Valley Eiver, and beyond the Pennsylvania line it receives Cheat Eiver, which descends 
fl-om Greenbrier Mountain, and which is navigable for boats for a considerable distance. Little Kanawha Eiver rises ia 
the same district with the west t>ranch of Monongahela Eiver, and enters the Ohio at Parkersburg. The Kanawha, the 

285 



THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. 



principal rivi r of Western Virginia, rises in the Blue Ridge, in North Carolina, and bears the name of New River until 
it unites wiih Gaiiley River, a small affluent from Greetibrier Moiintiiin. The Greenbrier, above the latter, ami the Elk 
and Coal rivi-rs below it, are its prieuipal tributaries. It is navigated by steamboats to Charleston, 60 miles from its mouth. 
The Covington and Ohio R. R., and the James River and Kiinawha Canal travtrse the valley of this river. The Guyan- 
dotte and Big Sandy enter the Ohio below the Kanawha— the latter forminj partof the boutulary between Kentucky and 
Virginia. The Ilolsion and Clinch, which drain the south-western section of the Great Valley of Virginia, pass into Ten- 
nessee, and uniting at Kingston in that State, form the Tennessee River. 

Virginia is an almost boumlless field of mineral wealth, and within its limits, not only the useful, bu«, also the precions 
metals are found in one part or the other. GoM, copper, had. iron, coal, salt, lime, marls, gypsum, magnesian and alum 
earths, marbles, granites, soai)-stones, and sand-stones are among the treasures, as yet for the most part lying unheeded 
in the bowels of the earth. Mining industry, however, has been commenced, and within the past few years has been 
■wonderfully developed. 

The Urst coal-field is found at the junction of the Tide- Water and Piedmont sections, and this extends from the Pamunky 
by Richmond to the Appomattox, a distance of about thirty-five miles, with a breadth of from ime or tw< to eight miles. 
The coal is bitumin lUs, in seams of enormous thickness, being 30, 4(1, and even 60 feet thick, and of excellent quality. 
Coal has also been found on both sides of the Upper Appomattox. The coal of the Richmond basin is now extensively 
mined, and a railway to the {)rinci|)al mines has been built to facilitate its transportation to tide-water. Anthracite of 
great purity is found in the valley from the Potomac to the James River, south of which it contains a considerable portion 
of bitumen. Beyond the Alleglianies there are some of the most extensive and valuable deposits of bituminous coal in 
the United St;ite8, which derive additional value from their being associated with not less important beds of iron and salt. 
At Wheeling, on the Ohio, and for fourteen miles down the river, the bank presents an uninterrupted bed of highly bitu- 
minous coal, upward of 16 feet thick. The Wheeling basin, indeed, extends for 30 mib s up and down the river in Ohio 
and Virginia. Another vast field stretches above Clarksburg, on the Monongah la to Pittsburg, and far beyond to tho 
north-east in Pennsxlvania. There is also a valuable coal-field on the head-waiers of the north branch of the Potomac. 
Thus we have five tiers of coal seams, with an average thickness of from 30 to 3o feet There ate also coal seams associ- 
ated with salt springs on the Little Kanawha, and springs of petroleum, or rock oil, occur in the same tract. On the Great 
Kanawha is a!so a very rich and extensive coal-field ; and on Coal, Gauley, and other rivers in this portion of Western 
Virginia, the beds of this mineral are frequently brought to view, and in fact ni> better general description can be pre- 
sented of its extent than that it is almost continuous with the vast beds of sandstone which spread in nearly horizontal 
planes over nearly the whole of this broad region. 

The salines of Virginia are almost wholly in the west. Salt-springs occur on the Ilolston, on the New River, and on 
the Greenbrier; but the most important w<irk8 are on the Great and Little Kanawha rivers. The brine is raised by 
Bteam-power, and evaporated in large cast-iron pans over furnaces. The brine of the Kanawha wells contjiins very little 
gypsum or sulphuret of lime, and the process of crystal izat ion is therefore attended with fewer difllculties than usual. The 
average yield of salt is about one bushel from every 65 or 70 gallons of brine. 

The mineral springs of A'irginia have long been noted for their efficiency in numerous chronic complaints, and as the 
resort of the fashionable world in the summer season. The State abounds with these, but the best known are the White 
and Blue Sulphur Springs of Greenbrier county, the Salt and Red Sulphur, and the Swiet in Monroe county. Hot and 
Warm in Balh, Berkley in Morgan, Fauquier While Sulphur in Fauquier, Shannondale in Frederick, Alum in Rockbridge, 
Jordan's White Sulpnur in Frederick, Red in Alleghany, Grayson in Carroll, Botetourt in Roanoke, Holston in Scott, Au- 
gusta Springs and Daggus Springs in Botetourt. 

Of the metalic products of Virginia, gold is at present perhaps the most important. It is found on both the North and 
Rapid Ann rivers, of the North and South Anna near their sources, of the Rivaima, in the lower part of its course, and 
of James River, above and below the mouth of the Rivanna. Within the past few years, several rich mines have been 
opened and worked successfully in these and other sections of the Slate. We believe that Commodore Stockton was one 
of the first who introduced into Virginia effective machinery for reducing on a large scale the quartz-rock, ami demon- 
strating that a profitable business could be done in this branc^h of mining. The Stockton mines are located in Fluvanna 
county. Among other at present proiluctive mints are those of William M. Mosely & Co., and of the Garnett Mining 
Company, \n Buckingham county. There are also mines more or less productive in Spotisylvania, in Stafford, in Fauquier, 
in Culpepper, in Orange, in Louisa, and in Gimchland counties. 

"It is a matter of not less mortification," eays a Report of the Manufacturers' Convention, 1S51, " than astonishment, 
that Virginia, with an area of coal measures covering not less than 21,000 square miK s, very nuich of which lies on or 
near navigable waters, and capable of yielding all the varieties <>( British coal, ami of equal quality, should be reduced 
to the actual production of less th.m 200,ii00 ton.s, of the value of $650,000, while Great JJritain with little more than half 
the extent of coal measures, produces annually 37,000,000 tons, of about the value of .$37,1100,000 at the mines, and 
$180,000,000 at the market of sale. And in regard to the iron-trade, while Virginia has an utilimiled supply of the finest 
ores, easily accessib.e for use and transportation, with the greatest abun<Iance of coal, wood, and limestone for their man- 
ufacture, yet under the operation i^f the present revenue laws of the country, her jiroduction, in spite of all the efforts Of 
the State to ene/.urage it, has shrunk to an almost inconsiderable amount, and is in danger of utter ruin." 

The soils of Virginia are naturally of a most fertile nature, but in the old .settlements they have been exhausted by a 
vicious system of tillage. In many parts, however, a renovation has been effected by the application of proper I'eriilizers, 
and the adoption of a more scientific mode of culture. The Eastern and Piedmont sections are chiefly engasred in the 
production of Indian corn and tobacco, the latter of which is one of the great staples of the Suite. Cotton is also pro- 
duced in thise sections. In the v:illey. the crops are much the same, excepting that wheat takes the place of cotton, and 
tlie system of agriculture is superior to that followed in the lower country. Beyond the mountains, and westward to the 
Ohio river, is a fine country, adapted in soil .ukI climate to the successful culture of all the grains, roots, and products of 
the Middle Slat< s. atul equally propitious to the breeding and rearing of cattle and other ilomestic animals. It is not only 
a great agricultural district, but it is alike rich in minerals and niet.al8 of the greatest importance and value, and will 
CTentually become the workshop of the St;ite. as it is now the granary. 

Bold scenery is one of the distinguishing fatures of Virginia; and no other State presents so many or so magnificent 

results of Nature convulsed. At Harper's Ferry, where the Potomac breaks Ihroiigh the Blue Ridge, the disruption has 

left behind it in.lelible marks of iLs force. The "Natural Bridge" below Lexiiigt<m, accorling to JeffVrson, is ' the most 

sublime of Nature's works. It is an arch reaching across a narrow ravine, which extends for some distance above and 

286 



THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. 



below, ;it the height of 215 feet above the stream which flows under it, 80 feet wide and 93 feet long ;" ami again he says, 
"so beautiful an arch, so elevated, so light, and springing as it were up to heaven ! ihe rapture of the spectator is really 
indi-scrlljiible." These are but a njoiely of the magnificent scenes of Ihe country ; everywhere in the Great Valley, and 
among lis mountain borders, are found spectacles of grandeur and sublimity. Virginia has also numerous caves and 
caverns, of which Madison's Cave and Weir's Cave, both in the vicinity of Staunton, are those best known. Madison's 
Cave extends about 300 feet into the earth, branching into subordinate caverns, and terminating in two basins of water, 
of about 30 or 40 feet in depth. Weir's cave is much more extensive, and its numerous halls and chamliers arc pillared 
•with an astonishing profusion of stalactites, which in some places resemble stiflened water-falls, in others hanging in rich 
festoons ami folds like lapestry, or seem to rise from the floor like columns, thrones, towers, or statues; it extends 1,260 
feet into the ground, and contains upward of 20 large rooms, besides numerous passages and galleries. One of these 
halls is 260 feet in length, 33 feet high, and from 10 to 20 feet wide ; and another is 153 by 15 feet, with a height of 60 feet. 
Virginia is divided into 137 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1850, were as follows : 



Eastern Virginia — 69 counties. 



Counties. Dwell. 

Accomac 2,540. 

Albemarle 2,022. 

Alexandria 1,4S4. 

Amelia 568. 

Amherst 1,127. 

Appomattox. .... 7s5 . 

Bedford 2,-396. 

Brunswick 1,051. 

Buckingham . . . 1,062 . 

Campbell 2.203. 

Caroline 1,451. 

Charlotte 903. 

Charles City ... 4S6. 
Chesterfield.-.. 1,757. 

Culpepper 1,0.34. 

Cumberhind . . . 640. 

Dinwiddle 2,745. 

Elizabeth City.. 456. 

Essex 725 

Fairfax 1,.3S0. 

Fauquier 1,839. 

Fluvanna 878. 

Franklin 2,024. 

Gloucester 1,000.. 

Goochland 876. 

Greene 494. 

Greenville 385. 

Halifax 2,152. 

Hanover 1,327. 

Henrico 5,317. 

Henry 936. 

Isle of Wight.. 1,200. 

James City 896. 

King George... 526. 
King William.. 625. 



Pop. 

.17,890. 
.25,800. 
.10,008. 
. 9,770. 
.12,699. 
. 9,193. 
.24,080. 
.13,894. 
.13,837. 
.23,245. 
.18,456. 
.13,955. 
. 5,200. 
.17,489. 
.12.282. 
. 9,7.ol. 
.25.118. 
. 4,586. 
.10.206. 
.10,6>2. 
.20.868. 
. 9,4S7. 
.17,4-30. 
. 10,.'i27. 
.10,352. 
.. 4,400. 
,. 5,639. 
.25,902. 
.1.5,153.. 
.43,.572. 
. 8.872. 
. 9.853. 
. 4,020.. 
. 5,971. 
. 8,779. 



.1.007. 
. 935. 
. 94. 
. 3,54. 
. 728. 
. 502. 
.1,-364. 
. 655. 
. 616. 
. 758. 
, 715. 
. 563. 
. li)9. 
, 564. 
. 504. 
, 39S. 
, 703. 
. 173. 

828. 
, 610. 
, 889. 
. 454. 
1.299. 
. 573. 
, 4c5. 
. 301. 
. 242. 
1,3(19. 

603.. 

4.54. 

523. 

629., 

129.. 

279., 

3S8. 



y.sln 

. 17. 
.102, 
. 89. 
. 5. 
. 0, 
. 10. 
. 16. 
. 4 
. 5. 
.119. 
. 51. 
. 6, 
. 6. 
. 30. 
. 53. 
. 9. 
. 71. 
. 12. 
. 17. 
. 8. 
. 62. 
. 51. 
. 47. 
. 53 
. 49. 
. 24. 
. 3. 
. 21. 

32. 
23(1. 
, 41. 

13. 

0. 
8. 

10. 



I'lJ' Capitals. 

. . Accomac 
. . Charlottesville 
.. Alexandria 
.Amelia 
, .Amherst 
.Appomattox 
.Liberty 
..Lawrenceville 
.Buckingham 
.Campbell 
.BowlingGreen 
..Charlotte 
.Charles City 
.Cliesterfield 
.Culpepper 
.Cumberland 
.Dinwiddle 
.Hampton 
.Tappahannock 
.Fairfax 
. Warrenton 
.Palmyra 
. Kocky Mount 
.Gloucester 
.Goochlatid 
.Stannardsville 
Hicksford 
.Halifax 
.Hanover 

.RlCUMOND 

.Martinsville 
.Smithfield 
.Williamsburg 
.King George 
.King William 



Counties. 

King & Queen. 

Lancaster 

Loud(m 

Louisa 

Lunenburg 

M.-dlison 

Mathews 

Mecklenburg . 

Middlesex 

Nansemond . . . 

Nelson 

New Kent 



Dwell. 

892.. 

426. 
2,8-34. 
1,254. 

820. 

827. 

711. 
I,5e0. 

401. 
1.623. 
1,217. 

535.. 



Pop. 

.10,319. 
. 4,7(t8 
.22,079 
.16,691 
.11,692 
. 9.831, 
. 6,714 
.20.630 
. 4.394. 
.12,283. 
.12.758. 
6.064. 



Fnrms Mnnuf. 



in cult. 
. 502. 
. 299 
.1,256 
. 8-38, 
. 54S. 
. 513. 
. 293. 
. 666 
, 280. 
. 731. 
. 638. 
313. 



. 6..King&Q.C.H 
. 4.. Lancaster 
.139..Leesl>urg 
. 22.. Louisa 
. 13. .Lunenburg 
. 38.. Madison 
. 3.. Mathews 
. 25.. Boyd town 
. 14..l'rbanna 
. 32..Siifi"olk 
. 70. .Loviiigston 
. 12.. New Kent 



Norfolk 

Northampton . . 
Norihumberl'd. 

Nottoway 

Orange 

Patrick 

Pittsylvania . .. 

Powhatan 

Prince E<lward. 
Prince George. 
Princess .Anne . 
Prince William 
Rappahannock. 

Kiehiiiond 

Southampton.. . 
Spoilsylvania. . . 

Stafford 

Surry 

Sussex 

Warwick 

Westmoreland. 
York 



3.906.. 33,036.. 648.. 75 



JNi-rl'olk and 
Portsmouth 



693. 

6-39. 

492. 

756. 
1,248. 
2,804. 

517. 

8r5. 

661. 

893. 

998. 

990. 

805. 
1.572. 
1,416. 

922. 

6.50. 

751. 

132. 

869. 

442. 



. 7,498. 
. 7,346. 
. 8.4;37. 
.10,067. 
. 9.609. 
.28,796. 
. 8,178. 
.11.857. 
. 7,596. 
. 7.669. 
. 8,129. 
. 9.782. 
. 6,448. 
.18.5-21. 
.14,510. 
. 8.044. 
. 5.679. 
. 9.820. 
. 1.546.. 
. 8.080.. 
. 4,460. 



, 371. 

492. 
. 342. 

3-35. 

74S. 
1,524. 

812. 

421. 

312. 
, 712. 

5 9. 

472, 

836. 

722 

429. 
, 860. 

301. 

472. 

91. 

443. 

161. 



. ll..Eastville 

. 3..Northumberl'd 

. 17. .Nottoway 

. 43.. Orange 

. 27.. Patrick 

.109.. Competition 

. O..Scotlsville 

. 86. .Prince Kd ward 

. 0.. Prince George 

. 8. .Princess Amo 

. 2S..]3rentsville 

. 34.. Washington 

. 4.. Warsaw 

. 6. ..li rusalem 

. 15. .Spoti.<ylvania 

. 14.. Stafford 

. 5.. Surry 

. 23. .Sussex 

. 0.. Warwick 

. 5 . . W est m oreland 

. CYorktown 



Countii 



Dwell, 



Alleghany 464. 

Augusta 3 207. 

Barbour 1,467. 

Bath 410. 

Berkeley 1,668 

Boone 495. 

Botetourt 1,8"3, 

Braxton. .# 679. 

Brooke 839, 

Cabell 976 . 

Carroll 995. 

Clarke 636. 

Doddridge 525. 

F.iyette 593. 

Floyd 987. 

Frederick 2,325. 

Giles 919. 

Gilmer 571. 

Grayson 1,001. 



Western Virqinia— 68 counties. 

P"P- fn^llt K-t','h: Capitals. C .tieP. 

. 3..515.. 216.. 11.. Covington Greenbrier.. 

.24,610.. 1.264. .181.. Staunton Hampshire .. 

. 9,005. .1,075.. O..Philippa Hancock 

. 3,426.. 261.. 17..Bnth Hardy 

.11,771.. 570.. 81..Martinsburg Harrison 

. 3,237.. St'd.. 3.. Boone Highland 

.14.908.. 712.. 3S..Fiiicastle Jacks<m 

. 4,212.. 408.. 10.. Braxton .Jefferson 

.5,054.. 2<4.. 29..Wellsburg Kanawha... 

. 6.299.. 498.. 33. .Cabell Lee 

. 5,909.. 115.. 11. .Carroll C. H. Lewis 

. 7.3.'i2 . . 271 . . 48 . . Berry ville. Logan 

.2,750.. 210.. 2..WestUpion Marion 

.3.955.. 428.. 7. .F.iyettcville M.irshall . . . . 

.6,458.. 444.. 16.. Floyd Mason 

.15.975.. 1, 55.. 89.. Winchester Mercer 

. 6.570.. 539.. 0.. Giles Monongalia.. 

.3.475.. 325.. 2..GlenvilIe RTonroe 

. 6,677.. 604.. 0.. Greenville Montgomery. 



Dwell. 

. 1,419. 

. 2,(1-35 
. 690 

. 1.327, 

. 1.866, 

. 651. 

. 1.034. 

. 1,960. 

. 2.110. 

. 1.536, 

. 1,5H3. 

. 572. 

. 1.7S6. 

. 1,668. 

. 1,151. 

. 655. 

. 2124. 

. 1.576. 

. 1,121. 



Pop. 
.10,022. 
.14.036. 
. 4,050. 
. 9,543. 
.11,728. 
. 4,217. 
. 6544. 
.15.357. 
.15.a53. 
.10,267. 
.10.031. 
. 3,620. 
.11.552. 
.10,138. 
. 7.539. 
. 4 222. 
.12.387. 
.10,2'!4. 
. 8,859. 



Fxrms 
in cult. 

. 603. 
.1,063. 
. 306. 
, 723. 
.1,093. 

389. 
, 6(12. 

447. 

777. 
, 595. 
, 878. 

469. 

904. 

847. 

563. 

472. 

727. 

910. 

546. 



Estab'^ Capitals. 

. O..Lpwisl)urg 
. 57..Ronmey 
. 26.. Hancock. 
. 49..Moorcfleld 
. 34..Clarkesburg 
. 7.. Monterey 
. 16.. Ripley 
.165..CharleslowQ 
.110. .Kanawha 
5. .Jonesville 
27.. Weston 
. 0.. Logan 
. 44. .Fairmount 
. 19.. Marshall 

9. .Point Pleasant 
. 2.. Princeton. 
. 57. .Morgaiitown 
. 30..Uni(m 
. O..Chri»li3nsburg 
2sT 



THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. 



Counties. Dwell. Pop. i„cult Estab Capitals. 

Morgan 606 . 8.557 . . 800 . . 9 . . Berkley Spr'gs 

Nicholas 602.. 8,963.. 41S.. 1. .Nicholas C. H. 

Ohio 3,097.. 18.006.. 876. .143. .Wheeling 

Page 1,089.. 7,600.. 526.. 28..Luray 

Pendleton 891.. 5,795.. 693.. 56. .Franklin 

Pocahontas.... 5,53.. 8,598.. 853.. 14. .Hiintersville 

Preston 1,664. .11,708. .1,019. . 5. .Kingswood 

Pulaski 585.. 5,118.. 301. . 19. .Newbem 

Putnam 788.. 5,335.. 455. . 21. .Putnam 

Ealeigh 296.. 1,765.. 216.. 0.. Raleigh 

Randolph 844.. 5,243.. 879.. C. Beverly 

Ritchie 649.. 8,902.. 885.. 3.. Ritchie 

Roanoke 925 . . 8,477 . . 405 . . 5 .. Salem 

Rockbridge.... 1,908.. 16,045. . 666.. 57. .Lexington 
Rockingham .. 3,047.. 20,294. .1,213.. 167. .Harrisonburg 



Counties. Dwell, Pop. 

Russell 1,786.. 11,919.. 

Scott 1,523.. 9.829.. 

Shenandoah... 2,143. .1-3,768.. 

Smyth 1,146.. 8,162.. 

Taylor 818.. 5,367.. 

Tazewell 1,449 . . 9,942 . . 

Tyler 949.. 5.498.. 

Warren 828. . 6,607. . 

Washington . . . 2,137. .14.612. . 

Wayne 749.. 4,760.. 

Wetzel 716.. 4,284.. 

Wirt 529.. 3.353.. 

Wood 1,554.. 9,450.. 

Wyoming 248.. 1,645.. 

Wythe 1,631.. 12,024.. 



n^cTu. EsTab? Capitals. 

942.. 14.. Lebanon 
614.. 32..E8tillville 
554.. 7.. Wood stock 
460.. 22.. Marion 
519.. 19..Pruntytown 
726.. 12.. Tazewell 
417.. 15. .Middlebounio 
397.. 84.. Front Uoyal 
1,148.. 112.. Abingdon 
473.. 9.. Wayne 
423.. 8.. Wetzel 
809.. 7.. Wirt 
640.. 24..Parkersburg 
188.. 0.. Wyoming 
668.. 22..Wylhevillo 



The whole number of dwellings in the State, at the above date was, 165,815; of families, 167,530; and of inhabitants, 
1,421,661 ; viz., whites 895,.304— males 451,552, and females 443,752 ; fr. col. 53,829— males 25,843, and females 27,986, and 
b1. 472,528. Of the whole population there were, deaf and dtimb—-wh. 581, fr. col. 18, si. 112— total 711 ; blind— vih. 536, 
r. col. 121, si. 339— total 996 ; insane— vih. 922, fr. col. 46, si. 58— total 1,026 ; and idiotic— v/h. 945, fr. col. 120. si. 220— total 
1,285. The number of free persons born in the United States was 925,795, the number of foreign birth 22,-394, and of 
birth unknown 585. The jiative population originated as follows: Maine 271, N. Hamp. 2.39, "Verm. 231, Mass. 1,193, 
R. I. 100, Conn. 556, N. York 2,934, N. Jer. 11,447, Penn. 6,823, Del. 542, Md. 10,328, Dist. of Col. 1,184, Virginia 872,823, 
N. Car. 7,343, S. Car. 281, Ga. 93, Flor. 26, Ala. 92, Miss. 78, La. 9.3. Te.x. 7, Ark. 150, Tenn. 1,501, Ky. 2,029, Ohio 5,206, 
Mich. 33, Ind. 2S8, 111. 126, Mo. 223, la. 37, Wise. 11, Calif. 4, Territories 3 ; and the foreign population Was composed of 
persons from— England 2,998, Ireland 11,643, Scotland 947, Wales 173, Germany 5,511, France 321, Spain 29, Portug.tl 51, 
Belgium 7, Holland 65, Italy 6.5, Austria 15, Switzerland 83, Russia 8, Denmark 15, Norway 5, Sweden 16, Prussia 86, 
China 3, Asia 4, Africa 3, British America 235, Mexico 4, Central America 1, South America 7, West Indies 72, Sand- 
wich Islands 1, and other countries 76. 

The following tarte will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State, taken by the 
United States authorities : 

Colored Persons. Decennial Increase 

Census White , • ^ Total , ' , 

Toars. Persons. Free. Slave Total. PopnUtinn. Numerical. Percent, 

1790 442,115 12,766 293,427 306,193 748,308 — — 

1800 514,280 20,124 345,796 865,920 880,200 131,892 17.6 

1810 551,584 80,570 392,518 423,088 974,622 94.422 10.7 

1820 608,087 37,139 425,153 462,292 1,065,379 90,757 9.8 

1830 694.300 47,348 409,757 517,105 1,211,405 146,0^6 13.7 

1840 740,953 49,852 443,987 498,839 1,239,797 28,392 2.3 

1850 895,304 53.829 472,528 526,857 1,421,661 181,864 14.6 

The aggreg.ite statistics of the resources, wealth, productions, manufactures, and institutions of the State, according totho 

census of 1850, and other oflScial returns referring to the same period of time, are as exhibited in the following summary: 
Occupied Lands, etc. — Improved farm lands, 10,361,155 acres, and unimproved lands, 15,792,176 acres — valued in cash 

at $216,401,441. The whole number of farms under cultivation on the 1st June, 1850, was 77,01-3 — in the Eastern District 

87,741, and in the Western District 39,272. Value of farming implements and machinery, .$7,021,772. 
Zt>«-<StofX;.— Horses, 272,403 ; asses and mules, 21,480; milch cows, 317,619 ; working-oxen, 89,513; other cattle, 669,137; 

sbecp, 1,310,004; and swine, 1,830,743. The live-stock of 1840, and the comparison of that with the live-stock of 1850, 

exhibit the following results : 

1840. 1850. Movement. 



■iptu 



Horses 

Asses and Mules 

Milch Cows 

Working Oxen. . 

Other Cattle 

Sheep 1,293.772 

Swine 1,992,155 



\ 326,433 head .j 272,408 head ) ^^^^_ g2,555 head, or 9.9 per cent. 

) J 21,480 " i 



h 



,024,148 



( 817,619 " \ 

A 89,513 " [• 

' 669,137 « ) 



Aner. 52,121 

Ancr. 16,232 
.decr.lUAM 



or 5.1 



or 1.3 
or 8.1 



817,619 

89,513 

669,137 

1,310,004 

1,880,743 

— in 1850, the total value of live-stock was estimated at $33,656,659. 

i'rocf!(c<ao/'.4ntm«Z«.— Wool, 2,360,765 pounds; butter, 11,039,359 pounds; cheese, 436,298 pounds; and the value of 
animals slaughtered during the year was $7,503,006. The wool crop accounted for in the census of 1840 amounted to 
2,538,374 pounds; and hence the increase in the crop of 1850 was 322,391 pounds, or in the ratio of 12.7 per centum. In 
1840, the average clip per fleece was 31.4 ounces, and in 1350, 34.9 ounces — making an increase in 1850 of 3.9 ounces per 
fleece, or 12.4 per centum. 

Orain Crop-s.-Wheat, 11,2-32,016 bushels; rye, 458,930 bushels ; Indian corn, 35,254,819 bushels; oats, 10,179,045 bushels; 
barley, 25,437 bushels; and buckwheat, 214,893 bushels. The several yields compared with those returned in the census 
of 1840 give the following results : 

Crops. 1840. 1850. Movement. 

Wheat 10,109,716 bushels 11,232,616 bushels incr. 1,122,900 bushels, or 11.1 per cent. 



Rye 1,482,799 

Indian corn 34,577,591 

Oate 13,451,062 

Barley 87,430 

Buckwheat 243,822 



. 468,930 
.35,254,319 
.10,179,045 
25,437 
. 214,893 



(fecT. 1,023,869 " 


or 69.7 


inor. 676,723 " 


or 1.9 


deer. 8,272,017 « 


or 24.3 


deer. 61,993 " 


or 70.9 


deer. 28,924 " 


or 11.8 



THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. 



Other Food Crops.— Tlice, 17,154 (in 1840, 2,596) pounds; peas and beans, 521,581 bushels; potatoes — Irish, 1,316,938 
busbels, and sweet. 1,813,671 bushels. The potato criip of the census of 1840 amounted to 2,944,660 bushels, and hence 
the increase in 1850 is 185,944 bushels, or at the rate of 6.3 per centum. 

Miscellaneous Crops.— Tobacco, 56,803,218 pounds; cotton, 3,947 bales of 400 povmds; hay, 869,093 tons; clover-seed, 
29,727 bushels; other grass seed, 23,428 bushels; hops, 11,506 pounds; hemp — dew-rotted 90 tons, and waler-rotted 51 
tons; flax, 999,450 pounds; flax-seed, 52,318 bushels ; silk cocoons, 517 pounds; maple-sugar, 1,227,665 pounds; molasses, 
40,322 gallons ; beeswax and honey, 880,767 pounds ; wine, 5,408 gallons, etc. Tho value of orchard products $177,137 
and of market-garden products $133,047. The principal crops exhibited in the censuses of 1840 and 1850 are comparatively 
as follows : 

Crops. 1840, 1850. Movement. 

Tobacco 75,347,106 pounds 66,803,218 pounds d£cr. 18,538,888 pounds, or 24.6 per cent. 

Cotton 8,494,483 " 1,578,80^ " dear. 1,915,683 " or 54.8 « 

Hay 364,708} tons 369,098 tons iticr. 4,390} tons or 1.2 « 

Hops 10,597 pounds 11,.506 pounds incr. 909 pounds, or 8.6 " 

Hemp— dew-rotted... J j 90 tons i 

« water-rotted... V 25,594i tons < 67 " I deer. 56,015,720 " or 97.T « 

Flax J ( 999,450 pounds ) 

Silk cocoons 3,191 pounds 51T " deer. 3,674 " or 83.9 « 

Maple-sugar 1,541,833 " 1,227,665 « dear. 814,168 " or 20.3 « 

Wine 13,911 gallons 5,408 gallons deor. 8,503 gallons or 61.1 « 

" The correctness of the returns as to hemp, in the seventh census, has not yet been perfectly verified. There has been 
some doubt, whether, in a number of instances, the marshals have not written tans where they meant pottnds. (Has 
not the reporter in this instance written tons where he meant pounds, and vice versa f — Ed. of Gaz.). If, however, tho 
returns are allowed to stand without reduction, it would appear that the cultivation of hemp or flax has materially changed 
since 1S40. In the returns of that year as stated above, both of these articles were included under the same head. In 
1840, those of Virginia gave 25,594 tons of hemp and flax together. In 1850, only 141 tons of hemp, and 500 tons of flax 
were returned. Such a falling oflf would amount to almost an abandonment of the culture of hemp in that State, which 
there is no reason to suppose has taken place." — Report of Superintendent of the Census, Deo. 1st, 1852. 

J^ome-made Manufactures were produced in the year ending 1st June, 1850, to the value of $2,156,312. The same 
description of manufactures returned in the census of 1840 were valued at $2,441,672. 

Manufactures. — Total capital invested, $18,108,793 ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed in the vear, 
$18,108,438 ; average number of hands employed —males and females ; monthly cost of labor $ — 

male $ and female $ ; value of manufactures produced in the year, $29,592,019. The whole number of 

manufacturing establishments in operation on the 1st June, 1950, and producing to the value of $500 and upward annually, 
was 4,433 — in the Eastern District 2.293, and in the Western District 2,140, and these were distributed to the several 
counties as exhibited in the general table. Of the whole number 27 were cotton factories; 121 woolen factories; 122 iron 
manufactories — 29 making pig iron, 54 making castings, and 39 making wrought iron ; 341 tanneries, etc. The total 
capital invested in manufactures, in the year represented in the census of 1840, amounted to $11,360,861. 

In the manufacture of cotton goods, the capital employed is $1,908,900; cotton consumed 17,785 bales, and coal 4,805 
tons; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., $828,375; hands employed 2,963 — males 1,275, and females 1,688; monthly cost 
of labor, $24,774— male $12,983, and female $11,791 ; products of the year— sheeting, 15,640,107 yards, and yam 1,755,915 
pounds, valued at $1,436,334. In 1840 there were in the State 22 cotton mills, and 1 dyeing and printing establishment 
together employing 1,816 hands, and a capital of $1,299,020, and producing in the year, goods to the value of $446,063. 

In the manufacture of woolen goods, capital '.o the amount of $392,640 is invested ; wool consumed in the year, 1,554,110 
pounds, and coal 357 tons, valued together at $488,899 ; hands employed 658 — males 478, and females 190 ; monthly cost 
of labor $10,571— to males $S,6S8, and to females $1,883; products of the year— cloth 2,037,025 yards, and yam 398,705 
pounds, valued at $341,013. The capital invested in the woolen manufacture in 1840, was $112,350, hands employed 222; 
value of yearly manufactures $147,792 ; which statements include also the statistics of fulling-mills. 

The condition of the iron manufacture is exhibited in the following statistical aggregates : 

.specifications. Pig Iron. CaBt Iron. Wrought Iron. Total, 

Capital invested dollars... 513,800 471,160 791,211 1,T76,1T1 

©reused torn 67,319 — — 67,319 

Piglronused « — 7,114 17,296 24,410 

Bloomsused " — — 2,500 2,500 

Old metal used " — 205 — 205 

Mineral Coal consumed " 39,982 7,878 66,515 114,375 

Coke and Charcoal consumed.... JiMefe.... 1,311,000 71,600 103,000 1,485,600 

Value of aU raw material, etc dollars . . . 158,307 297,014 591,448 1,046,769 

Hands employed— male nmnber... 1,115 810 1,295 8,220 

" " female " ... 14 9 — 23 

Monthly cost of labor dollars... 14,328 16,312 80,469 61,109 

Iron produced tons 22,168 5,577 15,328 43,068 

Value of year's products dollars . . . 621,924 674,416 1,254,995 2,451,835 

—in 1840, Virginia had in operation 42 furnaces, that in the preceding year had produced 18,810} tons of cast iron, and 
62 bloomeries, forges, and roUing-miUs, which had produced 5,886 tons of bar u-on. 

The tanneries employ a capital of $876,983; hands employed 906— males 900, and females 6; monthly cost of labor 
$13,705— male $13,643, and female $62 ; sides of leather tanned 378,400, and skins tanned 74,573, together valued at 
$894,876. In 1840 there were in the State, 660 tanneries employing 1,422 hands, and a capital amounting to $888,141 ; and 
which had produced during the preceding year, 135,782 sides of sole leather, and 206,216 sides of upper leather. 

The capital invested in the manufacture oinvxU and spirituous liquors amounts to $100,915. Quantities and kinds of 
grain, etc., consumed— barley 20,000 bushels, com 250,700 bushels, rye 62,680 bushels, oats 450 bushels, and hops 14 tons; 

S 289 



THE STATE OF VIRGINIA, 



hands employed 123 ; quantities of liquor produced— ale, etc., 5,500 barrels, and whisky, etc., 879,440 gallons. In the 
census year 1S40, Virginia had 1,454 dislilleries, producing in the year 865,725 gallons ; and 6 breweries, producing 32,960 
gallous; hands employed 1,031, and capital invested $187,212. 

The inaiiufaclurcs, others than the above specified, consist of a great variety of important productions, as machinery 
of all kinds, carriages, harness, etc., and Virginia has also a large number of merchant and other mills. As a flour-pro- 
ducing State it stands first in its brands, and is only behind one or two other States in the extent of production. It has 
also large and valuable tobacco manufactories. 

Foreign Commerce. — Virginia, in respect of foreign commerce, holds a seventh or eighth rank among the States of 
the Union. According to the official returns for the year ending 30th June, 1S50, the value of its exports to foreign 
countries amounted to $3,415,046, and of its imports to $420,599. This would indicate that the great bulk of its com- 
mercial material is carried to the ports of other States for exportation, and the foreign merchandise consumed within the 
State is brought through the same channels. That such is the case is well known, and hence we find that the coasting trade 
is unusually extensive, chiefly carried on by the shipping of northern ports. This was not always so, for at one time 
Virginia stood at the head of the commercial States, and its shipping held the same rank in foreign ports as that now 
occupied by the mercantile marine of New York. Of the total exports in 1S50, $3,413.15S was tlie value of domestic 
products, and of these to the value of .$2,.365,241 was shipped in American and $1,047,917 in foreign vessels— tlie re- 
mainder of the aggregate value ($2,4SS) was foreign produce re-shipped in American vessels. Of the imports $172,878 
■was the value of merchandise landed from American and $253,721 from foreign vessels. The shipping employed in the 
carrying trade consisted as follows : 

Entered. Cleared. Totnl. 

Nationality of i ' > ' ' < < ' > 

Bhipping, Vessels. Tons. Crews. Veasels. 

American 69 12,190 564 187.. 

Foreign 68 18,775 823 98.. 



Tons. Crews. Vessels. Tons. 

42,091 1,710 256 54.281 

. 23,867 956 186 42,142 



Crews, 
2,274 

, 1.784 



65,458 2,664 442 90,423 4,058 

11,534 474 123 22.172 916 

, 26,765 1,163 214 41.046 1,847 

1.946 63 14 5,463 194 

,24,821 903 77 26,132 "934 

892 44 14 1,610 86 



Total 157 80,965 1,892 285 , 

Alexandria 59 10,638 442 64 

Norfolk 74 14,2S1 684 140 

Petersburg 9 3,517 131 5 

Richmond 8 1,811 76 69 

Tappahannock,.. 7 718 42 7 

The shipping owned in the several districts of the State in 1850, amounted to 74,071 tons ; of this 18,043 tons was 
"registered" shipping— 7,092 permanent, and 10,591 temporary; 52,535 tons was "enrolled and licensed"— 51,514 tons 
permanent, and 1,021 temporary; and 3,493 tons was "licensed under 20 tons." The tonnage of the districts was as 
follows— Alexandria, 8,738 tons; Norfolk, 24,135 tons; Tetersburg, 2,708 tons; Richmond, 8,458 tons; Yorktown, 4,807 
tons ; Tappahannock, 5,824 tons ; Accomac, 4,083 tons ; East River, 4,869 tons ; Yeocomico, 3,284 tons ; Cherrystone 
1,282 tons, and Wheeling, 5,984 tons. Of the enrolled and licensed tonnage, all of which is employed in the coasting 
and river trade, 8,726 tons are navigated by steam-power— in the Atlantic districts, 2,792 tons, and in Wheeling district, 
on Ohio River, 5,934 tons. Within the year specified there were built in the State — 1 ship, 1 brig, 27 schooners, and 5 
steamers— total, 34 vessels, of an aggregate burden of 8,584 tons. The serial statistics of the foreign commerce from 1791 
to 1850, are comprised in the following table 



Year. Exports. 

1791 $3,130,865 , 

1792 3,552,825 . 

1793 2,987,098 . 

1794 3,821,036 . 

1795 3,490,041 . 

1796 5,268,655 . 

1797 4,908,713 , 

1793 6,113,451 . 

1799 6,292,986 . 

1800 4.430,689 , 

1801 5,655.574 , 

1802 3,978,363 , 

1603 6,100,708 , 

1804 5,790,001 , 

1805 5,606,620 

1806 $5,055,396 

1807 4,761,234 

1808 526,473 

1809 2,894,125 

1810 4,622,611 



Imports. I Year. Exports, Imports. 

1811 4,822,307 

1S12 3,091,112 

1813 1,819,722 

1814 17,581 

1815 6,676,976 

1816 8,212,860 

1817 5,628,442 

1S18 7,010,246 

1819 4.392,821 

1820 4,557,957 

1821 $3,079,209 $1,078,490 

1822 8,217,889 864,162 

1823 4,006,783 681,810 

1824 8,277,504 639,787 

1825 4,129,520 553,502 

1826 4,596,732 635,438 

1S27 4,657,988 431.765 

1828 3,340,1 85 375,233 

1829 3,787,431 895,852 

1830 4,791,644 405,739 



5,409.240 837,.325 

6.064,063 691.255 

$6,192,040 $1,106,814 

3,702,714 813,862 

8,986,228 577,142 



1S34 . 
1835 . 
1.836 . 
1837 . 
1833 . 

1S39 — — 

1840 4,778,220 545,685 

1841 $5,630,286 $377,237 

1842 3,750,3=6 816,705 

1843 1,957,1 65 187,062 

1844 2,942,279 207,654 

1845 2,104,581 267,653 

1846 $3,529,299 $209,004 

1847 5,658,374 386,1 27 

1848 3,081,412 215,081 

1849 3,373,788 241 ,935 

1850 3,415,646 426,599 

Internal Communication, etc. — The railroads and canals of Virginia, which are among the most magnificent works 
of the kind in the Union, extend generally from the Atlantic ports to the West, and are continued through Ohio, Ken- 
tucky, and Tennessee, to all the chief places in the north-west, west, and south-west. Alexandria, Richmond, and 
Norfolk are the initial points on the Atlantic; from Alexandria diverge the Orange and Alexandria Railroad and the 
Manassas Gap R. R.— the one directed toward Gordonville, where it joins the Central road, and the other crossing tho 
first mountains, and passing down the valley to Harrisburg and Staunton, there unites with tho same line ; the Central 
Railroad, starting at Richmond, passes through Gordonsville, Staimton, etc., to Covington, and there unites with tho 
Covington and Ohio Railroad, extending westward to Point Pleasant, on the Ohio, there uniting with the Ohio system, 
and to the mouth of Big Sandy River, where it joins the Kentucky lines to Maysville, Lexington, and Louisville, and 
through them connects with the lines stretching to the north and toward Nashville and New Orleans, and from Norfollt 
290 



Year. Exports, Imports. 

1831 4,151 ,475 488,522 

1832 4,510,650 553,639 

1833 4,467,587 690,891 



THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. 



and Petersburg a. line extemls through the southern counties to the Tennessee line, whence it is continued to Knoxville, 
connecting at that point with numerous lines directed to every important central station in the south-west, etc. These 
railroads furnish to the State ample means of transportation, and will carry to and from the seaboard an immense com- 
mercial material. They will also be the means of reviving the general commerce of the State, and of furnishing an 
outlet at Virginian ports for much of the produce of Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee, which now finds its way to more 
northern markets. In the north-west several lines are being built to connect the systems of Pennsylvania and Maryland 
with those of Ohio and the "West, and of these the North-western Railroad is, perhaps, the most important, as it will 
furnish the shortest route from Cincinnati to Baltimore. In the south-east the Seaboard and Koanoke Railroad furnishes 
an important route from the seaboard into North Carolina. The great southern line of railroads also passes through 
Virginia, having Fredericksburg, Richmond, and Petersburg in its route, and being continued south and south-west to 
Wilmington, Columbia, etc. This is the route of the great southern mail. There are, besides these, numerous short lines, 
branches, etc., diverging from the main lines to several important points. The whole extent of completed railroad in 
the State on the 1st January, 1853, was 624 miles, and about 800 miles more were in course of construction. 

The canals of Virginia are — the James River and Kanawha Canal, the Dismal Swamp Canal, and the Alexandria 
Canal. The Baltimore and Ohio Canal, though in Maryland, is to all intents and purposes as much a canal of Virginia 
as of that State, being only separated from it by the channel of the Potomac River. The Alexandria Canal, which is a 
continuation of the Baltimore and Ohio Canal, from Georgetown to Alexandria, is 7i miles long, and is carried over the 
Potomac on a splendid aqueduct. The James River and Kanawha Canal, second only in extent and importance to the 
Erie Canal of New York, is carried through the valley of James River, and is now complete to Balcony Falls, from 
which point it will be continued along the valley of Kanawha River to the Ohio. This great work has been of vast 
advantage to the interior of Virginia, and on an average transports about $12,000,000 valuation of merchandise. 
" Without the Erie Canal," says Governor Floyd, " the city of New York would have been second still to Philadelphia. 
Great as the advantages of this work unquestionably are, those of the James River and Kanawha Canal are undoubtedly 
superior. It possesses the striking advantage of lying five degrees south of the great northern work, and is therefore 
free from the ice which obstructs the navigation there for so large a portion of the year. It touches the Ohio River far 
south of any water communication from the Atlantic whatever, and at a point south of which there can be across the 
country no other water connection. It will command all the trade of a great part of Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana. Illinois, 
and Missouri, and most probably those regions lying slill higher up toward the sources of the Missouri after that period 
it Is unsafe to send produce north. We will see," says the governor, " canal boats laden at the Falls of St. Anthony or 
Council Bluff discharging their cargoes at Lynchburg, Richmond, and Norfolk," etc. This work is now rapidly pro- 
gressing to completion. The Dismal Swamp Canal connects Chesapeake Bay with Albemarle Sound, extending from 
Deep Creek to Joyce's Creek, 23 miles. At present it is chiefly valuable as an avenue for the transportation of the 
lumber, naval stores, etc., of the region through which it passes. With such works as the above, who can not but foresee 
that Virginia will, at no distant day, be one of the most successful commercial States of the Union, and its ports, so long 
forsaken, the marts of a trade not surpassed by that of the present great emporia of the country. 

Banks. — In October, 1850, Virginia had 6 banks and SI branch banks. The condition of these establishments, at that 
date, was as follows : /ir(WZii!i>4— capital, .$9,814,545 ; circulation, $10,256,967 ; deposits, $4,717,732 ; due other banks, 
$-338,841; and assets— \o&na and discounts, $19,646,777; stocks, $269,914; real estate, $764,282; other investments, 
$210,498; due by other banks, $1,925,652; notes of other banks, $552,153; and specie, $2,928,174. Since the date of 
these returns several banks have been established in accordance with the new banking law, depositing security for the 
redemption of their notes. The returns above given are those of the old chartered banks, which enjoy a high credit at 
home and abroad. These are — the Bank of the Valley, at Winchester, with branches at Charlestown, Leesburg. Rom- 
ney, Staunton, and Christianburg ; the Bank of Virginia, at Richmond, with branches at Buchanan, Charlestown, 
Danville, Fredericksburg, Lynchburg, Norfolk, Petersburg, and Portsmouth ; the Exchange Bank of Virginia, at Nor- 
folk, with branches at Abington, Alexandria, ClarkesviUe, Petersburg, liichmond, Salem, and Weston ; the Farmers' 
Bank of Virginia, at Richmond, with branches at Alexandria, Charlottesville, Danville, Farmville, Fredericksburg, 
Lynchburg, Norfolk, Petersburg, Winchester, and Wythesville ; the Merchants' and Mechanics' Bank, at Wheeling, with 
branch at Morgantown ; and the North-western Bank of Virginia, at Wheeling, with branches at Jeffersonville, Park- 
ersburg, and Wellsburg. 

Governtnent, etc. — The present constitution of Virginia was adopted in convention on the 1st of August and ratified 
by the people on the 25th of October, 1851. It superseded the constitution of 1776 and the amendments of 1831, 

The right to vote is given to every white male citizen 21 years old, resident of the State two years, and of the county, 
city, or town one year next preceding an election. The exceptions are those common to other States. Votes are given 
■vivd voce, and not by ballot ; but dumb persons may so vote. The general election is held on the fourth Thursday of 
Octfiber biennially. 

The Legislature is styled the General Assembly, and consists of a Tlouse of Delegates and a Senate. The house con- 
sists of 152 members, chosen biennially, apportioned on the basis of the white population. The Senate is based on 
population and taxation combined, and consists of 50 members, elected in districts by the voters therein for the term of 
four years, one-half the number being chosen biennially. Delegates must have attained the age of 21 and senators that 
of 25 years, and none but qualified voters are eligible for election. Persons holding lucrative offices, ministers of the 
Gospel, salaried officers of banks, and attorneys of the Commonwealth are ineligible. Any elective officer removing 
from his district vacates his office. In 1865, and decennially thereafter, there shall be a re-apportionment. The sessions 
of the Legislature commence on the second Monday of January biennially, and continue not more tlian 90 days, unless 
a prolongation be concurred in by three-fifths of all the members, nor in any case shall a session be extended beyond the 
ordinary term for more than 30 days. Bills may originate or be amended in either house. 

The executive poioer is vested in a Governor, elected by the people for four years, commencing from the 1st .January 
succeeding election. The governor is ineligible for any other office during his terra, and can be elected for two succes- 
sive terms. He must be 30 years of age, a native citizen of the United States, and for 5 years a citizen of the State. He 
must reside at the seat of government, A Lieutenant-governor, with like qualifications, etc., is elected for a like term, 
and is the constitutional successor of the governor in case of death or disability ; he is also eo>officio president of the 
Senate. 

The principal administrative officers are — a Secretary of the Commonwealth, a Treasurer, and an Auditor of Public 
Accounts. These are elected by joint vote of the General Assembly for two years. For the purpose of electing the 

291 



THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. 



Board of Public Works, the State is divided into three districts, each of which shall elect one commissioner. Their 
term is six years, and tliey are so classified that one of their number shall retire every two years. The General Assembly 
by a three-filths vote may abolish the board. 

The judiciary is vested in a Supreme Court of Appeals, District Courts, and Circuit Courts. In each circuit (21 in 
number), a jud^e is elected by the voters for tlie terra of eight years, and who holds two circuit courts in the counties of 
his circuit annually. In each district (10 in number), a district court is held by tlie judges of the circuits constituting the 
District, and the Judge of the Supreme Court for the Section, any three of whom may hold a court. Judges of the 
Supreme Court of Appeals are also elected by the voters for 12 years, each section (5 in number), electing 1 Judge. The 
5 judges so elected constitute the Supreme Court, any three of whom may hold a circuit. It has jurisdiction only where 
the matter iu controversy is not less in value than $500, except in certain specified eases. Special Courts of Appeal may 
be organized. Circuit Judges must not be less than 30, nor Supreme Court Judges less than 35 years of age, and no 
election for judges shall be held within 80 days of the time of holding the election for President, for Congressmen, or 
for members of the State Legislature. Officers of the Supreme and District Courts are appointed by the Judges thereof; 
but Clerks of Circuits are elected by the voters for six years. When a Governor is elected, an Attorney-general is also 
elected for the term of four years. 

County Courts are held monthly by not less than three, nor more than five Justices. Each county is divided into dis- 
tricts, and each district elects 4 Justices for the term of 4 years. The Justices so elected choose one of their own body to 
attend each terra of the Court, and classify the rest for the performance of their duties. The voters of each county elect 
also a Clerk of the County Court, and a Surveyor, for 6 years, an Attorney of the Commonwealth for 4 years, and a Sheriff, 
and Commissioner of the Kevenue, for 2 years. Constables and overseers of the poor are elected by the voters. 

Among the miscellaneous provisions of the constitution are the following : the writ of iMheas corpus shall not be sus- 
pended, nor shall any bill of attainder be passed, nor any ev.-pxM-facto law, nor any law impairing the obligation of 
contracts, or taking private property without just compensation, or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or 
establishing any religion, or prescribing any religious test, or conferring any privileges or advantages on any one sect or 
denomination; no law shall erabrace more than one object, and when amended, shall be reenacted at length; provision 
may be made, rendering ineligible for office those who fig'it or are engaged in a duel; the Senate shall try impeachments 
made by the House, and may sit for this purpose during recess ; slaves hereafter emancipated shall forfeit their freedom by 
remaining in the Commonwealth more than 12 months ; restrictions may be imposed upon emancipation, but the General 
Assembly shall not emancipate ; it may relieve the State from the free negroes by removal or otherwise; yeas and nays 
shall be taken on all tax and appropriation bills ; no incorporated company shall be released from its liability to the State, 
nor shall the faith of the State be pledged for the debts of any company ; seven per cent, of the State debt existing, Ist 
January, 1S52, shall be annually set apart as a sinking fund to redeem said debt ; no loans shall be contracted for a longer 
period than 34 years ; whenever a debt is contracted, there shall be set apart annually for 84 years, a sum exceeding by one 
per cent, the aggregate amount of the annual interest agreed to be paid thereon at the time of its contraction, which sum 
shall be a part of the sinking fund ; stocks held by the Commonwealth may be sold, but the proceeds must be applied to 
the payment of the public debt ; no charter shall be granted to any church, but title to church property may be granted 
to a limited extent; no lottery shall be authorized, and the buying and selling of tickets shall be prohibited; no new 
county shall be formed with an area less than 600 square miles ; powers shall be conferred on the Courts exclusively to 
grant divorces, to change tlie names of persons, and direct the sale of infants' estates; there shall be a periodical regis- 
tration of voters, and of births, marriages, and deaths, annually ; a census shall be taken every five years after the national 
census. 

Federal Representation.— In accordance with the act of 23d May, 1S53, Virginia elects thirte^i representatives to the 
Congress of the United States. 

The militia force of the State, in 1831, consisted of 125,128 men of all arms, of which number 6,494 were commissioned 
officers, and 118,6-34 non-commissiuned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers 32 were 
general officers, 60 general staff-officers, 1,423 field-officers, etc., and 4,973 company officers. All white persons between 
the ages of IS and 45 are subject to military duty. 

The princijjul benevolent institutions of the State are the Lunatic Asylum, at Staunton, and the Institution for the Deaf 
and Dumb and the Blind, at the same place. These institutions are liberally supported by annual legislative appropriations. 

Public Finances, etc. — The aggregate debt of Virginia, on the 1st April, 1851, was as follows : Kevolutionary War debt 
(6 p. c), $24,039 17 ; war debt of 1812 (7 p. c.), $319,000 ; internal improvement debt (6 p. c), $9,864,916 04 ; internal 
Improvement debt (5 p. c), $1,065,600; internal improvement debt (5J p. c), $25,300; debt for subscription to banks, 
$460,107 — total debt, $11,248,962 21 ; but of this there was held by State agents, under the control of the Legislature— by 
Literary Fund $1,125,606 50, and by Board of Public Works $375,912 41, or in all $1,501,518 91, leaving an actual out- 
standing debt of $9,747,443 30. The State is also liable conditionally for guaranteed bonds for internal Improvements 
$3,947,894. The State holds assets, consisting of stocks and debts due — productive of $7,060,565 48, and — not now pro- 
ductive, $6,052,206 53 : total $13,112,832 11. The valuation of property, real and personal, assessed for taxation, in 1850, 
amounted to $-381 ,370,000. The valuation of the same, according to the U. S. census of that year, was $430,701,082. The 
valuation for taxes in May, 1852, amounted to $415,542,189 70, being an increase of over $84,000,000 in two years, and it 
was estimate<l that there was other property not taxed to the value of $50,000,000. 

The chief sources of income for the year were as follows : ordinary revenue and taxation, $676,256 09 ; dividends on 
bank stock, $286,542 94; bonus on bank dividends, $46,093 36; internal improvements, $64,029; interest on loans to 
internal improvement companies, $90,771 61 ; militia fines $13,609 76 ; annuity from Old James Eiver Company, $21,000; 
loans obtained to pay subscriptions to joint-stock companies, etc., $1,238,395 19 ; temporary loans, $100,000 ; Washington 
Monument Fund, $22,115 69 ; and sales of articles made at the Penitentiary $11,000. The ecrpenditures were as follow: 
expenses of General Assembly, $103,867 25; officers of government, $93,047 45; criminal charges, $39,554 82; con- 
tingent expenses of Courts, $32,931 65; militia, $19,344 55 ; Virginia Military Institute, $20,710; public guard at Rich- 
mond, $21,340 IS; coram, of revenue, $-32,106 90; lunatics and lunatic asylums, $100,890 71; deaf and dumb, and blind 
asylums, $18,901 29; interest on public debt, $559,634 47; contingent fund, $16,672 40; public roads, $5,601 50; general 
appropriations, $27,162 02; revision of laws, $28,801; penitentiary, $27,502 84; redemption of public debt, $239,500; 
advance to Board of Public Works, $197,000 ; Washington monument, $29,800 25 ; dividends to stockholders of Old 
James Eiver Company, $20,895; surveys, $3,500 ; subscriptions to internal improvement companies out of loans received, 
$1,185,527 23 ; primary schools, $45,674 03 ; and annuity to University of Virginia, $150,000. 
292 



THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. 



Educational Statistics. — The number of schools reported in 126 counties and towns, for the year 1850-51, was 3,904, 
and the number of poor children 72,876, of which 31,655 had attended schools during the year. Amount expended for 
tuition, including books, compensation of officers, and all other expenses $68,185 93. Average actual attendance of each 
child at common schools, 52J days. Average cost per annum of each scholar, $2 15. The permanent capital of the 
Literary Fund amounted, on the 1st October, 1850, to $1,533,710 82; and the revenue derived therefrom, for the year, 
amounted to $97,883 66. Academies, seminaries, and private schools, arc numerous in all the cities and towns, and many 
of these are institutions of favorable reputation. The statistics of the collegiate establishments and professional schools, 
in 1851, are as follow : 

Colle'riate Institutions. Location. Founded. Professors. Alumni. Students. Vols, inlibr. 



.1,500. 
. 600. 
.8,500. 
. 147. 
5. 
. 65. 

. 107. 
. 80. 

. 229. 
. 175. 



40. 



. 86 5,000 

. 25 8,000 

, 50 4,950 

888 16,000 

, 80 8,000 

, 50 1,200 

100 7,80T 

50 2,500 

120 2,000 

,141 3,500 



88 5,000 

20 4,000 

67 1,000 

70 — 

82 — 

95 — 

90 — 



■William and Mary Coll. (Episc.) Williamsburg 1692 7. 

Hampden-Sidney College Prince Edward's co 1783 6. 

Washington College Lexington 1789 6. 

University of Virginia Charlottesville 1819 10 . 

Kandolph-Macon College (Meth.). . . .Biydton 1832 7. 

Richmond College (Baptist) Eichmond 1832 5. 

Emory and Henry College (Meth.) . .Emory 1838 6. 

Rector College (Baptist) Pruntytown 1839 3. 

Virginia Military Institute Lexington 1839 6. 

Bethany College Bethany 1841 6. 

Professional Schools : 

Episcopal Theol. Schoolof Virginia. .Fairfax county 1822 4. 

Union Theol. Seminary (Presb.) Prince Edward co 1824 3. 

Virginia Baptist Seminary Eichmond 18.32 3. 

Law Department, Univ. of Virginia . Charlottesville — 1 . 

" " Will, and M. Coll., Williamsburg — 1 . 

Medical School, Univ. of Virginia . . .Charlottesville 1825 8. 

Medical Depart., Hamp.-Sidney Coll. .Eichmond 1838 7. 

Winchester Medical College Winchester — 5 . 

William and Mary College is, with the exception of Harvard University, the oldest literary institution in the country, 
and is distinguished for its large proportion of graduates who have risen to eminence, some of whom have held the 
highest stations in the nation. Thomas Jetferson was a graduate of this college. It was founded on a donation of land, 
20,000 acres, granted in the reigu of William and Mary. The buildings are of brick, and sufficient to accommodate 100 
students. It was formerly allowed a representative iu the General Assembly. Ilampden-Siducy College was established 
in 1JT4, and named after those martyrs, who perished in the good old cause — John Hampden, and Algernon Sidney. It 
was chartered in 1783. More instructors have emanated from this college than from any other Southern institution. Con- 
nected with the college is a Literary and Philosophic Society, and an Institute of Education. There are also several 
societies among the students. The university owes its origin and peculiar organization to Mr. Jefferson. It possesses 
philosophical and chemical apparatus, together with a fine cabinet of minerals and fossils, and an anatomical and miscel- 
laneous museum. The observatory, a short distance from the university, is furnished with the requisite astronomical 
instruments. The organization of the university differs materially from that of any other institution in the Union. The 
students are not divided into four classes, with a course of studies embracing four years, but the different branches are 
styled "schools,"' and the student is at liberty to attend which he pleases, and graduate in each when prepared. In order 
to attain the degree of M. A., the stuilent must graduate in the several schools of mathematics, ancient languages, moral 
philosophy, natural philosophy, chemistry, and in some two of the modern languages. This institution is in every respect 
organized, and justly regarded as a university of the first class. The Virginia Military Institute is conducted on the plan 
of instruction observed at West Point, and is a highly valued institution, and has been liberally encouraged by State 
appropriations. 

Religious Detwrninations. — The statistics of the several religious denominations in the State in 1850 were as follows : 

Denomina- No. of Church Value of 

tious. Clmrches. acconi. I'roperty. 

30 .. $126,100 



Denomina- No. of 


Church 


Value of 


Denomina- 


tions, Uliurches. 


accom. 


Property. 


tions. 


Baptist 639. 


241,689.. 


$687,918 


Germ'n Eef. 


Christian... 16. 


4,900.. 


7,595 


Jewish 


Congregat'l. — . 


— .. 


— 


Lutheran.. . 


Dutch Eef. . — . 


— .. 


— 


Mennonite. . 


Episcopal.. 167. 


73,884.. 


527,150 


Methodist. . 


Free 107. 


35,025.. 


61,900 


Moravian. . 


Friends 14. 


6,300.. 


18,825 


Presbyter'n. 



Church 
accom. 

3,800 

600 

18,750 

2,250 



Value of 
Property. 

. $16,200 

. 4,000 

. 52,445 

. 5,550 

. 721,003 

2,550 

567,165 



E. Catholic. 17 
Swedenb'g.. — 

Tunker 8 

Union 47 

Unitarian ... — 
Universalist. 1 
Minor Sects. 8 



. 4,400 
, 13,250 



8,200 
24,025 



1,500 .. 2,550 Universalist. 1 .. 200 .. 500 

236 ..101,625 .. 567,165 Minor Sects. 8.. 2,825.. 18,050 

—making a total of 2,330 churches, with accommodation for 834.691 persons, and valued at $2,849,176. 

Virginia forms a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and comprises the Eoraan Catholic Dioceses of Eich- 
mond and Wheeling, and also a portion of the Archdiocese of Baltimore, the last being that portion of the District of 
Columbia retroceded in 1846. 

PiilUc Libraries.— The Ecport of the Librarian of the Smithsonian Institution made in 1S51, states the public libraries 
of Virginia as follows : one State library— 14.000 volumes ; 4 social— 3,313 volumes ; 9 college— 45,790 volumes ; 8 students'— 
10,466 volumes; 5 academic and profes.sional— 12,951 volumes; 1 scientific and historical— 1,200 volumes ; 2 public— 1,460 
volumes. Total — 30 libraries, and 89,180 volumes. 

Periodical P/-<?.ss.— Virginia, on the 1st June, 1S50, had 100 periodical issues— in politics 31 were whig, 22 democrat, 
and 47 neutral, the latter including those devoted to literature, science, religion, and all the character of which had not 
been ascertained. Of the whole number 20 were published daily, 6 tri-weekly, 7 semi-weekly, 60 weekly, 4 monthly, and 
1 quarterly; and the circulation of the dailies was 32,750 copies at each issue; of the tri-weeklies, 700 copies ; of the semi- 
weeklies, 6,500 copies; of the weeklies, 41,9.30 copies; of the monthlies, 13,1.50 copies; and of the quarterly, 1,000 copies. 
There were published in Augusta County (Staimton), 3 weekly ; Albemarle (3 in Charlottesville), 3 w. and 1 ra. ; in 
Alexandria, 1 d. 1 t.-w., and 1 w. ; in Botetourt, Berkeley, and Brooke, each 2 w. ; in Campbell (Lynchburg), 3 s.-w. ; in 

293 



THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. 



Dinwiddle (Petersburg), 2 d. and 1 t.-w. ; in Fauquier, 2 w. ; in Fairfax, 1 w. ; in Fredericli (Winchester), 2 w. ; in 
Greenbrier, 1 w. ; in Harrison, 2 w. ; in Hardy, 1 w. ; in Hampshire, 2 w. ; in Henrico (Richmond), 6 d., 1 s.-w., 2 w., 5 
m., and 1 quarterly; in JeiTcrson, 3 w. ; in Kanawha, 1 w. ; in Loudon, 2 w. ; in Lewis, Marshall, and Monroe, each 
1 w. ; in Monongalia, 3 w. ; in Marion anti, Nansemoud, each 1 w. ; in Norfolk (Portsmouth 6, and Norfolk 7), 7 d., 
4 t.-w., and 2 w. ; in Ohio (Wheeling), 3 d. and 2 w. ; in Preston, Prince Edward, and Pitlsylvania, each 1 w. ; in Rock- 
bridge, P.ockinghani, and Shenandoah, each 2 w. ; in Spottsylvania (Fredericksburg), 1 d., 2 s.-w., and 8 w. ; in Tazewell, 
1 w, ; in Washington, 2 w. ; and in Wood and Wythe, each 1 weekly. 

Paupenmi. — The whole number of pauptra relieved and supported within the year ending 1st June, 1850, was 5,113, 
of whom 4.933 were native born and 185 foreigners; and the whole number of paupers at the dale specified was 4,453, 
of whom 4,356 were natives and 102 foreigners. Cost of support, etc., during the year $151,722. 

nistoncal Slcetch. — ^The name of Virginia, tliough now belonging only to the present State of that naitie, was origin- 
ally given to the whole extent of country afterward divided into the thirteen colonies. It was bestowed upon the 
country, which he attempted to colonize, by Sir Walter Raleigh, in honor of Elizabeth, England's vii'gin queen. The 
settlement within the limits of the present State were not, however, effected until April, 16'J7, and this was the first per- 
manent settlement by the English in America. Previous to tliis many ineffectual efforts had been made to plant colonies 
on the Atlantic coast. At length the malter was undertaken l)y a company, to which a patent was granted by James L, 
and which was called the London Company, to distinguish it from the Plymouth Company, which subsequently settled 
New England. Three ships, with 1(>5 persons, sailed from London in December, 1606, and after a tedious and circuitous 
passage entered the Bay of Chesapeake in April, 1607. On a peninsula a little distance up James River, a settlement 
called Jamestown was begun. The colonists soon experienced the difficulties of their new position, and to the great 
exertions of Captain John Smith, distinguished among the adventurers of the age, the colony was indebted to its pres- 
ervation. An inoi<lent wliioli occurred at this period has lent to his history the attractions of romance. While on a 
foraging expedition he was taken prisoner by the Indians, who determined to put him to death; his head was placed 
on a stone, and tlie savages were about to dispatch him with clubs, when Pocahontas, the daughter of the principal 
chief, Powhatan, after in vain imploring mercy for him, nished forward, and resting her head upon that of the captive, 
appeared determined to share his fate. Powhatan relented, and soon afterward permitted Smith to return home. Two 
years after, when the Indians ha<l plotted the destruction of the colony, Pocahontas, faithful to the attachment she had 
formed, disclosed the plot to the English, and the Indians finding them on their guard, abandoned the project. Such 
was the distress of the colonists in 1610, that the survivors had actually embarked to return to England, when Lord 
Delaware, who had been appointed governor, arrived with supplies and 150 men, and persuaded the colonists to remain. 
Under this governor and his successor the settlement prospered ; useful industry succeeded to their previous habits, and, 
aided by a fertile soil, they were enabled to raise large stocks of provisions. In 1619 the first legislature was convened, 
and about this period 1,200 additional emigrants arrived, among whom were 150 young women, who were sold to the 
planters for wives. Negro slaves were first brought into the country at this time. In 1622 the Indians surprised the 
settlements and massacred some 347 of the colonists; and the whole colony would have shared the same fate, but that 
timely information had been given the inhabitants of Jamestown of the conspiracy. To this famine succeeded, which 
was, however, alleviated by the arrival of provisions from England. A reinforcement arriving at the same time, war 
was levied against the Indians, and in a short time most of the neighboring tribes were subdued or slain. Two years 
afterward the company was dissolved and the charter resumed by the king. All power was vested in commissioners, 
and under their rule the colony sufferc'd grievously. Sir John Harvey, the royal governor appointed in 1029, was seized 
by the people and sent home a prisoner. He was succeeded by Sir William Berkeley, who called an assembly of 
burgesses, and governed the province with mildness and prudence. 

On the revolution in England, the Virginians adhered to the cause of the monarch, and even after the death of 
Charles I. refused to acknowledge the commonwealth. Submission was forced by sending against them an armament; 
but the sentiments of the colonists were again declared, for even before the restoration in England the authority of 
Charles II. had been acknowledged in Virginia. In 1661. an assembly was called by the governor, and in the succeeding 
year tlie Church of England was established by law. Notwithstanding this remarkable loyalty of the Virginians, they 
were made to suffer grievously from the arbitrary and mijuopolizing system of the home government. The navigation 
act, and other measures of a similar nature adopted to this time, weighed heavily on the people, and in addition to these 
grievances, the king, regardless of the rights of the landed proprietors, granted to his courtiers largo tracts of land, to 
■which the settlers were legally entitled. From these causes arose an insurrection, memorable in the history of Virginia, 
and known as Bacon's Rebellion. Colonel Bacon, an eloquent and ambitious man, put himself at the head of the people, 
who had assembled with the ostensible object of a foray against the Indians. The governor, by advice of the legislature, 
issued a proclam.ation of rebellion against them, and so exasperated the leaders of the expedition as to direct its object 
from hostilities against the Indians to war against the government. They marched to Jamestown, and after dispersing 
tlie assembly. Bacon called a convention, and assumed the reins of government. Civil war with all its horrors now en- 
sued. Jamestown was burnt, and the colony given up to pillage. After several months' bloodshed and confusion. Bacon 
died suddenly, and for want of a leader his party dispersed. It was long, however, before prosperity revived in the 
colony. Soon after these events, Berkeley returned to England, and was succeeded by Lord Culpepper, who brought 
with him several bills drawn up by the ministry of England, to which he required the assent of the legislature, on pain 
of being treated as rebels. The object of these acts was the increase of his emoluments. During the reigns of Charles II. 
and James the colony suffered much, and rejoiced greatly in the change of government that drove the Stuarts from the 
throne. The Revolution, indeed, brought to Virginia internal tranquillity, and a long succession of prosperous years. 
Nothing occurred to interrupt its growth in wealth and power. In 1732, .she gave birth to the most illustrious of her sons, 
tlie great statesman and warrior, who was destined afterward to achieve and consolidate the independence of all the 
colonies. During the war between France and England, prior to 1754, her local situation exempted her from hostilities. 
From 1754 to 175S, when the French began to put in operation tlieir scheme to unite Canada and Louisiana, the frontiers 
of Virginia were harassed by incursions of French and Indian parties; to repel which a regiment was raised, in which 
Washington first distinguished himself. On the conclusion of peace, when the British attempted to raise a revenue 
within the colonies, the statesmen of Virginia were among the first to raise the voice of opposition. The eloquence and 
talents of her orators contributed greatly to excite public feeling on this occasion. The services and sufferings of Virginia 
in the war of the Revolution were at least as great as those of any other State, and in Virginia the last important measure 
Of the war took place, in the surrender of Cornwallis. Since the peace of 1783, Virginia has retained an elevated rank 
294 



TH^E STATE OF VIRGINIA. 



in the family of States. Fruitful of illustrious men, that State has given seren presidents to the Union. During the war 
of 1S12, her citizens displayed great patriotism in opposing the common enemy, and her maritime frontier suffered 
severely from predatory incursions. Within the last few years the progress of the State in population and material 
greatness has been wonderfully rapid ; and her territory beyond the mountains — a wilderness to the last generation, has 
become equal to the old settlements in all that constitutes national wealth. In 1S50 the constitution of the State was ad- 
justed to its present condition and circumstances. 

Succession of Governors. — Presidents of Council : Edward Maria Wingfleld, 1607 ; John Radcliffe, 1607 ; John 
Smith, 1008 ; George Percy, 1603 ;— Company's Go\t:rnor8 : Lord de la War, 1610 ; Sir Thomas Dale, 1611 ; Sir Thomas 
Gates, 1611 ; Sir Thomas Dale, 1614 ; Captain George Ycardley, 1616 ; Samuel Argal, 1617 {to the year 1618, Sir Thomas 
Smith presided over the council and company in England., while the above-earned actually governed in Virginia); 
Sir George Yeardley, 1618 ; Sir Francis Wyatt, 1621; Sir George Teardley (acting), 1626; Sir George Teardley, 1626 ; 
Francis West, 1627 ; John Pott, 1628 ; Sir John Harvey, 1629 ; John West, 1635 ; Sir John Harvey, 1636 ; Sir Francis 
Wyatt, 1639 ; Sir William Berkeley, 1641 ; Eichard Kempe, 1644; Sir William Berkeley, 1645 ; Eichard Bennett (elected), 
1652; Edward Digges, 1655; Samuel Mathews, 1656; Sir William Berkeley, 1659; Francis Morrison (appointed); 
Sir William Berkeley, 1662 ; Herbert Jeffreys (Lt.-Gov.), 1677 ; Sir Henry Chicheley (Dep.-Gov.), 1678 ; Lord Culpepper, 
1680; Nicholas Spencer (Pres. of Council), 1680; Lord Howard (Gov.), 1684; Nathaniel Bacon (Pres. of Council), 1688; 
Francis Nicholson (Lt.-Gov.), 1690; Sir Edmund Andros (Gov.), 1692; Francis Nicholson, 1698; Edward Nott, 1705; 
Edmund Jennings, 1706; Alexander Spotswood, 1710; Hugh Drysdale, 1722; Robert Carter (Pres. of Council), 1726; 
William Goueh (Gov.), 1727; Thomas Lee (Pres. of Council), 1749; Lewis Burwell, 1749; Robert Dinwiddle (Gov.), 
1752 ; Francis Fauquier, 1758 ; John Blair (Pres. of Council), 1767 ; Lord Botetourt (Gov.), 1768 ; William Nelson (Pros, 
of Council), 1770; Lord Dunmore, 1772 ;— Presidents op Convention (Provisional Government): Peyton Randolph, 
1775, and Edmund Pendleton, 1775; — Constitutional Governors: Patrick Henry, 1776; Thomas Jefferson, 1779; 
Thomas Nelson, 1781 ; Benjamin Harrison, 1781 ; Patrick Henry, 1784; Edmund Randolph, 1786; Beverley Randolph, 
1783 ; Henry Lee, 1791 ; Robert Brooke, 1794 ; James Wood, 1796 ; James Monroe, 1799 ; John Page, 1802 ; William H. 
Cabell, 1805 ; John Tyler, 1808 ; James Monroe, 1811 ; George W. Smith, 1811 ; James Barbour, 1812 ; Wilson C. Nicholas, 
1814 ; James P. Preston, 1816; Thomas M. Randolph, 1819 ; James Pleasants, 1822 ; John Tyler, 1825 ; William B. Giles, 
1826 ; John Floyd, 1829 ; Littleton U. Tazewell, 18.33 ; Windham Robertson (acting), 1836 ; David Campbell, 1836 ; 
Thom.is W. Gilmer, 1839; John Eutherford (acting), 1841 ; John M. Gregory (acting), 1842; James McDowell, 1842; 
William Smith, 1845 ; William Smith, 1847 ; John B. Floyd, 1849 ; Joseph Johnson, 1852. 

Richmond, on the bank of James River, 130 miles above its entrance into Chesapeake Bay, is the political capital of 
the State. 

295 



THE TERRITORY OF WASHIIGTON. 



This Territory, until 1863 a portion of Oregon Territory, occupies all the country lying generally between the parallels 
of 46° and 49° of north latitude, and extending from the Koclcy Mountains on the east to the Paclflc Ocean on the west. 
The Columbia River forms the southern boundary below the line of 46° to the sea. It comprises somewhat more than 
one-third the original territory, or about 130,000 square miles. 

Of the physical characteristics of this Territory much has yet to be learned. It Includes the waters of Puget's Sound, 
equal in the magnificence of their scenery and in their secure and spacious harbors to the waters of Sau Francisco Bay. 
Vancouver's Island and the Gulf of Georgia indent its north-western extremity. The Columbia Kiver is its great interior 
water-course, and there are numerous other important streams which empty either into the sound above named, or into 
the Pacific, through bays which may hereafter become valuable to commerce. The Columbia River has been thoroughly 
surveyed by Belcher, K. N., and Willces, U. S. N., and the Coast Survey has twice examined its mouth. Shoal-Water 
Bay, Grey's Ilarbor, and Chickaes River have also been surveyed by the United States officers, and the English Admiralty 
charts cover the Straits of Fuca, and many harbors on the mainland and Vancouver's Island. The surveys of Captain 
Willjes give full information of all the group of islands in the Gulf of Georgia, and the channels leading to and maliing 
np Puget's Sound. The shores of this wonderful network of channels are so favorable in soil and location, that they must 
Boon possess great value. Through a surprising extent of line they are directly accessible for ocean vessels, and form, as it 
were, an immense network of harbor. They present the foundation for a kind of agricultural Venice far into the heart 
of the west half of "Washington, the resources of which they will greatly aid in developing. Fort Nesqually and Olym- 
pia, at the southern extremity of Puget's Sound, must rapidly advance with the growth of the Territory, and in fact are 
already important places. The interior is but imperfectly known. The land-office surveys north of the Columbia have 
as yet made but little progress. On penetrating further toward the Rocky Mountains, the country is essentially unknown. 
The narr.ative of Lewis and Clarke, the book on Oregon Missions by Father De Smet, and Irving's Astoria, are the chief 
publications of value on this ground. These serve merely to show that the country bordering the Rocky Mountains, 
between 46° and 49° on both sides, is still a fine field for exploration. Much may be expected from Dr. Evans, who is 
engaged in a geological reconnoissance of the old Oregon Territory, which has taken him much among the Rocky 
Mountains, and over their basaltic plains. 

There are several important geographical problems connected with the establishment of this new Territory. The 
boundary, initial points, and parallels will liave to be determined, and it must soon be decided where the crest of the 
Eocky Mountains really is. This latter problem may not be easy of solution, for Lewis and Clarke, De Smet, the Irving 
Astoria map, and the Indian Bureau and Topographical Bureau maps all represent these mountains differently. Lewis 
and Clarke exhibit four distinct ranges, with which the best recent explorations essentially agree, and indicate at least 
three parallel ranges running nearly north-west, instead of the more prevalent indication of a single north and south 
range. Exploration may show the necessity of a more definite eastern boundary. On the north the mouth of Frazer's 
River is so near to latitude 49°, that a portion of it may be found to fall in the United States, though this is improbable. 
Thus, with a field every way so requiring examination, it is fortunate that the newly-appointed governor of Washington 
possesses so many peculiar qualifications for his station, and especially a thorough training in geographical science. Col. 
Isaac I. Stevens has been assistant in charge of the Coast Survey ofBoe for over three years. A head graduate of "West 
Point, a highly efficient constructing officer of engineers, distinguished in General Scott's staff in Mexico, he has dis- 
charged the laborious and difficult administrative duties of his recent positions in so excellent a manner, as to afford 
e\'ery guarantee that he will make himself most usefully felt in the sphere on which he is entering. It is expected, and 
that expectation will not be without its fruits, that he will not permit his term to expire without presenting to the public 
a complete map of the Territory, and such repfirls as will give a clear conception of the surface, soil, resources, products, 
and peculiarities of a region so soon to become a State, with a voice in our national councils. Those who best kuow the 
governor are confident he will be able to accomplish this and much more, in addition to those important and laborious 
duties which will devolve upon him in organizing and putting into thorough operation the machinery of a new territorial 
government. 

Since the appointment of Col. Stevens as governor of this Territory, the President has further honored him by placing 
him at the head of a party to explore what is termed the Northern Pacific Railroad line, under a recent act of Congress, 
making an appropriation to explore the different proposed routes to the Pacific. The first thing to be ascertained in the 
survey of this route is the practicability of the undertaking, and the labors of the governor and his associates will relate 
only to the route upon wliich they are to be engaged, and their reports will be of those things alone that are sought for by 
the department under which they are to act. The officers of the army appointed to assist Gov. Stevens are Capt. John 
W. T. Gardiner, 1st Dragoons; Bvt. Capt. George B. M'Clellan; 2d Lieut. J. K. Duncan, 3d Artillery; 2d Lieut. Rufus 
Baxton, Jr., 4th Artillery; 2d Lieut. Cuvier G rover, 4th Artillery; 2d Lieut. A. J. Donelson, Corps of Engineers; Bvt. 
2d Lieut. John MuUan, Jr., Ist Artillery ; and Drs. Luckley and Cooper, Surgeons and Naturalists. The scientific corps 
will consist of some 12 or 14 persons, among whom are named John Evans, geologist; J. M. Stanley, artist; G. W. Ste- 
vens and A, Remenyi, astronomers ; A. W. Tenkliam and F. W. Lander, civil engineers ; and John Lambert draughtsman. 
The escort consists of 10 non-comraissioned officers, artificers, and privates of the engineer company, uniler command of 
Lieut. Donelsnn, and one sergeant, two corporals, one musician, and IG privates of Co. D, 1st Dragoons, under command 
of Capt. Giirdiner. Capt, M'Clellan will depart from Puget's Sound for the purpose of exploring the Cascade range, 
■With two officers furnished him by the brigadier-general in command on the Pacific, and thirty men, and proceed east- 
296 



THE TERRITORY OF WASHINGTON. 



ward. A portion of the main party, under Lieut Donelson, will leave St. Louis and ascend the Missouri Eiver to Fort 
Union, at the mouth of the Yellowstone, the place of rendezvous on the east, where they will be joined by the remainder 
of the party, under the immediate command of Gov. Stevens. 

A topographical survey, says the Washington (D. C.) Republic of 7th May, 1S53, will be made of the Kocky and Cas- 
cade mountains, between the 46th and 49th parallels, and of the intervening country, to determine the general course of 
the railroad, and to guide the civil engineers in establishing its precise route. This reconnoisance will embrace the prom- 
inent features of the country, the mountain ranges and passes, the windings of rivers and streams, and their dividing 
ridges, the prairies, and every thing necessary for the construction of a map of the country. This will comprehend the 
important points of the Missouri and Columbia rivers, the d&ouches of the Cascade and Rocky mountain ranges, the 
fixing of the latitude and longitude of all important points, and all the facts bearing upon the construction of the road, 
including the natural facilities for the transportation of iron, supplies, etc., required for the road. In crossing rivers the 
height of the banks will be noted, the depth of the water, the apparent highest water, the nature of the bottom on which 
abutments and piers must rest, the width between the banks, and all information leading to correct estimates of the means 
and cost of carrying a road over the stream. 

It is not doubted that the controlling points will prove to be the passes of the Cascade and Kocky mountains, and the 
opinion is entertained that the location of a road between the two ranges, and for a long distance east of the Kocky 
Mountains, may be suspended until these passes shall be thoroughly examined, and a practical avenue discovered. 

It is proposed to construct a general map from the head waters of the Mississippi Kiver to the Pacific Ocean, a map of 
Washington Territory, and thence eastward to the head waters of the Mississippi ; maps of the Cascade range, Rocky 
Mountains, and other critical points of the route and of the mountain passes. 

As it will be necessary to determine the capacity of the adjacent country to supply materials for the construction of the 
road, and of the Columbia and Missouri rivers and their tributaries to transport them, attention will be given to the ge- 
ography and meteorology of the whole intermediate region ; to the seasons and the characters of the freshets ; to the 
quantities and continuance of ita rains and snows, especially in the mountain ranges ; to its geology in arid ranges, 
keeping in view the bringing of water to the surface by means of artesian wells ; to the botany, natural history, and 
agricultural and mineral resources ; to the location, numbers, history, traditions, and customs of the Indian tribes ; and 
such other facts as may tend to the solution of the railroad problem. 

We learn, further, that after the completion of the survey of the mountain passes, probably in October or November 
next, such portions of the escort and scientific corps as will not be needed in the operations toward the Pacific, will be 
dispatched homeward by new routes, in order to obtain still further knowledge of the geography of the country ; and it 
is hoped that a satisfactory report may be made to Congress in February next. 

The preparation and equipment of this expedition have been well considered, and every man, from the principal to 
the humblest subaltern, has been selected with reference to his peculiar fitness for the duty assigned him. The most 
effective means have already been employed to conciliate and secure the good will of the various Indian tribes inhat> 
iting the region to be traversed ; but for any demonstration of an opposite feeling, the party will be well prepared. 

The Hudson's Bay Company has manifested a laudable disposition to render every aid in its power to facilitate the 
operations of the expedition, and the hospitality of its posts, and the friendly offices of its agents, may be depended upon. 

Though some of the Indian tribes of this territory are reputed to be ferocious and malignant in character, they are 
generally superior to those of Jieir race with whom we are better acquainted. In industry, thrift, and intelligence, they 
far excel the eastern tribes. To act justly toward them, and to merit their respect and confidence, will be the policy of 
Governor Stevens and his companions, in commendation of whom we might say much, did we not know that they 
possess the entire confidence of the administration and of the country. Their duty is one of some peril, and will be 
attended with great privations and hardships. Often, we doubt not, apparent impossibilities will arise before them in 
such form as would deter irresolute men from the consummation of the task assigned them. But the reality of such 
appearances will undoubtedly in each instance be fully tested by this chosen band, in whose safety and welfare, and in 
the triumph and success of whose enterprise, their whole country will feel the deepest interest. 

297 



THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. 



■Wisconsin embraces all of that portion of the North West Territory lying north of the parallel of 42° 30' north latitude, 
and west of Lake Michigan, excepting the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and that part of Minnesota lying east of the 
Mississippi Eiver. It is bounded north by Minnesota and Michigan : northeast and east by Lake Michigan ; south by 
Illinois, and west by Iowa and Minnesota; or, according to the constitution, as follows, to wit: "Beginning at the north- 
cast comer of the State of Illinois, that is to say, at a point in the centre of Lake Michigan, where the line of 42° 30' of 
north latitude crosses the same ; thence running with the boundary line of the State of Michigan, through Lake Michigan 
and Green Bay, to the mouth of the Menomonee River ; thence up the channel of the said river to the Bnile Kiver ; thence 
op said last-mentioned river to Lake Bnile ; thence along the southern shore of Lake Brdle, in a direct line to the centre 
of the channel between Middle and South islands, in the Lake of the Desert; thence in a direct line to the head waters 
of the Montreal Kiver, as marked upon the survey made by Captain Cram ; thence down the main channel of the Montreal 
Eiver to the middle of Lake Superior ; thence through the centre of Lake Superior to the mouth of the St. Louis Kiver ; 
thenco up the main channel of said river to the first rapids in the same, above the Indian village, according to Nicollet's 
map ; thence due south to the main branch of the river St. Croix ; thence down the main channel of said river to the 
Mississippi ; thence down the centre of the main channel of that river to the northwest corner of the State of Illinois; 
thence due east with the northern boundary of the State of Illinois, to the place of beginning." Its greatest extent north 
and south is 2S5 miles, and east and west 255 miles. Its land area is 53,924 square miles. 

The natural feature peculiar to Wisconsin, says J. W. Hunt, Esq., in his Gazetteer of the State, published 1S53, is the 
uniformity of its elevation, and shape of its surface, which is neither mountainous, hilly, nor flat, but gently undulating. 
The country west of Sugar Kiver and south of the Wisconsin is somewhat broken, principally by the dividing ridge upon 
which the roail from Madison to Prairie du Chien passes. In this section, known as the Mines, are several peculiar 
elevations called Mounds. West of the Wisconsin Kiver is a range of high hills, being the only elevations in the State 
either deserving or assuming the dignity of mountains. The south-eastern portion of the State is marked by ravines at 
the streams, but little depressed below the surrounding level. Its prominent features are the prairie, destitute of tree or 
shrub, covered only by a luxuriant growth of grass, interspersed with flowers of every hue ; the oak opening, the lake, 
the woodland on the border of streams, and the natural meadow. Proceeding north, to the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, 
and Green Bay, the timber increases, and the soil gradually changes from the vegetable mold of the prairie to a sandy 
loam. The surface also becomes somewhat depressed and uneven, diversifled with timber, rolling prairie, large marshes 
and extensive swamps, having an abundant growth of cranberries and wild rice. Still, north and west the surface be- 
comes more uneven, and the streams rapid, affording an abundance of water-power for the manufacture of lumber from 
the immense forests of evergreen, scarcely surpassed on the Western Continent. 

The soil of the prairie consists of a dark brown vegetable mold, from one to two feet in depth, very mellow, and 
entirely destitute of stone or gravel, and, for fertility and agricultural properties, can not be surpassed. The subsoil is a 
clayish loam, similar to the soil of the timbered lands, and is also suitable for cultivation. The soil of the timbered land 
is less rich than the prairie, not so deep, and contains less carbonate of lime, which enters into the composition of the 
latter in the proportion of from 20 to 40 per cent. The mining region, unlike that of any other mineral district, promises 
a liberal reward, as well to the farmer as to the miner. The soil of the evergreen district is mostly sandy, and not so rich 
as in other portions of the State. It is nevertheless well adapted to agriculture and grazing. The prairies of Wisconsin 
are not so extensive as those of other States, and are so skirted and belted by timber, that they are well adapted to imme- 
diate and profitable occupation. The openings, which comprise a large portion of the finest land of the State, owe their 
present condition to the action of the annual fires which have kept under all other forest growth, except those varieties 
of oak which can withstand the sweep of that element. This annual burning of an exuberant growth of grasses and of 
under-brush, has been adding, perhaps for ages, to the productive power of the soil, and preparing it for the plow- 
share. It is the great fact, nature has thus " cleared up" Wisconsin to the hand of the settler, and enriched it by yearly 
burnings, and has at the same time left sufficient timber on the grouml for fence and fire wood, that explains, in a great 
measure, the capacity it has exhibited, and is now exhibiting, for rapid settlement and early maturity. There is another 
flict important to be notied in this connection. The low level prairie, or natural meadow, of moderate extent, is so 
generally distributed over the face of the country, that the settler on a fine section of arable land finds on his own farm, 
or in his immediate neighborhood, abundant pasturage for his stock in summer, on the open range; and hay for the 
winter for the cutting — the bounty of Nature supplying his need in this behalf till the cultivated grasses may be introduced 
and become sufficient for his use. 

The limestone underlying the coal fields of Illinois forms the immediate basis of the alluvion of Southern Wisconsin. 
This geological district, in addition to that portion of the State which lies southerly of the valley of the Wisconsin 
River, comprises the whole of the slope toward Lake Michigan. In many portions of this district the lime rock dis- 
appears, and the out-cropping standstone furnishes a fine material for building. The lead-bearing rock of the mineral 
region is a porous limestone, prevailing throughout Grant, Lafayette, and Iowa counties, comprising four-fifths of the 
"lead district" of the Upper Mississippi, the remaining one-fifth being in the States of Illinois and Iowa. Deposits of 
iron ore, water limestone, and beds of gypsum, together with other varieties of minerals, are found in localities more 
or less numerous throughout the limestone region. All of that section of the Slate which lies between Lake Superior on 
the north and the Falls of St. Anthony on the Mississippi, and the falls of the other rivers flowing southerly, is primitive 
in ita prevailing geological character; and it is within this primitive* region that the copper mines of Lake Superior are 



tHE STATE OF WISCONSIN. 



found — probably the richest in the world, and apparently inexhaustible. In all that portion of the State lying betw'een 
the primitive region just described and the limestone formation of the south and east, the transition sandstone prevails, 
interspersed with limestone and more sparsely with rock of a primitive character. Tliis formation comprises that section 
of the country drained by the 'Wisconsin and other rivers tribj^tary to the Upper Mississippi and below the falls of those 
streams. Within this geological district are found quarries of white marble, which promise to be abundant and valuable. 

Wisconsin, says J. A. Lapham, Esq., does not fall behind the other portions of the Western country in the monu- 
ments it affords of the existence of an ancient people who once inhabited North America, but of whom nothing is known 
except what can be gathered from some of the results of their labors. The works at Aztalan, in Jefferson County, are 
most known and visited, but there are many other localities which are said to equal them in interest and importance. 
The substance called brick at this place is evidently burned clay, showing marks of having been mixed with straw, but 
they were not molded into regular forms. There is a class of ancient earth-works iu Wisconsin, not before found in 
any other country, being made to represent quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, and even the human form. These representa- 
tions are rather rude, and it is often ditheult to decide for what species of animal they are intended ; but the effects of 
time may have modified their appearance very much since they were originally funned. Some have a resemblance to 
the buflalo, the eagle or crane, or to the turtle or lizard. One representing the human form, near the Blue Mounds, is, 
according to E. C. Taylor, Esq., 120 feet in length ; it lies in an east and west direction, the head toward the west, with 
the arms and legs extended. The body or trunk is SO feet in breadth, the head 25, and its elevation above the general 
surface of the prairie is about 6 feet. Its conformation is so distinct that there can be no possibility of mistake in assign- 
ing it to the human figure.* A mound at Prairieville, representing a turtle, is about 5 feet high, the body is 56 feet in length ; 
it represents the animal with its legs extended and its feet turned backward. It is to be regretted that this interesting 
mound is now nearly destroyed. The ancient works are found in all parts of the territory, but are most abundant at 
Aztalan, on Eock Kiver, near the Blue Mounds, along the Wisconsin, the Neenah, and the Pishtaka rivers, and near 
Lake Winnebago. The mounds are generally scattered about without any apparent order or arrangement, but are 
occasionally arranged in irregular rows, the animals appearing as if drawn up in a line of march. An instance of this 
kind is seen near the road, seven miles east from the Blue Mounds, in Iowa County. At one place near the Four Lakes 
it is said that one hundred tumuli, of various shapes and dimensions, may be counted — those representing animals being 
among others that are round or oblong. Fragments of ancient pottery of a very rude kind are often found in various 
localities. They were formed by hand, or molded, as their appearance shows evidently that these vessels were not 
turned on a " potter's wheel." Parts of the rim of vessels, usually ornamented with small notches or figures, are most 
abundant. A mound is said to have been discovered near Cassville, on the Mississippi, which is supposed to represent 
an animal having a trunk like the elephant, or the now extinct mastodon. Should this prove true, it will show that the 
people who made these animal earth-works, were cotemporaries with that huge monster whose bones are still occasion- 
ally found ; or that they had then but recently emigrated from Asia, and had not lost their knowledge of the elephant. 

The salubrity of the climate (Mr. Lapham is again quoted), the purity of the atmosphere and of the water, which is 
usually obtained from copious living springs, the coolness and short din-ation of summer, and the dryness of the air dur- 
ing winter, all conspire to render Wisconsin one of the most healthy portions of the United States. The wet meadows, 
marshes, and swamps are constantly supplied with pure water from springs ; and as they are not exposed during summer 
to a burning heat, they do not send forth those noxious and deleterious qualities so much dreaded in more southern and 
less favored latitudes. Many of our most flourishing towns and settlements are in the immediate vicinity of large swamps 
and partially overflown meadows, yet no injurious effects upon the general health are produced by them. It has usually 
been found, in making new settlements in the Western wilderness, that as the fjrests are cleared away, and the surface 
thereby exposed to the direct influence of the sun and winds, a deleterious effect is produced on the general health— the 
decaying vegetable matter being thus suddenly made to send forth its malarious qualities. But in Wisconsin no such 
result is apprehended, or can be produced, for a large proportion of the country consists of oak-opening and prairie, and 
may therefore be considered as already cleared. The removal of the few remaining " burr oaks" can not have the same 
effect upon the soil as the cutting down of the dense forests of the other States. And besides this, the fires that have an- 
nually raged over the surface, often kindled purposely by the Indians, on their hunting excursions, have prevented that 
rapid accumulation of vegetable matter which is always found in deep shady woods, where the fires do not so often pene- 
trate. It is believed that the facts here stated will be sufficient to satisfy the reader of the truth of the opinion expressed 
by our most intelligent physicians, that Wisconsin is, and will continue to be, one of the most healthy places in the world. 

The amount of lead shipped fi-om Galena during the last year was 40,000,000 pounds, nine-tenths of which was raised 
in Wisconsin. Considerable more than the remaining one-tenth of the amount above stated has been shipped from ports 
in this State, from which it will be seen that this estimate is small. To the practical miner, as capitalist or operative, the 
lead region of the Upper Mississippi offers the most substantial inducements to settlement. The exceeding abundance 
and richness of the mineral, the comparative ease with whicli it may be mined, and the high price it commands the mo- 
ment it is brought to the surface, open to the industrious and prudent operator a highway to wealth. New leads of the 
richest promise have been recently discovered in the mineral district, and an increasing emigration to that section of the 
State promises to replace the California draft, and to meet the growing demand for the mineral. 

The copper mines of Lake Superior are of established celebrity throughout the world, and open an inviting field for 
enterprise. The mining interest in that region is fast losing its character of adventure, and is attracting the attention of 
the prudent capitalist and the practical miner, as a remunerative branch of business. 

The iron mines of Wisconsin have not yet been opened to any extent, but are worthy the attention of the immigrant. 
There are rich localities of ore near the head-waters of the Eock, and on the Upper Mississippi and its branches. 

The following statement exhibits the shipment of lead from Galena from the year 1841 to 1852 inclusive, and the value 
of the same at four dollars per hundred weight: 



Years, No. of Pounds. Value. 

1S41 29,749,909 $1,189,996 

1842 29,424.329 1,176,973 

1843 36,878,797 1,475,151 

1844 41,036,293 1,641,451 



No. of Pounds. Value, 

1845 51,144,822 $2,045,792 

1846 48,007,938 1,920,317 

1847 50,999,303 2,039,972 

1848 49,783,737 1,991,349 



Years, No, of Pounds. • Value. 

1849 45,985,839 $1,839,4-33 

1850 41,485,900 1,659,436 

1851 34,500,384 1,880,015 

1852 40,000,000 1,600,000 



* Tlie reader is referred to the " Notice of Indian Irtounds, etc., in Wisconsin,'' in Silliman's Journal, vol. xxxiv. p. 88, by R. C. Taylor, and 
to the " Description of Ancient Remains in Wisconsin," by S. Taylor, vol. xliv. p. 21, of the same work, for more detailed descriptions, and 
drawings of these interesting animal mounds. 

299 



THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. 



There are also large qiiantilies of lead shipped at different points along the Wisconsin and Mississippi rivers, the precise 
amount of which no data has been furnished upon which an intelligent estimate can be made. In reviewing the forego- 
ing statement, it should be recollected that Wisconsin is rajjidly increasing, not only in population and wealth, but in the 
amount and quality of its resources, manufactures, and products. 

The richness of the soil of Wisconsin, and its ability to produce in abundance all kinds of grain, as well as the facility 
by which ihe lands are brought under subjection, create a permanent demand for all kinds of agricultural implements 
and mechanical labor. Architectural elegance in public and private buildings, and elaborate perfection in complicated 
machinery is not to be expected in new settlements ; but many of them in Wisconsin compare favorably with those of the 
older States. The rapid growth of towns, and the great influx of farmers with their families, create a necessity for tem- 
porary buildings, soon to be superseded by comfortable dwellings and out-houses, and give constant employ f(>r the mason, 
the carpenter, and all other mechanics. The immense flouring-mills of the Slate already in operation, as well as those in 
progress of erection, provide labor for the millwright and machinist, anil furnish not only their respective vicinities with 
all kinds of mill stuff, but more than 100,000 barrels of flour annually for exportation. 

To the lumberman, the pineries of Wisconsin present inducements for investment and settlement, which can be hardly 
overrated. That of the Upper Wisconsin and its tributaries is the most extensive; and distinguished' still more for the 
fine quality than the inexhaustible quantities of its timber. The other localities of the white pine and other evergreens 
are mainly on the Wolf, the great northern atBuent of the Fox, the tributaries of Green Bay, and on the La Crosse, the 
Black, Chippewa, and the St. Croix, branches of the Upper Mississippi. The rapids of tlicse streams furnish abundant 
water-power for the manufacture of lumber, and on the annual spring rise, and occasional freshets at other seasons of the 
year, the yield of the mills is floated from the Wolf into Lake Winnebago and the Lower Fox, and from most of the other 
streams into the Mississippi. Scarcely ten years have elapsed since the Alleghany pine of Western New York and Penn- 
sylvania had undisputed possession of the market, not only of the Ohio Valley, but of the Mississippi and its tributaries 
above New Orleans, at which point it competed with the lumber of Maine and New Brunswick. The course of the 
lumber trade may now be considered as permanently changed. The pineries of Wisconsin now control, and will hold 
exclusive possession of the market of the valleys of the Mississippi and its great western affluents. The amount of pine 
lumber estimated to be sawed iu Wisconsin annually, is as follows : Black Eiver, 15,000,000 ; Chippewa, 28,500,000 ; 
Green Bay, 21,000,000; Manitouwoc, 24,500,000; St. Croix, 20,000,000; Wisconsin, 58,500,000; "Wolf, 25,500,000— total 
number of feet, 193,000,000. 

Aside from the manufacture of pine lumber, reaching as it does nearly 200,000,000 feet per year, saw-mills, driven 
by both steam and hydraulic power, are now in operation in every section of the State where timber is found, and large 
quantities of oak scantling and plank, and basswood siding and lath, are yearly manufactured. 

Wisconsin is divided into 31 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1S50, were as follows : 

Farms Manuf. „ .. , 
in cult. Estab. Capitals. 

35.. 22..ManitouwocE. 



Counties. Dwell. 

Adams 40.. 

Brown 1,003.. 

Calumet 883.. 

Chippewa 94. . 

Columbia 1,853.. 

Crawford 5T1.. 2,493 80. 

Dane 3,203. .16,641. .1,501. 



Pop. 

187. 
6,215. 
1,743. 

614. 



incult. E8tab.' Capitals. 

0.. CAdamsC. H. 
190.. 27..DePere 
125.. 4. .Stockbridge 
0.. S.ChippewaC.H. 
9,565.. 833.. 24.. Ft. Winnebago 
11. .Prair. duChien 
87.. Madison 



Counties, Dwell. 

Manitouwoc 715 . 

Mar,athon 76. 

Marquette 1,778. 

Milwaukie 5,630. .31,077 

Portage 204.. 1,250 



Pop. 

3,702. 

508.. 7.. 15..Wau3au 
8,642.. 827.. 7.. Marquette 
935.. 236.. Milwaukie 
5.. 15.. Plover Portage 



Racine 2,578. .14,978. . 971 . .104. .Racine 

Richland 178 . . 903 . . 58 . . 4. . Richland Cent. 

Rock 3,618. .20,708. .1,965. .125. . Janesville 

Saint Croix 181.. 624.. 4.. 2.. Willow River 

Sauk 844.. 4,371.. 245.. 7..Baraboo 

Sheboygan 1 ,7S3 . . 8,378 . . 328 . . 29 . . Sheboygan 

Walworth 3,112. .17,861. .1,834. . 81..Elkhoru 

Wiishington 8,770. .19,484. .1.353.. 22.. Ozaukee 

Waukesha 8,408 . .19,174. .1,703. . 78. .Waukesha 

Winnebago ,...1,889.. 10,125., 888.. 32..08hkosh 



Dodge 3.600.. 19,138.. 2,1.32.. 28.. Juneau 

Fond du Lac... 2,721.. 14,463.. 921.. 16. .Fond du Lac 

Grant 2,861. .16,170. . 704.. 78 .. Lancaster 

Greene 1,481.. 8,563.. 763.. 45. .Monroe 

Iowa 1,846.. 9,530.. 470.. 24. .Mineral Point 

Jefferson 2,934.. 15,317.. 982.. 74. .Jefferson 

Kenosha 1, 812.. 10,732. . 914.. 51. .Kenosha 

Lafayette 2,076. .11,541. . 399.. 21. .Shullsburg. 

LaPointe 74.. 489.. 5.. L.LaPointe 

The whole wimber of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 56,316; of families, 57,008; and of inhabitants, 
805,191 ; viz., whites 304,565— males 164,221, and females 140,344 ; fr. col. 626— males 305, and females 261. Of the whole 
population there were, deaf and dumb — wh. 65, fr. col. — total G5; hlind — wh. 50, fr. col. — total 50; insane — wh. 4S, 
fr. col. 0— total 48 ; and idiotic— yih. 76, fr. col. 1— total 77. The number of free persons born in the United States was 
197,912, the number of foreign birth 106,695, and of birth unknown 784. The natiTe population originated as follows: 
Maine 3,252, N. Ilamp. 2,520, Verm. 10,157, Mass. 6,285, R. I. 690, Conn. 4,125, N. York 63,595, N. Jer. 1,566, Penn. 9,571, 
Del. 141, Md. 462, Dist. of Col. 33, Virg. 1,611, N. Car. 322, S. Car. 107, Ga. 495, Flor. 4, Ala. 49, Miss. 35, La. 78, Tex. 4» 
Ark. 67, Tenn. 449, Ky. 1,429, Ohio 11,402, Mich. 1,900, Ind. 2,773, 111. 5,292, Mo. 1,012, la. 445, Wi^conMn 63,015, Calif. 0, 
Territories 26 ; and the foreign population was composed of persons from — England 18,952, Ireland 21,043, Scotland 3,527, 
Wales 4,319, Germany 34,519, France 775, Spain 4, Portugal 4, Belgium 45, Holland 1,157, Italy 9, Austria 61, Switzerland 
1,244, Russia 71, Denmark 146, Norway 8,651, Sweden 88, Prussia 3,545, Sardinia 1, Greece 1, Asia 17, Aft-ica 1, British 
America 8,277, Mexico 9, Central America 11, South America 6, West Indies 20, and other countries 191. 

The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first general census of the State : 

C</lored Persons. Decennial Increase. 

Census White , ■ Total , > , 

Years. Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Population. Numerical Percent, 

1840 80,749 185 11 196 80,946 — — 

1850 304,565 626 — 626 305,191 274,246 886.2 

The general statistics of the resources, productions, manufactures, wealth, and institutions of Wisconsin, in accordance 
with the census of 1850, and other authentic reports referring to the same period of time, are as follows: 

Occupied Lands, etc. — Improved IVirm lands, 1,045,499 acres, and unimproved lands, 1,931,159 acres — together valued 
at 128,523.503. The total number of farms in operation on the Ist June, 1850, was 20,177. Value of farming implements 
and machinery $1,641,568 
800 



THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. 



Iwe-Siock.—'Uorses, 30,179 ; asses anJ mules, 156 ; milch cows, 64,339 ; working-oxen, 42,801 ; other cattle, 76,293 ; sheep, 
124,892 ; and swine, 159,2T6. The live-stock of 1S40 and of 1S50 compared, give the following results : 

Live-stock. 1840. 1S50. Increase. 

Dorses I 5,735 head -j 30,179 head ) 24,600 head, or 428.9perceut 

Asses and Mules ' ' 156 " ) 

Milch Cows ) ( &4,.339 " » 

Working Oxen > 80,269 " -< 42,S01 " [• 153,164 " or 506.0 " 

Other Cattle ' ( 76,293 " J 

Sheep 34,624 " 124,892 " 121,430 " or 3,507.5 " 

Swine 51,383 " 159,276 " 107,393 « or 209.8 " 

— in 1850, the value of live-stock amounted to $4,879,385. 

Products of Animals.— "Woo}, 253,963 pounds; butter, 3,633,750 pounds; cheese, 400,283 pounds; and the value of 
animals slaughtered in the year had been $920,178. The wool crop of the census year of 1840 amounted to 6,777 pounds ; 
and hence that of 1850 exhibits an increase of 247,186 pounds, or of 3,499.8 per centum. The clip per fleece, in 1840, 
was 31.3 ounces, and in 1850, 32.5 ounces — being an average Increase of 1.2 ounces per fleece. 

Grain Crops.— Wheat, 4,286,131 bushels; rye, 81,253 bushels; Indian corn, 1,988,779 bushels; oats, 8,414,672 bushels; 
barley, 209,692 bushels ; and buckwheat, 79,878 bushels. These crops, compared with the crops of 1840, result as follows : 

Crops. 1840. 1860. Increase. 

Wheat 212,116 bushels 4,286,131 bushels 4,074,015 bushels, or 1,920.6 per cent. 

Bye 1,965 " 81,253 " 79,283 " or 4,0-35.1 " 

Indian com 379,359 " 1,988,979 " 1,609,620 " or 426.9 " 

Oats 406,514 " 3,414,672 " 3,008,153 " or 739.8 " 

Barlev 11,062 " 209,692 " 193,630 " or 1,795.6 « 

Buckwheat 10,654 " 79,878 " 69,224 " or 649.8 " 

Other Food Crops.— Peas and beans, 20,657 bushels; potatoes, Irish, 1,402,077 bushels, and sweet 879 bushels. The 
potato crop of 1840 amounted to 419,603 bushels ; and hence the crop of 1850 exhibiU an increase of 983,343 bushels, or 
234.3 per centum. 

Miscellaneous Crops.— Tobacco, 1,268 pounds; hay, 275,662 tons; clover-seed, 433, and other grass-seed, 342 bushels; 
hops, 15,930 pounds ; hemp— dew-rotted, 300 tons, and— water-rotted, 2 tons ; flax, 68,393 pounds ; flax-seed, 1,191 bushels ; 
maple sugar, 610,976 pounds; molasses, 9,874 gallons; beeswax and honey, 131,005 pounds; wine, 113 gallons, etc., etc. 
Value of orchard products, $4,823, and of market-garden products, $32,142. The principal crops, compared with similar 
crops of 1840, exhibit the results appended : 

Crops. 18-10. 1850. Increase. 

Hay 30,933 tons 275,662 tons 244,724 tons or 802.6 per cent. 

Hops 133 pounds 15,930 pounds 15,797 pounds, or 11,125.5 " 

Hemp — dew-rotted . .. \ i 300 tons j 

" water-rotted... J- 2 tons < 2 " [•.. 744,392 " or 16,526.6 « 

Flax I ' 68,393 pounds ) 

Maple-sugar 135,288 pounds 610,976 " 475,658 " or 851.6 " 

Wine Ogallons 113 gaUons 113 gallons or 11,300.0 " 

Eome-made manufactures were produced, in the year ending 1st June, 1850, to the value of $43,621. The same class 
of goods made in the cen.sus year of 1840, was valued at $12,567. 

Manufactures.- A^gregsAe capital invested, $ ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $ ; average 

number of hands employed, —males , and females ; monthly cost of labor, $ -to males $ 

and to females $ ; value of products of the year, $ The whole number of manufacturing establishments in 

operation on the Ist June, 1850, and manufacturing to the value of $500 and upward annually, was 1,273, the groat 
portion of them being mills of various descriptions, and other agricultural manufactories, and of the strictly national man- 
ufactures the following : 9 woolen factories, 16 iron works — one making pig iron, and 15 making castings ; and 8 tanneries. 
The total capital invested in manufactures, in 1840, amounted to $635,926. 

In the woolen manufacture there is a capital of $31,225 invested ; wool consumed, 1-34,200 pounds ; value of all raw 
material, etc., $32,630 ; hands employed, 25 ; monthly wages paid, $562; products of the year— cloth 36,000 yards, and 
yarn 94,850 pounds ; value of products $87,992. This interest has risen to its present condition since 1840. 

The capital invested in the manufacture of pig iron is $15,000 ; ore used, 3,000 tons ; coke and charcoal consumed, 
150,000 bushels ; hands employed, 60; monthly wages $1,800 ; pig iron produced in the year, 1,000 tons; value of entire 
products, $27,000. 

In the manufacture of iron castings, a capital of $116,350 is invested ; pig iron used, 1,371 tons: old metal, 15 tons; 
coal 595 tons; and coke and charcoal, 2,700 bushels ; value of all raw material, etc., used in the year, $86,930 ; hands 
employed, 228; average monthly wages, $26 73; products of the year— castings 1,342 tons, and, including $64,025, the 
value of other products, these were valued at $216,195. In 1840, there was but one furnace in the State, which produced 
only 8 tons cast iron, and employed 3 hands, and a capital of $800. 

In ta-rtwe^'ie-s, the capital invested amounts to $73,950 ; value of hides and skins used, $93,380; hands employed, 75; 
monthly cost of labor, $1,710 ; tanned during the year, 14,900 skins, and 59,600 sides of leather, valued at $175,710. In 
1840, but one tannery was reported, employing 8 hands and $2,000, and producing annually 150 sides of sole leather, and 
150 sides of upper leather. 

The capital invested in the manufacture of malt and spirituous liquors amounts to $98,700 ; quantities and kinds of 
grain, etc., consumed— barley, 91,020 bushels ; corn, 29,900 bushels ; rye, 9,200 bushels ; hops, 28 tons ; hands employed, 
98 ; quantities of liquors produced— ale, etc., 31,820 barrels ; whisky, 127,000 gallons. In 1840, there were 3 breweries, 
producing 14,200 gallons ale, etc., and 3 distilleries, producing 8,300 gallons spirits, etc., together employing 11 hands, and 
a capital of $14,400. 

Commerce and Internal Improvements. — The commerce of Wisconsin, chiefly carried on at its lake ports, is very 
Taluable and extensive. The statistics of its foreign trade with Canada are embraced in those of the districts of Mich- 

801 



THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. 



iJIimackinac and Chicago, and hence can not be stated separately. The trade in that direction, however, is not large. 
The coasliiig trade is relatively of immense importance, both on the lake and on the Mississippi. The exports and im- 
ports at the lake ports are shown under the head of Lake Michigan. The chief ports of the Mississippi are Prairie da 
Chien, Ca-SN ille, etc., and tiie exports from those are chiefly mineral. The internal commerce of the State is carried on 
with great activity, radiating from the principal commercial towns to every portion, and large supplies are needt-d in the 
northern pineries, which supply so valuable a material to general commerce. The internal improvements of Wisconsin 
are more prospective than existing, but great progress has been made in building railroads, one of which will extend along 
the lake shore from Chicago to Fond <lu Lac, and other roads diverge from Chicago, Milwaukie, etc., toward the Mis- 
sissippi, centering at Madison. A line will also extend from the latter point to Portage City on the norlh, and to Beloit 
and Janesville on the south, and these will be carried to a junction with the Galena and Chicago Union It. U. The only 
line yet comi>lelo is that from Milwaukie to Madison, which, under the name of Milwaukie and Mississippi K. E., will 
stretch across the Slate. The improvement of Fox and Wisconsin rivers is in progress, with the intention ultimately of 
connecting the rivers by a canal, and thus giving uninterrupted navigation from the lake to the Mississippi. 

Sanks. — The only banking institutions of the State, of which the names are known in the markets are, the Milwaukie 
Bank, Eichnumd's Exchange Bank, and the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company, all at Milwaukie. The 
Slate constituiion does not recognize banks of any description. 

Government. — The constitution now in force was adopted in convention on the 1st February, 184S. and approved by 
the people at the election held in April following. 

All males 21 years old, residents of the State for one year next before the election, who are white citizens of the United 
States, or white foreigners who have declared their intention to become such citizens, or persons of Indian blood once 
declared by the laws of the United States to be citizens, subsequent laws to the contrary notwithstanding, or "civilized 
persons of Indian descent" not members of a tribe, are entitled to vole at all elections; and the right of suffrage may 
be extended by a law approved by a majority of votes at a general election. The exceptions refer to incompetent persons 
and those convicted of treason or crime. The general elections arc held on the Tuesday after the first Monday in 
Novemher annually. 

The Leyidatnre consists of an Assembly and Senate. Members of the Assembly (in number between 54 and 100) are 
chosen aimually, and Senators (not more than one-third nor less than one-fourth the number of Assemblymen) are chosen 
for two years, one-half each year. Both must be qualified voters in their districts. An apportionment is made after 
each federal census and after each decennial State census, the first of which will be taken in 1S55. The Legislature 
meets at Madison on the first Monday of January annually. 

The Governor shall be a qualified voter and citizen of the United States, and is chosen for two years by a plurality of 
votes, and if there be no choice the Legislature shall, by joint ballot, choose one of the persons having the highest equal 
number of vol^s. Ii» default of the governor, his duties are discharged by the Lieutenant-gr)vernor, who is iliosen with 
the same qualification and for the same terra as the governor. lie is ea^officio President of the Senate. If the Lieutenant- 
governor defaults, then the Secretary of Slate fills the office. The governor's veto may be defeated by a vote of two- 
thirds of the members present in each house. 

The Juillciary is comprised in a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, County Courts, and Justices of the Peace. Justices 
of the Peace are elected in the several towns, hold office two years, and have jurisdiction throughout their counties in 
civil matters when the debt or damages claimed do not exceed .$100. A county court is established in each county, and 
the judge is elected by the voters of the county for the term of four years; his court has jurisdiction concurrent with the 
circuit courts in all civil actions arising within the county, and in civil actions originating out of the county, when the 
damages claimed are not more than !}i500, and exclusive appellate jurisdiction in all cases of appeal or ceiiiorari from 
justices of the peace, also probate powers and jurisdiction. The State is divided into six judicial circuits, the voters of 
each of which elect a judge f.r six years. The circuit courts have general original jurisdiction in actions civil and 
criminal at law and equity within their circuits. The supreme court is composed of the judges of the circuits, one of 
whom is elected by the other judges Chief Justice. Except the power to issue writs of mandmmis, quo warranto, 
and tlie like, this court has appellate jurisdiction only, and is the court of last resort. There can be no trial by jury in 
this court. Tribunals of conciliation may be established, and in every organized county the Legislature may appoint 
one or more persons with powers not exceeding those of a circuit judge at chambers. Sheriffs, coroners, registrars of 
deeds, and district attorneys are chosen by the people for two years. 

Among the miscellaneous provisions of the constitution are the following : no lottery or divorce can be granted by the 
Legislature ; laws shall be passed providing a way for suing the State ; the credit of the State shall never be lent, nor 
shall any dettt be contracted nor money paid for internal improvements, unless the State hold trust property dedicated to 
such uses ; except in cases of war, invasion, or insurrection, no debt exceeding $100,000 shall be contracted ; a university 
without '• sectarian instruction" shall be established ; the Legislature shall prevent towns and cities from contracting 
debts ; no general or special law to create a bank or banks shall be passed till a m;ijority of the votes at a general elec- 
tion shall have been in favor of a bank, and until such a majority have afterward approved the act as passed ; any 
person implicated in a duel loses the right of 8ufl"rage and of holding oflfice ; no public defaulter shall hold office; in 
criminal prosecutions for libel the jury are judges of law and fact; all lands are allodial, and leases of agricultural lands, 
■With rent or service reserved for more than fifteen years, are void ; resident aliens have all the property rights of 
citizens ; imprisonment for debt on contract is prohibited ; no religious opinions shall disqualify a witness, etc. 

Amendments to the constitution, agreed to by a majority of members of both houses, shall be published for three 
months before the next election, and referred to the Legislature then chosen ; and if again approved by such majority, 
Bhall be submitted to the people. A convention may be called in like manner. 

Federal Repres&itdtion. — Wisconsin, in accordance with the apportionment act of the 2.3rd May, 1S50, has thi'ee rep- 
resentatives in the United States Congress. 

The vnlitia force of the State as reported to the Adjutant-General of the United States army consists of .32,203 men of 
all arms, of which 1,804 are commissioned officers, and 30,399 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and pri- 
vates. Of the commissioned officers, 9 are general officers, 81 general stafif officers, 212 field officers, etc., and 1,552 com- 
pany officers. 

The principal benevolent institution of the State is the Asylum for the Education of the Blind at Janesville, a tax ol 
one-fifteenth of a mill on every duU.ir of fax.-iMe property in the State is levied for its aid. It was opened 1st August, 
1850, and on the ISth December, 1S51. had S pupils— 6 boys and 2 girls. Annual cost of support, $1,8-30. 



THE STATE OP WISCONSIN. 



Finances, Debt, etc.— The total receipts for the year ending 31st December, 1850, amounted to $93,SS9 53, and 
the expetuiiturL'S to $62,746 20. The total receipts since the organization of the State government had been to date, 
$100,218 53, and the total expenditures, $152,969 61— excess of receipts, $7,248 92. The chief sources of revenue are 
taxes and the sales of lands. The principal expenditures are those — for salaries of executive and judicial officers, 
13,592 S3 ; legislative expenses, $14,309 58 ; printing, $8,793 44 ; State convicts (there being no prison), $.3,093 52 ; mis- 
cellaneous (including revision of statutes in 1849), $16,356 59. There is a territorial debt of $12,892 75, which would be 
due in June, 1S51. 

Statistics of Educatio7i.—'The superintendent of public instruction reported the capital of the school fund as amount- 
ing on the 1st June, 1S51, to $538,094 41, which at 7 per cent, interest yielded an annual revenue of $37,666 61. This had 
been derived from sales of school-lands in 1849 and 1850, from the 5 per cents., and from fines. It is expected that 
$5,301,943 44 will be eventually realized from the sales of the school-lands. The sum of $47,416 77 was, Jan. 1st., 1851, 
in the treasury, to be apportioned among the several towns, which would give about 50 cents for each child attending 
school. For the year ending August 1st, 1850, out of 2,105 dislricls, 1,700, and out of 764 part districts, 650 had reported 
schools. In the districts reported, each school had been taught on an average 4.96 months, and all received $65,604 26 
of public money. Out of 92,047 children between the ages of 4 and 20, 61,597 attended schools, and 1,020 under 4, and 
688 over 20, also attended. Average wages to teachers— male $17 14, and female $9 02. There were at the date indicated 
88 school-houses of brick, 51 of stone, 5GS of logs, and 540 framed, and all valued at $173,246 67. The highest valuation 
of any school-house was $5,000, and the lowest, 5 cents. There were also in the State 87 private or select schools, with 
an average of 75 pupils. The State University is located at Madison ; it was founded in 1848, and is well endowed. The 
Beloit College was founded in 1846, and in 1850 had 6 professors, and 25 students ; and its library contained about 2j000 
Tolumes. These institutions promise to be of essential utility when their organization is perfected. 

Public Librari-es. — One State library — i,000 volumes; 1 social— 1,000 volumes; 33 public school— 2,163 ; total, 85 
libraries and 7,163 volumes. — Report of I Abr. of Smitlmonian Institution, 1851. 

Periodical Press. — The whole number of periodicals published in Wisconsin in 1850 was 49, of which 11 were con- 
ducted on whig principles, 29 on democratic principles, and 9 were neutral in politics, including literary, religious, and all 
issues, the character of which had not been ascertained. Of the whole number, 6 were daily newspapers, 5 tri-weeklies, 
36 weeklies, and 1 monthly. The circulation of the dailies amounted to 3,365 copies at each issue, the tri-weeklies to 
1,525 copies, the weeklies to 25,624 copies, and the monthly to 1,500 copies. There was published in Brown county, in 
Columbus and in Crawford county, each 1 w. ; in Dane, 3 w. ; in Fond du Lac, 2 w. ; in Greene and Grant, each 1 w. ; 
in Jefferson, 2 w. ; in Kenosha, 2 w. ; in Milwaukie, 6 d., 5 t.- w., 6 w. ; in Racine, 4 w. and 1 m. ; in Rock, 3 w. ; in Sauk, 
1 w. ; in Sheboygan, 3 w. ; in St. Croix and Washington, each 1 w. ; in Winnebago, 2 w. ; and in Walworth and Wauke- 
sha, each 1 weekly. 

Religious Denominations. — The statistics of the several religious denominations in the State in 1850 were as follows • 



Dennmitia- 


No of 


Church 


Value of 


tio-is. 


Churches 


accom. 


Property. 


Baptist 


.. 28. 


., 9,505.. 


..$52,500 


Christian. . 


.. 2 . 


.. 700.. 


. . 1,200 


Congregat' 


..33. 


..10,585. 


.. 61,260 


Dutch Ref. 


2 .. 


.. 550.. 


750 


Episcopal . 


. 19 . 


.. 5,140.. 


.. 45,750 


Free 


.. 2.. 


.. 275.. 


250 


Friends . . . 


.. — . 


.. — .. 


— 



Value of 
Property. 



Deiiomina- No. of Church 
tions. Ciiurcliea. accom. 

German Ref. — — $ — 

Jewish — — — 

Lutheran... IS.... 5,000.... 13,650 

Mennonite. . . — — .... — 

Methodist. ... 54 . . . .15,008 .... 62,430 

Moravian — — — 

Presbyterian. 21 .... 6,000. ... 35,800 



Denomina- N< 
tions. Chu 

R. Catholic... 
Swedenbo'n . . 

Tunker 

Union 

Unitiirian 

Universalist.. 
Minor Sects . . 



Church 
accora. 

.23,717. 



400.. 
300.. 



Value of 
Property 

.$66,085 



SOO 
8,000 



— making a total of 244 churches, liaving accommodation for 78,450 persons, and valued at $350,600. Wisconsin forms 
a missionary diocese of the Protestant Ej)iscopal Church, and comprises the Roman Catholic diocese of Milwaukie. 

Pauperism and Crime. — The whole number of paupers who received support within the year ending 1st June, 1850, 
was 666, of which number 169 were native, and 497 fiireign born ; and the whole number of paupers at the date specified 
was 338, of which 72 were natives, and 166 foreigners. Cost of support within the year, $14,743. A State prison has 
just been erected at Waupun,in Fond du Lac County. 

Historical Sketch.* — Wisconsin was first visited by French missionaries in 1660, in October of which year Mesnard 
reached Che-goi-me-gon, on Lake Superior. In 1672, Aloues and Dablon visited Green Bay, and the country between 
the Fox River and the south end of Lake Michigan. In the year following, on the 13th of May, Marquette, a Jesuit mis- 
sionary, and Joliet, an agent of the government of France, with five other Frenchmen, embarked from their mission, nea 
Mackinac, and arrived at Green Bay, where they found an Indian village and procured guides to accompany them up 
Fox River to the Portage with the Wisconsin. They descended this river to its mouth, where they arrived on the 17th 
of June, 1673, and made the first discovery of the Upper Mississippi River. The Territory remained under the govern- 
ment of the French, who claimed it, until 1763, when, at the treaty of Paris, it wa-s ceded to Great Britain, who retained 
it until the Independence of the United States was acknowledged by that country in 17S3, when it was cl.iimed by Vir- 
ginia, as a part of the Illinois country conquered by Col. George Rogers Clark. It, however, remained in the possession 
of Great Britain until 1796, when it was surrendered in accordance with Jay's treaty, ratified the previous year. On the 
first day of March, 1784, it was ceded by Virginia to the United States. By the celebrated ordinance passed the 18th of 
July, 1787, a government was provided for the Territory north-west of the Ohio River, which territory was divided into 
two separate governments, the western called Indiana, by an act passed May 7th, 1800. An act dividing the Indiana 
Territory and organizing Illinois, was passed and approved February 3d, 1809. By the act of Congress to enable the 
people of Illinois to form a State government, approved April 18Ih, 1818, all that portion of said territory north of the 
parallel of latitude 42° 80' west of the middle of Lake Michigan, was attached to the Territory of Michigan, which had 
been set off from Indiana in 1805. 

In 18-35, Michigan having assumed a State government, John S. Homer, Secretary and Acting Governor, convened a 
session of the Legislature, at Green Bay, from the remainder of said Territory. No business was transacted, except tho 



* This slietch of the history of Wisconsin is talien from " Hunt's Gazetteer" of that State, advance sheets of which were kindly furnished to tha 
Editor of the S, G. of U, B. It is a work of great value, and reflects high credit on the industry and ability of the learned author. 

303 



THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. 



passage of several memorials to Congress, among whieh was one aakiug for the organization of the Territory of 'Wiscon- 
8in, with the seat of government at Cassville, on the Mississippi. 

An act establishing the Territorial government of Wisconsin, was passed and approved April 20th, 1836, and the Terri- 
tory fully organized July 4th, 1S36. 

On the 12lli of June, 1S3S, an act was passed dividing the Territory of Wisconsin, and establishing that portion on the 
west side of the Mississippi (which had been attached to Michigan in 1834) into a separate government, under the name 
of Iowa. 

In 1S36, Governor Dodge, by proclamation dated Sept. 9th, convened the Legislature at Belmont, now in Lafayette 
County, on the 25th day of October in that year. The second session was held at Burlington, now in the State of Iowa, 
November 6th, 1S37, at which session the seat of government was located at Madison, where the first session of the 2d 
Legislative Assembly of Wisconsin was held November 26th, 1S3S. 

A Convention was held at Madison, October 5th, 1846, for the purpose of drafting a State constitution, which was 
adopted in convention, December 16th, 1S46, but rejected by the people at the election held on the first Tuesday in April, 
1847. A second convention was held December 16th, 1847, and a constitution agreed to February 1st, 1S48, which was 
approved of by the electors at the election held April, 1843, and Wisconsin was admitted into the Union, on an equal 
footing with the other States, on the 29th day of May, 1843. 

Successian of Governors.— Tz^RnornxL Qovebnoks : Henry Dodge, 1836 ; James D. Doty, 1842 ; Nathaniel P. 
Tallmadge, 1844 ; Henry Dodge, 1845 ; and— Constitutional Goveenobs: Nelson Dewey, 1348; Nelson Dewey, 1850; 
Leonard J. Farwell, 1852. 

Madison, on the isthmus between Third and Fourth Lake, is the political capital. 
304 



ACCOUNT OF THE CHIEF PLACES 



IN THE 



UNITED STATES OE AMERICA. 



Aberdeen, p. v., and cap. Monroe co., Miss. : on the W, 
bank of the Tombigbee r., 830 m. from its mouth, and 142 m. 
N. E. Jackson. Steamboats ascend the r. from Mobile for 7 
months in the year, and during high flood have gone 40 
miles above. It is a village of recent date, but is already 
the most thriving place in the N. E. part of the State, and 
the dep6t of a large portion of the prairie section, the staple 
of which is and ever will be cotton. Between 35,000 and 
40,000 bags of this article are annually sent down the river 
to Mobile for exportation. Its trade with the neighboring 
counties is very heavy. The route of tlie New Orleans, 
Jackson, and Northern E. E. passes near or through Aber- 
deen, and that of the Mobile and Ohio E. E. a few miles 
W. of it, both of which will add greatly to its importance as 
a commercial dep5t. The village is pleasantly situate, and 
contains the court-house, extensive warehouses and stores, 
several churches, and two academies ; and here are pub- 
lished two weekly newspapers, the "Monroe Democrat," 
and the " Independent," Pop. about 4,000. 

Akron, p. v., and cap. Summit county, Ohio: on Little 
Cuyahoga r., lOS m. N. E. Columbus, and on the route of 
the Cleveland, Zanesville, and Cincinnati E. E., 40 m. from 
Cleveland. At this point is also formed the junction of the 
Ohio and the Pennsylvania canals. Akron is chiefly in- 
debted to these great works for its prosperity, and is the 
dep6t of a large country rich in agricultural products, which 
are here shipped in Immense quantities. The canals, in 
connection with the river, also furnish a large water-power, 
■which has been improved by the establishment of various 
manufactures. In 1850 the village contained two woolen 
factories, five or six flouring mills, a furnace, a machine- 
shop, etc. ; and fire-proof paint is manufactured largely 
from a mineral deposit in the vicinity. There is also an 
extensive stove and hollow-ware manufactory in the place. 
The principal buildings are the court-house, churches, and 
schools. Two newspapers, the " Summit Beacon," and the 
"Free Democratic Standard" are issued weekly. Akron 
was founded in 1824. In 1840 it contained 1,065, and in 
1850 3,226 inhabitants. 

Albany, p. v., Baker co., Ga. : on the "W. side of Flint 
river, and at the mouth of Kinchafoonce cr., 118 m. S. S.W. 
MiUedgeville. This is an active business place, and large 
amounts of cotton are annually shipped by steamboat to 
Appalaehicola, Flor., and its trade with the neighboring 
plantations is considerable. In 1S50 it contained three 
churches, twenty stores, and about 1,000 inhabitants. The 
" Albany Patriot" (dem.) is issued weekly. This village is 
destined to become a great railroad centre ; the Savannah 
and Albany E. E, will connect it with the Atlantic coast, 
and already the South-western E. E. is being extended to 
this point, and the Brunswick and Florida E. E. Company 
propose to build a branch of their line from Troupsville. 
Albant, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Albany co., and 

T 



cap. of the State of New Yorh : on the W. bank of the Hud- 
son r., in lat. 42° 39 43" N., and long. 78° W 49" W., 376 m. 
N. N. E. Washington, and 145 m. N. New York city. The 
portion of the city near the river is built on a low flat, but 
beyond this the surface rises rapidly to an elevation of 
about 200 feet. The older portions are irregularly laid out, 
and several of the streets are narro\« The newer parts, 
however, are spacious and handsome, and contain many 
flue public buildings, stores, and dwellings. The public 
buildings, except the Exchange, are principally located on 
the heights, and have a commanding position, overlooking 
a wide, beautiful, and fertile country. Among these the 
Capitol, the State House, and the City Hall are the most 
conspicuous. The Capitol is a large freestone building, 115 
feet long and 90 broad, fronting east on a flne park. It 
contains accommodations for the Senate and Assembly, the 
State library, and numerous apartments for the State gov- 
ernment. The State House, a handsome marble edifice, is 
situate on the E. side of Park Square, and accommodates 
the executive and administrative oflScers of the State; and 
the City Hall, an edifice of similar materials, also on the 
same side of the Park, contains the municipal offices. The 
Exchange is a large granite building at the foot of State 
Street, and contains the post-offlce, lecture-room and librarj- 
of the Young Men's Association, the Eotunda, in which the 
Board of Trade meet, and numerous mercantile and pro- 
fessional offices. The other public buildings are — the Al- 
bany Academy, the Medical College, the State Normal 
School, and numerous benevolent and literary institutions. 
The old State House, on the south side of State Street, is 
now used as a depository for the geological collection made 
by the State surveyors. The Penitentiary is a large build- • 
ing in the Norman-Gothic style of architecture, and cost 
between $80,000 and $100,000. The city contains about 60 
or 70 churches of various denominations, many of which 
are substantial and elegant structures. Among these the 
new Catholic Cathedral is pre-eminent. Many of the ho- 
tels are large and convenient. 

The government of the city is exercised by a mayor and 
common council, the latter consisting of an alderman and au 
assistant alderman from each ward. Its police is excellent — 
a plentiful supply of water and well-lighted streets being 
distinguishing features in its economy. For the purposes 
of government, it is divided into ten wards. By the assess- 
ment-rolls, completed 26th December, 1852, the total valua- 
tion of property was as follows : 





Real 


Personal 




Real 


Fersoral 


^ards. 


Estate. 


Property. 


Wards. 


Estate, 


Prt»perty. 


1st. 


$778,235. 


.. $22,000 


6th.. 


$1,701,190. 


. $255,450 


2d . 


921,588. 


. 55,000 


7th.. 


1,114,125. 


, 85,200 


8d . 


1,501,138. 


189,000 


8th.. 


820,160. 


. 20,000 


4th. 


8,034,182. 


918,580 


9th.. 


1,898,400. 


. 128,200 


5th. 


2,925,867. 


2,302,341 


10th. 


1,637,295. 


. 77,90e 










305 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



—making a total of $15,531,030 as the value of real estate, 
and $4,073,071 as that of personal property. The equalized 
valuation of real and personal estate was fixed at $18,322,138. 
Taxes for city expenses were levied for $152,000, and to- 
ward joint city and county taxes a further sum of $62,582, 
or a l^3tal of $216,055 94, the rate being about $1.0SJ per 
cent. Albany was originally a trading port of the Dutch, 
and dates as such from 1623. It was successively known 
as Beaverwyk and Wilhelmstadt ; but after the capitula- 
tion in 16C4 it obtained the name of Albany in honor of the 
Duke of York and Albany, the proprietary of the colony. 
In 1686 it was chartered as a city, and in 1797 it became 
the peat of government. The following table shows the 
population of Albany at several periods : 



1755 1,800 

1790 3,506 

1800 5,319 

1810 10,762 

1820 12,541 



1830 24.216 

1S40 33,721 

1845 41,139 

1850 50,763 

1853 about 70,000 



It will be seen from the above table that the increase of 
the population has been uniform, with the exception of the 
decade from 1810. This period included the last war with 
Great Britain, and the years of commercial depression 
which immediately succeeded it. The Erie Canal was 
opened in 1825. From that year the population began 
again to increase, and nearly doubled in the ten years from 
1820. The subsequent completion of the great railroads 
centering at this city has also exercised a very marked in- 
fluence on the population. The stationary population of the 
city, however, is not the true index of in prosperity, for 
during the year from 2,000,000 to 2,500,000 persons pass 
through, or stay a longer or shorter time within its limits, 
and in a great measure enhance the value of its local 
trade. 

Albany is the gateway of a vast commerce and travel be- 
tween the East and West. One of the longest canals of the 
countr)' here meets tide-water, and extends W. to Lake Erie, 
and by means of lateral canals the commerce of a great 
portion of the State is brought to this main trunk ; vast 
lines of railroad also traverse in almost the same parallels ; 
and here also railroads from every direction form junction. 
It is improbable that any other internal town of the world 
has greater or more perfect facilities for intercourse, and its 
commerce is commensurate. 

The commerce of Albany is almost as ancient as its set- 
tlement, though it was first made a port of entry In 1833. 
No reliable records of its river commerce were kept previous 
to that date. As early as 1770, Albany sloops visited the 
West Indies in large numbers, and in 1785 the "Experi- 
ment," a sloop of 80 tons was fitted out here for China, 
being the second adventure from this country to Canton. 
The application of steam as a propelling power nearly rev- 
olutionized the commerce of the ports on the Hudson, and 
the ancient foreign trade of the river ports is now extinct. 
In 1791 no less than 42 sail arrived at or passed Albany to 
places above in a single day. After Albany was erected 
into a port of entry, Congress made an appropriation for 
the removal of the obstructions to navigation about six 
miles below the city, known as the Overslaugh. Although 
much was done to clear the channel, the passage is still dif- 
ficult at low water, and requires further and more efficient 
improvements. No detailed statements of the river com- 
merce are attainable, but much may be learned from the 
reports of the canal officers with regard to the articles 
arriving at and going from tide-water. This will give 
nearly all the commerce of the river at Albany and points 
above. The number of vessels arriving and departing at 
Albany, consisting of schooners, sloops, brigs, steamers, 
propellers, and scows, was, in 1848,788; in 1849,785; in 
1850, 845; and in 1851, 814; and the tonnage of the same 
class of vessels for a series of years, was as follows : 



1838 36,721 tons 

1S39 40,369 " 

1840 89.410 " 

1841 50,797 " 

1842 49,.156 « 

1S43 55,-3.54 " 

1S44 65.607 " 



1845 70,985 tons 

1846 71,011 « 

1847 97,019 " 

1848 77.9S3 " 

1849 79,122 " 

1850 80,548 " 

1851 80,810 " 



— much of this tonnage trades to Boston, New York, and 
Philadelphia. The following table shows something of the 
value of the commerce of all the tide-water purls for a series 
of years, as given in the canal returns : 



■ at TiJe 



.itei. 



1837 122,130.. 

1S38 142,802.. 

18.39 142,035.. 

1840 129,580.. 

1841 162,715.. 

1842 123.204.. 

184-3 143,595.. 

1844 176,737.. 

1S45 195,000... 

1846 213,795.. 

1847 288,267... 

1S4S 829,557... 

1849 815,5.50... 

1850 418,370.., 

1851 467,961... 

1852 531,527... 



Value. 

.$25,784,147.. 

. 33,062,858.. 

. 40,094,-302.. 

. 36,.398,039.. 

. 50,798,447 . 

. -32,314,998.. 

. 42,253,483.. 

. 53,142,403.. 

. 55.453,998.. 

. 64,628,474.. 

. 77,878.766.. 

. 77,477,781.. 

. 78,481.941.. 

. 74,826,999.. 

. 80,739,899.. 
.118,896,444.. 



Tons, 

611,781. 

640,481. 

602,123. 

669,012. 

774,334. 

660,626. 
.. 8-36,861. 
..1,019,1194. 
..1,204,943. 
..1.362,319. 
..1,744.233. 
..1,447,905. 
..1,579,946. 
..2,03-3,863. 
..1,977,151. 
..2,234,822. 



Value. 

...$21,822,354 

.. 23,038.510 

.. 20,163.199 

... 23,21-3,573 

.. 27,225,-322 

,.. 22,751,013 

.. 28,453,408 

.. 34,183,167 

.. 46.452.321 

.. 51,105,256 

.. 73,092,414 

.. 50,883,907 

.. 52,375,521 

.. 55,474,037 

.. 53,927,508 

.. 06,893,102 



The proportions of each class of property coming to tide- 
water in the years 1849, '50, '51, and '52, were as follows: 

Produce of. 1849. 1850. 1851. 1853. 

Tiin.s. Tons. Tons. T ns. 

The Forest 665,.^7 .... 947,768 .... 913,267 . . . .1,064,677 

Agriculture 769,600. . . .743.232. . . .891,418. . . . 989,268 

Manufactures . . . 44,283 . . . 89,069 .... 52,302 .... 47,512 
Merchandise.. . 5,873.... 7,105.... 4,580.... 10,605 



Other articles . . . 94,638 .... 113,273 ... . 115,531 . 



122,700 



The tonnage going west from tide-water consists chiefly of 
merchandise. 

Of the receipts, the r)rincipal are lumber of various de- 
scriptions : in the form of timber, boards and scantling, 
shingles, staves, etc. ; products of the dairy and salted 
meats ; flour anil grain ; domestic spirits, leather, iron, etc. 
The value of these articles is immense, as before shown. 
Next to the flour and grain interest, Albany is second to no 
other place in the Union as a lumber market. The quan- 
tity of the principal articles under this head received in 
1850, '51, and '52, were as in the annexed table : 

Year. Scantlin». Shingles. Timber. Staves, 

185O..2ie.7S6,890ft...84,226M .. 28,832c. ft. 150,.517,2S01b3. 
1851.. 260,233,003 "..34,136 " ..110,200 " ..115,087,299 " 
1852.. 215,135,020 " ..29,3-34 " ..291,714 « ..109,961,239 " 

Besides this array of tonnage arriving at and leaving tide- 
water on the canals, there was in 1851 of the same classes 
of property to the value of $3,332,441 landed at Troy and 
Albany by railway from the west. There also went from 
the c;ist by railway 29,112 tons bt merchandise, furniture, and 
other property. 

From the foregoing statements It may be seen that all the 
property from the Canadas, via Lake Champlain, and all 
that from the Western States, via the canals and central 
line of railroads destined for New York or Boston, must 
pass through these tide-water ports, which it rarely does 
without being either transhipped or handled sufficiently to 
pay a tribute to the commerce of some one of them. 

Thus advantageously situated, connected by railroad or 
canal with Canada and the Great West, and with Boston 
and New York, Albany must continue to increase in wealth 
and importance, so long as the East on the one hand, and 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



the West on the other, maintain and multiply their present 
traffic with each other. 

The local trade of Albany— though the city owes most to 
the commerce passing through it — is also extensive, and 
makes no mean item in its wc^alth. Stores of every fiescrip- 
tion, wholesale and retail, are found here, and an extensive 
country is dependent on its .supplies. Many of the stores 
are equal in their assortment, extent, and splendor to those 
of New York, Philadelphia, or Boston. Broadway and 
State Street have numbers of the bc.«t class of stores. The 
river front is devoted chiefly to the wholesale trade, while 
in the northern districts are extensive lumber-yards. The 
freighting business is immense, and in the forwarding of 
emigrants to the West it more than equals New York. 
From these sources Albany has become a very wealthy 
city, and many of her citizens hold princely fortunes. 

The manufacturing interests of the city have rapidly ex- 
panded, and within the past few years it has become one of 
the first industrial places in the State. The capital invested 
in lliis branch is estimated at not less than seven million 
dollars. The principal manufacture is that of iron, which 
is made into stoves, steam-engines, and castings of every 
description, and gives employment to large numbers. The 
business of malting and brewing is carried on to a great ex- 
tent in Albany ; more than twenty of such establishments 
are now in operation, and Albany ale is found in every city 
of the [Tnion, and not unfrequcntly in the cities of South 
America and the West Indies. The annual product is up- 
ward of 100,000 barrels of beer and ale. The manufacture 
of hats, fur caps, etc., is also a large interest. Among other 
branches, large and small, may be enumerated the argillo 
manufacture, soap and candles, tobacco, carriages, and rail- 
way cars, flre-briek, and pottery, etc. Argillo is a cl;iy 
which is fashioned into door-knobs, table-tops, tiles for 
floors, and a variety of other articles, and has the hardness 
and beauty of marble. In the manufacture of railway-cars. 
Albany is now famous, and in the establistiment of (roold & 
Company has one of the largest in tlie Union. There are 
six banks in the city, viz., the Albany Exchange Bank, cap- 
ital $300,000; the Commercial Bank of Albany, $300,000 ; 
the New York State Bank, $-250,000; the Bank of Albany, 
$240.000 ; the Albany City Bank, .$500,000 ; and the Me- 
chanics' and Farmers' Bank, $.300,000— total capj(|$1.001,100. 

The press of Albany is one of the most talented and best 
conducted in the country. Its annals form an Important 
feature in its history and in that of the country from its 
active participation in the political affairs of the State and 
Union. In 1771 the "Albany Gazette," the first newspaper 
published in the city, was issueil. but was discontinued in 
1775 or 1776. In 1782 the '• New York Gazetteer" appeared, 
and in 17S4 the " Albany Gazette." The latter, which was a 
continuation of the " Gazetteer," was published until 1845. 
The "Balance" was published from lS08tol811. Cotem- 
poraneous with the " Balance" was published the " Political 
Eegister." The one was the organ of the Federalists, and 
the other of the Republicans, an<l both were vary ably con- 
ducted. In 1807 the " Gazette" began to publish the proceed- 
ings of the Legislature. The " Alljany Argus" was com- 
menced in 181.3 ; it was the organ of Gov. Tompkins. The 
first daily was the "Advertiser," commenced in 1815, and af- 
terward united with the " Gazette." The " Evening. Journal" 
first appeared in 1829, and the " Atlas" in 1841. At present 
there are five daily papers published in Albany, viz., the "Ar- 
gus" (dem,), the " Ev. Journal" (whig), the " Atlas" (dem.), 
the " State Register" (whig), and the " Express" (neutral). 
and the first four of these issue also weekly editions. The 
" Knickerbocker," the " Dutchman," and the " Freeholder" 
are issued weekly ; these are neutral in politics, and devoted 
chiefly to general news and literature. Many of the print- 
ing offices attached to these are very extensive, and those 
of the " Argus" and " Journal" have successively hail the 
State printing, by which their proprietors have amassed 
good fortunes. 



Alton, p. city and port, Madison cc, 111. : on the left 
bank of the Mi-ssissippi, 2i m. above the mouth of the Mis- 
souri, and at the place where the Mississippi bends most 
into Illinois, 18 m. beloW the mouth of the Illinois r., 20 m. 
above St. Louis, and 72 ra. 8. W. Springfield. The town 
of Alton is divided into three portions— Alton City, Middle 
Alton, and Upper Alton, The corporate bounds of the ohy 
extend 2 m. along the river, and 1 m. back. Portions of 
the site are very uneven with bluffs and ravines. Other 
portions will need little grading. It has the best landing 
f.ir steamboats on the E. bank of the river, having a natural 
wharf of rock. The plan of the city is on a liberal scale. 
There are severa] public squares, a large reservation on the 
river for public purposes, and the streets are 100, 80, and 60 
feet wide, according to their situation and public accommo- 
dation. Market Street is 150 feet wide. This city has 
already attained a progress that places it among the most 
important of the Great West, and its prospects for the future 
are of the most cheering description. It contains large 
warehouses, numerous wholesale and retail stores, slaugh- 
tering and packing establishments, and is the largest city 
on the river above St, Louis. Its manufactures are also 
various, and in a flourishing condition. Its steamers ply 
constantly both up and down the river to St. Louis and Ga- 
lena, and connect with the railroads and stage-routes di- 
verging to the east and north-east. The railroads are 
rapidly progressing to completion, and will connect Alton 
directly with Springfield, Chicago, and all the principal 
towns of the State, and indirectly with the great lines of In- 
diana, Ohio, etc., leading to the seaboard. Thus it becomes 
a leading thoroughfare, and as such, and from its position 
on the river, where freight must be transhipped, the city 
will reap tribute of the vast commerce passing between the 
East and West. Middle Alton is situate in the rear of the 
city on high ground, and has many elegant mansions. A 
portion of its population are within the city bounds. Upper 
Alton, 2i m. back, is also a pleasant town, and is the seat 
of ShurtlilT College. The railroads coming in at Alton arc 
the Chicago and Mississippi R. R,, 257 m. to Chicago; the 
Terre Haute and Alton E. R., 165 m. from Terre Haute, 
etc. The " Telegrapli and Review" (whig), is issued week- 
ly, and circulates about 4,000 copies. There are here several 
literary societies, and schools and academies are numerous. 
The religious denominations are Baptist, Presliyterian, 
Methodist, Episcopalian, Roman Catholic, and other prin- 
cipal sects, each of which have commodious and s.ubstan- 
tial places of worship. Alton has every accommodation for 
travelers in its liotels, some of which are large and sub- 
stantial. With regard to the Immediate site and neighbor- 
hood of this city, it may be said that it has ample resources 
in wood, stone, coal, etc. For several miles around it, one 
of the finest bodies of timber in the State originally existed, 
and still does to a great extent. Bituminous coal is abun- 
dant but a short distance from it, and inexhaustible beds 
of limestoue, suitable for buihiing purposes, are within its 
precincts. Freestone, waler-lime, etc., are abundant in the 
vicinity. 

The city proper, in 1S50, contained 3,.585 inhabitants ; it 
is now (1853) estimated that there is at least a population 
of 12,000 in the city and sftburbs. There is every prospect 
that in 1860 the city will contain 30,000. 

Annapolis City, port of entry, p. o., and capital A.nno 
Arundel cc, and capital of the State of Md. : on W. side of 
Severn r., 3 m. from its entrance into Chesapeake Bay, and 
distant 38 m. E. N. E. of Washington. D. C. Lat. 38° 58' 
50" N., long. 76° 29' 26" W. from Greenwich, or 32' 34" E. 
from Wa.9hington. In 1830 the population was 2,023, in 
1S40 2,792, and in 1850 3,011— wh. 1,774, fr. col. 5S5, and si. 
652. The government removed from St. Mary's, the old 
capital, to Annapolis, then called Providence, 1689. An- 
napolis is regularly laid out, its streets diverging from the 
State House and Episcopal church, as from two principal 
centres. The State House is a substantial building ; in this 

307 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



tho old Congress held some of its sessions, and the Senate 
Chamber, in which Washington resigned his commission 
to that august body, has been preserved unaltered. The 
State library contains about 25,(iU0 volumes. The city has 
a inarket-house, a bank (the Farmer's l>ank of Maryland), 
and about 420 dwellings, many of which are elegant and 
■pacious. St. John's College, formerly a branch of the 
University, is located lierc; it was founded in 17S4, and in 
1S50 had 6 professors, 30 studojits, 150 alumni, 8 of whom 
were ministers, and a library containing. 3,'292 volumes. The 
public press consists of two newspapers, the " Maryland Ke- 
publieau," and the " Free Press," issued weekly, together 
circulating 1,200 copies. Shipping owned in the collection 
district of Annapolis, on the 1st June, 1S50, was 2,323 tons, 
of which 336 was navigat(td by steam-power. Some small 
manufactures are carried on, and the consting trade hence 
is on a liberal scale. The city communicates with the in- 
terior lines of travel by the Annapolis and P^ldridge E. K., 
21 m. in length, diverging from it in a N. W. direction to a 
junction with the Washington Branch It. It., at a point IS 
ID. from Baltimore, 22 m. from Washington. 

ArPALAcnicoLA, p. v., port, and cap. Franklin co., Flor. : 
on a bluff at the W. side of the entrance to Appalachicola r., 
C2 m. S. W. Tallahassee. The harbor is deep enough for 
large vessels, and tho port has considerable coasting trade. 
Tho tonnage in 1S50 was 2,050 tons, all navigated by steam, 
and chiefly employed on the river. In the foreign trade 
17,132 tons cleared, and 12,196 tons entered in the same 
year. A newspaper, the " Commercial Advertiser," is is- 
sued weekly. The village occupies a plot one mile square, 
and is regularly laid out. It contains the county buildings, 
and has numerous substantial warehouses and dwellings. 

Astoria, p. city, port, and cap. Clatsop co., Oreg. Ter. : 
on S. side Columbia r., 8 m. from its mouth. It is a port of 
entry, and was formerly a noted trading post, founded in 
1811 by John J. Astor, the modern Crwsus, and even at the 
present time is little more. There arc many more eligible 
places than this for both foreign and internal commerce 
near the mouth of the river. 

Augusta, p. city, and capital Eichmond co., Ga.: on 
Savannah r., and at the intersection of the South Carolina, 
the Georgia, and the Burke County railroads. It is au im- 
portant commercial point, and the depOt of an extensive 
and ferlile country, the produce of which, cotton, tobacco, 
etc., is sent sent down to Charleston, 137 m,, by railroad, 
and to Savannah by tho Savannah r. The city is well laid 
out, and has many spacious stores and dwellings. The 
public buildings are a City Uall, county court-house aud 
jail, a theatre, arsenal, hospital, and numerous churches. 
The " Sentinel" and " Constitutionalist" are published daily, 
and have also trl-weekly and weekly editions; the "Ee- 
public" is issued tri-weekly and weekly, and there are two 
monthly publications issued — the "Southern Medical Jour- 
nal" and the "Southern Cultivator." Population iu 1830, 
4,200 ; in 1840, 6,430 ; and in 1850, 9,550. 

Augusta, t., p. city, and cap. Kennebec co., il/e., aud 
cap. of the State of Maine : on both sides of Kennebec r., at 
the head of steamboat navig.ition, 43 ra. from the ocean. 
Lat. 440 IS' 43" N., and long. C90 50' W. from Greenwich, 
or 7° 12' E. from Washington, and distant 595 m. N. E. 
Washington. A fine bridge, 520 feet long, connects the two 
parts of the village, which is regularly laid out, and rises 
gradually from the shores of the river. It contains the 
State House, Insane Hospital, the county buildings, a U. S. 
Arsenal, and numerous churches and school-houses, many 
of which are elegant structures. The Slate House is located 
half a mile S. of tho village. Tho building is of whito 
granite, and has spacious halls for the legislature and ex- 
ecutive officers. Four newspapers are published weekly, 
the " Kennebec Journal" (whig), the " Age" (dem.), the 
"Maine Farmer" (agric), and the "Gospel Banner." The 
Kennebec and Portland K. It. terminates here, connecting 
the village with Portland and other New England cities, 
308 



and steamboats ply regularly between this place and the 
principal North Atlantic ports. Pop. 8,225. 

Austin, p. city, and cap. Travis co., Tex. : on the N. 
bank of Colorado r., 200 m. from the Gulf of Mexico, and 
about 100 m. N. W. Houston. In 1889 this place contained 
only 3 or 4 cabins; it is now capital of the State, and con- 
tains at least 1,000 inhabitants. The government buildings 
are of respectable construction, and there are several good 
wanhousus, stores, and dwellings, although the greater 
number are built of wood, and many arc log-houses. The 
site is elevated and remarkably beautiful, and the surround- 
ing country presents some of the most picturesque scenery 
in America. Considerable commerce centres here, and 
railroads are projected in various directions diverging from 
this point. Its prospects, indeed, are better than its pres- 
ent condition. There are published here two weekly news- 
papers, viz., the " State Gazette," and the " South-westeru 
American." It has a college, and several other schools. 

Baltimore City, sea-port, p. city, and cap. Baltimore 
CO., 2Id. : on the N. side Patapseo r., 14 m. from its en- 
trance into Chesapeake Bay, and 204 m. from the Atlantic 
Ocean by ship-channel, and 28 m. N. Annapolis ; lat. Z^ 
17' 23", and long. 0° 24' E. Washington. 

The city is pleasantly situated on a slightly undulating 
ground, and some of the elevations in the vicinity com- 
mand fine views. As laid out, it includes four miles square, 
and is built around the bay. The streets are regular and 
spacious, the buildings mostly of brick, and some of them 
exhibiting beautiful architectural combinations. Jones' 
Falls, a small stream from the N., divides the city into two 
parts, and over it are erected several handsome stone and 
wooden bridges. 

The harbor of Baltimore is capacious and safe, and con- 
sists of an inner basin and an outer harbor— the latter at 
Fell's Point, and accessible to the largest ships. The en- 
trance is commanded by Fort M'llenry. 

The principal public buildings are the City Hall, the 
County Court-house, the State Penitentiary, County Prison, 
and House of Eefuge, the Eoman Catholic Cathedral, the 
finest in the Union, and numerous buildings devoted to 
collegiate, academic, and other literary and cduc.itional 
purposes. The monuments of Baltimore, and its numerous 
fountains, ^e distinguishing features in tho adornments 
of the city. 

The population, in 1850, amounted to 169,054 souls, of 
which 140,666 were white, 25,442 fr. col., and 2,946 si. The 
total value of real and personal estate was $80,237,960, and 
tho taxes raised, $617,994, of which $381,509 was city ta.x. 
Baltimore has 4 colleges, 67 academies and private schools, 
aud 71 primary and public schools. The Uui\'cr»ity, St. 
Mary's College, and Washington Medical College, are the 
principal collegiate institutions. There are 99 churches of 
all denominations, of which 6 are Baptist, 10 Episcopal, 3 
German Reformed, 8 Lutheran, 42 Methodist, 4 Presbyte- 
rian, 8 Eoman Catholic, and 8 others not specified. The 
public pres» consists of daily, 4 tri-weekly, 10 weekly,! 
semi-monthly, and 2 monthly periodicals and newspapers ; 
and of these 6 are religious, 1 agricultural, 1 musical, and 1 
colonization ; the remainder are devoted to politics and 
general news. 

The industrial employments of the citizens arc various 
and extensive. There are 2,24:3 establishments ; the man- 
ufacturing capital invested, $6,541,922 ; males employed, 
15,442; females employed, 5,044 ; raw material consumed, 
$9,441,244 ; monthly cost of labor, $459,441 ; annual prod- 
ucts, $20,416,511 ; of these establishments, 71 are black- 
smith, 856 boot and shoe. 111 cabinet ware, 120 cigar, 233 
clothing, 26 coach and carriage, 10 brass founding, 13 iron 
founding, 10 gunsmith, 12 machine, 10 piano-forte, 17 print- 
ing and publishing, 24 sail-making, 21 ship-building, 13 
ship-joiner, 16 ship-smith, 81 silver-smith, etc., 19 stove, 15 
weavers, 21 wheelwright, and 10 whitesmith— the remain- 
der various, aud of common interest. 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



As a commercial city, Baltimore ranks next to New Or- 
leans among the Southern ports. It has an immense inland 
trade, which will be greatly increased when the lines of 
communication are completed to a junction with those of 
Ohio and other Western States. la 1850, the principal re- 
ceipts from the interior for consumption and export, were : 
Cumberland coal, 146,645 tons, and anthracite, 160,000 tons ; 
wheat, 2,600,000 bushels (about 1,750,000 bushels taken by 
millers, and 850,000 bushels shipped) ; Indian corn, 3,000,000 
bushels ; oats, 450,000 bushels, and considerable lots of rye, 
barley, peas, and beans ; beef, pork, and bacon ; tobacco, 
41,833 hhds.; wool, 500,000 lbs., etc.; the inspections of 
flour amounted to 896,592 barrels ; of corn meal, to 46,000 
barrels ; and of rye flour, to 5,441 barrels ; of leather, to 
413,974 sides. Flour and tobacco, however, are the two 
great staples of Baltimore, and well has it been designated 
as " the greatest market for tobacco in the United States, 
and the principal flour market in the world." Its coastwise 
trade is also very extensive, and the shipping of Baltimore 
is found in every port from Passamaquoddy Bay to the Rio 
Grande ; the lumber of Maine, and the cotton and sugar of 
the Gulf States are brought here in vast quantities, as are 
also the various manufactures and merchandises of the in- 
termediate Atlantic ports ; in 1S50, 25,000 cotton bales were 
landed from Southern ports, and 63,000,000 feet of lumber 
from Bangor and other ports of Maine. The shipping 
owned in the collection district, of which Baltimore is the 
port, amounted on the 1st of June, 1S50, to 140,019 tons, of 
which was registered 90,670 tons; enrolled and licensed, 
57,612 tons, and licensed under 20 tons, 737 tons ; and of 
the enrolled and licensed tonnage, 13,115 tons, navigated by 
steam-power. In 1849-50, 66 vessels, of an aggregate bur- 
den of 11,683 tons, were built in the port district. The Bal- 
timore clippers are pronounced to be the perfection of 
naval architecture ; and they are no less fitted for trade 
than for privateering, in which capacity they made a great 
figure in the last war with England. 

Boston, New York, and New Orleans are the only sea- 
board ports of the Union the foreign commerce of which 
exceeds that of Baltimore In 1849-50, the entrances 
amounted to 438 vessels and 99,583 tons, and the clear- 
ances to 621 vessels and 126,819 tons ; and the value of 
merchandise imported was $6,124,201, and of that export- 
ed, $6,967,353. The great bulk of the foreign commerce of 
Baltimore is carried on with the States of South America 
and the West India colonies, and the continent of Europe. 
With the British ports in Europe the connection is very 
limited. 

There are 10 banks in Baltimore, with an aggregate 
capital of .$7,101,051. The circulation in 1850 amounted 
to .$2,073,578, discounts to $10,925,106, and deposits to 
$3,648,819, and the amount of specie on hand to .$2,113,753. 
There are also a number of insurance companies and sav- 
ings' institutions. 

The city is bountifully supplied with pure and wholesome 
water from public springs and fountains; these are inclosed 
by circular railings, and covered by small, open templets, 
consisting of columns supporting a dome, which are highly 
ornamental. The city, however, derives its great supply 
from an elevated part of Jones' Falls, from which the water 
is conducted through an aqueduct to a reservoir on Calvert 
Street, whence it Is distributed in pipes. 

The lines of travel diverging from Baltimore, are : the 
Baltimore and Philadelphia R. R., 97 m. long; the Balti- 
more and Susquehanna R. R., extending to Harrislnirg, 
Penn. ; and the Baltimore and Ohio R. R., with a branch 
E. E. to Washington; and lines of steamships or sail-vessels 
ply to Philadelphia, Norfolk, and other Atlantic ports. 
These great routes of communication unite the city with 
every part of the Union, and insure a rapid and certain 
transit to its ever-increasing trade. 

Baltimore was first laid out as a town in 1729, and in 1765 
it contained only 50 houses. It was chartered as a city in 



1797. Since this period its increase has been constant, and 
its prosperity material. 

Baton Kouqb, p. v., and cap. East Baton Rouge par., 
La., and cap. of the State of Louisiana : on E. bank of Mis- 
sissippi r., 245 m. from its mouth, and 1,120 S.W. Washing- 
ton. It is the site of a U. S. barracks, and contains the 
State House, the Louisiana Penitentiary, county offices, and 
other handsome public and private dwellings. It is mostly 
built upon an elevated plain, some 25 or 30 feet above the 
river, the business portion being at the foot of the blulT. Tha 
" Baton Rouge Gazette," and " Democratic Advocate" are 
published weekly. Pop. 8,905. 

Beloit, t. and p. v., Rock co.. Wise. : at the junction of Tur- 
tle cr. with Rock r., 45 m. S. by B. Madison. Drained prin- 
cipally by Rock r. and its tributaries. Surface varied ; soils 
rich and productive. The v. lies on both sides of Rock r., 
and has commercial and manufacturing facilities of a su- 
perior character. In 1850 it contained 6 churches and 3 ho- 
tels, 18 dry goods, 10 groceries, 2 hardware, and 3 drug 
stores ; 3 stove and tin, 2 shoe, 4 clothing, and 2 book stores ; 
2 cabinet, 2 jewelers, 4 market, and 2 paint shops ; 3 saddle 
and harness, 4 blacksmiths, and 2 coopers ; 1 tobacco fac- 
tory ; 3 flouring, 1 oil, and 1 saw mill ; 1 flax factory, 1 foun- 
dry, 1 machine-shop, 1 agricultural-implement factory, 2 
carriage factories, 1 scale, 1 woolen, and soap and candle 
factory. The " Beloit Journal" is issued weekly, and schools 
are nuraerous. Beloit is destined to become a great rail- 
road centre ; branches extend hence to the Galena and 
Chicago Union R. R., and the Beloit and Madison R. E. is 
being constructed. These will connect it with the interior 
of the State, and also with the late port of Illinois. Pop. of 
t. in 1850, 2,732. The pop. of the v. in 1853 was estimated 
at 3,000. 

Boston, p. city, sea-port, and cap. Suffolk co., and cap. 
of the State of ^^us■•^. : at the head of Massachusetts Bay, 
near the confluence of Charles and Mystic rivers. These 
streams are navigable only for a few miles, but uniting with 
Neponset and Weymouth rivers, form one of the noblest 
harbors of the world — land-locked, accessible to ships of the 
line, easily defended, and rarely obstructed by ice. It ex- 
tends 14 m. from Point Alderton to Medford, and from 
Chelsea to Ilingham is at least 8 m. wide, covering 75 sq. 
m., and would hold all the shipping of the Union. The en- 
trance for large vessels is very narrow, barely sufficient for 
two to sail abreast It is defended by three fortresses, two 
of which, on George's and Castle islands, are on the largest 
scale, and constructed with all the improvements of modem 
science. The third, or Citadel, on Governor's island, is not 
yet completed. These will effectually command the en- 
trance, and, when finished, make it impregnable. The har- 
bor is well adapted to commerce. The peninsula and island 
of Boston is literally fringed with wharves and docks, while 
around the harbor and its affluents are clustered many 
cities and villages, into which Boston overflows, all of which 
have piers and landing-places, viz., Hingham, Hull, Quin- 
cy, Milton, Dorchester, Roxbury, Brookline, Brighton, New- 
ton, Watertown, Cambridge, Charlestown, Chelsea, Maiden, 
Medford, and Somerville. Lat. 42° 21' 23" N., and long. 
71° 04' 09" W., 432 m. N. B. Washington City. 

The early settlers chose for their residence, in 1630, a 
peninsula, connected with the main by a narrow isthmus, 
occasionally overflowed, and divided at high tide into two 
islands. Theentire tract contained 600 acres. It was called 
Shawmut or Trimountain, and derived its name from its 
springs and three lofty hills. The spot was undoubtedly 
selected for pure water, facilities for commerce, and security 
from wolves and Indians. Boston soon became an import- 
ant sea-port, and at an early period became distinguished 
for her enterprise and commerce, and was peculiarly noted 
for h(r ship-building and fisheries. In 1740 the population 
was 17,000. For more than half a century from this period 
the growth of the city was checked by wars and the re- 
strictive policy of England, and hence in 1790 the city con- 

309 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



tained only 18,033 inhabitants. Before the Revolution she 
was the first commercial city on the coast; her reputation 
was identified witli the country, and the colonists were gen- 
erally known as Bostonians among the French and Cana- 
dians. But during that eventful struggle her citizens were 
compelled to abandon their firesides, and their commerce 
was literally mined. Her sacrifice for the common cause 
was severe, and her recovery slow. New York and Phila- 
delphia consequently outstripped her. But since 1790 the 
city has advanced rapidly. She embarked largely in the 
trade to India and China ; in voyages to the North-west 
Coast, and in the fisheries, carrying trade, etc. ; and opened 
an extensive busine.ss with Kussia, the Mediterranean, 
South America, Liverpool, and the British Colonies. When 
commerce was paralyzed by the embargo and war of 1S12, 
she commenced manufactures, which liave since expanded 
into every variety of form. More recently her citizens have 
taken a deep interest in railroads, and opened to the city an 
interior to which nature gave her no access. 

A peninsula, less than one mile square, was soon found 
insufficient for Boston, and the State annexed to her Dor- 
chester Point, a peninsula of COO acres. To this, now called 
South Boston, slio is united by four bridges. At a later 
period ferries were established to Noddles Island (COO acres), 
and this now forms a ward of the city. Some hundred acres 
have also been nsclaimed from the sea; but these narrow 
limits, about 3 sq. m. in extent, proved inadequate, and 
have long been exceeded, and the population outside the 
chartered limits of Boston already equals the population 
within. As a metropolitan district, Boston, indeed, may be 
said to extend a circuit of nine miles round the Exchange, 
within which limits the population in 1850 was 269,ST4. 

The population of Boston proper, at successive decennial 
periods, has been as follows : in 1790, it was 1S,03S ; in ISOO, 
24.937 ; in 1810, 33,250 ; in 1820, 43,298 ; in 1830, 61,391 ; in 
1840. 93,3S3 ; and in 1850, 130,881. 

As Boston grew in population and manufactures, the nat- 
ural spring, which gave it the Indian nanje of Shawmut, 
gradually failed; and the water deteriorated, and the cit- 
izens were obliged to deepen the ancient wells from year to 
year. It was at length necessary to resort to a foreign sup- 
ply. In 17;i5 wooden pipes were laid by a company from 
Jamaica Pond, and as the demand increased, 10-ineh iron 
pipes were substituted. This source having proved insuffi- 
cient, a new aqueduct was constructed from Cochiluate 
Lake, 20 m. from the Exchange, and was opened in 1&19. 
The mean elevation of the lake is 120 feet above the marsh 
level. The water is carried 14| m. by a brick conduit of an 
elliptical form, 6 feet 4 in. by 5 feet, with a regular descent 
of 3 1-0 inches per mile, to a large reservoir in Brookline. 
Here a pond of 22 acres, and holding 100,000,000 gallons, 
has been formed by closing the outlet of a valley. The res- 
ervoir is 123 feet above the sea. The water is carried over 
Charles r. by two parallel pipes 30 in. diameter. From 
Brookline, large iron pipes carry the water to a granite 
reservoir on the summit of Beacon Hill, holding 2,500,0u0 
gallons, and to another on Dorchester Heights, holding 
6,000,000 gallons. These are 120 feet above the sea, and 
the water is hence conducted through 70 m. of pipe through 
the streets, and has generally been introduced into dwell- 
ings and stores. The head is sufficient to throw a 3 in. jet 
92 feet high from the fountain on the Common. The aque- 
duct is competent to supply 14,000,000 gallons daily. East 
B)Stoti is also supplied from this source, i)ipes being con- 
ducted over Charles and My.>itic rivers. 

The city proper now is, atid the suburbs soon will be, 
lighted with gas. 

The principal public buildings in Boston and its vicinity, 
are Quincy Market, a granite structure, 500 by 38 feet; the 
State House, a large and commodious building ; Fancuil 
Hall, an ancient brick edifice; the Massachusetts GenenU 
Hospital, a large stone structure, at West Boston ; the olil 
State House; the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary; 
310 



the Institute for the Blind at South Boston; the Orphan 
Asylum ; the Farm School ; the City Hall, and Sulfoilc 
Court-house, large granite buildings; the Registry of Deeds' 
Offices; the Merchants' Exchange, of granite, also; the 
Athenaeum, of freestone ; the Custom-house ; a Club House, 
of freestone ; 23 large School-houses, costing $703,000 ; 41 
Primary School-houses; 3 Theatres; a Museum; and 2 
large buildings of granite, used for concerts and lectures. 
Boston has also erected an extensive Jail, of Quincy granite, 
and a spacious Alms-house, at Deer island. At Kainsford"» 
island she has also the Quarantine Hospital, and the build- 
ings hitherto used for jails and alms-houses at W^est and 
South Boston. The citizens of Boston have rarely been 
wanting in the cause of benevolence, and many of their in- 
stitutions are richly endowed. Previous to 1845, a single 
institution, the General Hospital and M'Lean Asylum, had 
received $040,942; and the entire amount of donations to 
such public objects was ascertained to have been, prior to 
1846, .$4,992,659. 

Very few of the ancient burial-grounds are now used for 
interments ; several have been planted, and contribute 
much to the ornament of the city. In 1831, Mount Auburn, 
in Cambridge, a spot remarkable for its natural beauties, 
was selected as a rural cemetery. It contains 113 acres, 
and during the last 18 years 1,750 lots have been sold, real- 
izing $176,000. Koads and paths have been opened, a 
granite gateway and chapel built, and iron railing set round 
it ; many tasteful monuments of marble have been erected, 
and it has become a place of frequent resort for the living 
as for the dead. At Forest Hill, Koxbury, is another beau- 
tiful cemetery, and others at Brighton and Wood Lawn. 
The cemetery of Mount Auburn is the first instance in 
America of a large tract having been chosen for its natural 
beauties, and improved by landscape gardening, to prepare 
it for the reception of the dead. 

Boston is the commercial emporium of New England, 
.ind next to New York among the commercial cities of the 
Union. In 1S50, the shipping owned in the district amount- 
ed to 320,687 tons. The foreign arrivals amounted to 2,877 
vessels, of an aggregate burden of 478,859 tons ; and the 
foreign clearances, 2,839 vessels, of 437,760 tons. The ship- 
ping built in the year 1849-50, was 23,480 tons. _ The value 
of imports in 1S49 was $24,117,175 ; and of exports', $8,84.3,974. 
Boston enjoys, also, a large local and coast-wise trade. 
Within the borders of Massachusetts are two cities with 
over 30,000 inhabitants, ten with 10,000 to 20,000, ten towns 
with 6,000 to 10,000, twenty with 4,000 to 6,000. Between 
these and Boston an active commerce exists ; and by her 
iron arms she reaches through this populous interior to the 
north and west, to Canada and the Mississippi. The coast- 
wise importations in 1849 consisted in part of 269,813 bales 
of cotton, 262,632 tons anthracite, 987,988 barrels of flour, 
30,002,593 bushels of corn, 621,513 bushels of oats, rye, and 
shorts, 33,199 barrels of turpentine, 603,530 sides of leather, 
156,556 barrels of pork, 200,500 pigs of lead, etc. Large im- 
portations are also made, particularly from New Orleans, 
of beef, hemp, sugar, molasses, tobacco, and other articles. 
Vessels of all sizes, from 50 to 1,000 tons, are engaged iu 
the coasting trade. The arrivals in 1S49 were 6,100 vessels, 
which number docs not include sloops and schooners, laden 
with wood, stcme, and sundries, some thousands annually, 
that do not report at the custom-house. By railroad the ton- 
nage transported amounted to 1,107,129 tons. 

The trade of Boston with the West and South is immense ; 
her niaiiufactures and imports are sent by railway and 
packets to the farthest limits of the country. Lines of pack- 
els run to all the soa-board cities, freighted with the cottons, 
boots, shoes, and other domestic goods, the produce of the 
State's industry. With California, also, Boston has had 
large dealings ; at least one-fiah of the shipping that sails 
from Atlantic ports for " El Dorado," hails from Boston. 

In 1850, there were 29 banks in the city, and the banking 
capital amounted to $21,460,000. The amount deposited in 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



savings' banks was $3,9T7,T99, owned by 29,T99 depositors. 
The stoclv capital of Boston insurance companies was 
$5,483,000. There were also in the city numerous mutual, 
and several foreign insurance companies. 

The assessed value of property in Boston is $179,525,000, 
and the city debt about .$7,000,000, chiefly owing on account 
of the water-works. This debt is small compared with 
the wealth and resources of the city. The property of 
the city consists of the " Common," a beautiful park of 4S 
acres, encircled by an iron fence ; the Public Garden, con- 
taining 1-t acres, and several public squares and areas, em- 
bellished by fountains. These are all devoted to the health 
and recreation of the citizens. She owns also valuable 
property tliat may be sold ; the whole is valued at $5,071,000, 
and at the present time yields a revenue of $300,000 annual- 
ly. The expenses of the city are chiefly for her schools, 
street improvements, watch, and the support of correctional 
and humane institutions. 

Some of the artificial structures which connect Boston 
■with the main deserve notice. The Western Avenue, 7,000 
feet long, leads from the old peninsula to Brookline, 
Eoxbury, and Brighton; it is a solid structure of granite, 
filled in with earth, and cost $700,000. Besides forming a 
■wide carriage road, it creates a large water-power, and has 
redeemed many acres from the harbor. West Boston 
Bridge and Causeway, 6,190 feet long, connects Boston with 
Cambridge ; Canal Bridge is 2,796 feet long ; Warren 
Bridge, 1,390 feet ; Long Wharf, 1,800 feet long and 200 feet 
wide ; Central Wharf, 1,379 feet long and 150 feet wide ; 
India Wharf, 980 feet long. Along these wharves are con- 
tinuous blocks of warehouses, 4 or 5 stories high, and from 
60 to SO feet deep. Granite, Connecticut, and Lewis's 
wharves are of like size, and have ranges of large stone 
warehouses. 

The schools of Boston are frequently referred to as mod- 
els of perfection. Their number and excellence, with her 
liberal patronage of education, have given the city the title 
of the Modern Athens, and their merit and importance 
can not be overrated. In 1850 her primary schools had 
11,876 scholars, her grammar schools 9,154, and other 
schools 471 scholars. Boston has also a Latin and High 
School, in which the higher branches are taught with sig- 
nal ability. All these schools are open free of charge to aU. 
Without the chartered limits of the city are Harvard Uni- 
versity, with its Law and Theological Schools, a Baptist 
college, and many excellent schools and academies. 

There are several public libraries in the city. The Athe- 
neum Library, the Boston and Mercantile libraries, the 
Law Library, the State Library, and several libraries of 
Harvard University. These together contain upward of 
150,000 volumes. 

There are 80 periodicals and newspapers published in 
Boston, several of which are worked by steam presses, and 
have large circulations. These refer to almost every de- 
partment of literature, religion, science, agriculture, banks, 
railroads, belles-letters, statistics, history, medicine, law, 
education, etc. 

The religious and charitable institutions of the city are 
also numerous. It has nearly 200 churches and places of 
worship. There is also a General Hospital, two Insane 
Hospitals, an Asylum for the Blind, an Eye and Ear In- 
firmary, a Lylng-in-IIospital, an Asylum for Orphan Girls, 
and a Farm-school for Boys. Most of these are liberally 
en<lowed. 

The United States have expended large sums in and 
around Boston on their fortresses and arsenal, extensive 
navy-yard, dry dock, and rope-walks, and stores of cannon, 
arms, and material, and Custom-house, ami hospit.'ds for 
sick and infirm seamen. All these are situated in Boston 
Harbor, and are valued at $8,000,000. The navy-yard is 
second only to that of Norfolk- 

Should Boston and her suburbs increase for 25 years at 
Its present rate, its population will exceed 1,500,000. If -we 



would seek for a solution of the growth of Boston in com- 
merce, wealth, and population, we may have it not only in 
its central position and admirable harbor, but in the enter- 
prise, intelligence, and frugality of her people. Her enter- 
prise descends lineally from those bold ancestors who 
planted an empire in the wilderness. Their spirit and their 
love of letters are inherited ; these have guided its enter- 
prise. But it is one thing to acquire and another to retain. 
The frugality of the people is the great secret of accumula- 
tion, and hence Boston has risen to its present glorious po- 
sition, which is every day becoming more and more enviable 
and unapproachable. 

Brooklyn, p. city, and capital Kings co., N. Y. : on the 
W. end of Long Island, opposite New York city, 145 m. S. 
Albany. Pop. in 1810,4,402 ; in 1820,7,175 ; in 18-30, 15.396; 
in 1S40, 36.233 ; and in 1850, 96,838. It is now the eighth, 
in regard to population, in the Union, and the second in 
the State. Dwell, in 1850, 10,197. Value of real estate, 
$32,010,711 ; and of personal property, $3,950,589. 

Brooklyn was originally built on very uneven ground, 
and still — although the grades have been greatly leveled — 
retains many of the natural beauties for which it was so 
pre-eminent. The Heights of Brooklyn, seen from the 
New York side of the East river, are unrivaled as city 
scenery, and there are also, farther back, eminences which 
afTcird fine localities for residences. The streets are regu- 
larly laid out, and are from 60 to 100 feet wide ; and on the 
whole, no other city of the Union has so many substantial 
and handsome public buildings. The City Hall is a fine 
marble structure, at the head of Fulton Street, and the 
banking-houses, school-houses, and churches are elegant 
and commodious. It is the city of churches. The city is 
divided into eleven wards, and governed by a mayor and 
common council, and in its police arrangements is much 
superior to the neighboring city of New York. It is lighted 
throughout with gas, which has also been generally intro- 
duced into the dwellings of the rich; and there is a project 
on foot for introducing into the city a supply of water from 
the S. side of Long Island. At present, water is supplied 
from the public pumps or cisterns ; and in case of an ex- 
tensive flre, there is not a sufiiclency. The charter offlcera 
of the city are the mayor, controller, street commissioner, 
commissioner of repairs and supplies, collector of taxes, and 
chief of police; and for each ward an alderman and assist- 
ant alderman, a supervisor, an assessor, a commissioner of 
excise, and constable. These are elected by the citizens, 
and form respectively boards intrusted with the city gov- 
ernment. The city clerk, the attorney and counselor, the 
health oflBcer, the city treasurer, the sealer of weights and 
measures, the clerk of police and justices courts, the city 
surveyors, etc., are appointed by the common council. For 
police purposes, the city is divided into four districts, each, 
except the first district (which has 48), having 82 police- 
men, under a captain and two assistant captains. 

The commerce of Brooklyn is relatively large ; but as the 
city is within the collection district of New York, no sep- 
arate returns are made in the published accounts. The river 
front of the city is literally fringed with wharves, and backed 
by extensive warehouses, while the Atlantic Dock and its 
immense stores enhance the importance of its shipping fa- 
cilities. The dock conta'lns 42J acres, and the pier front, 
facing on Buttermilk Channel, has a length of 3,000 feet. 
Ships of the largest size enter it, and unload into the ad- 
joining stores by means of patent cranes, worked by steam- 
power. Other dock facilities are about to be built beyond 
Red Hook. There are four banks in the city, two savings' 
institutions, and four flre insurance companies, with nume- 
rous other associations for commercial and economical pur- 
poses. Its churches number 63, of which 11 are Episcopal, 
7 Pvoman Catholic, 6 Baptist, 6 German Reformed, 5 Congre- 
gational, 7 Presbyterian, 11 Methodist Episcopal, and each 
one, African Methodist Episcopal, Universalist, Unitarian, 
friends, Sailors' Bethel, Congregational Methoillst, Amerjs 

Sll 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



can Primitive Methodist, Protestant Methodist, Second Ad- 
vent, and Reformed Presbyterian. The city contains 13 
school districts, which are under the superintendence of 
the Board of Education. It also constitutes one colored 
school district. The public schools are entirely free to 
children residing within the respective districts in which 
the schools are located. Each district contains a valuable 
district library, the use of the books being free to all the 
inhabitants of the district, both male and female. In the 
larger districts the libraries number between 8,000 and 
4,000 volumes each. Academies and high schools for 
youth of both sexes are also very numerous, and are gen- 
erally well and ably conducted. The Brooklyn .Institute, 
Washington Street, is one of its highest institutions, and has 
connected with it a Youths' Free Library, and free lectures 
and concerts are given during the winter. Among the 
benevolent institutions of the city, the most conspicuous 
are the City Hospital, Raymond Street, and the Dispensary 
in Pineapple Street. 

In the east part of Brooklyn is the United States Navy- 
yard, situate on the Wallabout. It covers some 40 acres, 
and contiguous thereto are mooring grounds, etc. The 
yard is inclosed on the land side by a high brick wall, and 
within are large ship-houses, timber sheds, store-houses, 
work-shops, etc. ; and an immense Dry Dock, the greatest 
work of the kind within the United States, has been lately 
completed. The Naval Hospital, half a mile east of the 
yard, occupies a commanding eminence, and is surrounded 
by a fine park and grounds, about 33 acres in extent. 

The Greenwood Cemetery, on Gowanus Heights, in the 
B. part of the city, is one of the most picturesque and beau- 
tiful burial-plots anywhere to be found. It occupies nearly 
300 acres of land, and is laid out in avenues, embellished 
by shade trees and shrubbery. The surface is of every va- 
riety, interspersed with ponds and lakelets, and from its 
higher parts commands an extensive view of the harbor, 
and the scenery of the lower Hudson. Its monuments, 
erected in memory of the dead, some at the expense of the 
public or societies, and others in commemoration of private 
friendships or relations, are of every description, but chiefly 
of white marble, and finely sculptured. Altogether, it is 
the most extensive and most beautiful cemetery wilhin the 
borders of the Union, and is an establishment of which the 
city may well be proud. 

For so large a city, Brooklyn is but poorly represented by 
its press, a fact accounted for by its proximity to New York 
city, the literary as well as the commercial emporium of 
America. Four papers are published daily, the " Brooklyn 
Star," and the " Brooklyn Advertiser" (whig), the " Daily 
Freeman" (indep't.). and the "Brooklyn Eagle" (dem.); 
an«l the papers published weekly are the "Long Island 
Star" (whig), and the "Independent" (temperance), and 
there is also a weekly edition of the " Eagle." The New 
York papers are delivered here to citizens at the same time 
as in Now York ; and as these generally contain more ex- 
tended accounts of, and comments on current atfairs, and 
are conducted with more skill and talent, they have a 
much larger circulation than the Brooklyn papers. The 
nearness of New York, indeed, affects every grade and 
profession in the same manner; few of the richer classes 
purchase tlieir goods or provisions in Brooklyn ; and hence 
no department of life has the same vitality as it would 
have if the wealthy could be induced to purchase of their 
neighbor, instead of giving the profit of their custom to 
the traders of the neighboring city. In many respects, 
however, Brooklyn is only a suburb of the metropolis — a 
residence for business men, an<i not a mart of commerce. 

Brooklyn is connected with New York by five ferries: 
Hamilton Avenue Ferry and South Ferry (Atlantic Street), 
run to Whitehall, in New York ; Fulton Ferry, from foot 
of Fulton Street, Brooklyn, to Fulton Stret^t, New York ; 
Catharine Ferry, from foot of Main Street, Brooklyn, to 
Catharine Street, New York; and Jackson Ferry, from 
312 



foot of Jackson Street, Brooklyn, to foot of Govemeui 
Street, New York. The steamboats on these ferries are all 
of the first class, and commodious for carriages and wagons 
as well as passengers. The fare on the three first is one 
cent for each passenger. 

Brooklyn was the scene of stirring events at an early 
stage of the Revolutionary War. In August, 1776, this part 
of Long Island became the seat of strife, and the fortifica- 
tions then thrown up by the patriots may still be seen, but 
are now undergoing the process of demolition to extend 
city improvements. The principal of these is Fort Green, 
which will hence be known as Washington Park, and 
which will be devoted to recreation and health. Near the 
Navy-yard is the tomb in which are deposited the remains 
of 11,000 Americans who perished in the prison-ships 
moored in the bay during the Revolution. At the conclu- 
sion of peace, in 17S3, Brooklyn contained only 50 houses; 
nor was it until the period between 1820 and 1S30 that it 
began to receive the overflowing population of New York. 
Since then it has rapidly increased, and in all probability 
the census of 1860 will find it a city of 200,000 souls. The 
only drawback, indeed, to its unlimited settlement, seems 
to be the want of a sufficient supply of water for so large a 
poj)ulation as circumstances would indicate to be its destiny 
to contain. 

Brunswick, p. v., port, and cap. Glynn co., Ga. : on the 
E. side of Turtle r., 163 m. S. E. Milledgeville. Its harbor is 
spacious, safe, and is accounted the best S. of Mason and 
Dixon's line. Ships drawing not more than 13 feet caa 
pass the bar at low tide. The v. is 13} m. above the bar 
and 8 m. above the light-house on St. Simon's island. The 
shipping of the district in 1850 was 533 tons. The Bruns- 
wick Canal extends to the Alatamaha r. 12 m., and it is pro- 
posed to build a r.ailroad from Brunswick to Thomasville, 
with a branch to Tallahassee, and other branches from 
Troupvillo to Albany, and from Thomasville to Bainbridge 
on Flint r. These, when completed, will raise Brunswick 
to a high rank as a Southern port. 

Buffalo, post city, port of entry, and cap. Erie co., 2^. Y. : 
at the outlet of Lake Erie, and the head of Niagara r., 254 
miles W. Albany. The city lies on Buffalo cr., which falls 
into the hike, and constitutes its harbor. The distaace to 
Albany by railroad is 32S m., and by canal 304 m. Lat. 42" 
53' N., and long. 78° 55' W. Pop. in 1840, 18,213, and iu 
1850, 42,261. 

Buffalo is the great entrep6t between the north-west and 
the States of the Atlantic seaboard — the gate through which 
the bulk of commercial material must pass for a market. 
Its position is unrivaled on the lakes, and from the advan- 
tages possessed by its port it has become the rendezvous for 
a vast tonnage employed on these western waters. The 
harbor is spacious and safe, the creek having a depth of 13 
or 14 feet for a mile up, and being from 12 to 16 rods wide. 
Its only obstruction is the sand and gravel at its mouth, 
driven in by gales of wind; but this defect h.as been ob- 
viated by the extension of a pier 1,500 feet long from the 
S. side of the entrance. This pier, which has a light-house 
at its end, oper.ites as a breakwater, and, by confining the 
creek, has cleared its channel, so that vessels drawing eight 
feet pass in without difficulty. The increasing commerce 
of the port, however, demands greater accommodations, 
and several valuable improvements are projected in tbe 
harbor. 

The land on which the city is built rises by a very gentle 
ascent two miles from the water, and from its higher parts 
affords fine views of the neighboring scenery, the lake, the 
Niagara river, and Canada shore being within the view. 
The city is laid out in broad and regular streets, which 
contain numerous elegant stores, large warehouses, dep6ts 
of railroads, etc., and most of the dwellings are substantial 
and neat. There are three public squares, which add much 
to the salubrity .and beauty of the city. The jjublic build- 
ings are a Court-house, Jail, and other county otHccs, two 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES 



markets, the city offices, churches, banks, etc. The Koraan 
Cathohc Cathedral, a new edifice, is one of the finest tem- 
ples in America. 

The city is divided into five wards, and is governed by a 
mayor and common council. The charter officers are a 
controller, treasurer, surveyor, etc., and in each ward are 
health inspectors, and other officers. The courts are the 
County Court, the Recorder's Court, and the Police and 
Justices' Courts. In the Fire Department there are nine 
engine companies, two hook and ladder, and a hose com- 
pany. Water is supplied to the citizens through pipes, and 
the streets are lighted with gas. Among the benevolent 
institutions of the city, the most conspicuous are the Orphan 
Asylum, the City Hospital, the Hospital of the Sisters of 
Charity, the Female' Orphan Asylum, and the Association 
for the Belief of the Poor. The city is well supplied with 
common schools, open to all children, and has many highly 
efficient academies and private schools. 

The University of Buffalo was chartered in 1846, and has 
a medical department. The Young Men's Association, 
established in 1885. is one of the best literary societies in the 
Btate, and has a fine library of 6,nno or 7,000 volumes, and 
a select cabinet of mineral and zoological specimens. 
Daring the winter, a series of lectures <m literary and sci- 
entific subjects are delivered by eminent professors. The 
German Young Men's Association is a similar institution, 
and has in its library nearly 2,000 volumes, chiefly valuable 
works iu the German language. The rooms of both these 
are amply supplied with periodicals and newspapers. 

The press of Buffalo consists of the '■ Buffalo Commercial 
Advertiser," the oldest daily paper in the city : a tri-weekly 
edition is also issued ; the " Patriot and Journal," weekly ; 
the " Western Literary Messenger," monthly ; the " Buffalo 
Medical Journal and Monthly Review ;'' the " Buffalo Daily 
Courier," of which tri-weekly and weekly editions are also 
published; the "Morning Express," daily, tri-weekly, and 
weekly; the "Buffiilo Republic," daily and weekly; the 
"Daily Queen City;" the "Evangelical Christian," semi- 
monthly; the "Buffalo Christi.an Advocate;" the "Wool- 
Grower and Magazine of Agriculture and Horticulture,"' 
monthly ; the " Buffalo Pathfinder," weekly ; and the fol- 
lowing, which are German publications: "Der Weltbur- 
ger," serai-weekly and weekly; the "Buffalo Telegraph," 
weekly; and the "Buffalo Democrat," daily and weekly. 

There are in the city about 40 churches : 3 are Episcopal, 
4 Presbyterian, 1 Associate Reformed Presbyterian (Scotch), 
1 Reformed Presbyterian, 1 colored Presbyterian, 5 Meth- 
odist Episcopal, 4 Baptist, 1 Unitarian, 1 Universalist, 7 
Roman Catholic, 1 Lutheran, and 7 or 8 German churches of 
various denominations. 

The commerce carried on between Buffalo and Canada, 
in 1850, amounted to $527,270, of which .$220,196 was the 
value of exports, and $.307,074 of imports ; and the ship- 
ping employed in the transit of the merchandise represent- 
ed by these values, was — American vessels cleared, 282 
(29,696 tons), and entered, 246 (26,352 tons); and British 
vessels cleared, 466 (73,897 tons), and entered, 473 (75,640 
tons). Total clearances, 748 vessels (103,593 tons), and total 
entrances, 719 vessels (101,992 tons). The value of imports 
from domestic lake ports, was .$22,525,781, and of exports, 
$44,501,737. The arrivals, coastwise, numbered 8,558 ves- 
sels (1,255,430 tons), and the clearances, 3,599 vessels 
(1,263,907 tons). The value of merchandise delivered by 
the Erie Canal, was $41,859,270, besides which the railroad 
from Albany delivered goods to the value of $6,041,456. 
Forming the material of this commerce, we find the sugars 
of Louisiana, the cottons of Tennessee and Mississippi, the 
hemp of Kentucky, the furs of Missouri and the distant 
West, the copper of Lake Superior, the lead of Wisconsin, 
the agricultural and forest products of all the States border- 
ing on the lakes, the manufactures of New England and 
New York, and a small amount in bond and otherwise of 
Canadian products. The imports into Buffalo, in 1850, from 



the Western States, consisted in part of 1,103,039 barrels of 
flour, 3,681,346 bushels of wheat, 2,593,378 bushels of Indian 
com, 52,124,9? 5 feet boards and scantling, 19,988,962 staves, 
4,568,000 shingles, 161,110 boxes and 3,158 casks of cheese, 
4,135 kegs and 2,203 barrels of butter, 53,867 bales of wool, 
10,180 sheep, 46,448 live, and 7,420 slaughtered hogs, etc. 
The exports consisted of the property landed at Buffalo from 
the Erie Canal, the Albany and Buffalo Railroad, and the 
manufactures and productions of the city itself; of these, 
castings, agricultural implements, furniture, dry goods, gro- 
ceries, etc., formed the great bulk, but included was almost 
every thing that is known to commerce. (For a full ac- 
count of the commerce of Buffalo, consult Andi-ews' Report 
of the Trade and ComTnerce of the British North Ameri- 
can Colonies icith the United States, etc., presented to the 
U. S. Seriate [Dec. 23] in 1851.) 

The shipping owned in the collection district of Buffalo, 
on the 30th June, 1850, amounted to 89,679 tons, all of the 
class " permanent, enrolled, and licensed," of which 23,088 
tons were propelled by steam, and the whole engaged in 
the coasting trade. The number of vessels built in the year 
ending at the same date, was 7 (1,730 tons)— 1 brig, 2 
schooners, and 4 steamers. 

Buffalo has 10 banks, and one savings' institution ; also, 
including agencies, 44 Are, marine, and life insurance com- 
panies. 

The railroads uniting Buffalo with Canada, the Great 
West, and the States eastward, are magnificent works. 
Those pointing east, are the great line terminating at Al- 
bany, and there connecting with the New England and 
Southern New York roads, and the navigation of the Hud- 
son ; and the several lines uniting with the New York and 
Erie R. R., known as the Buffalo and New York City R.E., 
and the Buffalo, Corning, and New York E. R. The West 
is reached by the Buffalo and State Line R. R., which con- 
nects with the system of roads in Ohio and the other lake 
States, and extends to the Mississippi river ; and Canada 
will be reached by the Buffalo and Brandtford E. E., the 
Great Western R. R., and others now being constructed. 
Railroads also run to Niagara, Lewistown, etc. There are 
also several plank roads centering in Buffalo, and reaching 
back to the principal villages in the county. 

Buffalo was founded in 1801 by the Holland Land Com- 
p.any, but for a long period it made little progress, since in 
1814, when burned by the British, it did not contain more 
than 200 houses ; nor was it until the Erie Canal opened a 
navigable passage from the lake to the Hudson river, that 
it exhibited any uncommon rapidity of growth. Since that 
period, however, its prosperity has been unbounded, and 
its rise in the scale of importance as a commercial city has 
been such as its original founders could never have dreamed 
of. It now ranks as the fourth city of the State, and the 
twelfth of the United States, in respect of population, and in 
a commercial point of view is surpassed by only three or 
four of our seaboard ports. 

BtTKLiNOTON, p. city, and cap. Des Moines cc, la,: on 
the W. bank of the Mississippi r., 248 m. above St Louis, 
and 62 m. S. S. E. Iowa City. The land on which the city 
is built rises gradually from the river to hills, which form 
an amphitheatre around it. It has many fine public edi- 
fices, several mechanical and manufacturing establish- 
ments, and a large commerce. Three newspapers are pub- 
lished, the "Telegraph," tri-weekly and weekly; and the 
"Burlington Hawk-eye" (whig), and the "State Gazette" 
(dem.), weekly. One of the Pacific lines of railroad will 
probably have its E. terminus at this point. Burlington 
was formerly the State capital ; it was laid out in 1833, and 
iu 1850 contained a population of 5,301, being the largest 
city of the State. 

Burlington, t., p. city, port of entry, and cap. Chitten- 
den CO., Ver^n. : on Lake Champlain, 31 m. W. N. W 
Montpelier. Lat. 44° 17', and long. 72° 36' W. The village 
is situate on a bay, which, in the form of a regular curve, 

813 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Bets up a little on the E. side of the lake ; on the S. the 
level is low, but on the N. rises to a high bluff, which, 
during tho war of 1S12, was strongly fortified. The streets 
cross eacli other E. and W. and N. and S., forming regular 
squares. Near the centre is a fine area on which the C. H. 
is located. Many of the bouses are handsome structures, 
generally surrounded by shrubbery, with gardens in the 
rear; and there are commodious stores and warehouses. 
It is the largest and most convenient place in the Slate, and 
has a constant connection with the railroads leading through 
New Kngland to Canada and tlie Great West. The lake is 
here 10 m. wide, and the harbor is protected from W. winds 
by a breakwater. The scenery on all sides is magnificent, 
combining lake and mountain views of great beauty and 
sublimity. The public buildings are the University of Ver- 
mont; it is an efficient and well-endowed institution, and 
has a medical department; the county buildings, banks, 
churches, and several academic edifices. In the neighbor- 
hood are several flourishing manufacturing villages, chiefly 
on Winooski or Onion r. Three newspapers are published 
here, the " Burlington Sentinel" and " Burlington Free 
Press," daily and weekly, and the " Courier," weekly. The 
shipping owned in the district in 1S50 amounted to 4,530 
tons, of which 3,096 tons was navigated by steam. The clear- 
ances in the foreign trade in 1849-50, amounted to 342 ves- 
sels, measuring S2.8.5G tons, and the entrances to 404 ves- 
sels, measuring 99,435 tons. Tho collection district of 
Burlington comprises the whole lake shore of Vermont. 
Pop. of t. 7,S5d. 

Cairo, p. city, Alexander co., III. . on the extreme S. 
point of the State, at the confluence of the Ohio and Mis- 
sissippi rivers, 176 m. S. Springfield. It is destined to be- 
come an inii)orlant commercial centre. The ground on 
which it is planned is low and liable to inundation, but by 
building levees round the river fronts this may be prevent- 
ed. The city Is the property of a company, and great pains 
have been taken to improve it.s natural facilities. Tho 
Central U. R. to Galena and Chicago commences here, and 
on the opposite side of the river the Mobile and Ohio K. E. 
will terminate ; both these great works are in progress. 
Pop. in ISSO, 242. 

Camden, p. v., and cap. Kershaw dist., S. Car. : on the 
E. side of Wateree r., 31 m. N. E. Columbia. The river is 
navigable to this point for 70 tons flat boats; but since the 
completion of Ihe Camden Branch of the South Carolina 
E. E., the bulk of its commercial material has been con- 
veyed by land. The village has some manufactures, and 
its public buildings are commodious and substantial. A 
newspaper, Ihe " Camilen Journal," is issued semi-weekly. 
Camden is noted as the scene of two battles of the Revolu- 
tion— the one fought 16th August, 17S0', and the other 23d 
April, 17S1. A monument, erected in honor of Baron De 
Kalb, and the foundation of which was laid by Lafayette in 
1825, stands at the end of De Kalb Street; it is of white 
marble, and the chief ornament of the village. Population 
in 1S50, 1,133. 

Oanandaioua, t., p. v., and cap. Ontario co., N. T. : on 
the "W. side of Canandaigua lake, 177 m. W. Albany. The 
village is pleasanlly situate at the outlet of the lake, and 
contains, besides the county buildings, a number of sub- 
stantial and elegant churches, stores, and dwellings. Tho 
" Ontario Eeposilory" (whig), and the " Ontario Messenger" 
(dem.), are published weekly. The Eochester and Syra- 
cuse E. E. passes through the village 29 m. from Rochester, 
and it is the N. terminus of the Canandaigua and Elmira 
E. E., and the E. terminus of the Canandaigua and Niagara 
Falls E.E. Pop. 6,143. 

Cablist.e, p. city, and cap. Cumberland co., Penn. : on 
the Cumberland Valley E. R., 22 m. from Ilarrisburg. Lat. 
lOO 12' N., and long. 77° 10' W. Dickinson College is lo- 
cated here, and half a mile from tho village the U. States 
Barracks and Cavalry School. The v. has sever.il manu- 
factures, and a considerable trade with the neighboring 
8U I 



districts. Tho periodical press consists of the " American 
Volunteer" (dem.), the " American Democrat" (dem.), and 
the " Ciirlisle Herald" (whig), published weekly, and the 
" Monthly Friend." Pop. 4,581. 

CiiAELESTON, p. clty, port .of entry, and cap. Charleston 
dist., S. Cat: : on a tongue of land formed by the meeting 
of Cooper and Ashley rivers in Charleston Harbor, 101 m. 
S. E. Columbia. Lat. 32° 46' 33" N., and Long. 79= 57' 27" 
W. from Greenwich, or 2° 55' 57" W. from "Washington. 

The bay, or Charleston Harbor, is a large estuary, with 
an average width of 2 m., and extends about 7 m. S. E. from 
Charleston to tho Atlantic Ocean, which it enters between 
Sullivan's and Morrison's islands. Cooper and Ashley 
rivers are from 30 to 40 feet deep, the former being 1,400, 
and tho latter 2,100 yards wide opposite the city, and both 
are capable of aeeommodating the largest class of vessels. 
A sand-bar extends across the mouth of the harbor, but it 
has several channel entrances, the deepest of which, pass- 
ing very close to Sullivan's island, admits vessels drawing 
IG feet water at high tide. The harbor is open to easterly 
winds, and vessels are much exposed during storms from 
that quarter — so much so, indeed, that they were at one 
time prohibited by law from lying at the wharves from the 
last of July to the middle of September. The fortifications 
protecting Charleston are Fort Moultrie, on Sullivan's island, 
Castle Pinckney, 2 m. below the city, and Fort Johnson, 
about 4 m. below. 

The ground upon which Charleston is built is low, only 
elevated 8 or 9 feet above the level of the harbor at high 
tide, which here rises about 6 feet, flowing by the city with 
a strong current, and thus contrilniting to the salubrity of a 
location naturally unhealthy. The city has several times 
been inundated by ihe waters driven up the harbor by vio- 
lent winds, and has from this cause at various times suffered 
considerable damage. The years 1699, 172S, 1752, and 1797 
are noted in the history of the city as periods of these 
devastating occurrences. The streets are laid out recti- 
llneally, running east and west, from the rivers north and 
south, forming nearly square blocks. The width of the 
streets varies from 35 to 70 feet. Most of the buildings of 
the city are of brick, and the dwellings are in general of 
elegant construction. The streets are lined with the pride 
of India, while elegant villas, adorned with verandahs 
reaching from the ground to the tops of the houses, sur- 
rounded by green edges, and burled in the rich foliage of 
orange trees, magnolias, and palmettoes, give an air of 
wealth and elegiince to the city. Charleston is divided into 
four wards, and is governed by a mayor and twelve alder- 
men. Among the public buildings are the City Ilall, the 
Exchange, the District Court-house, the JaU, two arsen.ils, 
a theatre, the U. 8. Custom-house, the Halls of tho College 
of Charleston, between 30 and 40 churches, several high 
schools, and buildings devoted to benevolent purposes, as 
the alms-houses, the orphan asylum, etc. The Literary and 
riiilosophical Society has a fine collection of objects of nat- 
ur.ll history, etc. ; the Academy of Fine Arts possesses some 
valuable paintings, and the City Libr.iry contains about 
24,000 volumes. The College of Charleston is one of the 
most flourishing institutions of the Southern Slates, and has 
an efficient stafl', consisting of a president and 6 professors ; 
it W.1S founded in 1785, and in 1850 had 70 student.-). The 
Medical College of the State of South Carolina was founded 
in IS.33 ; in 1850 it had S professors and 158 students. The 
list of free-school pupils is 394, and the average cost of in- 
struction $10 per annum; these are v.iluable schools, but 
are inadequate for so large a city. There is .ilso a High 
School, founded in 1839, which averages from 130 to 150 pu- 
pils. It is endowed with .$1,000 a year for 100 years by the 
council. The number of grammar schools and academies, 
which are open only to pay scholars, are pretty numerous, 
and these are usually efficient institutions, at which the best 
classical and mathematical education can be had. 
The public press of Charleston consists of four daily 



CHIEF PLACES OP THE UNITED STATES. 



papers : the " Sun" (neutral), the " Charleston News" (dem.), 
the "Charleston Mercury" (denl.), and tlie "Charleston 
Courier" (neutral) : of the latter a tri-weekly edition is also 
issued; four weekly papers : the "Southern Literary Ga- 
zette," the "Southern Baptist," the "Catholic Miscellany," 
and the "Southern Christian Advocate;" three monthly 
periodicals : the " Gospel Messenger," the " School-fellow" 
(educational), and the " Masonic Miscellany ;" and one bi- 
monthly, the " Medical Journal." Many of these are pub- 
lications exhibiting a high order of talent, and have circula- 
tions beyond the locality. The " Medical Journal" is a 
work of world-wide renown, and has among its contrib- 
utors the highest names among Southern physicians. 

The city of Charleston is one of the most ancient in the 
Union. Its foundations were laid in 1C72. In 1077 it was 
called Oyster Point Town ; in 1G80 New Charlestown, and 
in 1CS2 New Charleston. It was chartered as a city in 17S3. 
At an early period of its history it attracted a considerable 
population from Barbadoes, and received large acces- 
sions of French Huguenots. " On the spot," says Bancroft, 
"where opulence now crowds the wharves of the most 
prosperous mart on our Southern sea-board, among ancient 
groves that swept down the river's banlis, and were cov- 
ered with yellow jasmine which burdened the verdant 
zephyrs with its perfumes, the city was begun." Two 
centuries have nearly been completed since its foundation, 
and momentous have been the events and changes within 
that l.ipse of time. In 1731 — we have it on the authority of 
an old historian — there were 690 houses in Charleston, 5 
handsome churches, and that out of the city were to be 
found courtly, stately buildings, noble castles, etc. The ad- 
vantages of the location were early .appreciated, and it soon 
became a place of considerable trade. Its first exports 
were staves, lumber, furs, peltries, and rice (first planted 
1693), to which were added in 1747 indigo, in 1782 to- 
bacco, and in 1790 cotton. At the present lime its great 
exports are rice and cotton. Of cotton, the receipts from 
the Interior in 1850 were 400,714 bales, and of sea- 
island, 17 994 bales, and the exports were 365,327 bales up- 
land, and 16,437 bales sea-isl.ind ; and the receipts of rice 
amounted to 147,690 barrels, and the exports to 134,417 
barrels. The foreign commerce of Charleston, however, 
has not progressed equally with its coasting trade ; and 
many reasons might be assigned for this, but none so 
weighty as the fault of its own inhabitants in preferring the 
employment of the shipping of other States, and neglecting 
its own facilities for ship-building. It has consequently be- 
come a tributary to Northern ports, and instead of reaping 
the benefits of a foreign navigation of its own, has been 
constantly heaping up the coffers of its Northern neighbors. 
At present, indeed, the great bulk of its staples are carried 
coastwise to New York, and thence shipped to foreign 
countries. In the year 1849-50, ending 30th June, the 
clearances to foreign ports amounted only to 351 vessels 
(121.367 tons), and its direct entrances to only 303 vessels 
(96,619 tons), a proportion quite inadequate for the trans- 
portation of so large a commercial material as that supplied 
from the back country, of which the port is the only outlet. 
The registered shipping of the port at this period consisted 
of 15,377 tons, and the shipping employed in the coasting 
trade, of 17,916 tons. The coastwise trade of Charleston in 
comparison with this is immensely greater. In 1S4S the 
arrivals were 63 steamships, 22S ships, 196 brigs, 393 schoon- 
ers, 8 sloops, and 730 steamboats ; anil the clearances were 
61 steamships, 163 ships, 177 brigs, 8G9 schooners, 7 sloops, 
and 731 steamboats. At the same perioil, and of the above 
amount, the following were regular packets plying between 
Charleston and other ports of the Union : Boston, 6 ves- 
sels (1,371 tons) ; New York, 23 vessels (11,027 tons) ; Phila- 
delphia, 13 vessels (2,950 tons) ; Providence, 2 vessels (346 
tons) ; Baltimore, 6 vessels (600 tons) ; Wilmington, 4 ves- 
sels (1,533 tons) ; Savannah, 4 vessels (1,070 tons) ; and New 
Orleans, 7 vessels (1,627 tons); the remainder being made 



up of transient (raders. Of this number 5 were steam- 
ships, 11 ships, 9 barks, 24 brigs, 1 ketch, 26 schooners, and 
8 steamboats. There are also engaged in the pilotage of the 
bar IS full branch pilots and 8 second branch pilots, em- 
ploying 9 pilot-boats, with an aggregate of about 400 tons. 

There is at Chi-.rleston a floating dry-dock — one of the 
best of its kind in the Union; it is the balance-dock of Gil- 
bert, and was built in 1845 by James Marsh. Its length is 
160 feet, its width 52 feet, and its depth 20 feet, and its ca- 
pacity 1,500 tons. The operations of the dock are performed 
by a steam-engine. 

The South Carolina K. E. is the great conduit of the 
commerce of Charleston to and from the interior. It ex- 
tends from Charleston to Augusta, 136 miles, and has nu- 
merous connections (feeders), westward and northward, 
through which an immense amount of merchandise is car- 
ried to and fro. It has also the advantages of a canal, 22 
miles long, which connects the harbor with the Santee 
river, and by means of the railroads now building it will 
have access to the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. Already its 
railroad facilities extend from Charleston to Nashville, 
Tenn., 598 miles, and to Montgomery, Ala., 482 miles. 

Charleston has seven ^anks, with an aggregate capital 
of $9,500,000, and Ave insurance companies, with capitals 
in the aggregate amounting to $4,500,000 ; also a provident 
institution for savings. The Bank of the State of South 
Carolina is the fiscal agent of the State, and hokls, besides 
its capital of $1,123,.357, the deposits of the State funds. 

The population of Charleston in 1790 was 16.359 ; in 1800, 
18,711 ; in 1810, 24,711 ; in 1820, 24,730 ; in 1830, 30,289 ; in 
1840, 29,261, and 1850, 42,985. This is exclusive of St. 
Philip's parish, or the Neck, which is, however, virtually a 
part of Charleston, and contains about 16,000 inhabitants. 

CmcAGO, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Cook co.. III. : 
at the mouth of Chicago r., where it enters Lake Michigan, 
183 m. N. N. E. Springfield. Lat. 41° 52' 20" N., and long. 
87° 35' W. from Greenwich. It is the inmost port of the 
lake, and farthest advanced into the country which sup- 
plies its exports and consumes its imports. On this account 
it is most favorably selected for a commercial dep6t. The 
river within a mile of its mouth being made up into two af- 
fluents, the northern and southern, the city lies on both 
banks of the river, and to the west of both its tributaries, 
with floating bridges whereby to facilitate communication. 
Four miles south of the city the Illinois and Michigan Canal 
falls into the South Branch at a place called Bridgeport, and 
up to this point this stream is navigable for the largest lake 
craft. This canal, the first level of which is fed from the 
river by means of huge steam-pumps, is 98 m. long from 
Bridgeport to Peru, on the Illinois r., and by means of it 
the waters of the Mississippi and the lakes are united, so 
that canal-boats can readily pass from Chicago to St. Louis, 
and vice versa, or, indeed, to any point on the Illinois, with- 
out detention or transhipment of goods. 

The railroads diverging from Chicago are, however, the 
great source of its prosperity. They connect it with the 
great interior and with the sea-board, and may be divided 
into two classes, viz., those running directly into the city, 
and those branching or extending beyond these. 

The first class, or trunk roads, consist of the Galena and 
Chicago Union P. P., open 120 m. to Freeport, where it 
connects with the Galena Branch of the Central P. E. ; the 
Chicago and Pock Island E. R., 180 m. (open to Peru 83 
m.) ; the Chicago Branch of the Central E. E., 353 m. to 
Cairo (open to the Kankakee r.) ; the Michigan Southern 
and Indiana Northern P. P., open through to Toledo 255 
m. and to Monroe 247 m. ; the Michigan Central E. P., open 
to Detroit 278 m. ; the Chicago and Milwaukie E. E., 92 m.; 
the lUinois and "Wisconsin E. E., 175 m. to Fond du Lac; 
the Chicago, St. Charles, and Mississippi Air Line E. E., 
135 m. ; the Chicago and Aurora E. E. (to meet the Cen- 
tral) S6 m. ; the Chicago and Mississippi E. E., open 257 m. 
to Alton ; the Chicago and Cincinnati E. E., via Logans- 

815 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



port, 2S1 m. ; and the Chicago and Fort "Wayne E. R., 180 
m.— making a total of trunlt line of railroad 2,416 m. in 
length, which in less than three years will all be in success- 
ful operation. 

The second class, or those branching from or being ex- 
tensions of the trunk lines, are principally as follows : the 
Beloit Branch K. E., 21 m., and its e.xtensiou to Madison, 53 
m., and to Portage, ST m. ; the Dubuque and Galena E. E. 
—to Janesville 8G ra., and to Freeport 67 m. ; the Savannah 
and Freeport }5ranch E. E., 35 m. ; the Galena Branch of 
the Central E. E., from Freeport to junction with Aurora 
E. E., 60 m. ; the Mississippi and Eock Elver .Junction 
E. E , from Fulton City to Sycamorp Branch of the Air 
Line E. E., 80 m. ; the Northern Cross and Central Military 
Tract E. E , from Quincy to connection with Aurora road, 
ISO m. ; St. Charles Branch E. E., 7 m. ; Fox Eiver Valley 
E. E., 40 ra. ; Mineral Point Branch E. E., 32 m. ; Janes- 
ville and Madison E. E., 34 m. ; Milwaukie and Fond du 
Lac, 60 rn. ; Madison and Ontonagon E. E., about 200 m., 
and the Madison and La Crosse E. E., 150 m. — making a 
total of branches, etc., 1,1.30 m. in length. 

Thus the city has tributary to it 12 trunk roads and 16 
branches and extensions. In this summary no account is 
taken of the Burlington, Peoria, and Oquawka E. E., which 
will feed the Military Tract E. E. from two points on the 
Mississippi, and from Peoria on the Illinois ; nor of the 
New Albany and Salem E. E., which runs from the eastern 
roads at Michigan City to New Albany on the Ohio. Nei- 
ther is the Mobile and Ohio E. E. considered, which will 
continue the Central E. E. to Mobile, on the Gulf of Mex- 
ico ; nor yet the various lines extending from the Missis- 
sippi, through Iowa and Missouri, to their western fron- 
tiers. These will be no unimportant contributors to the 
prosperity of the city, and in estimating the extent of coun- 
try for which Chicago will be the market, ought not to be 
overlooked. 

To illustrate the change wrought by the railroad and 
canal, in connection with lake navigation by steam, on the 
condition of the country, the following statements are ad- 
vanced : 

" Eighteen years ago there were not 5,000 white inhab- 
itants in all the vast region of beautiful country lying be- 
tween Lake Michigan and the Pacific Ocean. Now (1S53) 
the number is over a inillion ! Twelve years ago Chicago 
■was esteemed by capitalists and business men in the East 
but little more substantial than a fiction. Now they admit 
it is on the eve of becoming the largest inland city in the 
Union — ^the commercial metropolis of the Mississippi Val- 
ley ! Ten years ago, six or eight days were occupied in 
passing from Chicago to New York. Now it only requires 
forty-eight hours ! Eival lines will soon reduce the distance 
several hours more. Five years ago, Chicago had not a 
single foot of railroad in any direction. Now she has over 
400 miles completed within the State, and free access, at all 
times, to every city on the sea-board, from Portland to 
Savannah ! There are no circumstances connected with 
the history of the nation that are more calculated to excite 
astonishment and heartfelt gratitude than these." They 
are connected with the commercial position of the city, and 
the prosecution of those grand enterprises which, when 
completed, will make it the great storehouse of the East 
and the West — the central exchange of the nation. It is 
doubtless to the advantageous situation of the city, aided 
by these accessories, the railroad, canal, and steamboat, 
that is owing its rapid growth during the few past years — 
its enviable commercial advancement for the present, and 
its brilliant prospects for the future. 

In 1830 Chicago was a mere trading post, and in 1840 it 
had only 4,479 inhabitants. In 1850 its population amount- 
ed to 29,963, being an increase of 25,484 within the decade, 
or at the rate of 570.31 per cent. The increase of Mdwaukie 
within the same period was 1071.78 per cent. ; of St. Louis, 
372.76 ; and of Cincinnati, 149.11 per cent. The present 
816 



(1853) population is estimated at 50,000. Such facts are 
sufficient to show that ils future is one of grand prospects. 
Fronting on the lake, it has direct shipping connection with 
all the ports of those great waters, and by the St. Lawrence 
with those of the whole Union ; and by means of the ex- 
tensive lines of internid railroads, before recounted, its com- 
merce reaches from the Atlantic sea-board to the heart of 
the Valley of the Mississippi. In 1S39 the total value of 
property in Chicago was assessed at $1,829,420 ; in 1850 it 
was valued for taxation at $8,562,717, of which ti;6,804,262 
represented the value of real estate. In 1S52 the value of 
real and personal property was $12,0.35,037. The following 
table will show the actual progress of population "and as- 
sessments from 1S39 : 



Year. 


Popul.ition. 


Valuation, 


Year. 


Population. 


Valuation. 


1839. 


.. — .. 


..$1,829,420 


1846. 


..14,169.. 


.$5,071,422 


1840. 


.. 4,479.. 


.. 1,864,205 


1847. 


. . 16,859. . 


. 6,189,385 


1S41. 


.. — .. 


.. 1,8S8,160 


1848. 


..20.023.. 


. 9,986,000 


1842.. 


.. — .. 


.. 2..326,240 


1849. 


..23,047.. 


. 7,617,102 


1843.. 


.. 7,580.. 


.. 2,250.735 


1850.. 


..29,963.. 


. 8,562,717 


1844.. 


.. — .. 


.. 3.166,945 


1S51.. 


.. — .. 


. 9,4:31,826 


1845.. 


..12,088.. 


.. 8,669,124 


1352.. 


..38,733.. 


.12,035,037 



Chicago is now, indeed, one of the most substantial cities 
of the West. The limits of the inhabited parts have been 
constantly extended, until now it stretches beyond the 
bifurcation of the river, and is rapidly filling up north and 
south of the main stream. Elegant residences are found in 
every part, splendid blocks of stores line the principal 
streets, and gigantic warehouses frown over the wharves 
and receive and distribute the material of an ever-increas- 
ing commerce. The city borders on a wide, rich, and 
beautiful prairie, extending in different directions for miles, 
and which is handsomely diversified by groves and strips 
of timber springing up at intervals, exhibiting a rich fea- 
ture, the beauty of which is greatly enhanced by garden 
plats and villas, which, mixing with the scene, make it one 
of enchanting loveliness. Though the site is very low and 
level, scarcely five feet above the lake, there are no marshes 
or wet lands about the place, and the lake winds, by con- 
stantly agitating the waters, much like the tidal perturba- 
tions of sea-board rivers, have a good effect in promoting 
cleanliness and health to so large a city. 

The harbor is made up of the main river and its branches, 
along the quays of which shipping lies in safety, and piers 
have been extended into the lake to prevent accumulations 
of sand and drift. The depth is pretty uniform, from 12 to 15 
feet, and sufficient for any craft navigating the lakes. 

The collection district of which Chicago is the port of 
entry, has about SO miles of coast line, from Michigan City, 
in Indiana, to Waukegan, in Illinois, embracing the coast of 
Lake Michigan, bordering on the two States. Michigan City, 
Chicago, and Waukegan are the only ports, the total com- 
merce of the first and last of which is comparatively small, 
and not exceeding $1,400,000 in the year. The progressive 
value of the imports and exports of Chicago will be found 
to be the best expunent of the actual progression of the 
place, and has been as follows: 



Imports. 



Exports. 
$1,000 64 
10,065 00 
16,044 75 
38,843 00 



1S36 $325,208 90 

1S37 373,677 12 

18.33 579,174 61 

1839 630,980 26 

1840 562,106 20 223,635 74 

1841 564,347 88 348,862 24 

1842 664,347 88 659,305 20 

1843 971,849 75 652,210 85 

1844 1,086.416 00 785,504 28 

1845 2,043,445 73 1,543,519 85 

1846 2.027,150 00 1,813,468 00 

1847 2,041,852 52 2.206,299 00 

1848 8,338,639 86 10,709,333 40 

18")1 24,410,400 00 5,395,471 40 

• CeusuB, Jan , 1851— 60,002. t Eeturus evi.leiitlj' enoneoQS. 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



"Twenty years ago," saya Governor Matteson, in his 
Inaugural Message to the Legislature of 1853, " the com- 
merce of Chicago was but a few thousand dollars, and her 
population but a few hundred souls. Her commerce now, 
through the aid of commercial advantages, h.is increased 
to over $20,000,000, and her population to over 50,000! 
Then, Waukegan, Elgin, Belvidore, Rockford, Freeport, 
and Galena were almost wholly unknown. Now, by the 
influence of the lake commerce and the Chicago and 
Galena Eailroad, with the influence the Mississippi h;is 
upon Galena, they have become large and flourishing 
cities and towns, growing with a rapidity almost incred- 
ible. The canal going into operation has made lively 
and flourishing towns of Lockport, Joliet, Morris, Ottawa, 
La Salle, and Peru, and greatly added to the growth of all 
the towns along the Illinois r. These again have thrown 
back their wealth, and forced Chicago into a growth which 
challenges a parallel in any city, unless e-xcept those of Cal- 
ifornia. She has nearly two millions of dollars invested in 
manufactures, the most substantial and reliable of all city 
improvements. Among the most important of them are her 
foundries, her milling, and manufactories of agricultural 
implements. "Without these the farmers would never be 
able to send forward such amounts of produce. 

" The following table of some of the leading articles of her 
local trade, will give us some idea of her prosperity. For 
the last year there has been received from all sources : 

By milroad. By canal. B.v team. Tot;'.l. 



Wheat, bush. . 475,425 



108.597 .. 131.403 .. 715,425 



Oats, " 


. 665,491 .. 


833,703 . 


. 409,731 


Barley, " 


. 85,4S4 . . 


8.7S5 . 


. 24,054 


Eye, " 


— .. 


617 . 


. 25,000 


Flour, bbls. . 


. 45,254 . . 


1,846 . 


. 70,000 


■Wool, lbs. . . 


. 243,662 . . 


525,032 . 


356,896 



Corn. " . 673,621 .. 2,044,298 .. 287,791 .. 3,005,710 

1,998,925 

118,273 

25,617 

117,100 

1,126,190 

"Her lumber trade will not fall short of 140.000,000 of 
feet, and her capital invested in that article about $2,000,000. 
Her beef packing in 1852 was 2%,lfi3 head of cattle slaugh- 
tered, making a total weight of 13.284,150 poumls, and her 
pork 6,000,000 pounds. The capital invested in this busi- 
ness is between one and two millions of dollars. In goods 
she has two hundred and eleven houses engaged in whole- 
sale business, besides a very large number of retail estab- 
lishments. Many import their goods directly from Europe. 
She has twenty-six houses engaged in forwarding and com- 
mission, generally doing a heavy business. While these 
numbers look incredible, I hazard nothing in the opinion, 
that many years to come will witness a growth equally rapid. 
The same has been the history of (he region of country pen- 
etrated by the Illinois river. Since the opening of the canal, 
flourishing towns are lining its banks at e-\#ry few miles 
distance, and are famishing producers a ready and profitable 
market. This river being the connecting link between the 
Mississippi and the great chain of lakes, much care has been 
taken to ascertain its commerce as near as may be. The 
following table is believed to contain as near an approxi- 
mate as can be obtained ; still I am satisfied it is below the 
true amount : 

Towns on Canal Amount of Towns on Cinal Amount of 

and Illnoia River. commerce. and III. River. commen- 



Chicago $20,000,000 

Lockport 400,000 

550,000 

■* 75,000 

80,000 

400,000 

80,000 

650,000 

50,000 



Joliet 

Channahon . . 

Dresden 

Morris 

Marseilles — 

Ottawa 

Utica 

La Salle 1,200,000 

Peru 1,100,000 

Hennepin 625,000 



Hall's Landing., 

Henry 

Lacon 

Chillicothe 

Spring Bay 

Peoria 

Pekin 

Wesley City 

Copperas Creek. 

Liverpool 

Bath 

Havana 



150,000 
850,000 
650,000 
220,000 
150,000 
2,600,000 
1,500,000 
150,000 
150,000 
175,000 
200,000 
200,000 



Towns on Canal 


Amount of 


and 111. River. 


commerce 


Montezuma 


40,000 


Bridgeport 


60,000 


Newport 


50.000 


Hardin 


40,000 


Apple Creek . . . 


200.000 


Columbiana . . . . 


175,000 


Grafton 


75,000 


Alton 


. 2,500,000 



Towns on Canal Amount of 

and 111. River. commerce. 

Sharp's Landing 150,000 

Irvingston 100,000 

Frederick 800,000 

Beardstown 1,550,000 

Perry's Landing. 50,000 

Meredosia 800,000 

Naples 4,000,000 

Florence 350,000 

Griggsville ' 300,000 Total $42,345,000 

" Total amount of commerce on Illinois River and canal 
for the year ending Nov. 30, 1852, $42,345,000. Number 
of steamboat arrivals from St. Louis and other points as 
high up as Peoria, in same time, 1,608. A large amottnt 
of trade on this route is carried on by canal-boats and 
barges, towed by steamboats. Cotinected with this, I may 
mention the fact that the arrivals of steamboats at St. Louis 
during the past year have been between three and four 
thousand, and it is estimated by reliable judges that at least 
one-third are employed in carrying the products of Illi- 
nois." 

The following table shows the amount of shipments and 
receipts by lake, canal, and railroad for the year 1852 : 

SniP.MENTS. 
Lake. Canal. G. and C. R. R. 



Ashes, tons 3.. 

Agr. impl., tons — . . 

Ale, bbls 50.. 

Barley, bush. . . 70,818.. 

Beef, bbls 49,856.. 

" tierces... 1,540.. 

Butter, pkgs. . . 9,062 . . 

Beeswax, casks 3.. 

Br'm corn,bales 855. . 

Brooms, dozen. 270. . 

Brick, no 49,000.. 

Barrels, no 136.. 

Bones, casks .. 56. . 

Bark mills, no.. 3.. 

BoUers, no 2 . . 

Bacon, lbs — . . 

Bran, lbs — . . 

Bark, tons — . . 

Cider, bbls — . . 

Corn, bush. ...2,737,011.. 

Candles, boxes. 1,300 . . 

Cattle, no 77.. 

Castings, pieces 41 . . 

Corn meal, bis. 350 . . 

Coff'ee, lbs — . . 

Cheese, lbs. ... — . . 

Carp, work, tons — . . 

Clocks, lbs — . . 

Coal, tons — .. 

Crackers, lbs.. — .. 

Crockery, tons . — . . 

Eggs, bl)ls 723 . . 

Flour, bbls 61,196.. 

Fish, bbls 464.. 

Flaxseed, bbls. . 403.. 

Flax, bdls 18.. 

Fruit, lbs 36,200. 



141.. 

274.. 

93.. 

508.. 
175.. 



1,040.. 

194,900.. 

1,920.. 



5,357.. 

2,106.. 

329.. 

37.. 



197,182.. 

51,238.. 

53.. 

53,286.. 

196.. 

1,227.. 

122.. 

2,901 . . 
3,106.. 



583,070.. — 



1,245. 



Furs, pkgs 

Grindstones,tns 
Gun. bags.bales 
Ginseng, bales. 
Groceries,pbgs. 
Highwines, bis. 

Hams, no 

Hams&sh'8,cks 

Hides, no 47,875 . 

Horses, no IT . 



269.. — 



18.. 


— 


4.. 


— 


4,076.. 


— 


13,374.. 


2,868 


128.. 


67 


5,560.. 


— 



40.. — 



Total. 

144 

274 

143 

71,826 

50,081 

1,546 

9,152 

8 

855 

1,310 

248,000 

2,056 

56 

3 

2 

5,857 

2,106 

829 

3T 

2,737,011 

1,300 

77 

41 

350 

197,182 

51,2.38 

53 

53,286 

1,441 

1,227 

122 

723 

62,097 

8,570 

408 

18 

619,270 

269 

89 

IS 

4 

4,076 

16,243 

195 

5,560 

47,925 

IT 



S17 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES, 





Lake. 


Canal. 


G. and C. R 


Hemp, bales.. . 


4,140. 


— . 


— 


Hardware,pkgs 


9,123. 


— . 


— 


" tons 


79. 


— . 


— 


Hay, tons 


57S. 


— . 


— 


Horns, casks . . 


IIT. 


— . 


— 


Hogs, no 


4,508. 


— . 


— . 


Hair, lbs 


— . 


. 53,426. 


— 


Hops, lbs 


— . 


23.149. 


— 


Iron, tons 


69. 


420. 


1,968. 


" E. K.,ton3 


— . 


9,647. 


— 


" tools, lbs.. 


— . 


1,453. 


— 


Leather, lbs 


99,291 . 


. 354,386. 


— 


Lead, tons 


1,018. 


1. 


— 


Lard, bls.&kegs 


4,638. 


— . 


— . 


Liquor, casks.. 


5. 


— . 


— 


Lime, bbls 


1,605. 


— . 


— 


Lumlier, feet.. 


— . 


49,095,181. 


21,645,090. 


Lath, pieces. .. 


— . 


10,659,245. 


4,589,200. 


Mdse., pkgs. . . 


4,450. 


— . 


— 


" lbs 


— . 


.14,359,564. 


34,061,600. 


Molasses, tons . 


— . 


127. 


— 


Marble, tons. . . 


— . 


277. 


— 


Millstones, tons 


— . 


22. 


— 


Machinery, " 


— . 


276. 


— 


Malt, « 


— . 


21. 


— 


Mech's tools, lbs 


— . 


2,264. 


— 


Nails & sp's.tons 


11. 


374. 


— 


Nuts, tons 


— . 


22. 


— 


Oats, bush 2 


0-30,317. 


— . 


— 


Oils, bbls 


173. 


170. 


— 


Pork, bbls 


9,938. 


38. 


— 


" tierces . . 


640. 


— 


— 


Powder, lbs. . . 


2,370. 


. 191,339. 


— 


Potatoes, bush. 


2,514. 


886. 


— 


Pumps, tons... 


— . 


78. 


— 


Pott's ware, lbs. 


— . 


1,200. 


— 


Posts, no 


— . 


16,350. 


1,113 


Peas, bush 


— . 


20. 


— 


Paper, reams. . 


— . 


— . 


4,308. 


Eye, bush 


17,015. 


300. 


— 


Keapers, no 


479. 


— ' . 


— 


Rice, lbs 


— . 


. 1.5,019. 


— 


Baleratus, lbs... 


1,300. 


. 110,000. 


— 


Boap.kcgs — 


20. 


7. 


— . 


Skins, bundles. 


426. 


— . 


— 


Salt, bbls 


4,259. 


. 27,457. 


. 22,248. 


" sacks 


— . 


. 402,746. 


— 


Sheep, no 


10. 


— . 


— 


Shin. Machines 


1. 


— . 


— 


Steam-engines. 


2. 


— . 


— . 


Seeds, lbs 


12,853. 


— . 


— 


Sugar, " 


— . 


. 768,871. 


— 


Steel, " .... 


— . 


. 34,559. 


— 


Stoves, " 


— . 


25,349. 


— 


Sand, " .... 


— . 


2,200. 


— 


Starch, « .... 


— . 


1,1.37. 


— 


St^)ves, tons . . . 


_ . 


747. 


— 


Sundries, pkgs. 


2,078. 


— . 


— . 


" tons . 


— 


59. 


— 


Shingles, no. . . 


— . 


.41,920.538. 


.13,930,500 


Stone, cub. y'ds 


— . 


24. 


— 


Tallow, bbls. . . 


831 


14. 


— 


Tobacco, hhds. 


127. 


— . 


_ 


" tons. . 


— . 


59. 


— 


Turpentine, lbs. 


— . 


5,017. 


— 


Timber, cub. ft. 


— . 


. 100,001. 


— 


Vinegar, bbls. . 


30. 


— . 


— 


Varnish, lbs. . . 


— . 


8,792. 


— 


"Wheat, bush. . . 


635,196 


8'j7. 


— 


Whisky, bbls... 


647 


— . 


— 


Wool, lbs 


920,113. 


— . 


_ 


Wat. Lime, bis.. 


95 


75.. 


_ 


813 









E. Total. 

4,140 

9,123 

79 

578 

117 

4,5ii8 

53,426 

23,149 

2,463 

9,647 

1,463 

453,677 

1,019 

4,638 

5 

1,605 

70,740,271 

15,248,445 

4,450 

48,420,164 

127 

277 

22 

276 

21 

2,264 

385 

22 

2,030,817 

343 

9,976 

640 

193,799 

2,900 

78 

1,200 

17,4^3 

20 

4,803 

17,315 

479 

15,019 

111,800 

27 

426 

53.964 

402,746 

10 

1 

2 

12,853 

768.871 

34.559 

25,349 

2,200 

1,137 

747 

2,078 

59 

55,851,038 

24 

845 

127 

59 

5,017 

100,001 

30 

3,792 

636,003 

647 

920,113 

170 





Lake. 


Canal. 


G. .and C. 


R. R. Total. 


Wood-ware,Ibs. . 


— .. 


1,597. 


— 


1,597 


Wagons, tons . . . 


_ .. 


206. 


— 


206 


White Lead,lbs.. 


— . 


7,640. 


— 


7,640 


Wood, cords . . . 


— .. 


19. 


— • 


19 




RECEIPTS. 








Lake, 


Canal. 


G. & C. U. a R. Total. 


Ashes, tons .... 


22.. 


— . 


— 


22 


Apples, bbls. . . . 


21.318.. 


— 


— 


21,818 


Ale, " ... 


209.. 


21. 


~ 


230 


Ag. imp'ts, tons. 


— .. 


72. 


-- 


72 


Beef, bbls 


11. 


1,178. 


— 


1,189 


Bark, cords 


2.046.. 


— . 


— 


2.646 


Brick, no 


361,200.. 


— . 


— 


. 861,200 


Butter, pkgs. . . . 


866. 


2,818. 


9,587. 


13,271 


Barley, bushels. 


1,687. 


S,7S5. 


. 90,248. 


. 100,715 


Beer-bot's, hds. . 


13.. 


— . 


— 


13 


Baskets, no 


460. 


— . 


— 


460 


Bedsteads, no. . 


147. 


— . 


— 


147 


Beans, bushels. . 


— . 


89. 


— 


89 


Buckwheat, " . . 


_ . 


5,740. 


— 


5,740 


Bacon, lbs 


— 


201,500. 


— 


. 201,500 


Beeswax, lbs — 


— . 


48.457. 


— 


48,457 


Br'm Corn, tons. 


— . 


184. 


— 


184 


Bran, bushels. . . 


— . 


7,827. 


— 


7,827 


Corn, " ...1,810,830.. 


671.961. 


— . 


. 2,482.791 


Coffee, lbs 


— . 


60,524. 


— - 


60,524 


Charcoal, bush. . 


— . 


240. 


— . 


240 


Clocks, lbs 


— .. 


1,320. 


— 


1,.320 


Candles, bo.ves. . 


941. 


84. 


— 


1,025 


Coal, tons 


42,933. 


8,310. 


— 


46,233 


Cider, bbls 


420. 


— . 


— 


420 


Ced. Posts, no, . 


199,221. 


— . 


— 


. 199,221 


Chairs, no 


615. 


— . 


. 


615 


Churns, dozen. . 


32.. 


— . 


— 


32 


Ch. Stuffs, rolls. 


497. 


— . 


— 


497 


Crockery ,crates. 


245. 


— . 


— 


245 


Castings, tons.. . 


41. 


— . 


— 


41 


Castings, pieces. 


2,653. 


— . 


— . 


2,653 


Car-wheels, no,. 


594. 


— . 


— 


594 


" tons . 


58. 


— . 


— 


58 


Car Axles, no.. 


450. 


— . 


— 


450 


Car Trunks 


23. 


— . 


— 


23 


Cars 


2. 


— . 


— 


3 


Eggs, bbls 


10. 


99. 


— 


109 


Empty Barrels.. 


2,773. 


6,000. 


— 


8,773 


Engs.&B'ils.,no. 


4. 


— . 


— 


4 


Fish, bbls 


5.249. 


2. 


— 


5,251 


Flour, bbls 


2,857. 


. 1.S46 


44,816 


49,019 


Furniture, lbs. . . 


20,700. 


139,218. 


— 


. 159,918 


Flaxseed, buslu. 


300. 


— 


— 


800 


Flax, lbs 


— • 


. 11,200 
63,984 


: I 


11,200 


Fruit, lbs 


63,984 


" boxes 


4,909. 


— 


— 


4,909 


Feathers, lbs.... 


— . 


. 6.424. 


— 


6,424 


Furs and Pells.. 


— . 


80,804. 


— 


30,804 


Grindstones, no. 


9,051 . 


— 


— 


9,051 


" tons 


64. 


— . 


— 


64 


Glass, boxes 


20,781 . 


. — 


— . 


20,781 


Glassware, casks 


71. 


— . 


— 


71 


Grease, lbs 


— . 


71,396. 


— 


71,396 


Hogs, live, no. . . 


280. 


— . 


— 


280 


" dressed, lbs. 


— . 


86,800. 


.10,881,510. 


. 10,968,310 


HoII. ware galls. 


4,796. 


— . 


— 


4,796 


" tons. . 


662. 


— . 


. * — 


662 


Hardware, pkgs. 


2,119. 


— . 


— 


2,119 


Hoops, no 


16,000. 


— . 


— 


16,000 


" lbs 


— . 


436,510 


— 


. 436,510 


Horses, no 


29. 


— . 


— 


29 


Half Bushels, no. 


200. 


— . 


— 


200 


Hides, lbs 


11,000. 


887,318. 


. 396,812. 


. 1,294,630 


Hams, lbs 


— . 


4,223. 


— 


4,223 


Hops, lbs 


— . 


4,878. 


— . 


4,873 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 





Luke. 


C;mal. 


G. & C. U. R 


. R. Tot.il. 


Hemp, lbs. . . . 


— . 


871,023. 


— . 


871,023 


Hay, tons 


— . 


180. 


— 


ISO 


Iron,b(lls.&brs 


40,560. 


6,100. 


— 


45,660 


" tons 


1,446. 


— . 


— 


1.446 


" E.R.,tons 


11,22T. 


— . 


— 


11,227 


" " bars 


81.995.. 


— . 


— 


81,995 


" Pig, tons 


3,495.. 


— . 


— 


3,495 


Lumber, feet..UT,816.232. 


76,148. 


759,894. 


148,652,274 


Lalb, pieces.. 


19,759,670.. 


1,000. 


— 


19,859,670 


Locomot's, no. 


16.. 


— . 


— 


16 


Lead, kegs ... 


5,147. 


— . 


— . 


5.147 


" rolls 


864. 


— . 


— 


864 


" lbs 


— . 


642,027. 


715,300. 


1,857,827 


L'd Pipe, tons 


60. 


232. 


— 


292 


Lime, bbls 


765. 


625. 


— 


1,390 


" pkgs . . . 


660.. 


~m- 


— 


660 


Liquor, casks . 


121. 




— 


121 


Lard, lbs 


— . 


67,793. 


— 


67,793 


Mdse, pkgs . . . 


305,696. 


— . 


— 


305,696 


" tons 


4,446. 


204. 


— 


4,650 


Miilt, bush.... 


650.. 


846. 


— 


1,496 


Mills, no 


1. 


— . 


— 


1 


Marble, pieces 


4,250.. 


— . 


— 


4,2.50 


" tons . . 


874. 


— . 


— 


374 


Mahogany, pes 


111. 


— . 


— 


111 


Molasses, lbs. . 


— . 


746,564. 


— 


746,564 


Meal, lbs 


— . 


88,728. 


— . 


83,728 


Nails, kegs . . . 


10,685. 


— . 


— 


10,685 


Nuts, lbs 


— . 


750. 


— 


750 


Oils, bbls. . . . 


838. 


140. 


— 


978 


Oats, bush 


— . 


888,703. 


674,941. 


1,508,614 


Powder, tons. . 


189. 


— . 


— 


189 


Plaster, bbls.. 


999. 


_ . 


_ 


999 


Potatoes,bush. 


6,772. 


17,552. 


6,286. 


80,610 


Paper, reams . 


3,100. 


— . 


12.807. 


15,907 


Provisiona,lbs. 


8,300. 


97,858. 


1,836,084. 


. 1,937,287 


Pickets, no. . . . 


52,000. 


— . 


— 


52,000 


Pumps, no. . . . 


7-32. 


— . 


— . 


732 


Pork, bbls.... 


960. 


2,.310. 


— 


3,270 


Pails, no 


39,772. 


— . 


— 


39,772 


Pot. Ware, lbs. 


— 


6.232 . 


— 


6,232 


Posts, no 


— . 


500. 


— 


500 


Eye, bush 


— . 


617. 


— 


617 


Rags, lbs 


— . 


57,830. 


— 


57,830 


Eice, lbs 


— . 


6,089. 


— 


6,089 


E.E.Ties,uo. 


60,232. 


— . 


— 


60,232 


" Ch's,bdls. 


2,374. 


— . 


— 


2,374 


" " bbls. 


257. 


— . 


— 


257 


" " lbs. . 


6,470. 


— . 


— 


6,470 


Rosin, bbls. . . 


1,2.39. 


— . 


— 


1,2.39 


Shingles, no . . 


77,080,500. 


— . 


— 


. 77,080,500 


Staves, no 


1,258,802. 


— . 


— 


. 1,258,802 


Spokes, no. . . . 


24,000. 


— . 


— 


24,000 


Spiles, no 


4,322. 


— . 


— 


4,322 


Spars, no 


93. 


— . 


— 


98 


Stone, pieces. . 


2,750. 


— . 


— 


2,750 


" tons . . . 


1,053. 


— . 


— 


1,058 


" c. yards 


— . 


35,649. 


— 


35,649 


Salt, bbls 


91,674. 


— . 


— 


91,674 


" tons 


185. 


— . 


— 


185 


Spikes, tons. . . 


198. 


— . 


— 


198 


Stoves, tons . . 


3S6. 


1. 


— 


387 


" no 


2,324. 


— . 


— 


2,824 


Stove-pi pe,pcs 


1,500. 


— . 


— 


1,500 


Saleratus.pkgs 


1,450. 


— . 


— 


1,450 


Stucco, bbls. . . 


863. 


— . 


_ 


308 


Skins, no 


8. 


_ . 


_ 


8 


Soap, lbs 


600. 


112,148. 





. 112,748 


Sofas, no 


44. 


— . 


_ 


44 


Snaths, no 


253. 


— . 


_ 


253 


Safes, no 


42. 


— . 


_ 


42 


Starch, boxes.. 


600. 


. — 


— 


600 



r.;ike. Canal. G. & C. U. R. R. Total. 

Sundries, bbls. 907.. — .. — .. 907 

" tons — .. — .. 931.. 931 

Shot, tons 5.. 146.. — .. 151 

Seeds, tons ... — . . 309 . . — . . 309 

Sug.ar, tons... — .. 1,604.. — .. 1,604 

Sand, tons... — .. 735.. — .. 735 

Spirits, not ) ,„, 

whiskjUbls.^ - •• 1S4.. - .. 184 

Tobacco, tons. 27.. 222.. — .. 247 

" boxes 617.. — .. — .. 617 

Tin, pigs 127.. — .. — .. 127 

" tons 112.. — .. — .. 112 

" boxes.... 105.. — .. — .. 105 

Tin-ware.gals. 19,640.. — .. — .. 19,640 

T.ar, bbls 491.. — .. — .. 491 

Tubs,no 3,763.. — .. — .. 3,768 

Trees,no 2,972.. 6,471.. — .. 9,443 

Tallow, lbs.... — .. 74,723.. — .. 74,725 

Lumber, feet. 1,603,250.. 87,400.. — .. 1,690,650 

Vinegar, bbls. 4.. — .. — .. 4 

Wheat, bush. . 129,251 . . 103,597 . . 504,996 . . 742,844 

Wat. Lime,bl8. 6,532.. — .. — .. 6,532 

" Pipe, tns 1,125.. — .. — .. 1,125 

" " pes 4-32.. — .. — .. 432 

Whisky, bbls.. 1,783.. — .. 5,653.. 7,441 

Wheelbarrows 865.. — .. — .. 865 

W.igon Hubbs 4,286.. — .. — .. 4,286 

Wood, cords.. 22,-319.. 28,.322.. 859.. 51,500 

Wood-ware.ps 1,160.. — .. — .. 1,160 

" tons 28.. — .. — i. 23 

Wagons,no... 46.. 56.. — .. 102 

Wool, lbs — ..525,6.32.. 244,662.. 770,294 

Wh. Lead, lbs. — ..138,712.. — .. 1-38,712 

The f illowing, relating to manufactures, is copied from a 
pamphlet published in -January, 1353, entitled " Chicago, 
her Commerce and Railroads," containing a review of the 
progress and business of the city during the year 1852 : 

" During the past few months, two extensive car manufac- 
turing establishments have been put in operation. One is lo- 
cated near the Rock Island Depfit, and is owned by two 
distinct companies. G. W. Sizer & Co. cast the wheels and do 
all the iron work connected with the manufacture of cars ; 
they have a large establishment, .and are doing a heavy busi- 
ness. They are now using 8 tons of iron per day, brought 
mostly from Ohio and New York. A. B. Stone & Co. do 
the wood-work and the upholstery and finishing of the cars. 
The two companies are building ten cars per week, and 
employ nearly two hundred men. The buildings were 
commenced on the 22d of last September, and in the short 
space of six months the whole establishment has been built 
and put in active operation. 

" The American Car Company have erected their works 
about half a mile north of Myrick's, on the lake shore, and 
will have, when completed in all respects, one of the most 
perfectly-appointed manufactories that can be found in the 
Western States. They have in their inclosure thirteen 
acres. The buildings now completed have an aggregate 
length of 1,250 by an average width of 60 feet. The capital 
of the company is $200,000, and they have already expend- 
ed some $130,000 ; 3,500 tons of pig-iron are used per year 
in the manufacture of car-wheels and the other car cast- 
ings, and 2,000 tons of coal are consumed. The buildings 
were commenced in August, 1852, and at that time much 
of the timber used in the buildings was growing in the 
forests of Michigan and Illinois. The company have al- 
ready completed seventy-four freight and ten elegant pas- 
senger ears. When all their arrangements are perfected, 
they intend to finish three freight cars per day and a pas- 
senger car per week. 

" The completion of these extensive manufactofies in the 
short space of a few months is a fair specimen of Western 

819 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



enterprise. At the West, whatever we take hold of, ' is 
bound to go ahead,'' not at an old fogy pace, but with rail- 
road speed. 

" In addition to these car manufactories, we learn that 
Messrs. Stevens, of Concord, New Hampshire, are about to 
establish an extensive locomotive manufactory. This is 
much necdt'd, and will do, if properly managed, an im- 
mense business. Two factories, if now completed, would 
have all thoy could do to All the orders for railroads now 
built and in process of construction. So far as we can learn, 
the site for the factory is not definitely determined. 

"The new Hydraulic Works are progressing as fast as 
circumslanoes will permit. Nearly nine miles of the main 
pipes were laid last fall, the well is completed, and we may 
hope in a few months to have an abundant supply of pure 
water in all parts of the city. This will add immensely to 
the health and comfort of our citizens. The amount ex- 
pended on the different contracts up to January 8d was 
$154,061 8S. The amount necessarj' to complete the work 
according to estimate of the chief engineer, AV. J. M'Al- 
pine, Esq., is $207,162 77. This has aU been provided for 
on terms very favorable to the city. 

" One of the most extensive establishments in the city is 
that for the manufacture of M'Cormick's Reapers. This 
factory employs a large number of hands, and in various 
ways adds to the prosperity of our citi/.ens. Mr. M'Cor- 
mick manufactured during the last year 1,G00 reapers, and 
reapers and mowers combined. The amount realized, at 
an average of $140 each, would be $224,000. 

"During the past season, John S. "Wright, Esq., has put 
in operation#«in extensive factory for the manufacture of 
Ilussey's Reapers, Atkia's Automaton Reapers, and other 
agricultural implements. Mr. Wright has in process of 
construction 45 Hussey's reapers, 65 Atkin's automaton 
reapers, 25 seed-drills, 100 plows, and several other minor 
agricultural implements. 

Atkin's automaton reaper is a recent invention, and 
pron.ises to be a most valuable, as it certainly is one of the 
most ingenious, agricultural implements. It has recently 
been brought to notice by Mr. Wright in England. By a 
recent article in the London TlmeH, we learn that it was 
commanding the attention of the best informed and most 
extensive English agriculturists. In this country it has also 
secured the admiration of all who have witnessed its truly 
wonderful movements. 

" Among the various branches of manufacturing carried 
on in Chicago, none stands out more promiucnt than the 
carriage and wagon-making business ; and yet but few of 
our citizens generally are aware of the extent that this 
branch of trade is being carried on in our midst. 

" A business that is employing so many men and so large 
an amount of capital as this, must necessarily make some 
outside show; and hardly any one can fail to notice the 
sure manifestations of a wagon-shop by the vehicles which 
usually stand about the doors of such establishments — a sure 
indication of the industry perva<!ing within. Especially 
does this apply to Randolph Street, which by far eclipses 
all other streets in the city, in the number of vehicles manu- 
factured, from the costly barouche to a IruokmaTi's dray. 
More than half of the carriage-manufacturing establish- 
ments in the city are on this street, and they comprise 
nearly all of the heaviest business firms. 

"The total number of these establishments is 25. of which 
14 are in the south division, and the remainder in the west 
division. The following shows the number of men em- 
ployed, the number of vehicles manufactured during the 
year, their average value, and the capital used in the 
business : 

No.of men 323 l Aggregate value. . . $210,445 

No. of vehicles 2,625 I Capital employed. . 127,000 

" In the list of vehicles are included farmers' wagons, 
buggies, barouches, and coaches. Of this number a very 
prominent portion supplies the demand in our own State, 
320 



while large numbers are being continually sent to Michigan, 
Indiana, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota ; and not a few 
to St. Louis, to supply the State of Missouri. Add to this 
the number that have been taken to Oregon and California, 
and the reader can form quite an adequate idea of the de- 
mand for Chicago manufactures. And we are informed by 
some of our most extensive builders that during the past 
season the demand has been so great that they have for 
several months sold only to those who had ordered in ad- 
vance, and frequentiy have been obliged to turn away cus- 
tomers, being unable to supply them. This state of the trade 
has induced many to go into the business during the past 
year, and those who have been long established are extend- 
ing their facilities in order to meet the increasing demand. 

"Most of the timber used comes from our neighboring 
State, Michigan — especially ash, hickory, and white-wood. 
The latter is represented ^ be of a quality superior to that 
which grows in the Ea.stern States. Northern Indiana, and, 
in fact, the whole length of the St. .Joseph Valley, furnishes 
also a large supply of the wagon timber used hero. North- 
ern Wisconsin, and the vicinity near Sheboyg.in, also sends 
her oak ; and even our own Illinois furnishes a share of the 
material, though not in comparison with the before-men- 
tioned localities. Asmall supply of timber for felloes, hubs, 
and shafts for fine carriages is brought from New Jersey; 
and one firm has introduced some from Cincinnati ; but as 
a general thing, fmr own western forests are abundantly 
capable of supplying all the timber that is requisite for the 
manufacture of wagons and carriages in Chicago. 

" The plow business is a very important and extensive 
branch of Chicago manufactures. Plows made in this city 
have been sent to California and Oregon, and give univer- 
sal satisfaction. There is an immense extent of country 
that depends on this city for this essential agricultural im- 
plement. We have not been able to collect the precise sta- 
tistics, but the amount of the business done can not be less 
than $100,000. 

" We have four tanning establishments. The firms en- 
gaged in this business are W. S. Gurnee & Co., Charles F. 
Grey & Co., Osbom & Cobb, and C. C.Wallin & Son. Some 
of them are doing an immense business. The amount paid 
for labor and the raw material in these different establislt- 
ments, is as follows : 
Cost of 8S,7S5 hides and skins tanned in Chicago, 

in the year 1S52 $96,-S43 

130 hands employed at a cost of 26,560 

3,450 cords of bark consumed in manufacturing the 

above 19,.525 

Cost of oil, tallow, etc 6,S0O 

Total cost of raw material and labor $149,247 

"What the value of the manufactured articles would 
amount to we have not been able to learn, but it must be 
large. The great advantage which this city affords for the 
successful prosecution of this business, is the number of 
hides that our beef-packing houses afford, and the wide ex- 
tent of country that is dependent on this city for its leather. 
The opening of so many lines of railroads will afford a 
much wider field for the enterprise of our leather manu- 
facturers. 

" Raymond, Ward & Co. are the only firm that have 
manufactured stoves. The materials used and the amount 
paid for labor, are as follows : 

350 tons Scotch Iron, cost say $25 $S,750 00 

314 " Am. " " 25 7,850 00 

60 " Scrap " " 20 1,200 00 

165 " Hard Coal, " 8 1,. 320 00 

204 " Erie & III. Coal, cost 5 1,020 00 

120 " Moulding Sand, " ,3i 420 00 

1,000 bushels Charcoal, " Set 80 00 

Lumber, and other et ceteras 1,000 00 

Cash paid for Labor 18,000 00 

Total amount $39,640 00 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES, 



MANirFAOTITRED. 

2,126 Cooking Stoves. 

1,543 Parlor, Box. and Office Stovea. 

3,000 sets Pump Keels. 

253} tons M'Corraick's Reaper Castings. 

60 tons various oilier Castings. 
"These stoves were shipped to the towns on the Illinois 
and Upper Mississippi rivers, and had a very extensive 
sale. The establishment is near M'Cormick's reaper fac- 
tory, and Mr. M'Cormick has purchased it, and intends 
to use it exclusively in manufacturing castings for his 
reapers. 

" The watch and jewelry business is becoming a very Im- 
portant branch of trade. One firm has manufactured nearly 
twenty thousand dollars' worth of these goods, and the busi- 
ness of a number of our houses ranges from thirty to one 
hundred thousand dollars. «, 

" We intended to have obtained the statistics of our ex- 
tensive engine builders and machinists on the west side, 
but time has failed us. We hope to do better next year. 
Messrs. Gales & M'Knight, Scoville & Sons, A. Moses, 
Messrs. Cobb, Alderman Granger, and a number of others, 
are doing a very large amount of business. A great variety 
of other establishments and manufactories ought to be no- 
ticed, but time and space will not permit. 

" The facts above given, we think, will convince the most 
skeptical that the march of improvement at the West is 
onicard. They show an increase in population, wealth, 
and resources which must prove exceedingly gratifying to 
all our citizens. They will serve to extend the conviction, 
now almost universal, that Chicago is destined to become 
the great commercial centre of the North-west, and among 
the first, if not the first, city in the Mississippi Valley. Her 
position at the head of a thousand miles of lake navigation, 
gives her a commanding influence. She has no levee to be 
Inundated, causing the destruction of millions of property ; 
neither is she situated upon a river whose navigable ca- 
pacity the clearing up of the country will be liable to affect. 
She is subject to no floods nor inundations. To the north, 
west, and south, almost boundless prairies and groves are 
inviting the toil of the husbandman to develop their treas- 
ures and yield a rich reward to honest industry. In all the 
elements of wealth their resources are exhaustless. The 
mineral treasures of Lake Superior will soon pay tribute to 
Chicago, and our railroads in a few months will have 
reached the lead regions of the Galena district. The Eock 
Island and the Illinois Central railroads will soon penetrate 
the most extensive coal-field in the United States, and in 
fact in thp world, and our commerce, and more especially 
our manufactures, must increase in a ratio far beyond what 
has hitherto been realized. 

"Within the next five years the railroads that will be 
completed and centre in this city will extend more than 
three thousand miles. If we should add the extensions of 
these trunk lines to their ultimate limits, their aggregate 
lengths would amount to tens of thousands. Within five 
years we expect to be in railroad connection with Milwau- 
kie and Madison, Wise, with Dubuque and Council Bluffs, 
Eock Island, St. Louis, Cairo, New Orleans, Mobile, Savan- 
.nali, Ga., Charleston, S. C, Richmond, Va., Washington, 
Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Portland, and 
' the rest of mankind.' A bright future is therefore before 
the ' Garden City.' Let our merchants and mechanics, our 
artisans and business men generally, understand the advan- 
tages which our commanding commercial position affords. 
Let them with becoming prudence, but with far-seeing, in- 
telligent views as to what the spirit of the age and the stir- 
ring times in which we live demand, gird themselves for 
the work of making Chicago the great commercial em- 
porium of the Mississippi Valley. The prize is within their 
grasp ; let them show the world that they are worthy, and 
the rich commerce of the prairies and of the lakes will most 
certainly crown their efforts with success." 

U 



Chicago has five daily newspapers : the " 0. Tribune" 
(indep't.), the '' 0. Democrat" (dem.), the " C. Journal ' 
(whig), the " Commercial Advertiser" (whig), and the 
" Argus," all of which also issue weekly editions ; six week- 
ly newspapers, the "New Covenant," and the "Western 
Citizen" (both Universalist), the " Gem of the Prairie" (lib.), 
the " Prairie Herald" (Presbyterian), the " Watchman of 
the Prairie" (Baptist), and the " Commercial Reporter ;" 
one tri-weekly, the " Illinois State Gazette ;" one semi- 
monthly, the " North-western Medical Journal ;" and three 
monthly periodicals, the " Eclectic Review" (educat.), the 
" Prairie Farmer" (agric), and the " North-western Jour- 
nal of Homoeopathy." 

Latrobe, an intelligent traveler, who visited Chicago in 
1833, thus describes it: "This little mushroom town is sit- 
uated on the verge of a level tract of country, for the greater 
part consisting of open prairie lands, at a point where a 
small river, whose sources interlock — in the wet season — 
with those of the Illinois river, enters Lake Michigan. It, 
however, forms no harbor, and vessels must anchor in the 
open lake, which spreads to the horizon, on the north and 
east, in a sheet of uniform extent. The contrast between 
Chicago of 1833 and Chicago of the present day, is truly 
startling ; and the writer of twenty years ago, had he been 
told that his ' mushroom town' was so soon to become the 
focus of a commerce equal to that enjoyed by many of the 
States of Europe, would he have credited so unprecedented 
a fact, or would he not have considered the prognostication 
the emanation of a crazy brain?" 

From a census of the city taken in the latter part of 1853, 
it appears that the population amounted at that time to 
60,662 souls comprised in 9,435 families, and that the num- 
ber of dwellings was 7,672. There were in the city 1,184 
stores of all kinds, and 196 manufacturing establishments; 
also 54 schools and 61 churches. From these statistics it 
appears that the population of the city has duplicated in less 
than three years ! 

Cincinnati, city, port of entry, and capital of Hamilton 
county, Ohio : situated on the right bank of the Ohio river, 
opposite the mouth of Licking river, and distant by river 
from Pittsburg 465 m., from Louisville 132 m., from Cairo 
494 m., and from New Orleans 1,447 m., and in a direct 
line 100 m. south-west of Columbus. Lat. 39° 6' N., and 
long. 84° 27' W. from Greenwich, or 7° 25' from Washing- 
ton. It covers an area of 4,127 acres, and is the largest in- 
land city in America, and in population is only exceeded by 
New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. In 1795 it had 
500 inhabitants. 

Years. Pop, 

1830 24,831 

1835 29,400 

1840 46,838 

1845 74,699 

1850 115,4.36 

1853 153,643 

The constituent proportions of tlje population are ag 
foUows : 

Americans 57 per cent. 

Germans 26 " " 

British 15 « " 

French and Italians 1 " " 

Other Foreigners 1 



Years. 

isoo 


Pop. 
750 


1805 


960 


1810 


2.540 


1815 


6,070 


1820 


9,602 


1825 


13,778 



-100 



" The following," says Mr. Frazer in a letter to the editor, 
" is a table of the population of Cincinnati, from a writer 
who is generally correct, which gives a greater number for 
1850 and 1853 than I do. He supposes that nearly 5,000 
were absent in the former year, owing to the prevalence of 
the cholera. You will also perceive that the number for 
1833 is less than that of the preceding year, which was our 
first cholera year." 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



years. Fop. 

1780 80 

1790 100 

1795 500 

1800 750 

1803 870 

1805 960 

1807 1,350 

1808 1,900 

1810 2,540 

1812 8,500 

1813 4,000 

1815 C,000 

1818 8.1«0 

1820 9,C0'2 

1822 10,809 

1824 12,016 

1826 15,540 

1829 22,148 

1830 24,831 

1831 26,071 

1882 23,014 



1833 27,645 

1834 23,6iiO 

1835 29,400 

1836 31.900 

1837 35,090 

18-38 38.699 

1839 42.800 

l'^40 46.333 

1811 51,020 

1842 56,122 

1843 61,734 

1844 67,907 

1845 74,699 

1846 82,167 

1847 911,384 

1848 99,422 

1349 109,314 

1850 120,300 

1351 132,330 

1352 145,563 

1S53 160,119 



Immediately adjacent are the cities of Covington and 
Newport, and tiie villages of Brooklyn, Jamestown, and 
Ludlow, in Kentuclty; and on the Oiiio side, Pendleton, 
Fulton, Walnut Hills, Clinton, Clifton, Fairmont, and 
Storrs, containing an aggregate population in the suburbs 
of 60,000 more. Pioneers still living, more than si.\ty years 
since, with arms in their hands, disputed with the aborig- 
ines tlie title to the ground upon which now dwells this 
population of nearly a quarter of a million. It was first set- 
tled on the 26th December, 1788, by a party of men sent out 
under Matthias Denman and Itobert Paterson, to improve a 
portion of the purchase made by the Hon. John Cleves 
Symmes. This purchase embraced a tract of 311,682 acres, 
lying between the Great and Little Miami rivers, and ex- 
tending along the Ohio river a distance of 37 miles. One 
square mile in each township, section 16, was reserved for 
school purposes, and section 29 in each for the support of 
religious societies. 

This party landed opposite the mouth of Licking river, 
and laid out a village called Losantiville, a name shortly 
afterward abandoned for that of Cincinnati. In Feb., 1789, 
another party, under Judge Syramea himself, landed at North 
Bend, and there laid out what was intended to be a large 
city, to which they gave the name of Symmes. The village 
of Cleves now occupies a portion of the site of the intended 
city. Soldiers were now sent out to protect the settlers at 
the Bojid ; but Fort Washington liaving been established, 
they were removed to Cincinnati subsequently, and the 
rivalry of the two places succumbed in favor of Cincinnati 
as Uie chief seat of business. The fort stood on what is now 
Arch Street, between Third and Fourth streets, and east of 
Broadway. In 1790 General Harrison marched hence 
against the Indians, and in the next year General St. Clair 
started for the same place on his ill-fated expedition. The 
fort was successively commanded by Ziegler, Wilkinson, 
and Harrison, the latter of whom became subsequently 
President of the United States. In 1792 the first church was 
erected on what is now corner of Main atid Fourth streets, 
and occupied by the First Presbyterian Church. In the rear 
of it are many graves of the pioneers. In 179.3, the first 
paper, called the "Sentinel of the North-west Territory," 
north of the Oiiio river, w.as established at Cincinnati by 
William Maxwell. On the 11th January, 1794, a line of 
two keel-boats, with bullet-proof c'>ver3 and port-holes, and 
provided with cannon and small-arms, was established be- 
tween Cincinnati and Pittsburg, each making a trip once in 
four weeks. During this period the town progressed but 
slowly, while idleness, drinking, and gambling prevailed in 
the army, and w:is to some extent participated in by the 
citizens. The population at various periods is shown above. 
From 1800 to 1810 it progressed pretty rapidly, and consider- 



able trade was carried on with New Orleans in keel-boats, 
which returned laden with foreign goods. The passage to 
New Orleans then occupied about 25 days, and the return 65 
days. In 1819 the city was incorporated, since which pe- 
riod its progress in population and material wealth has 
been uninterrupted and rapid in an astonishing degree, 
considering thediffleulties it had to contend with before the 
establishment of steam navigation on the rivers and rail- 
roads throughout the country. It would be invidious to 
cumpare the early career of Cincinnati with that of Chicago, 
Mihvaukie, and some others; they were founded under 
quite different auspices; the one in the midst of a country, 
surrounded by hostile savages, bare of population, without 
a road, and scant of river facilities; and the olhers with 
every facility of travel perfected, and a tide of immigration 
unceasingly pouring upon them. 

The position of Cincinnati is ailmirable. It is in the cen- 
tre of a beautiful valley, surrounded by hills. It occupies 
the whole of the first and second planes above the Ohio r., 
and extends a mile over llie third, or still higher elevations 
of Mount Adams, Mount Auburn, Mount Washington, etc.; 
these comprise the greater portions of the first, eleventh, 
and twell'tli wards. The first of these planes or tables, called 
the bottom, is at an elevation of 50 fec^t above low-water 
mark ; the second, called the hill, about 60 feet higher, and 
is densely built upon, and more populous than the other 
two ; it is elevated 541 feet above tide-water and 23 feet be- 
low the level of Lake Erie. Above this table are the hills 
of Mount Auburn, etc., 200 feet higher. To an eye placed 
on th&e highest elevations, the city appears to occupy the 
centre and base of an immense basin, the view being in 
every direction terminated by swelling hills. The grade 
of these planes or terraces has for years been changing to 
conform to the general improvement of the city, and now 
affords the regular and facile ascent and descent required 
by heavy draughts, as well as to permit the safe drainage 
of water from the upper tables of the city. Many of the 
streets are ornamented with elegant edifices and beautiful 
shade trees. 

The city is regularly laid out in streets and alleys, cross- 
ing each other at right angles. The streets running E. and 
W. are denominated Water, Front, Columbia, Pearl, Third, 
Fourth, etc., while those running N. and S. are named 
Broadway, Sycamore, Main, Walimt, Western liow, etc. 
Main Street extends from the steamboat landing, on the 
river, northwardly to the northern bounds of the second 
plane. Tlie streets are generally paved, and the foot-paths 
bricked. The city contained, in 1853, 19,904 houses, 91 
churches, many of them very fine edifices; 3 colleges, 5 
medical schools, a law school, a female college, several 
female seminaries, 6 classical schools, a large number of 
finely-built public schools, the Mechanic's Institute, 6 char- 
tered and 14 private banks, and 17 insurance companies, etc. ; 
a great number of public halls, the county and city courts; 
the new court-house, a massive and elegant edifice, covering 
an area of 41 .209 feet ; a mercantile exchange, ami numerous ■^ 
libraries — one of these, the Young Men's Mercantile Library, 
contains 14,000 vols., and has connected with it one of the 
best reading rooms in the United States; and literary, phi- 
losophical, and charitable institutions, an observatory, 4 thea- 
tres, a museum, gas-works, water-works, custom-house, etc 
In fact, it has all the appliances necessary for the physical, in- 
tellectual, and moral enjoyment of a large population ; and 
in its manufactures, commerce, and general wealth, is pre- 
eminent among the cities of the world. 

The maiuifactures of Cincinnati embrace almost every 
department of industrial employment. It woiUd be impos- 
sible to enumerate them in the compass allowed to this 
article; but there are some industries that so distinguish 
the city, that their enumeration is necessary. It has 6 dis- 
tilleries; 140 bakeries; 12 bell and bra.ss founderies; 82 
blacksmith shops ; 10 boiler yards ; 15 book-binderies ; 874 
boot and shoe factories ; 31 breweries ; 60 brick yards ; 203 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



mason shops ; 121 butchers' shops ; 284 p.irpentcr and IniiMor 
shops; 24 carriacje factories; 63 coopers' shops; 43 copper- 
plate printins: establishments; 13 beef and tongue curing 
establishments; 4 cutleries; 32 daguerreotype establish- 
ments; 16 domestic liquor manufactories; 15 dye houses; 
19 edge-tool factories; 14 engravins; establishments; 14 
feed and flour mills; 44 founderies and engine shops; 136 
furniture factories ; 10 gilding establishments ; 2 glass works ; 
6 gunsmith shops ; 40 hat factories ; 14 ice-packing establish- 
ments; 5 iron rolling-mills; 3 iron safe factories; 5 iron 
railing factories ; 10 lever lock factories ; 4 lithographic es- 
tablishments; 7 looking-glass factories; 22 machinist shops ; 
5 marble works; 6 mathematical and optical instrument 
factories; 10 upholsteries; 60 millineries; 7 morocco leather 
factories ; 6 musical instrument factories ; 1 castor oil fac- 
tory ; 84 oil, lard, and stearine factories ; 3 linseed oil mills: 
72 paint and glazing shops ; 9 paper mills ; 14 patent med- 
icine factories ; 7 plane factories ; 1 planing machine fac- 
tory ; 6 platform scale factories ; 6 plow factories ; 16 plumb- 
ing shops; 14 potteries; 33 pork, beef, and ham-curing 
factories (employing 2,450 hands, and producing annually 
$5,760,000); 12 publishing houses; 40 saddleries; 25 sash, 
blind, etc., factories; 22 sausage factories; 15 saw mills ; 2 
saw factories ; 5 sheeting, etc., factories ; 15 shirt and stock 
factories; 38 soap and candle factories; 7 steamboat build- 
ing yards; 3 stereotype founderies; 23 stonecutting yards; 
86 stone mason yards; 157 tailor establishments; 30 tan- 
neries ; 62 tobacco, cigar, and snufT facturies ; 30 turners' 
shops ; 2 type founderies ; 26 vinegar factories ; 42 wagon 
factories; 40 wine manufactories; 5 wire-working establish- 
ments; 4 locomotive manufactories, etc. Tliere are 180 sev- 
eral industries pursued, and the total number of all manufac- 
turing and industrial establishments in the city was about 
3,400. The total number of hamls employed, about 32,S50, 
aud the annual value of products, .$55,000,01)0. 

There are few cities of the Union so well furnished with 
facilities of locomotion. It has one of the finest rivers in 
the world fronting it. Its river commerce is commensurate 
with the immense internal trade centering at this point, 
and with the daily increasing manufacturing industry of 
the city. It is carried on chiefly in steamboats plying hence 
to Pittsburg, St. Loui.s, New- Orleans, and intermediate 
places. Its steamers also penetrate all the great navigable 
rivers of the West — tributaries of the great Father of Waters 
— an inland navigation of 45.000 miles, unsurpassed by any 
other internal navigation on the globe. The steamboat ar- 
rivals for the year ending August 31, 1853, numbered 4,058 ; 
of these, 619 were from Pittsburg, 233 from St. Louis, 2.54 
from New Orleans, 2,952 from other pons ; and the depart- 
ures were 4,146, namely, for Pittsburg 567, for St. Louis 288, 
for New Orleans 250, other ports 3.041. Two hundred and 
ninety-eight different boats arrived during the year, with 
an aggregate tonnage of 76,647 tons custom-house measure- 
ment. The actual tonnage of the entire number of arrivals 
was 1,890,541. 

The commerce of the city is greatly aided by the canals 
extending North and West. The Miami Canal, commenc- 
ing at Cincinnati, extends up the valley of the Great Mi- 
ami, passes the summit at St. Mary's, thence down the 
Maumee Valley, and terminates at Toledo, on Lake Erie. 
Connecting with this, at Junction, is the Wabash Canal, 
making an aggregate canal navigation through the valleys 
of the Miami, Maumee, and Wabash, of 600 miles. The 
amount of freight transmitted on these canals from these 
great and productive valleys is immense, especially their 
heavy products. The Whitewater Canal connects the city 
With the eastern and central parts of Indiana, and is an 
important avenue of trade. 

Fifteen macadamized turnpike roads lead from Cincin- 
nati to various points in Ohio and the neigftbctring St.atcs. 

The table-land between the Ohio r. and Lake Erie is the 
grand gateway over which must pass the railways from the 
Mississippi Valley to the Atlantic cities. Most of these con- 



nect with Cincinnati, making it the principal centre of the 
railway system of the West. These works, riv.^ling Roman 
grandeur, are gradually and .almost imperceptibly extend- 
ing the commerci.al enterprise of this vigorous and growing 
city to the remotest plains and valleys of the luxuriant 
West. Twenty-six railroads will bring to this mart of com- 
merce the tr.ade of great portions of the States of Ohio, 
Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, etc., and bear within her grasp 
the products of more than 800,000 square miles of territory 
unsurpassed for productiveness. The limits of this article 
forbid detail further than to say here, that railroad connec- 
tions are now completed with New York and the principal 
cities of the sea-board, ina Cleveland, and also via San- 
dusky City, with Philadelphia, with Chicago, and every 
lake port from thence to Niagara, with Albany, Indianap- 
olis, and soon will be with Baltimore, St. Louis, Lexington, 
Charleston, Savannah, Mobile, and New Orleans. A sec- 
ond railroad is being built to Xenia, although a portion of 
the present railway has a double track ; and a second road 
is also being constructed to Dayton, which passes out of the 
city through a tunnel 10,000 feet long, part of the way at 
a depth of 160 feet. Railroads are being constructed in all 
these directions, and when completed will build up Cincin- 
nati, and make it a competitor for the wealth of commerce 
second to no other city of the world. It has already had 
the foretaste of its future, and is now stretching out its arms 
to gather in the vast, illimitable wealth with which nature 
has surrounded it. It has also telegraphs, giving it instan- 
taneous communication with every large city from Maine 
to Florida, and from the Atlantic to beyond the Missi.ssippi. 

It is the great pork market of the West. During the 
year ending August 31, 1853, there were received here 
packed the products of 325,000 hogs ; packed here 361,000, 
of the value of $8,250,000. 

Her commerce has increased with unprecedented rapidity. 
From a supply of goods furnished by the two keel-boats 
named above, and a few pack-horses, a little more than 
half a century since, its imports have increased for the 
year last named to $51,230,641, and its exports for the same 
period, $36,266,108. 

In the immediate vicinity the culture of the grape is car- 
ried on to a greater extent than in any other place in the 
Union. In the centre of a large extent of lower Silurian 
formation, the fertile loamy and argillaceous soil on the 
.slopes of the higher table-lands are admirably adapted to 
vineyards. They form a most delightful portion of the 
scenery on the graceful declivities of the hills. The mean 
annual temperature is 54.6° ; of winter, 34 5° ; spring, 54.6° ; 
summer, 73.9° ; autumn, 54.8°. Annual mean quantity of 
rain 48.33 inches, snow 19.70 inches, showing an exceed- 
ingly fjivorable climate for the vine. Although the culture 
of the vine is in its Infancy here, the vintage of 1853 is esti- 
mated at 500,000 gallons, which, when bottled in the wine 
cellars, will be worth $2,0ii0,000. The wines produced are 
chiefly the still and sparkling Catawba, and are said to be 
equal to the wines of France in flavor and body, and are 
now manufactured for commerce, and the demand exceeds 
the supply. 

The city of Cincinnati is governed by a mayor and a city 
council, composed of two councilmen from each of the six- 
teen wards into which it is divided. Three judges of the 
court of common pleas of the county, each hold three terms 
of court here annually. A State district court is held twice 
a year. The city has also a separate police court. The 
amount of taxes collected for city purposes for the year 
1852, was $464,324; to wit, for general purposes, $139,808; 
interest on city debt, $46.603 ; sinking fund, $11.651 ; House 
of Eefuge, $46,603 ; Poor House, $81,555 ; city watch, 
$58 253 ; common schools, $79,851. 

Debt of the city, $1,800,000; value of city property, 
$2,230,543. 

The newspaper and periodical press of Cincinnati consists 
of 12 daily papers, all of which issue weekly editions, and 

823 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



1 a tri-weekly edition; of 22 weekly papers ; of 1 semi- 
monthly, and U monthly periodicals. The daily 2)apers are 
the " C. Gazette" (whii;), the " 0. Commercial" (indep't), the 
" C. Enquirer" (dem.), tlie ■' Chronicle and Atlas" (whig), the 
" 0. Times" (indep't), the " Dispatch and Democrat" (.dem.), 
the "Democratic Journal" (dem.), "Columbian' (indep't), 
« Volksblat" (Germ.), " Kepublikaner" (Germ.), " Tags- 
blatt" (Germ.), " Yolksfreund" (Germ.), and the "Nonpa- 
reil." These circulate a weekly aver.age of 2,000 to 22,000 
copies each. The weekly papers are, " Cist's "Weekly Ad- 
vertiser'' (commer'l), the " Pictorial Advertiser," the " Co- 
lumbian" (lit), the " Price Current" (commer'l), the " West- 
ern Police Gazette," " Life in Cincinnati," the " "Warning 
Bell"' ^fireman's), the " Proclamation Eeformer," the " Pho- 
netic Advocate," the " Star of the West," the " Presbyterian 
of the West," the " Journal and Messenger" (relig.), the 
" Youth's Friend," " the " Catholic Telegraph," the " Chris- 
tian Age," tlie "Western Christian Advocate,'' the " Chris- 
tian Apologist," the " Western Fountain" (temperance), the 
" Central Christian Herald," the " Wahreet's Freund" 
(Germ.), the " "United Presbyterian," the " ZiUblatter" (ra- 
tionalist), the " Hochwaechter" (socialist), and the " Demo- 
cratiehes Woehenblatt" (Germ.). The " Sunday School Ad- 
vocate" is published semi-montMy. The monthly periodi- 
cals are, the " Ladies' Repository," the " Templar's Maga- 
zine," " Lord's Counterfeit Detector," " Dye's Bank Mirror," 
the " Masonic Keview," the " Western Lancet" (med.), the 
" Dental Pvegister," the " Law Journal," the " Crisis" (lib- 
erty), the " Congress Halle'' (Germ.), the " School Friend" 
(education), the " Genius of Liberly" (lit.), the " Genius of 
Taste," the " West American Pveview," "Journal of Man," 
"Western Horticultural Iteview," the Eclectic Medical 
Journal," the " Golden Eule," the " United Presbyterian," 
" Goodman's Counterfeit Detector," the " Railroad Jour- 
nal," the " Young Reaper" (S. School), the " Physico-Medi- 
cal and Surgical Jourual," the " Pulpit" (Presb.), and the 
"Parlor Magazine." Thus it would appear that politics, 
religion, science, literature, etc., have their special advo- 
cates, and that all the great interests of the people have a 
special organ to herald their peculiarities to the world. 
Many of the above are conducted with great energy and 
talent, and have a circulation beyond their own locality. 

Adjoining the city, on the east, is the large village of 
Fulton, and on the north the beautiful village of Walnut 
Hills, which is mostly occupied .ts country seats by persons 
doing business in Cincinnati. Walnut Hills is the seat of 
Lane Seminary, a theological institution owned by the New 
School Presbyterians. Four miles N. W. of the city are 
two fine cemeteries—" Spring Grove Cemetery," containing 
about 220 acres, and the " Wesleyan Cemetery," containing 
about 40 acres, the former is tastefully laid out in landscape 
style, with numerous avenues 20 feet wide, and made to 
conform to the undulating features of the ground. A more 
beautiful and appropriate spot for this " rural city of the 
dead" could scarcely have been selected. 

In the centre of an immense region unsurpassed for pro- 
ductiveness, daily being augmented by the aid of scientific 
agriculture; with an increasing and energetic population; 
with her hundred avenues of commerce, by land and by 
water ; with her thousands of skillful artisans, manufactur- 
ers, and other producers ; with her many merchants and 
their immense capital usefully and profitably employed ; 
with the victorious industry and untiring enterprise of her 
citizens ; with the rapid strides of her past as a guaranty 
for her future, we place on record a prediction, made years 
since, without indorsing it, but with the remark, that the 
probability of its being verified is much greater now than 
when it was written. 

" Not having before my eyes the fear of men, ' who with 
too much pride to study and too much wit to think, under- 
value what they do not understand and condemn what 
they do not comprehend,' I venture the prediction, that 
within one hundred years from this time Cincinnati will be 
824 



the greatest city in America, and by the year of our Lord 
2000, the greatest city in the world." 

{Omimunicated by John Frazer, Eaq. 

Cleveland, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Cuy.Thoga co., 
Ohio : on Cuyahoga river, where it discharges into Lake 
Erie, 126 m. N. N. E. Columbus. Lat. 41° 31' 07" N., and 
long. Sio 45' 57' W. Cleveland is the commercial empo- 
rium of northern Ohio, and second only to Cincinnati in 
population and general progress. It possesses great facil- 
ities for the transit of goods and passengers : the Ohio Canal, 
extending to the Ohio river at Portsmouth, -309 m., has its 
northern terminus here, and another canal, branching off 
from it at Akron, connects it with Pittsburg. It is con- 
nected with all the ports of Lake Erie by the lake-shore 
chain of railroads extending from Niagara Falls to Mil- 
waukie; with Pittsburg, by the Ohio and Pennsylvania 
E. R., and the Cleveland and Pittsburg R. R. ; and with 
Cincinnati by the Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati 
R. R. ; these, running to the seaboard at Boston, New York, 
Philadelphia, uniting with the various railroads, Baltimore, 
etc., to the southward into Kentucky, Tennessee, etc., to 
Charleston, Savannah, Mobile, and New Orleans, and to the 
westward to and beyond the Mississippi river, give it access 
to every part of the settled portion of the Union, and serve 
as conduits of the vast commerce which centres at this point. 
And besides these great avenues, it has numerous plank and 
macadamized roads leading from it in all directions; and 
its telegraphic connections extend to every important city 
from the British Provinces to New Orleans, and from the 
Atlantic to the utmost western bounds of civilization. Regu- 
lar lines of steamboats ply to Dunkirk, to Buffalo, to Detroit, 
to Toledo and Sandusky, and to the upper lake country. 

Cleveland is one of those great cities of the West that 
have risen up as if by magic within the past twenty years. 
In 1S80 the place contained less than 1,000 inhabitants; in 
1S40 it had 6,071, and in 1S50 its population amounted to 
17,041.* It derives its name from General Moses Cleveland, 
an agent of the Connecticut Land Company, who accom- 
panied the first surveying party upon the Connecticut 
Western Reserve. The place on which the city now stands 
was surveyed under his direction in 1796. In 1799 there 
was but one family residing here, and even in 1S25 there 
were under 500 persons within its limits. In 1S14 Cleve- 
land was incorporated as a village, and in 1830 it received 
a city charter. 

The city, except a small portion of it immediately on the 
river, is built on a gravelly plain, SO feet above Lake Erie, 
of which it has a commanding prospect. The location is 
dry and healthy, and the view of the meanderings of the 
Cuyahoga river, and of the steamboat and lake craft ever 
entering or leaving the harbor, or on the waters of the lake 
to the horizon, presents a fine picture of commercial activ- 
ity. The country around is replete with rich scenery, and 
for miles around is under a high state of cultivation. 

The plan of the city is rectangular, the streets being 
usually SO feet wide, except Main Street, running through 
the middle of the city, which is 120 feet wide. Near the 
centre there is a public square of 10 acres, divided into four 
equal parts by intersecting streets, neatly inclosed and 
adorned with shade trees. The Court-house fronts on this 
square. The city contains numerous well-built churches 



* In the latter part of 1813, a census of the city, compared with that 
of 1850, slioweJ the following results ; 

1850. 1853. 

Istward 7,837 6,3'.15 

caward 5,390 10,277 

3d ward 3,603 4,339 

4th ward — 10,203 



years. 

17,011 31,619 14,578 

6,375 9,992 3,617 



23,416 



41,611 



18,19S , 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES, 



of all denominations, public institutions, schoois, etc. Many 
of the private dwellings are expensive and tasteful. The 
harbor is one of the best on the lake ; it is formed by the 
mouth of the Cuyahoga, and improved by a pier on each 
side, extending 425 yards into the lake, 200 feet apart, and 
faced with substantial masonry. The natural aijvantages 
of the harbor are unsurpassed in the West. There is a 
light-house on the high bank of the lake, and another at the 
entrance to the harbor. The coast-wise commerce of Cleve- 
land, in the year 1S50, amounted in value to $13,SS6,531, 
of which $7,030,957 represented the imports, and .|6.S55,556 
that of the exports. The shipping owned in the district 
v/as 35,315 tons, of which 9,994 tons were navigated by 
steam power. The shipping built within the year was 6S6 
tons. Cleveland has also considerable commerce with Can- 
ada. The great bulk of its commercial material, however, 
is now conveyed on the railroads and canals, to and from 
the seaboard, etc., but the exact amount can not be a.scer- 
tained. 

Manufacturing, though in its infancy, is carried on to 
some extent Most of the engines, and other equipments 
for the steamboats and railroads of the neighborhood, are 
manufactured at the Cuyahoga Steam Furnace ; and there 
are also two large flouring mills here, one worked by steam, 
and the other by the surplus water of the Ohio Canal. Of 
the ordinary mechanical trades there is a fair representa- 
tion, and among them are several extensive establishments. 

The public schools of the city are numerous, and are un- 
der efficient management The buihiings are generally of 
brick : that on St Clair Street is an ornament to the city. 
The course of instruction is graduated, and when the schol- 
ars are suf35ciently advanced, they are promoted to the high 
school, in which they are instructed in several branches of 
natural science. There are also many highly efficient pri- 
vate schools and seminaries, and the city has several literary 
associations and reading-rooms. At the Lyceum lectures 
are delivered during the winter evenings. There are three 
musical halls in the city. The public press of the city con- 
sists of three daily newspapers (which issue, also, weekly 
editions), and two weekly newspapers. The dailies are, 
the "C. Ilerald'' (whig), the ''C. Plainde.iler" (dem.), and 
the " True Democrat" (free soil) ; and the weeklies are, the 
" 0. Advertiser" (neutral), and the " 0. Germania" (Germ, 
dem.). 

Ohio City, on the opposite side of the Cuyahoga river, is 
virtually a part of Cleveland ; but it has a separate incorpo- 
ration. It is in the same position as New Tork city and 
Brooklyn, distinct corporations, with interests alike. The 
municipal authorities of Cleveland consist of a mayor, and 
one alderman and three councilmen for each ward. The 
police arrangements of the city are excellent, and the clean- 
liness and order of the place are remarkable. 

Columbia, p. city, and cap. Eichlaml dist., S. Car., and 
capital of the State : on the E. side of Congarce river, im- 
mediately below the confluence of its constituents. Broad 
and Saluda rivers, in lat 83° 57', and long. 81° 07' W., 500 
miles S. by W. "Washington. The river is here open to light 
draft navigation. The city is built on an elevated plane of 
about three or four miles in extent, the descent sloping in 
all directions gradually. ^ It was founded in 1787, and is 
laid out on the rectangular plan, the streets crossing each 
other at right angles, and 100 feet wide. The principal 
buildings are the State House, the county buildings, market- 
house, banking houses, academies, and churches. The 
State House, in the central part of the city, is 170 feet long 
and 60 feet wide, two stories high. Columbia is also the 
seat of Ihe South Carolina College, founded in 1804, and 
which, in 1S50, had 8 professors and 195 students, and a 
library of 17,000 volumes. The college buildings are very 
extensive and of brick, surmounting one of whifh is a fine 
observatory, which possesses apparatus of great value. 
This institution is under the patronage of the State. The 
Southern Theological Seminary is also located here ; it is a 



Presbyterian institution, and in 1850 it had 6 professors and 
32 students, with a library of 4,600 volumes. The dwelling- 
houses are chiefly of wood, but there are several built of 
brick in a style of elegance becoming the capital of the 
State. The city is supplied with pure water from springs, 
raised by steam power, and distributed through iron pipes. 
The high situation the city occupies contributes greatly to 
the health of the inhabitants, and also affords an extensive 
view of Ihe surrounding scenery, which is chiefly a cotton 
and corn region, in the highest state of culture. 

Columbia has three daily and two weekly newspapers ; 
the dailies are, the "State Rights Republican" (dem.), the 
" South Carolinian" (dem.), and the " Telegraph" (indep.), 
the last two of which issue also tri-weekly and weekly edi- 
tions; and the weeklies are the -'Palmetto State Banner" 
(dem.), and the " South Carolina Temperance Advocate." 
The city has also considerable manufactures, which have 
been altogether initiated within the past decade, and its 
trade and commercial connection has greatly advanced 
since the completion of the lines of railroad diverging in 
all directions from this the chief railroad centre of the State ; 
and when the system proposed for South Carolina shall 
have formed junctions with the lines of the surrounding 
States, the commercial prosperity of this city will be indef- 
initely enhanced. The railroads now centering in Colum- 
bia are, the Columbia Branch of the South Carolina E. E. ; 
the Charlotte and South Carolina E. R. ; and the Green- 
ville and Columbia E. R., with their branches and con- 
nections west and north. The design is to continue the last 
through Rabun Gap to Chattanooga, thus connecting this 
place directly with the Ohio Valley railroads, and those ex- 
tending to and beyond the Mississippi river. Pop. 6,059. 

Columbus, p. city, and cap. Muscogee co., Ga. : on the 
E. side of Chattahoochee river, at the head of steam navi- 
gation, and immediately below the falls of the river, which 
have a descent of 111 feet in 3 miles, 118 m. W. by 8. Mil- 
ledgeville. It is 175 miles above the junction with Flint r., 
and 275 miles above App.alachieola Bay. Immediately be- 
low the falls the river has a width of only 118 yards, but 
soon expands to 250 yards wide. The site of the city is 60 
feet above the ordinary height of the river, and covers 1,200 
acres. Two streets running parallelwith the river, N. and 
8., are 165 feet wide, and six others have a width of 132 
feet; these are intersected at right angles by twelve other 
streets, which are 99 feet wide. It contains a court-house, 
jail, several banks, a market-house, numerous churches, 
and about 2,400 dwellings; and it also has several large 
cotton mills, and woolen factories, and flouring mills. It is 
one of the great commercial centres of Georgia, and a de- 
p6t of a large extent of rich cotton country. The Muscogee 
E. R. terminates here, and extends hence to Macon, con- 
necting with the Central R. R. to Savannah, and the Macon 
and Western R. R., etc., to Nashville and Knoxville, Teun. ; 
from Gerard, on the opposite side of the river, a railroad is 
about to built to Mobile. The bridge over the river at this 
point cost $30,000. A large number of steamboats ply on 
the river, carrying cotton, etc., to the seaboard and New 
Orleans ; at all se.asons, boats drawing five feet of water, can 
come up to this place. Columbus is a city of modern date, 
having been laid out in 1828 ; its growth has been rapid. 
In 1840 it had 3,114 inhabitants, and in 1850 about 5,942. 
It has three newspapers, the "C. Times," published tri 
weekly and weekly, and the '• C. Enquirer" and the " South 
em Sentinel," published woekly. 

Columbus, p. city, and cap. Franklin co., OJiio, and cap. 
of the State of Ohio : on the E. side of the Scioto river, just 
below the confluence of the Whetstone river, in lat .390 57' 
N., and long. 83° 03' W., 396 m. from Washington. 

The land on which the city is built rises gradually from 
the river, and the streets are laid out at right angles. Broad 
Street extends from Ihe river along the National Road to the 
E. of the city, and is 120 feet wide ; and High Street, 100 
feet wide, crosses Broad at the N. W. corner of the Public 

825 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Square, of 10 acres, running N. and S. Tliis is the princi- 
pal business street. All other streets are SS feet wide, and 
the alleys 33 feet wide. The public buildings are the Cap- 
itol or Slate House, tlie Peiiiltntl.iry, asylums severally for 
the insane, the deaf and dumb, and the blind , several col- 
leges, seminaries, and numerous churches of all denomina- 
tions. The old Stale House was destroyeil by fire on the 
1st Feb., 1552, and in consequence a great number of docu- 
ments illustrating the history of the State were lost, never 
to be restored. The new Stale House is one of the most 
magnificent buildings in the Union. It is 304 feet long and 
1S4 feet wide, covering an area of 55,936 square feet. The 
basement is 16 feet above the common surface ; the height 
of blocking course is 62 feet, and to the top of the rotunda 
157 feet, its diameter being 61 feet. The first floor contains 
28 fire-proof rooms for the public offices ; and the second 
floor contains the Hall of Eepreseiitatives, which is 84 feet 
long and 72J feet wide, the Senate Chamber 56 feet by 721; 
the library, the U. S. Court-room, and 26 committee rooms. 
The State Penitentiary is also a spacious and elegant edifice 
on the Scioto river, N.W. of the Slate House. It is a splen- 
did building, of hewn limestone ; the centre is 56 feet long, 
4 stories high, and the two wings each 200 feet long and S 
stories high. The private dwellings are generally neat, 
substantial, and many of them elegant. 

The avenues of travel and commerce connecting Colum- 
bus with other parts of the State and Union, are the Na- 
tional lioad, a branch of the Ohio Canal, the Columbus and 
Xenia K. R., the Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati 
E. E., the Central Ohio E. E., etc. The railroads are the 
creations of the last ten years, and have been the cause of 
the e.xtraordinary triplicati(m of the population in that pe- 
riod. As a commercial dep6t, the city has eminent facili- 
ties — as a central position, in regard to every portion of the 
State, lis location on one of the largest rivers, and its grand 
works of internal improvemi-nt. It has numerous and ex- 
tensive manufactures, and, on the whole, is one of the most 
prosperous among Western cities. There are published 
• within the city two daily newspapers, both of which also 
issue tri-wcekly and weekly editions; four weekly, one 
semi-monthly, two monthly, and one occasioned. The dai- 
lies are the "Ohio State Journal' (whig), and the "Ohio 
Statesman" (dem.). The weeklies are the " Ohio Standard" 
(whig), the " Dollar," and " Swan's Elevator" (neutral), and 
"Der Westbote" (Germ.). The semi-monthly is the '• Ohio 
Cultivator" (agric). The monthlies are the " Western Lit- 
erary Magazine," and the " Ark ;" and the " Conventional 
Eeporter" is published occasionally. 

Previous to 1S12, when it was fixed on for the State cap- 
ital, the site of the city was in the wilderness. lu 1820 it 
contained 1,400 inhabitants; in 1830, 2,439; in 1840, 6,048; 
and in 1850, 17,88.3. 

Concord, t., p. v., and cap. Merrimao co., N. ITamp., 
and cap. of the State: it lies on both sides of the Merrimac 
river, in l.at. 43° 12' 29" N., and long. 71° 29' W., 474 m. 
N. E. Washington. There are five ponds in the town, the 
largest of which are Turkey Pond in the S. W., and Long 
Pond in the N. W. sections, the outlet streams of wh.ich fur- 
nish extensive hydraulic i)Ower. The Contoocook river 
joins the Merrimac on the N. line of the town, and forms 
at the junction the celebrated "Duston's Island.'' The in- 
tervale lands of the M<-rrimac are very fertile, and highly 
cultivated. Soon after entering Ci>noord the river passes 
over Sewell's Falls, and thence has no natural obstruction 
until it reaches the falls at the S. E. extremity of the town, 
where is a vast water-power. Locks arc here constructed, 
and boat navigation secured. The river is here about 100 
yards wide, but during freshets the water rises 20 feet above 
the ordinary level, presenting to the eye a body of water a 
mile wide. There are handsome bridges spanning the 
river. There are three villages in the towu, the princi- 
pal of which, and the seat of its chief business, is on theW. 
side of the river, extending along it about 2 miles. The 
826 



State House, Court-house, Stale Prison, and other public 
buildings are in this village. The State House occupies a 
beautiful site in the centre, and is constructed of hewn 
granite. It is 126 feet in length, 49 feet in width, and with 
a projection in the centre of 4 feet on each froiiL The coat 
of the building was $30,000. The State Prison is also a 
massive granite building, 70 by .36 feet, surrounded by a 
high stone wall. The second principal village is at Sewell's 
Falls, and the other in the W. part of the town. 

Concord, origin.^lly called Pffiiacook, was granted by Mas- 
sachusetts to a company of sc;ttlers, 17th .Jan., 1725, and the 
settlement was begun in the following year. In 1733 it was 
incorporated under the name of Euraford, whieh name 
was changed in 1765 to Concord. The population in 1775 
was 1,053; in 1790, 1,747; in 1800, 2,052; in 1810, 2,.393; in 
1820, 2,8:33; in 1830, 3,727; in 1S40, 4,897; and in 1850, 
8,584, its progress during the last decade having been stim- 
ulated by the development of its manufacturing facilities 
and the extension of the railroad system centering within 
it. Concord is now, indeed, one of the chief seals of New 
England industry. It has numerous large cotton factories, 
paper mills, boot and shoe shops, and a variety of other in- 
dustrial establishnu'nts. Its neighborhood also abounds in 
granite, which is exported. In the t. are also potteries, 
fulling mills, etc. ; and in the publishing business Concord 
has long been remarkably successful. In 1850 four news- 
papers were published weekly, and one semi-monthly ; the 
weekly papers were, the "N. H. Patriot and State Ga- 
zette" (dem.) ; the " N. H. Statesman" (whig) ; the " In- 
dependent Democrat" (free soil) ; and the " Congregational 
Journal" (relig.) ; and the semi-monthly, was the " Under- 
Current," a paper devoted to temperance. 

Concord lies on the route of travel and commerce between 
Boston and Montreal, and Boston and the far West, and 
hence has become a principal centre of the New England 
system of railroads. It has also a railroad connection with 
Portsmouth. The railroads centering here are, the Con- 
cord K. E., extending to Nashua and Boston ; the Boston, 
Concord, and Montreal E. E., extending to Haverhill on 
the Connecticut, anil to Montreal; the Concord and Clare- 
mont v.. E. ; the Portsmouth and Concord E. E. ; the North- 
ern New Hampshire E. E., extending to West Lebanon, on 
the Connecticut, and continued by the Vermont, New York, 
and Canada railroads to Eouse's Point, Montreal, Ogdens- 
burg, Kingston, etc. 

Covington, p. city, Kenton co., Ky. : on the W. side of 
Licking r., on the Ohio, opposite Cincinnati, 60 m. N. N. E. 
Frankfort. It is built on a beautiful ]ilain, most of which 
is above high-water mark ; and the streets are so arranged 
as to appear from the hills back of Cincinnati as a continua- 
tion of that city. Newport lies on the opposite side of the 
Licking. It is connected with Cincinnati by a steam ferry. 
Covington is a highly flourishing place, and is destined to 
become a large city. It contains a city hall, S churches, a 
theological seminary, belonging to the Baptists ; 70 or 80 
.stores, 35 tobacco factories, 3 ropewalks, a rolling-mill, and 
numerous other manufacturing establishments. About a 
mile back from the city is Linden Grove, a beautiful rural 
cemetery, and 4 m. in the interior are Latonian Springs, a 
very fashionable and pleasant resort in the summer season. 
Two weekly newspapers are put;lishea here; and also a 
monthly literary paper. Pop. in 1S50, 9,408. In 1853 it 
had risen to 12,151. Valuation, .$5,359,630. From Cov- 
ington, railroads are in course of construction ^> Louis- 
ville, Lexington, etc., which will form the connecting links 
between the systems of railroads already built, or being 
built on all sides S. of the Ohio, and those of Ohio and the 
other Western States. 

CiiMBEKLANi), p. V., and cap. Alleghany co., Md. : on the 
N. bank of the Potomac river, at the mouth of Wills' cr., 146 
m. W. N. W. Annapolis, and by railroad from Baltimore, 
179 m. It is the centre of the vast mining region of Alle- 
ghany county, and au eutrepOt on the great line of travel 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



from the Atlantic to the "Western States. The B.altimore and 
Ohio R. K. passes through it, and here commences the 
great National Eoad leading to the Mississippi river. The 
ChesapealvC and Ohio Canal also terminates here. Besides 
these great works of internal improvement, there are di- 
verging from Cumberland several lines of railroads con- 
necting with the various mines of the Cumberland coal and 
iron companies. The village contains a court-house, the 
county prison, a market-house, two banks, and several fine 
buildings, workshops, etc., connected with the public works ; 
also several handsome church edifices. Three newspapers 
arc published here weekly : the " 0. Civilian" (whig), the 
" Alleghanian'' (dem.), and the " Unionist" (neutral) — each 
circulating from 400 to 500 copies of each issue. In 1S50 
the population of Cumberland was 6,067, of which 5,5T6 
were white persons, 267 free colored persons, and 224 
slaves, and hence it is the second town of Maryland in re- 
spect of population. In 1S40 the population was only 2,428, 
the increase in the subsequent decade having been 149.8 
per centum. The coal of this region is semi-bituminous, of 
excellent quality, and suitable for ocean steamships and a 
variety of other purposes to which the anthracite has hith- 
erto been applied ; it is brought to the markets of the East 
on the railroad and canal to Baltimore, and thence is tug- 
ged through the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, and the 
•Delaware and Raritan Canal, to the harbor of New York. 
The quantity of this mineral, delivered in Baltimore inlSSO, 
was 146,645 tons, and about 80,000 tons were deposited at 
Alexandria. The delivery at Baltimore in 1845 was only 
16,000 tons; in 1846, 18,-393 tons; in 1847,50,259 tons; 1843, 
66,289 tons; in 1849, 71,699 tons ; and in 1850, as above re- 
lated. In 1851 the delivery amounted to 16.3,855 tons, and 
is now increasing in a rapid ratio. The Coal Company 
have loaned money to the Baltimore and Ohio E. E. to fur- 
nish increased means of transportation, the want of which 
has alone been the cause of limiting the deposits. Cumber- 
land coal contains 77 parts of carbon, 16 parts of volatile 
matter, and 7 parts of ashes. The Cumberland Coal and 
Iron Company is an amalgamation of the several compa- 
nies before existing in that vicinity under various names; 
it was organized by the Legislature of the State in 1852, and 
now holds about 12,000 acres of mineral lands, and has a 
working capital of about .$5,000,000. 

Dayton, t., p. city, and cap. Montgomery co., Ohio : at 
the confluence of the Mad and Miami rivers, in lat. 89° 44' 
N., and long. 84° 11' W., 66 m. W. S. W. Columbus. It is 
one of those new centres of trade and commerce which have 
sprung up in the great West with the progress of internal 
improvements, and which, during the decade ending with 
1850, have been so wonderfully developed. The ground 
on which the city is built was originally purchased by John 
Cleve Symmes about the year 1795, and afterward it ap- 
pears that Governor St. Clair and .Jonathan Dayton, with 
several associ.ites, contracted with Symmes for the purchase 
and settlement of so much of the original purchase as was 
included in the corporate limits of the present city. The 
embryo town received the name of Dayton. Symmes being 
unable to meet his payment, the land reverted to the gov- 
ernment, and afterward (in 1799), Daniel C. Cooper, of New 
Jersey, succeeded to the proprietorship. The town was 
then laid out upon a plan originally furnished by St. Clair, 
with streets 100 feet wide, crossing each other at right an- 
gles. The town plot was divided into 280 lots, 100 feet 
front by 2rtO feet in depth, .ind upward of 50 out-lots of 10 
acres each were laid off at the same time. But it was not 
till within the present century that the town had a tangible 
existence. In 1805 it was incorporated by the Legislature, 
and in 1806 the first brick dwelling was erected; and in 
1810 it had only 8>3 inhabitants. Its progress, indeed, 
seems to have been quite slow until the completion of the 
internal improvements connecting it with the commercial 
centres of the West were completed. Population in 1820, 
1,039; ia 1830, 2,954; in 1840, 6,067; in 1850, 10,977; and 



in 1853, 16,562. In 1829 the Miami Canal, between Cincin- 
nati and Dayton, was completed, and on the 25lh January 
of that year a canal boat traversed the distance (60 miles) 
between the two places. From this date the prosperity of 
Dayton commences. At a later period the canal was 
opened to Lake Erie. The amount of tolls collected at the 
port of Dayton, in 1S41, w.is $27,0..'5S ; in 1350, $32,876. 
There are also now upward of 250 miles of macadamized 
roails radiating from the city in all directions ; and it is now 
ccmnected, through the following railroads, with all the 
principal points of the Union : the Mad Eiver and Erie 
E, R., 156 m., terminating at Sandusky ; the Cincinnati, 
Hamilton, and Dayton R. E., 60 m., terminating at Cincin- 
nati ; the Little Miami R, R., 84 m., at Springfield ; the 
Dayton and Western R. R., 40 m., at the State line ; the 
Greenville and Miami R. E., 36 m., at Greenville and 
Union ; the Dayton and Michigan E. R., 140 m., at Toledo; 
and the Dayton and Xenia R. R., 16 m., at Xenia. These 
connect with lines reaching the length and breadth of tho 
United States ; and a continuous line of railroad is under 
contract from a point on the Ohio r., connecting with the 
Baltimore and Ohio R. R. to lUinoislown, opposite St. Louis. 
The principal points on this road will be Columbus, Day- 
ton, Indianapolis, Terre Haute, and St. Louis. The com- 
merce on all the completed railroads is immense, but there 
is no immediate means of ascertaining its tonnage, descrip- 
tion, or value. The commerce of Dayton by canal, was in 
1850, as exhibited in the following table, which gives the 
amount of the principal articles received and shipped at 
the port in the year referred to. 

Articles. Arrived. Cleared, 

Ale and beer bbK 31 .... 2,013 

Flour " 381.... 64,434 

Fish, fresh-water " 2,047 .... 208 

Oil, linseed " 4.... 4,522 

Oil,lard « 47.... 580 

Pork " — .... 472 

Salt " 9,331 .... 89 

Whisky " 88 ... . 86,237 

Rye, barley, and malt bush. 1,831 .... 14,789 

Corn " 10,765 .... 184,269 

Coal,mineral " 89.953.... 938 

Coke " 18,359.... — 

Oats " 340.... 17,149 

Seeds, grass, etc " — 2,521 

Seed, flax " 9,568.... 11,174 

Wheat " 5,014.... 16,877 

Butter lbs. 392 .... 34,541 

Burr blocks " 98,053.... — 

Furniture and baggage " 107,586 .... 404,478 

Bacon and pork " 11,022.... 723,799 

Coffee " 279,170.... 83,989 

Cotton,raw " 294,962.... — 

Cottonyarns " ,2,056.... 192,864 

Candles " 795.... 28,541 

Cutstone " 16,887.... 1-3,126 

Crockery, foreign " 116,662.... 2,700 

Eggs " — ■••• 58,477 

Fruit,green " 11,729.... 150,633 

Feathers " 837 ... . 2,014 

Grindstones " 62,066.... 676 

Gypsum " 55,395.... 1,400 

Gl.ass-ware " 163,113.... 8,963 

Hemp " 11,933 .... — 

Hides aud skins " 9,105.... 78,433 

Ice " 78,705 .... 1,696,000 

Iron, pig, etc " 1,774.712 .... 59,073 

Iron, cast " 2,896,715 .... 43,069 

Lard " 1,653.... 498,805 

Leather'. " 45,776.... 88,059 

Machinery " 89,333 .... 106,822 

Merchandise " 1,985,092 .... 330,744 

Molasses " 857,352 .... 13,000 

82T 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Arrive.!. 


Cleared. 


888,369 . . 


8,758 


— .. 


. 3,167,176 


24,111 . . 


. 531,536 


6,681 .. 


15,222 


T.TIT . . 


38,087 


673,448 . . 


9,562 


858 .. 


. 121,713 


16,311 . . 


27,161 


94,831 . . 


14,209 


— .. 


. . 58,486 


47,394 . . 


1,015 


2,066,495 . . 


. 1,219,938 


851,110 . . 


72.974 


— .. 


.■: 3,497 


1,657,758 . . 


5,400 


8,420,250 . . 


. 116.250 


1,140,200 .. 


57,000 


4,395,273 . . 


. 298,466 


117,741 . . 


4,226 



Articles. 

Nails and spikes lbs. 

Oilcake " 

Paper, Ohio " 

Powder, Oliio " 

Pot and pearl ashes " 

Sugar " 

Tallow " 

Tobacco " 

Tobacco, manufactured " 

Wool " 

White lead " 

Sundries " 

Hoop poles num. 

Hogs " 

Staves, etc " 

Shingles " 

Lath " 

Lumber feet 

Timber " 



The several locks of the canal afford considerable motive 
power within the limits of the city ; and in 1S45 the Dayton 
Hydraulic Company constructed a hydraulic canal from a 
point at Mad r., 4 m. above the city, by means of which 
the waters of a large and unfailing stream are brought 
through the place, the surplus water being discharged into 
the canal, and thence into the Miami river, below the city. 
The whole of the power thus obtained is leased to manu- 
facturers, and this addition of motive force is justly ranked 
as one of the chief sources of the prosperity now enjoyed 
by the city. A further increase of hydraulic facilities is 
projected by conducting the waters of the Miami above the 
city, through a canal, and discharging them into the same 
river below. Dayton surpasses all other Western cities of 
its size in the variety and extent of its manufactories. 
Among the most notable and extensive are those for the 
manufacture of railroad cars on the largest scale; paper 
mills, which supply no small part of the West with wrap- 
ping, news, and book paper ; founderies for stoves, hollow- 
ware, etc., the annual value of these branches alone being 
at least $500,000. There is no city in the West so largely 
engaged in Ihe manufacture and export of linseed oil and 
oil cake as Dayton. In 1850 1-34,000 bushels of seed, valued 
at ^163,348, produced 294,500 gallons of oil, worth at 72 c. 
per gallon, $212,040 ; and 8,680 tons of oil-cake, worth at 
$10 per ton, $26,800, the difference between the raw seed 
and manufactured articles being $75,492, which represents 
the gross earnings of labor and capital employed. The 
amount of superfine flour manufactured annually in the city 
is equal to 125,000 barrels. 

There are three chartered banks in the city : one a branch 
of the Slate Bank, one an independent bank, and one a free 
bank under the new law. The aggregate capital of these 
is $350,000. Besides these, there are several private banks 
which employ capital amounting to $200,000, making the 
banking capital of the place $550,000, a sum inadequate to 
the increasing wants of the manufacturing and commercial 
interests of the community. 

The charter for a city government was granted by the 
Legislature in 1841. The city, for municijial purposes, is 
divided into six wards, and its affairs are managed by 12 
councilmen, representing the several wards in a single 
body. The present revenue of the city from taxes, licenses, 
etc., amounts to $20,000, one-third of which is devoted to 
educational purposes. The public buildings, though nei- 
ther so costly nor so perfect in architectural detail as those 
of the old and wealthy cities of the country, are neat and 
substantial. The Court-house is one of the most elegant in 
the valley of the Ohio; its dimensions are 127 feet inlenglh 
by 62 feet in breadth. It is built of hewn blocks of coarse 
but compact white marble, which abounds in the vicinity ; 
the roof is of stone and the doors of solid iron, and the style 



of architecture that of the Parthenon, with slight improve" 
ments. The plan seems to be faultless, and the effect of the 
building imposing : its whole cost exceeded somewhat 
$100,000. The streets of the city are lighted with gas, sup- 
plied by a company chartered for that purpose, as are the 
public buildings, and, as a general thing, also the stores. 
the gas is made from the bituminous coal found about the 
head waters of the Ohio, and affords a cheap and excellent 
light. Coke and tar are also obtained from the coal used in 
supplying the works. 

There are two market-houses in the city. The principal 
one is 400 feet long, and paved with blocks of limestone ; 
and a part of the second story of the building is occupied as 
a City Hall and Council Chamber. The markets exhibit 
the overflowing abundance of the valley, and prices are 
here about 20 per cent, below those of Cincinnati, and 40 or 
50 per cent, below those of Boston and New York. As the 
population of the city increases, however, this disproportion 
in prices will of course be less. 

Besides an excellent female academy and several private 
schools, there are six free schools in the city, which are 
conducted in the most admirable manner. Five of these 
are "common schools;" the sixth is called the "High 
School," a popular college, into which the pupils from the 
other schools are admitted when they have attained a pre- 
scribed advancement in the usual English studies, and sus- 
tain a good character. The principal literary instituti(m is 
the Library Association, which has laid the foundation of a 
valuable library, having now upward of 2,000 volumes of 
selected works. The library is open to minors, under cer- 
tain restrictions, and a course of lectures is usually deliv- 
ered before the association during the winter months, which 
is free to the citizens generally. 

The periodical press of Dayton consists of four daily 
newspapers (.all issuing, likewise, weekly editions), and one 
weekly paper : the dailies are, the "Western Empire" (whig), 
the "Transcript" (neutral), the "D. Journal" (dem.), and 
the " D. Gazette" (whig) ; and the weekly newspaper is the 
" D. Advertiser" (whig). In point of energy and talent, the 
Dayton press is not surpassed by the press of older and 
more wealthy cities. 

Detroit, p. city, and cap. Wayne co., Mich. : on the 
N.W. bank of Detroit strait or river, 82 m. E. S. E. Lansing ; 
420 24' N., and long. 82° 53' W., 526 m. from Washington. 
The city extends along the river more than a mile and a 
half, the centre of it being about 7 m. from Lake St. Clair 
and 18 m. from Lake Erie. The original bed of the river 
opposite Detroit, and for a mile above and about three 
miles below, varies from 48 to 52 chains in width, averaging 
five-eighths of a mile, the width from the docks of Detroit 
to the opposite docks of Sandwich being abo\it half a mile. 
The depth between the docks varies from 12 to 48 feet, 
averaging 32 feet ; the descent from Lake SL Clair to Lake 
Erie is about 6 feet, or 3 inches per mile ; and the velocity 
of the current in the deepest part of the channel opposite 
the city is 2J m. an hour. The stream is so deep and its 
current so strong and uniform, that it keeps itself clear, and 
its navigation is not affected as is that of the Mississippi, 
with either rocks, sand-bars, trees, or sawyers. Its current 
also carries along the ice with a slow and uniform motion, 
so that it is never dammed up in winter, while the St. Law- 
rence, at Montreal, is slwallow and full of rocks, ag.ainst 
which the ice lodges, and often forms a dam across the 
river and raises the water from 20 to 25 feet, overflowing 
its low banks for miles, and sweeping off and destroying 
large amounts of property. These peculiarities of Ihe river 
make Detroit a secure and accessible harbor in all seasons. 

The plan of the city is rather uncouth, and labored with 
much mathematical ingenuity, better suited, it is acknowl- 
edged, to flatter the fancy than to promote practical utility. 
Upon the river, and for 1,200 feet back, it is rectangular — 
in the rear of this triangular. The streets are spacious; 
among the more noted are the eight avenues— Madison, 



CHIEF PLACES OP THE UNITED STATES. 



Michigan Grand, and Washington Grand avenues, each 200 
feet wide ; Woodward, Monroe, Miami, Macomb, and Jef- 
ferson avenues, each 120 feet wide, and all, except Mich- 
igan, Monroe, and Jefferson, terminating at one point, called 
the Grand Circus. The other streets are sixty feet wide, 
and generally cross at right angles. Atwater Street, upon 
the river, and Woodbridge Street, running parallel with it 
upon the declivity, are mostly occupied by stores and deal- 
ers in heavy merchandise. Woodward Avenue, leading 
from the river at right angles with Jefferson Avenue, 
through Campus Martius and the central part of the city, 
ranivs as amona; the first business streets. The principal 
street running with the course of the river upon the summit 
of the declivity, and through the central and most densely 
populated part of the city, is Jefferson Avenue. Upon this 
are most of the public and private offices located, as well 
as the dry goods and fancy stores generally. The Campus 
Martius is one of the most noted of the public squares ; 
there are several others. The argillaceous nature of the 
soil renders the streets unpleasant in wet weather, but much 
has already been effected to abate this drawback by paving 
aaid sewerage. 

The city is supplied with water from the Detroit river by 
means of a hydraulic establishment in the upper part of the 
city. The reservoir which contains the water is of cast iron, 
60 feet diameter and 20 feet deep, secured by strong iron 
bolts and rivets; supported by a circular brick building, G2 
feet in diameter, at an elevation of 47 fret from its founda- 
tion. It is inclosed with a frame building, standing on a 
brick foundation, 65 feet in diameter and 24 feet high, with 
a conical roof. The reservoir is supplied by means of a 
steam-engine, which works a forcing pump that is fixed 
several feet below the surface of the river, and is found fully 
adequate to furnish an abundant supply of good and whole- 
some water to the whole city. Connected with these works 
there are said to be about 4 miles of iron pipe and 10 miles 
of tamarack logs, and 50 hydrants or fire-plugs, all of which 
cost the city some $150,000. 

Detroit, although one of the most ancient settlements in 
North America, is, to every appearance, and in reality, of 
recent growth. Of the ancient style of the French build- 
ings scarcely a vestige remains. The city is mostly built 
of wood, although there are a goodly number of substantial 
brick buildings. The most interesting of the public build- 
ings are the old Slate House; the United States buildings 
(of polished limestone) ; the State buildings for the Su- 
preme Court and public offices ; the County Court-house ; 
the County Jail ; the City Hall and market ; and the Fire- 
mens' Hall. There are also 16 churches in the city, many 
of which are worthy of special notice ; of these 4 are Ro- 
man Catholic, 2 Episcopalian, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Scotch 
Presbyterian, 1 Congregational, 3 Methodist, 2 Baptist, 1 
German Lutheran, and 1 Sailors' Bethel. The new Catho- 
lic Cathedral, or St. Peter's Church, is a large and substan- 
tial edifice, and being high, massive, and of good propor- 
tions, it has an imposing appearance. It is built of brick, 
and is 160 feet long and SI feet wide. The corner stone was 
laid 29th June, 1845, and it was consecrated 29th June, 184S. 
The Cathedral of St. Aime, known as the French Church, 
is 116 feet long by 60 feet wide. The First Presbyterian 
Church is also a good, substantial, and well-api)earing brick 
edifice, with a portico and colonnade in front, including 
which its length is 100 feet and its breadth 60 feet. In ad- 
dition to these churches there are several religious societies 
which meet in other public buildings. 

Detroit has several extensive manufactories. It has five 
large steam saw-mills, which annually turn out upward of 
9,000,000 feet of lumber and 4,000,000 laths. These are sit- 
uated directly on the river, and receive, without the trouble 
of lund-carriage, the lumber chiefly brought down from the 
northern parts of the State. Ship and boat building is also 
a very large and important branch of business. There are 
also three large founderies, with machine-shops connected 



with them, which manufacture steam-engines, mill-irons, 
machinery of various kinds, stoves, plows, etc. These em- 
ploy about 200 hands. There are also two boiler factories 
for the manufacture of boilers for steam-engines, and sev- 
eral machine-shops for working in iron and some in brass. 
There are likewise two pail factories, a sash factory, a steam 
flouring mill, two tanneries, and Ave breweries. Cabinet- 
making, and most other kinds of mechanical employments, 
are pursued to a considerable extent, and something is done 
at shoeraaking; but much the largest portion of the boots 
and shoes worn in Michigan are made in Massachusetts, 
and most of the cabinet-ware and coarse clothing comes 
from New York. 

In addition to the retail trade there is a heavy wholesala 
business done in Detroit, and the amount of it is annually 
increasing. Nearly all the merchants of the interior depend 
on Detroit to replenish their stock, and a large portion of 
them buy all their goods there. 

The export and import trade of Detroit is immense. The 
imports coastwise, for 1S4S, are estimated at $3,502,666, and 
the exports at $2,781,192, and the port has also a consider- 
able trade with Canada, much of it illicit. The greater 
portion of the agricultural products of the State are shipped 
from this port. The shipping belonging to or owned in the 
collection district are 39 steamers, 4 propellers, 1 barge, 8 
brigs, 109 schooners, and 36 sloops— in the aggregate, 
23,619 tons. Regular lines of steamers sail and arrive daily 
to and from all parts, connecting here with the Michigan 
Central R. R., and with it forming a direct line from the 
north and east to Chicago and the Mississippi, and the 
Great Western R. R. also terminates here, and completes 
the line to the sea-board, viu Hamilton, Niagara Falls, Ca- 
nandaigua, Albany, and New York. 

There are several charitable institutions in the city, and 
much attention has been paid to education. Among the 
charitable institutions, the orphan asylums stand pre-emi- 
nent, and reflect much credit on the inhabitants. There 
are also several scientific and literary societies, as the His- 
torical Society, the State Literary Institute, the Medical So- 
ciety, etc. Here, also, is one of the branches of the Univer- 
sity, and 3 m. above the city is St. Philip's College ; primary 
and public schools are numerous, and there are a sufficient 
number of classical schools to supply all exigencies. 

The periodical press of Detroit consists of 8 daily news- 
papers, 1 tri-weekly, 7 weeklies, and 2 monthlies; the 
dailies are, the " D. Free Press" (dem.), which has also a 
tri-weekly and weekly issue ; the " D. Advertiser" (whig), 
which has also a weekly issue ; and the " Daily Tribune ;" 
the weeklies are the " Peninsular Freeman" (free soil) ; " Le 
Citoyen" (French); the "Western Advocate" (whig); the 
" New Covenant" (religious) ; and the " Michigan Christian 
Herald'' (Baptist) ; and the monthlies are " Wellman's Mis- 
cellany" (lit.) ; and the " Michigan Farmer" (agric). All 
these are conducted with an energy and talent surpassed 
only by the metropolitan press. 

Detroit has 4 banks, the condition of which, on the 26th 
Dec, ISol, was as follows: liabilities— capital, $761,228; de- 
posits, $705,692; circulation, $607,588; due banks, .$22,85S ; 
and profits, $375,084: and resources— loans, $1,202,648; spe- 
cie, $150,244 ; bank balances, $275,933 ; real estate, $193,025 ; 
and stocks, mortgages, etc., $650,000. The Michigan State 
Bank had a capital of $151,578 ; the Farmers and Mechan- 
ics' Bank, $327,580 ; the Peninsular Bank, $100,000 ; and 
the Michigan Insurance Bank, $182,070. 

The present site of the city of Detroit seems to have been 
visited by the French as early as 1610. In 1720 the Fort 
Pontchartrain had been previously located here. In 1759 
the country fell into the hands of the English, and in 1783 
became a part of the United States. In 1S02 the village 
was incorporated ; in 1805 it was destroyed by fire ; in 1810 
the act of incorporation was repealed ; in 1812 the fort and 
town surrendered to the British, but were reoccupied in 
1813 ; in 1815 it was reincorporated. Such is the chronol- 

829 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Ogy of its history. In ISIO it contained T70 inhabitanfa; in 
1820, 1,44-2 ; in 1830, 2.222 ; in 184i», 9,102 ; in 1S4.5, 13,065 ; 
and in 1S50, 21,019. In Oct., 1853, the pop. was 34,436. 

Dtjbcquk, p. v., and cap. Pubuque co.. In. : on the W. 
bank of Ihe Mississippi river, 424 ra. above St. Louis, and 72 
miles N. E. by N. Iowa City. It is built on a table area, or 
terrace, which extends along the river for several miles, 
and the streets are laid out at right angles with each other. 
Dubuque was settled by Canadian French as early as 16S6, 
Ibr the purpose of tradins; with the Indians. Besides bein/? 
the great mineral dep6t of the Iowa lead region, it is a place 
Of much traffic, and interchanges largely with the vast in- 
terior, of which it is the chief outlet. Its chief export is 
lead, which is sent down the river in vast quantities. In 
the village are several wholesale stores, and one of the 
largest hotels of the West. The U. S. Land-office for the 
northern dislrict of Iowa, and the office of the Surveyor- 
general of Iowa and Wisconsin, are located here. The 
population is now 4,071, and is rapidly increasing. There 
are four newspapers published in the village, the "Miner's 
Express" (dem.), the " D. Tribune" (whig), the " D. Tele- 
graph" (whig), and the " Norwestliche Democrat" (Ger- 
man). Lead ore is found in abundance within the corpo- 
rate limits of the village, and for miles around on every side. 

Easton, p. 1)., and cap. Northampton co., Penn. ; on the 
W. side of Delaware r., where it receives the Lehigh r., 93 
miles E. N. E. Ilarrisburg. It is built on a point of land 
formed by Ihe Delaware and Lehigh rivers and Bushkill cr. 
The streets are laid out along the cardin.il points, crossing 
each other at right angles, and forming in the centre of the 
borough a square area, on which stands the court-house. 
The part of the village on the Delaware is level, but con- 
siderably elevated above the river, and the ground rises 
gradually toward the W. to a considerable heiglit. There are 
flne bridges and viaducts over the streams above mentioned. 

Easton is the entrep6t of a vast internal commerce be- 
tween the coal anil iron flelds of Pennsylv.ania and the 
Eastern markets, and will in time become an important 
point in the line of travel from East to West, being situated 
at the most eligible pass between the two sections. Al- 
ready it is the terminus of several lines of railroad, and of 
three canals, viz., the Morris Canal, the Lehigh Canal, and 
the Delaware Canal. Here terminates the New Jersey 
Central K. R., and also railroads coming from the western 
borders of Pennsylvania on Lake Erie, and from Pittsburg ; 
and others are projected to Lake Ontario. The distance 
from New York to Erie via Easton. when the lines contem- 
plated are completed, will be 4G2 miles, and to Pittsburg 423. 

As a business place, Easton is one of the most prosper- 
ous towns of Pennsylvania. It will give some idea of the 
magnitude of its various interests, to state that there are 
■within a radius of three miles of the place 18 merchant and 
grist mills, C saw-mills, 3 oil-mills, 3 tanneries, 5 founderies, 
7 distilleries, 1 planing-mill and wire factory, 3 large blast 
furnaces, 2 cotton factories, and other smaller factories, all 
in full operation. At South Easton there is a vast water- 
power, sufficient for a great increase of manufactures ; be- 
sides which the Lehigh river has a fall of 200 feet between 
the Lehigh Water Gap and Easton, a distance of 25 miles, 
■which would afford any additional water-power required. 

The surrounding country is remarkable for the exquisite 
beauty of its natural scenery and its uncommon healthiness, 
as well as for its exceeding fertility and great advantages 
for manufactures, trade, and business. The excess of 
flour over and above the home consumption that is annu- 
ally sent to market from Easton and its vicinity, exceeds 
110,000 barrels, and 50,000 barrels of corn meal. At E.aston 
alone, during ISol, there were manufactured 90,000 barrels 
of flour, 14.000 barrels of whisky, 8,000 tons of pig metal, 
and 900 tons refined iron. Immense deposits of the finest 
kinds of iron ore have been found in the vicinity, and no 
section of the United Stales is more favorably adapted to 
the Buccessful manufacture of iron. In short, the position 
830 



and resources of Easton are so favorable, and its growth so 
rapid, that nothing but the opening of the lines of railroad 
now projected is wanting to enable it to take a position 
among the most prosperous of our inland cities. 

The borough is well supplied with the means of educa- 
tion and religious instruction. It has numerous Sabbath 
schools and churches, and several primary and public 
schools, academies, etc. ; and here is located Lafayette Col- 
lego, one of the best institutions of the State, manual labor 
forming a branch of its curriculum. This institution was 
founiled in 1832; in 1850 it had a president, 7 professors, 
and 82 students; its alumni counted 101, of which 80 were 
in the ministry, and its library contained 5,000 volumes. 

The press of Easton consists of 8 weekly newspapers, 
viz., the " Northampton Correspondent" (dem.), " Der Dem- 
ocrat" (Germ, dem.), the "E.Whig," the "E. Sentinel" 
(dem.), the " Independent Democrat," the " Eastonian" 
(whig), the "Northampton Courier" (dem.), and the "Dem- 
ocrat and Argus" (dem.), all issued weekly. 

The population of Easton in 1820 was 2,370; in 1S30, 
8,529; in 1840, 4,865; and in 1850,7,2.50. 

Elmika, t, p. v., and cap. Chemung co., IV. Y. : 158 m. 
W. by S. Albany. Drained by creeks of Chemung river. 
Surface uneven; soil in the valleys and flats very fertile. 
The v. is located on the left side of Chemung river, at the 
entrance of Newton's cr., where is extensive water-power. 
It contains a court-house and other county offices, and has 
a number of m. an \ifac luring establishments, stores, ware- 
houses, etc. It is also a great lumber market, and h.as a 
considerable trade. The Chemung Canal has its southern 
terminus at this point, and the New York and Erie R. R. 
passes through the v., ami 4 m. W. of the v. is tapped by 
the Canandaigua and Elmira R. R. Three new.ipapers are 
published here, the " E. Republican" (whig), the " E. Ga- 
zette" (free soil), and the " E. Courier" (whig)— all issued 
weekly. Two bridges cross the Chemung river, over one 
of which the R. R. passes, and over the other the turnpike. 
Pop. 6,212. The original name of the t. was Con-e-uvi-icnJi. 
It was settled in 1788, and called " Newton," and in 1791, 
the V. having been located by Moses De Witt, its name 
was ch.inged to " Dewittsburg." In the last year the first 
frame-house was built, and the lands were sold to settlers 
at 18 pence per acre. The t. finally received its present 
title from some gentleman who named it after his wife. 
Pop. of t. 8,166. 

ERra, p. b., port of entry, and cap. Erie co., Peyin. : on 
Presque Isle Bay of Lake Erie, 218 m. N. W. by W. Ilar- 
risburg. Lat. 42° 10' N., and long. 80° OS' W. The bor- 
ough extends along the bay for 3 m., and from it 1 m. The 
harbor of Erie is one of the best and safest on the lake, with 
8 or 10 feet of water on the bar, and the depth within it 
averages 20 feet. In extent it is about 6 sq. m. The borough 
contains the county court-house, a jail, and other offices, 
a bank, churches of all denominations, schools, and .acad- 
emies, numerous wholesale stores, commission and forward- 
ing houses, and lumber-yards; also founderies, mechanic 
shops, and manufacturing establishments of various kinds. 
Its population in 1840 was 3,412 ; in 18.50 it contained 5.858 ; 
and in 1852, by estimate, 8,500. At the first period it had 
few facilities of internal communication — at the last, the 
line of railroads from Buffalo was completed, and also the 
line to Cleveland, thus extending its commercial highw.ays 
to the extreme West and East of the Union. As yet, how- 
ever, the prosperity of the borough is only in its first grade 
of development. Its harbor is being improved ; Ihe line of 
canal from Pitlsburg is progressing to completion ; a rail- 
road is being built to connect it with the Erie R. R. and 
New York city ; another from Erie, vin Sunbury to Phiha- 
delphia, in Pennsylvania; and still another to Pittsburg. 
These lines of travel and transportation w\\\ place it on a 
par with Buffalo, Dunkirk, Clevel.and, Sandusky, etc., and 
make it, in a commercial point of view, one of the most 
important ports of Lake Erie. The lake commerce center- 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



ing at this port is as yet comparatively small, and the ship-t. 
ping owned by the inhabitants in 1S50 was only 7,870 tons, 
of which 5,350 tons were navigated by steam-power. Fa- 
voring circumstances now compel the fortunes of the place, 
and its rise will be rapid; and it is not improbable that 
when the census enumeration of 1S60 is taken that Erie 
will count a population of nearly 2ii,000 inhabitants. The 
newspaper press of Erie consists of a tri-weekly paper and 
four weekly papers: the tri-weekly is the "Erie Observer" 
(dem.). of which also Is issued a weekly edition ; the " E. 
Chronicle" (whig), the " E. Gazette" (whig), and the " Com- 
mercial Advertiser" (whig). Erie has long been a port, the 
position and local advantages of which were appreciated 
by the lake navigator, and it has as long been a harbor of 
refuge to the national vessels in war or storm. It was here 
that Perry, in the last war with Great Britain, fitted up his 
fleet ; and in case of war again ensuing, no port on the lake 
has the same advantages for defense and sate harbor, 
Presque Isle being a natural breast-work, easily defended 
against the enemy. 

Fall Eivkr, t., p. v., and port of entry, Bristol co., 3rass. ; 
46 m. S. Boston. Drained by streams falling into Taunton 
river and Mount Hope bay, a branch of Narraganset bay. 
Surface elevated, rough, and uneven. The town takes its 
name from Fall river, the outlet of Watuppa Pond, at the 
union of which with Taunton river the great manufacturing 
village of Fall Kiver is located. This town is without a 
parallel on the American continent in regard to its com- 
bined facilities for navigation and hydraulic power. Fall 
river rises 2 m. E. of the village, in Watuppa Pond, which 
is 11 m. long and 1 mile broad, originating in perennial 
springs. The descent of the river to Taunton river is 136 
feet, and the volume of water constant and of suflicient 
power for the largest manufactures. The harbor on Taun- 
ton river is safe and easy of access, and of depth sufficient 
for the largest ships. It is one of the great manufacturing 
centres of the State, and has extensive cotton mills, woolen 
factories, print-works, bleacheries, boot and shoe factories, 
foundcries, etc. ; it has also several banks and insurance 
oflSces. In 1849-50 the foreign entrances were 78 vessels 
(12,739 tons) ; and clearances, 37 vessels (5,479 tons). It has 
also a large coasting trade, and is engaged in the whale 
and other fisheries. The tonnage owned in the district in 
1850 was 18,102 tons, of which 2,251 t(ms were registered, 
10,748 enrolled and licensed, and 103 licensed (under 20 
tons). In the whale fisheries there were 928 tons employed ; 
in coasting, 10,701 tons ; and in the cod fishery, 47 tons ; 
and the shipping propelled by steam amounted to 4,784 
tons ; and 1 ship, 3 schooners, and 1 steamer (in the aggre- 
gate 1,254 tons), were built in the year next preceding. 
The port is connected with New York by a regular steam 
line, and with Boston by the Fall Elver R. K., etc. Two 
newspapers, the " Weekly News" (dem.), and the " F. R. 
Monitor," are issued weekly, circulating 700 to 800 copies 
each. Pop. in 1820, 1,594; in 1830, 4,159 ; in 1840, 6,738; 
and in 1S5;>, 11,522. 

Fatettevii.le, p. v., and cap. Cumberland co., 2\f. Car. : 
on the W. side of, and 1 m. from. Cape Fear r., and at the 
head of uninterrupted boat navigation, 49 m. S. Raleigh. 
Lat. 35° 03' N., and long. 79° 58' W. It is one of the large 
towns of the State, is regularly laid out with streets 100 feet 
wide, and has a court-house and other county buildings, 
three banks, and a United States arsenal of construction. 
Its trade in flour, tobacco, and naval stores is considerable. 
Three newspapers, the " North Carolinian" (<iem.), the •' F. 
Observer" (whig), and the " Communicator" (temperance), 
are published weekly, and have respectable circulations. 
Its manufactures are extensive, consisting of cotton mills, 
and flour, grist, saw, and oil mills, etc. Pop. in 1820, 3,532 ; 
in 1830, 3,S6S ; in 1840, 4,285 ; and in 1850, 4,64S. 

FiTCHBUBG, t. and p. v., Worcester county, Mass. : 42 m. 
W. N. W. Boston. 'Drained by a large branch of Nashua 
river and two smaller streams, which furnish immense wa- 



ter-power, and on which are numerous large manufacturing 
establishments. Surface diversified and somewhat hilly; 
soil of average fertility. In the immediate vicinity of the 
village of Fitchburg is an immense quarry of excellent 
granite. The manufactures embrace woolen and cotton 
goods, paper, boots, etc. It is one of those towns of New 
England that have forced themselves into prosperity by 
local advantages, and is now one of the chief centres of the 
railroad network of the country : hence diverge the Fitch- 
burg R. R. to Boston, the Worcester and Fitchburg R. R. 
to Worcester, and the Vermont and Massachusetts R. R. to 
Greenfield— these, with their connections, extending to 
every part of the Union and the Canadas. The "Fitch- 
burg Sentinel" is issued weekly. Population in 1830, 2,169 ; 
in 1840, 2,604; and in 1850, 5,120. 

Flohencb, p. v., and cap. Lauderdale co., Ala: on tho 
N. bank of Tennessee r., immediately below Muscle Shoals, 
197 m. N. W. Montgomery. Its site is a plain, 100 feet 
above the river, which is here navigable, when full, for 
steamboats. The streets are 100 feet wide, and laid ofl' at 
right angles. It contains a court-house, jail, a United 
States Surveyor-general's ofiBce, etc., several mechanic 
shops and factories, numerous stores, and in 1850 had 802 in- 
habitants. A newspaper, the " F. Gazette," is published 
weekly. It is eligibly situated for commerce, having a fine 
agricultural country around it, of which it is the natural 
market, being at the head of steamboat navigation. It 
will also become a great railroad centre between the N. 
and S., and E. and W., lines in those directions being in 
progress. 

FoKT Wayne, p. v., and cap. Allen co., Ind. : on a high 
bank, opposite to which, on the N., the St. Mary's and the 
St. Joseph unite and form the Maumee river, in lat. 41° 05' 
N., and long. 85° 09' W., 103 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. 
Here was the " Twightwee Village," or principal sect of the 
Miami, in their language called Ke-ki-o-que, and here, too, 
was old Fort Wayne, built by General Wayne, September, 
1794, and just below, on the opposite side of the Maumee, 
was fought the disastrous battle of 22d October, 1790. At 
one time it was called French Stores, as it was for a long 
time a trading post of that nation. Fort Wayne continued 
as a military post until 1819, and until the removal of the 
Miamis and Pottowattomees in 1841, was resorted to by 
them for the disposal of their furs and to spend their annu- 
ities. It is now one of the most flourishing towns in the 
State, and in 1850 had 4 282 inhabitants. In 1840 it did 
not contam more than 1,600 inhabitants. The Wabash and 
Erie Canal gives it access to the Wabash Valley and the 
Ohio river on the one hand, and the Maumee Valley and 
Lake Erie on the other. Railroads, also, are being con- 
structed to Lake !Erie and central Ohio ; also to Chicago, on 
Lake Michigan, and southward to the Ohio river. Several 
plank-roads also extend into the interior. The surrounding 
country is one of the best farming sections, and produces 
abundance of grain and provisions. With these advan- 
tages of travel and transport, it must become a centre of a 
vast commerce, and in time a populous city, through which 
the products of a wide territory must pass for a market. It 
already contains extensive warehouses, stores, etc., tho 
county buiUings, a United States Land Office, a branch of 
the State Bank, etc., and has many substantial brick dwell- 
ings. All the principal religious denominations have 
churches in the place, and there are several first-rate acad- 
emies and schools, among which may be mentioned the 
Methodist Female College, and a Catholic institution under 
the Sisters of Providence. Two newspapers, the " F. W. 
Sentinel" (dem.), and the " F. W. Times" (dem.), are issued 
weekly. 

Fbankport, p. city, and cap. Franklin co., Ky., and cap. 
of the State : on the E. side of Kentucky river, 62 m. above 
its confluence with the Ohio river, in lat. 38° 14' N., and 
long. 84° 40' W., 551 m. W. by S. Washington, D. 0. The 
river, here eighty yards wide, winds through a deep Umo- 

881 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



stone Talley, on a plateau of which the city is built, and op- 
posite to and connected with it by a chain bridge is South 
Frankfort, its suburb. Bthind tlie city the land rises ab- 
ruptly 150 to 200 feet to the general level cf the country, 
from which elevation the valley scene is extensive, and full 
of picture. Heavy rains frequently cause the river to rise 
60 or 60 feet above its ordinary level. The river, the nav- 
igation of which has been improved by locks and dams, is 
regularly navigated to Frankfort by steamboats of consid- 
erable burden, and an extensive commerce, supported by a 
fine country neighboring on the banks of the Kentucky, 
centres at this point. The city is also connected with the 
Ohio by a railroad to Louisville, and there ia a railroad to 
Lexington, at which place other railroads diverge to the N. 
and N. E., and also to the S., whence they are continued to 
the Atlantic cities, and to those of the Mississippi and Gulf 
of Mexico. Frankfort is a well-built and compact place ; 
the streets are regular and wide, and many of the houses 
and public buildings of brick and white marble. Of the 
latter material, which is found abundantly in all this re- 
gion, the State House is built; it is a splendid edifice, 86 by 
54 feet, with an Ionic portico in front, and a lighted cupola 
on the top. The State Penitentiary is also located here, 
and among its other buildings are the court-house, the 
county jail, a market, etc. Its public press consists of 1 
daily, 4 weekly, 1 semi-monthly, anil 1 monthly publica- 
tions, viz., the " Commonwealth" (whig), daily and weekly ; 
the "Old Guard," the "Kentucky Yeoman" (dem.), and 
the " Cliampion of Reform" — all weekly ; the " Ecclesias- 
tical Reformer," semi-monthly ; and the "Methodist Month- 
ly Magazine," monthly. The manufactures of the city are 
various and extensive, and ships of considerable burden 
have been built here, and floated down the river to New 
Orleans. The city was founded in 17S6, and was made 
the seat of government in 1792. In ISIO it had 1,099 in- 
habitants ; in 1S20, 1,679; in 1830, 1,680; in 1S40, 1,917; 
and in 1850, 4,-372. 

Fkederick City, p. v., and cap. Frederick co., Md. : on 
Carroll's cr., a tributary of Monocacy r., 63 m. W. N. W. 
Annapolis. Lat. 39= 24' N., and long. 77° IS' W. It is a 
well-built town, with regular, wide streets, and contains a 
court-house, a substantial building, the county jail, and 
other public offices; 17 churches, some of them spacious 
and of fine architecture ; several literary and scientific in- 
stitutions, and about 1,000 dwellings, mostly of brick or 
stone, and many of them elegant ; and 6,028 inhabitants, 
of which 4,786 are white, 822 free colored, and 420 slaves. 
In regard of population, it is the third town of the State, 
Baltimore and Cumberland only having more inhabitants : 
in wealth and elegance it is second only to Baltimore. St. 
John's College, chartered in 1850, and several other Roman 
Catholic institutions are located in Frederick. The news- 
papers published here are the "Star" (literary), the "Ban- 
ner of Liberty" (whig), the " Examiner" (whig), the "F. 
Herald" whig), and the " Republican Citizen" (dem.), all 
issued weekly. The highway from Baltimore to "Wheel- 
ing passes through Frederick, and a branch road connects 
it with the Baltimore and Ohio R. R. The valley of Mono- 
cacy river is equally remarkable for its beauty, its rich agri- 
cultural resources, and its mineral wealth. Frederick is the 
dep6t of this district, and has a large commerce. Numerous 
manufactures are carried on, and also a large wholesale 
and retail trade. 

Galena, p. city, and cap. Jo Daviess co.. Til. : on both 
sides of Fever (properly Feve or Beiin, or, as some have it, 
Fevre, from a settler named Le Fevre) river, 6 m. from the 
Mississippi river, and 183 m. N. by W. Springfield. It is 
the metropolis of the great lead region of northern Illinois 
and the commercial dep6t of an extensive and line country, 
the river being navigable to this point for the largest river 
steamers at all seasons. Its trade extends to all the towns 
on the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. The two parts of the 
city (the most densely populated part being on the "W. side 
882 



of the river), are connected by bridges ; it contains a court- 
house, jail, and other county buildings, several churches 
and schools, and has extensive manufactures, chiefly con- 
sisting of such as are incident to the peculiar business of the 
place. Large quantities of copper are also smelted here, 
and there are numerous flour and saw mills. In 1.851 it 
exported 33,082,190 lbs. of lead, valued at $1,417,851,* and 
among its other principal exports were flour, 39,335 bar- 
rels ; barley, 42,731 bushels ; pork, 3,185 barrels ; lard, 
125,000 pounds ; bacon, 312,568 pounds ; butter, 87,613 
pounds; eggs, 22,880 dozen ; hides and skins, 9,326 ; horses, 
800; cattle, 1,500, etc., etc. It is also a great lumber mar- 
ket ; in the same year it received 5,085,684 feet lumber, 
2,470,500 shingles, and timber and wood of other descrip- 
tions. Galena has two daily papers, the "North-western 
Gazette" (whig), and the " G. Jeffersoniau" (dem.) ; the first 
named has also tri-weekly and weekly issues, and the latter 
a weekly edition. The city was first settled in 1826, and 
was then an outpost of the wilderness, 800 miles from the 
settlements. In 1840 it had 1,843 inhabitants; and in 1850 
its population numbered about 6,004, with a densely set- 
tled vicinity. The Galena Branch of the Illinois Central 
R. R. passes through the cit)', and the Galena and Chicago 
Union R. R. gives it access to the lake ports and roads 
leading eastward. 

Galveston, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Galveston co., 
Tex. : near the E. end of Galveston island, 200 m. E. S. E. 
Austin City. Lat. 29° 16' 37" N., and 94° 49' 41" W. It is 
the commercial emporium of Texas, and has the best and 
least difficult harbor on the whole coast. The clearances 
for foreign ports in 1850 were 9 vessels (2.924 tons), and the 
entrances, 10 vessels (2,987 tons). The tonnage of the dis- 
trict was 3.309 tons, of which 416 tons were registered, and 
874 tons sailed by steam-power. The great bulk of its com- 
merce is coastwise with New Orleans and New York, and 
the former port is connected with it by regular steamship 
lines. Railroads are now being built into the N. and N.W. 
interior, which will open up the country to settlement and 
a market. The city contains the court-house, a j.iil, and 
other county buildings, several handsome churches, and 
many of the dwellings are elegant structures. It has nu- 
merous warehouses, wholesale and retail stores, and ho- 
tels ; and here are published four newspapers, the " Q. 
News" (neutral), and the " Civilian and Gazette" (dem.), 
tri-weekly issues ; the " 6. Journal" (whig), a semi-week- 
ly ; and the " G. Zeitung" (dem.), a weekly German paper. 
Galveston island, on which the city stands, is about 36 m. 
long, with an average width of 2 m. The soil is good, being 
a black mold, about a foot deep, resting on sand and shells, 
and it has several ponds of good water. The air is cool and 
refreshing, and hence it has become a summer resort for 
invalids. Immense beds of oysters are found near its TV. 



* In connection with tliis interest, the following from an authentic 

eonrce will be interesting. It is a correct abstract of the statistics of the 

lead trade of the Upper Mississippi mines, from 1S42 to the end of 1653 : 

Years Piffs Pounds Min'lpcr Lead per Val. ofLead 

j-ears. rigs. ±-ounas. ^ ^^^ ^^^_ j^^ „j, j^^ Qalena. 

13)2 ... 447,909 ... 31,353,630 ... |12 85 ... $2 24 ... $702,321 31 

1843... 659,261 ... 39,148,270 ... 12 60... 234... 916,06961 

1844... 624,672 ... 43,727,040 ... 16 88... 862... 1,220,35712 

1845... 778,498 ... 64,494,860 ... IV 67 . . . 2 96... 1,613,24783 

1846... 732,403 ... 61,268,210 ... 17 83... 2 88... 1,481,65126 

1847 . . . 772,656 . . . 54,035,920 ... 19 16 . . . 817... 1,714,523 68 

1848... 681,969 ... 47,737,830 ... 19 82... 324... 1,646,70569 

1849... 628,934 ... 44,025,560 .. . 2218... S 67 . . . 1,615,73144 

1S50 . . . 668,689 . . . 39,801,230 ... 24 10 . . . 4 20 . . . 1,671,651 66 

1851... 474,115 ... 33,188,050 .. . 2501... 408... 1,354,06244 

1852... 488,628 ... 28,603,960 .. . 2587... 412... 1,178,48305 

1853 . . . 425,814 . . . 29,806,980 ... 34 41 . . . 6 60 . . . 1,639,383 90 



Total. . .7,103,448 . . .497,241,360 ... ... ... $16,657,988 49 

The above statements show the importauce of the lead trade of the 
Galena mines, their product amounting in twelve years to nearly 
$17,000,000. The openlnj of the railroads, now nearly completed, and 
the Introduction of machinery and capital in working the mines, Is 
destined to add greatly to the amount of this trade, and to render 
Galena one of the most importiut cities of the West. 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES, 



shore, and large quantities of flsh are caught on all sides ; 
■wild geese, teal, trant, and other birds flock here to winter. 
This island was formerly a resort for pirates ; the celebrated 
Lafilte had a fort here, the ruins of which are still seen 
about 2 miles from its E. extremity on the "W. shore. It is 
now in a state of excellent cultivation, and the resi<lence of 
many wealihy farmers. The population of the city in the 
year 1S50 was 4,177. 

Gkoegetown, p. city and port of entry, "Washington co., 
D.O. : a suburb of Washington, it is divided from that city by 
Bock cr. It is beautifully located on a range of hills rising 
above the Potomac, and stretching in undulating beauty 
along ils borders. The heights of Georgetown arc lofiy 
eminences, overlooking the city from the N. and W. Along 
these are many splendid villas and extensive gardens in the 
highest state of cultivation. Below reposes the city, and as 
far as the eye can reach, the silvery Potomac courses through 
a scene of exquisite beauty. The city presents many ob- 
jects of attraction : its ancient college, a Catholic institution ; 
its nunnery; its various literary institutions; its splendid 
aqueduct, and other noted edifices, are worthy of attention. 
The college is situate on the N. bank of the Potomac ; it 
was originally an academy, founded in 17S9 by the first 
Catholic bishop of the United States, and in 1799 it was 
chartered as a college. In 1815 Congress raised it lo the 
dignity of a university, and in 1S51 a medical department 
was opened at "Washington. The college buildings are 
spacious, and contain a fine library of 25,000 volumes, an 
extensive philosophical apparatus, and a museum of nat- 
ural history. The curriculum of studies occupies seven 
years. The nunnery, or Convent of the Visitation, is situate 
on the heights, contiguous to the E. margin of the river. 
The building appropriated for the ladies' academy is of 
brick, between 200 and 300 feet long, and 40 feet in breadth. 
These buildings occupy part of the side of an oblong square 
of five acres, a portion of which is laid out as a botanic 
garden. There are other edifices on the square, as the 
bishop's residence, an elegant chapel, the convent, and 
charity schools. The whole is under the direction of the 
Sisters of the Visitation. The aqueduct which conveys the 
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal over the Potomac is a stu- 
pendous work ; the piers, nine in number, and 36 feet 
above high water, are of granite, and embedded 17 feet in 
the bottom of the river upon solid rock ; its length is 1,146 
feet, and the cost of construction was $2,000,000. This aque- 
^ duct carries the canal to Alexandria. Oak Hill Cemetery, 
on the heights, is also worthy of note ; it was laid out in 
1S49 at the expense of "W. "W. Corcoran, Esq., the eminent 
banker, and is surrounded by a massive iron railing, with a 
gate-keeper's lodge in the Norman style, and an elegant 
Gothic chapel. Georgetown was formerly a port of some 
note, and had considerable trade, and is even now a thriving 
and busy place. It is connected by canal and railroad with 
all parts of the Union. Of late years many improvements 
have been made in its streets, and many new buildings 
nave been erected. The city is also engaged in manufac- 
tures. In 1850 it had 59 establishments in operation, among 
which was a rolling mill, a cotton factory, and numerous 
flouring mills. Two newspapers are published here, the 
" G. Advocate," tri-weekly, and the " Potomac Advocate," 
weekly. Its foreign commerce in 1849-50 employed 3,134 
tons of shipping, viz. : clearances, 10 vessels (1,720 tons), 
and entrances, 9 vessels (1,414 tons). The shipping owned 
in the district amounted to 17,010 tons, of which 2,796 was 
registered tonnage, 12,763 enrolled and licensed tonnage, 
and 1,451 licoased. The steam shipping amounted to 1,949 
tons ; and eight vessels (283 tons) were built during the 
year. The general statistics of the city are as follows: 
dwellings 1,174, famUies 1,215, and population 8,366, of 
which 6,081 were white persons, 1,560 free persons of color, 
and 725 slaves. The population in 1810 was 4,983 ; in 1820, 
7,360 ; in 1830, 8,441 ; in 1840, 7,312 ; and in 1850, 8,866. 

GEOfiSEioWiN", p. v., port of entrv, and cap. Georgetown 



dist., S. Car. : on the "W. side of "Winyaw bay, at the con- 
fluence of Sawpit creek, 106 m. S. E. Columbia, Lat. 330 
21' N., and long. 79^ 17' W. It contains a court-house, jail, 
6 churches, a large number of stores and mechanic shops, 
and about 1.628 inhabitants. Two newspapers are pub- 
lished here, the ""Winyaw Observer" (dem.), semi-weekly, 
and the " True Eepublicau" (dem.), weekly. Its harbor is 
deep enough for vessels drawing 11 feet water, and the 
ri\ers flowing into "Winyaw bay open to the port an exten- 
sive and fertile back country. It has an extensive coastj 
ing trade, and regular steamers ply to and from Charleston 
and on the Great Pedee river. The entrances in 1850 from 
foreign countries were 2 vessels (297 tons), and the clear- 
ances to foreign countries, 24 vessels (3,685 tons). Tonnage 
of the district, 2,779 tons, of which 1,749 was registered, and 
1,080 enrolled and licensed. 

Gloucester, t, p. v., and port of entry, Essex co., Mass, : 
27 m. N. by E. Boston. This is a maritime town, occupy- 
ing the greater portion of Cape Ann, the N. boundary of 
Massachusetts bay, and the inhabitants are chiefly em- 
ployed in navigation, commerce, and the fisheries. It has 
a fine harbor, open at all seasons, and accessible to vessels 
of great burden. Lat. 42° 36' 44" N., and long. 70° 40' 19' 
"W. The harbor and principal settlement lie on the S. side 
of-the peninsula. Sandy and Squam bays lie on the N. side, 
and affonl harbors for small vessels. On Thrasher's island 
are two light-houses. Gloucester has three newspapers, the 
" G. News" (indep.), and the " G. Telegraph" (whig), issued 
semi-weekly ; and the " Cape Ann Light"' (whig), issued 
weekly. Pop. of t. 7,786. The statistics of the foreign com- 
merce of the district, of which Gloucester is port of entry, 
for the year ending 30th June, 1850, are as follows : clear- 
ances, 177 (11,138 tons), of which 161 (8,259 tons) were for- 
eign bottoms; and entrances, 178 (11,667 tons), of which 
159 (8,1S0 tons) were foreign. The shipping owned in the 
district amounted to 22,474 tons, of which 2,873 tons were 
registered and engaged in foreign trade ; 18,881 tons en- 
rolled and licensed, of which 13,982 tons were employed in 
the cod fishery, and 4,899 tons in the mackerel fishery; and 
720 tons licensed under 20 tons, of which 68 tons were em- 
ployed in coasting, and 652 tons in the cod fisheries ; and 
the shipping built during the year was 26 schooners, of an 
aggregate burden of 1,996 tons. 

Hareisburg, p. city, and cap. Dauphin co., Penn., and 
capital of the State of Pennsylvania : on the E. bank of 
Susquehanna river, in lat. 40° 16' N., and long. 76° 50' "W., 
110 m. N. "Washington. The river, though voluminous, is 
not navigable here, except for rafts, which descend the 
current ; but it is accessible from all parts by canal or rail- 
road, and is a very flourishing interior market. The city is 
built on elevated ground, and commands a varied and 
pleasant prospect of the surrounding country. The public 
buildings are the State Capitol, the court-house, the county 
prison, a Masonic Ilall, the Lancasterian school ; churches 
of all denominations, some built at great expense; school- 
houses, etc. The Capitol, or State House, is an imposing 
structure, consisting of a main building and two wings, 
each adorned with a portico and Ionic pillars ; the central 
edifice is 180 feet wide, SO feet deep, and 108 feet from the 
ground to the top of the dome, and the whole is surrounded 
by an open area, adorned with two walks and an iron rail- 
ing. Harrisburg has considerable manufactures and most 
of the mechanic arts ; its commerce is extensive. The 
press of Harrisburg consists of 1 daily newspaper and 7 
published weekly; the daily is the "H. American" (whig), 
of which there is also a weekly edition ; and the weeklies 
are the " Vaterland Vechter" (whig), the " Democratic 
Union" (dem.), the " Pennsylvania Telegraph" (whig), the 
" Keystone" (dem.), the " Church Advocate" (relig.), and 
the " Pennsylvania Inteligencer'' (whig). "Water is sup- 
plied to the city through iron jTipes from a reservoir on 
Mount Airy, into which it is elevated from the Susque- 
hanna. The city is lighted with gas, and in its general 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



police 13 one of llie best comlucted communities in the 
Union. Population in 1S20, about 3,000 ; in 1S30, 4,S07 ; in 
1840, 5,9S0; and in 1S50, T,S34. Ilarriaburg bridge, over 
the Susquehanna, is a fine covered structure, extending to 
an island and thence to the opposite bank, 2,S7G feet Ions;, 
40 feet wide, and 50 feet above the river, and below is the 
bridge of the Cumberland Valley E. It., also a substantial 
structure. 

Haktfokd, p. city, and cap. Ilartford co., Conn., and one 
of tlie capitals of the State : on the W. side of Connecticut 
river, at the head of ship navigation, 50 ra. from its mouth, 
in lat. 41° 45' 59" N., and long^720 40' 45" W., 835 m. N. E 
of Washington. The site of the city rises gradually from 
the river, and on the S. and "W. is considerably elevated. 
The compact part is more than a mile in length and about 
three-fourths of a mile wide ; and the streets are arranged 
with great regularity. Little river, which crosses the city 
in its S. part, furnishes a valuable water-power: bridges 
cross this, and also the Connecticut river, those over the 
latter connecting it with East Hartford. The most conspic- 
uous public buildings are the State House, the City Hall, 
Trinity College, the American Asylum, the Ketreat for the 
Insane, the Wadsworth Atheneum, numerous elegant 
churches, an arsenal, the market-houses, etc. There are 5 
Congregational churches, 3 Episcopalian, 2 Baptist, 3 Epis- 
copal Methodist, 1 Protestant Methodist, 1 Roman Catholic, 
2 Second Advent, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Unitarian, 1 Univcrsal- 
ist, and 1 Jews' Synagogue— in all 24 churches. Trinity 
(formerly Washington) College, was founded in 1S24, and 
in 1S50 had a president, 8 professors, 300 alumni, of which 
180 were in the ministry, and SO students, and a library of 
12,000 volumes. It is under the control of the Episcopa- 
lians. The American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb was 
established by the late Rev. Thomas H. Gallaudet, and was 
the first institution of the kind in the United States. It has 
extensive buildings in the W. part of the city, and is the 
most flourishing and valuable asylum in the Union. The 
Retreat for the Insane is a little S. of the city, and like the 
asylum, is a well-conducted and successful institution. 
Hartford has numerous academies and schools, which re- 
flect great credit on the city ; and it has a public press not 
surpassed for morality and intelligence. It has 2 daily pa- 
pers, of which weekly editions are also published, 6 week- 
lies, and 2 monthlies. The dailies are the " H. Courant" 
(whig), and the " H. Times" (dem.) ; the weeklies, the " H. 
Courier"' (whig), the " Republican" (free soil), the "New 
England Fountain" (temperance), and the " Christian Sec- 
retary" (Baptist), the "Calendar" (Episc), and the "Re- 
ligious Herald" (Congr.), devoted to religious subjects. 
Hartford is also celebrated for its extensive book business. 
As a manufacturing city, Hartford stands high, and con- 
tains numerous lumber-yards, machine-shops, fire-arm man- 
ufactories, boot and shoe factories, and a variety of handi- 
crafts ; and as a place of commerce, it has many advantages, 
Its natural market being the valley of the Connecticut. It 
has also a dep6t of interior trade and railroad traffic, being 
in the centre of the State, and intersected by railroads from 
every direction. Steamboats also ply regularly to New 
York. Population in ISIO, 3,955; in 1820, 4J2G; in 1830, 
7,0T6; in 1S40, 9.468; and in 1850, 17,966. The Indian 
name of the site of Hartford was Sui'keng. In 1633 the 
Dutch built a fort here, and in 1035, the Dutch having re- 
linquished their claims to the English, Hartford was per- 
manently settled by emigrants from Miwsachusetts, under 
charge of Rev. Mr. Hooker. It was incorporated as a city 
iu 1TS4, and is now governed by a mayor and municipal 
ofiBcers. 

Houston, p. v., and .cap. Harris co., Tex. : on BufTalo 
Bayou, at the head of steam navigation, and directly op- 
posite Wliite Oak Bayou, 15S m. E. S. E. Austin City. It 
was commenced in October, 1S36, and in November the old 
capilol was founded, and in the May following Congress 
held its first session in that building. In front of the city is 
884 



a fine wharf, 50o feet long, affording ample accommodation 
for its business. This wharf is flanked by two cotton presses, 
erected by individual enterprise. The public buildmgs are 
Episcopal, Presbyterian, B.'iptist, Catholic, and Methodist 
churches, each denomination one; a good market-house, 
and a jail. Regular stages run twice a week for Austin 
and San Antonio, and for Nacogdoches and the Sabine. 
Tliere is a very large country business transacted, and sev- 
eral of its merchants have acquired largo fortunes. The 
heavy business is done chiefly on Main Street, which faces 
the wharves on the bayou. There are in the city 16 large 
flrms that advance capital to planters, and are reimbursed 
by the next crops. There are also many engaged in the 
grocery and provision business, and several extensive com- 
mission merchants, druggists, warehousemen, etc. Houston 
possesses superior advantages for manufacturing, and may 
at some future time become important in that branch of in- 
dustry. At present all her manufactured articles are pur- 
chased from the North and carried in steamboats up the 
bayou. There are five newspapers published here, the 
"Morning Star" (dem.), tri-weekly, and the ''Telegraph 
and Texas Register" (dem.), the " Houston Gazette" (dem.), 
the " Commercial Advertiser" (whig), and the"We8leyan 
Banner" (relig.), all weekly issues. It is proposed to build 
a branch railroad. 50 m. long, from this point to the Brazos 
Valley, where it will form a junction with the Red River 
and Galveston R. R. PopuUition, 2,-396. Houston takes its 
name from Gen. S.im Houston, leader of the Texan army 
during the Revolution — her first president as an independ- 
ent State, and one of her present senators — a man, a soldier, 
and a statesman, worthy of the highest honors that the peo- 
ple can confer. 

Hudson, p. city, port, and cap. Columbia co., Jf. Y. : at 
the head of ship navigation, and on the E. side of Hudson 
river, 29 m. S. Alb.any. Lat. 42° 14' N., and long. 730 46' 
W., 345 m. N. E. Washington. Fronting on the river, op- 
posite Athens, is a promontory, rising 60 feet above the 
water, which has been formed into a promenade, com- 
manding an extensive view, and on either side of this is a 
spacious bay, with sufficient depth of water for the largest 
shipi)ing. The city is regularly laid out, and the streets, 
with the exception of those near the shore, cross each other 
at right angles. The main street extends S. E. for more 
than a mile to Prospect Hill, 200 feet high, to which the 
ground rises. On the N. side of this street, toward its up- 
per end, is a public square, and there is another, on which 
the court-house stands, in the S. part of the city ; this build- 
ing is 116 feet long, the central part 40 by 60 feet, and the 
height 60 feet, surmounted by a dome, and entered by a 
portico of 6 Ionic columns, and the wings are 34 feet front, 
40 feet deep, and two stories high. There are numerous 
churches in the city, many of them h.indsome and substan- 
tial structures, and also several highly efficient institutions 
of learning. The Hudson Lunatic Asylum is situate on 
State Street, facing the court-house on the S.. and is a very 
useful anil flourishing institution. Hudson is supplied with 
water by a company from a spring at the foot of Bicraft's 
Mountain. Formerly the city had a large West India trade, 
but this has been superseded by the whale-fishing business, 
in which it has several ships engaged. Its river trade is 
very considerable, and it is the market for a l.-irge b.ick 
countfy. It has several steamboats, barges, etc., employed, 
and the New York and Albany steamers usually make this 
a stopping-place ; a steam ferry connects it with .\thens. 
The Hudson River R. R. p.isses through it, and the Hudson 
and Berkshire R. R. connects it with the Western R. R., 
and thence with New England. With regard to its manu- 
factures, Hudson has great facilities from the water-power 
in its neighborhood ; some of its manufacturing establish- 
ments — numbering 77 in all — are extensive and valuable. 
It has 1 daily paper, 5 weeklies, and 1 semi-monthly ; the 
" Morning Star" (neutr.il), is issued daily ; the " Columbia 
Republican" (whig), the " H. Gazette" (dem.), the " Dem- 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



ocratic Freeman" (free soil), the " Washingtoniaii'' (temp.), 
and the "Columbia Countj' Journal" (wliig), are week- 
lies; and the semi-monthly is the '• Rural Republican" 
(literary). The number of houses in the city in 1850 was 
832, anii the inhabitants 6,2S6. Hudson was settled in 
1783 by Thomas Jenkins and others, chiefly Quakers, from 
Massaoliusetts and Rhode Island. In 1785 it was chartered 
as a city. 

Indianapolis, p. city, and cap. Marion co., Ind., and cap. 
of the State of Indiana : near the geographical centre of the 
State, and on the E. side of the W. fork of White river, in 
lat. 39° 55' N., and long. 86° 05' W., 673 m. W. by N. 
Washington. The city is located on a beautiful, fertile, and 
extensive plain just below the mouth of Fall cr. In the or- 
dinance of Congress, authorizing the formation of a State 
constitution, 4 sections, or 2,560 acres of land, were donated 
for the permanent seat of government : commissioners were 
appointed in 1820 to make the selection, and in 1821 the 
city was laid out — in the October of which yeat*314 lots, 
central in the old plot of the city, were sold for $35,596 ; 
lots which then sold for .|200 or $300, now readily realize 
from $8,000 to $10,000. At the period referred to, the site 
was covered by dense forests, and for 40 or 50 miles around 
the country still remained in ils prisline condition of an un- 
touched wilderness. The original town plot was a mile 
square, but like all progressive cities, Indianapolis has over- 
stepped its artificial limits, and extended itself on all sides. 
The streets are at right angles with each other. "Washing- 
ton, through which the National Road passes, the principal 
street of the city, is 120 feet wide ; Circle Street 80 feet, 
and others 90 feet; the alleys, E. and W., are 30 feet wide ; 
those N. and S., 15 feet. The lots in the full lots are 97^ 
feet by 195, but on the diagonal streets and in the central 
blocks, touching Circle Street, the lots contain about a fourth 
of an acre each. On the 1st January, 1825, the public offices 
of the State were removed from Corydon, the former cap- 
ital, to Indianapolis, and the permanent seat of govern- 
ment established here ; but the Legislature held its sessions 
in the county court-house until December, 1834, when the 
State House, an elegant building, 180 feet by 80, was com- 
pleted at a cost of about $60,000 ; it is on the model of the 
Parthenon at Athens. The Governor's House is near the 
centre of the city, and is a fine four-fronted building, stand- 
ing on a natural mound 60 feet high, and circumscribed by 
Circle Street; and from this also diverge four diagonal 
Btreets in the direction of the several corners of the city 
plot. The State House, governor's residence, and the State 
oflBces, were built by the proceeds of the sales of lota in the 
doit'ition, as the Congressional grant was called. The other 
public buildings are its spacious market-houses, its many ele- 
gant and substantial churches, its fine hotels. Its dep6ts, bridg- 
es, etc. No city of its size in the Union, indeed, has so many 
public accommodations ; it is also a place of considerable 
manufactures, trade, and general business, being the centre 
of a vast system of railroads from every direction. From 
the Ohio river comes the Lawrenceburg and Upper Missis- 
sippi R. R., the Madison and Indianapolis R. R., the Jeffer- 
sonville R. R., and a branch from the Evansville and Illinois 
E. R. From the Wabash river the Terre Haute and Rich- 
mond R. R., the Lafayette R. R.,the Peru and Indianapolis 
E. R., and the Fort Wayne and Southern R. R. ; and from 
the State of Ohio, the Indianapolis and Bellefontaine R. R., 
the Indiana Central R. R., etc. All these roads centering 
in the " railroad city of the West," bring to it an immense 
amount of business and travel, and will ultimately make 
this one of tiie most prosperous cities of the north middle 
section of the Union; most, if not all of these, connect with 
each other on the Union Track and Dep6t, constructed at 
the joint expense of the several companies, and are but as so 
many links in the chainof intercommunication between the 
North and South, and the East and West, connecting as 
they do, at their exterior termini, with the railroads of the 
Uuion generally. 



The newspapers published in Indianapolis are the " In- 
diana State Journal" (whig), daily and weekly; the "In- 
diana State Sentinel" (dem.), tri-weekly ; the " Indiana 
Statesman," weekly; the "Family Visitor" (temp.), week- 
ly ; Ihe " Locomotive" (neulral), weekly ; the " Home Mis- 
cellany" (literary), weekly ; the " Volkblatt," and " Suabia 
P. Organ" (Germ, dem.), both weekly. In reference to 
education, Indianapolis has made ample provision ; it has 
14 public schools, open to all, and nunuerous academies, 
seminaries, and classical schools. The Indiana Central 
Medical College was founded in 1849, and in 1851 had 49 
students, and 10 had graduated : the lectures commenced 
28th Oelnber, 1S50. There is a United States Land OflSce 
at Indianapolis. The general statistics of the city embrace 
about 95 dry-goods stores, 80 groceries, 22 warehouses, 120 
mechanic shops, 4 breweries, and about two-filths of the 
dwellings are of more than one story in height, and about 
one-sixth are of brick, the others being frame dwellings. 
In 1830 the inhabitants numbered 1,085 ; in 1840, 2,692 ; and 
in 1850, 8,091. Pop. in 1854, about 15,000. 

Iowa City, p. v., and cap. Johnson co., la., and cap. of 
the State of Iowa : on the E. bank of Iowa r., 52 m. from 
the Mississippi r., 63 ra. from Burlington, 51 m. from Daven- 
port, and 70 m. from Dubuque — from Washington, D. C, 
1,485 m. The river is navigable to this place at all stages 
of the water, and regular steamboats from the Mississippi 
ascend it daily. The surface consists of a succession of pla 
teaux rising from the margin of the river, the first plain, 
about 100 yards wide, being devoted to a public prome- 
nade ; the second plateau is about 12 feet, and the third 
about 30 feet above the promenade, and on these the city is 
built. The principal avenues run along the brows of these 
eminences, and are intersected centrally by Iowa Avenue, a 
magnificent street, on which stands the State House, an 
elegant building of bird's-eye marble, a richly variegated 
species of limestone ; it is 100 feet long and 60 feet wide, 
and is built in the Greco-doric style, surmounted by a dome 
resting on 22 Corinthian columns. The avenues are 160 
feet wide. Iowa City, as the capital of a wealthy Slate, is 
well situated, being easy of access from all points, and is 
capable of every species of improvement for manufacturing, 
mechanical operations, trade, and commerce. Already it 
is being made the centre of communication from all the 
principal ports of the Mississippi toward Council Bluffs and 
the Pacific — in which direction railroads will soon be built. 
Above the city the river afibrds immense water-power, and 
has been improved by the erection of several extensive 
mills. It is the seat of a United States Laud Office; and 
here, also, is an elegant county court-house, a jail, several 
substantial church buildings ; and here will be located the 
Slate University recently chartered by the General Assem- 
bly of the State. The newspapers published here are the 
" Iowa Republican" (whig), and the " Iowa Capital Re- 
porter" (dem.), both weekly issues. The site of the city 
previous to 1839 was in the wilderness : in that year it was 
selected by the Legislature as the seat of government. 
Population, 2,832. 

Ithaca, t., p. v., and capital Tompkins co., N'. V. : 133 m. 
W. Albany. Drained by Fall, Six Mile, and Cascadilla 
creeks, which fall into Cayuga lake. The village is situ- 
ated on a plain, H m. S. of the lake, and on both sides of 
Cayuga inlet, which is navigable for large canal boats. The 
alluvial flat, on which the city is chiefly located, is inclosed 
on three sides by hills which rise gradually to the height 
of 500 feet, and a part of the village lies on the hill over- 
looking the beautiful lake in its front. The streets are at 
right angles, forming square blocks ; its buildings are usu- 
ally neat and commodious, and most of the thoroughfares 
are ornamented with shade trees. In available hydraulic 
power applicable to manufactures, Ithaca is second to no 
other village in the State, and it is already engaged largely 
in industrial pursuits. The streams before named, in de- 
scending from the hills, have numerous falls. Fall creek 

.836 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



descends 433 feet in the course of a mile, having three suc- 
cessive falls of 70, 50, and 116 feet, the latter a gr.ind cat- 
aract, and in an unbrolven sheet, and other falls in the 
vicinity of the place arc almost coequal in extent and grand- 
eur with these. The manufactures of the place comprise 
extensive cotton and «'oolen mills, flouring mills, iron works, 
machine shops, plaster mills, paper mills, and a variety of 
Other industrial f.'Stablishments. Its commercial adv.intages 
are also great. Southvrn-tf, the Cayuga and Susquehanna 
E. E. gives it access to the iron and coal fields of Pennsyl- 
vania, and at Owego it unites with the New York and Erie 
E. E., forming a direct route to New York city ; and north- 
tcarci, through Cayuga lake and Seneca Canal, it communi- 
cates with the Erie Canal and the central chain of railroads 
extending between Albany and Buffalo. The principal 
exports south are plaster, flour, etc., which are exchanged 
for the coal, iron, etc., of that region. Ithaca has two news- 
papers, the " I. Chronicle" (whig), issued daily and weekly, 
and the " I. Journal" (dom.), issued weekly. The village 
was planned in 1800 by Simeon De Witt, and in 1S21 it was 
incorporated. Pop. in 1830, 3,.324 ; in 1840, 5,650 ; and in 
1350, 6,909. 

Jackson, p. v., and cap. Hinds co., Miss., and capital of 
the State of Mississippi : on the W. bank of Pearl river, in 
lat. -320 23' N., and long. 00° 08' W., 1,035 m. W. S. W. 
Washington. The site is level, and about a quarter of a 
mile from the river. The village, regularly laid off, con- 
tains a handsome State House, the Governor's House, the 
State Penitentiary, a United States Land Office, etc., sev- 
eral mechanic shops, about 40 stores of various descrip- 
tions, and 1,872 inhabitants. Three newspapers are pub- 
lished here, viz., the " Mississippian" (dem.), the " Flag of 
the Union" (whig), and the "Hinds Gazette" (whig), all 
weekly issues. The Vicksburg, Jackson, and Brandon 
E. E. passes through Jackson, as will also the New Orleans, 
Jackson, and Northern K. 11., etc. 

Jepfbkson City, p. o., and cap. Cole co., 3fo., and cap. 
of the State of Missouri : on the S. bank of Missouri river, 
opposite the mouth of Cedar creek, and 137 m. from its 
entrance into the Mississippi river — lat. 38° 36' N., and 
long. 92° OS' W.— 9S0 m. W. Washington. The site is ele- 
vated and uneven, atid furnishes many beautiful building 
locations. It contains the State House, Governor's House, 
a large and elegant mansion ; the State Penitentiary, etc., 
and has several extensive mercantile houses, stores, and 
mechanic shops, equal to the demands of the locality. Two 
newspapers are published here, the " Metropolitan," and 
" Jefferson Enquirer" (dem.), both weekly issues. Popula- 
tion about 2,600. 

Jeksby City, p. city, and port of entry, Hudson co., N'. J. ; 
on the W. bank of Hudson river, opposite the city of New 
York, and connected with it by steam ferries. Incorporated 
in 1S20, and in 1S51 the villages of Harsimus, Pavonia, etc., 
were annexed. The streets run at right angles along and 
from the river front. There are several important manu- 
factories here, as soap, glass, iron, pottery, ropes, starch, 
and ship-building, and it has good wharves. The Cunard 
Steamships' Dock is here, and much business is created by 
the Morris Canal and the railroads terminalirig at this 
point. Southern and Western travel from New York city 
proper/y commences at Jersey City. Pop. in 1850 of the city 
proper, 6,856, or with its accessions, 11,473 ; in 1S53, 18.457. 

Kaskaskia, p. v.. and cap. Ilandolpli co., I/h ; on Kas- 
kaskia river, 10 m. above its confluence with the Mississipi)i 
river, and on a neck of land between the two, 127 m. S.S. W. 
Springfield. This town is one of the oldest in the Valley 
of the Mississippi, having been settled by the French in 
1683, and in 1763, when ceded to the English, had some 
130 families. It is beautifully situated in a lovely country. 
It contains a brick court-house and county jail, and also a 
nunnery and Catholic church, and a United States Land 
OfiBce. Pop. about 1,000. 

Kkokuk, city, Leo co., la. : on W. bank of Mississippi 



river (at the foot of the Lower Eapids), S miles above the 
confluence of Des Moines river, 86 m. S. by E. Iowa City. 
It has a good landing and levee. The main body of the 
town is built back ujxm the bluff, which is nearly level. 
It stands upon a basis of limestone rock, of the finest qual- 
ity, affording inexhaustible supplies for building. The set- 
tlement of this place was originally owing to the existence 
of the " Lower Eapids" of the Mississippi river, at the foot 
of which it is situated. These are eleven miles in length, 
running over a limestone bed. The fall in that distance is 
24 feet. Hence, at low water, steamboats are compelled to 
here discharge their freight, towing it over the rapids with 
lightv'rs. A company h.is been incorporated to build a 
canal around these rapids sufficient to pass large steamers. 
The water of the canal will also be used for machinery. 
The locality of Keokuk, at the confluence of the Des Moines 
river, makes it the dep6t and entrep6t of the fertile valley 
of the Des Moines, which contains more than half the pop- 
ulation and agricultural wealth of the State. Pop. in 1S40, 
was about 150 : in 1S45, 460 ; 1850, 2,773 ; 1852, 3,963. The 
town contains 2 steam fl(jur-mills, 3 steam saw-mills, 2 large 
founderies, between 80 and 90 stores, several hotels, a good 
market, and steam-ferry. The number of steamboat ar- 
rivals in 1851 and 1852, was 1,590. Here is the Medical 
Department of the State University, which is well endowed, 
and has 7 professorships. There are 6 churches, 1 hospital, 
3 academies, 3 public schools, 3 select schools. The news- 
papers are " The Keokuk Dispatch" (dem.), " Whig and 
Eegister" (whig), a medical journal, and a temperance 
newspaper. 

Key West, p. v., port of entry, and cap. Monroe co., 
nor. : on the island so called, about 480 miles in a direct 
S. S. W. line from Tallahassee. Lat. 24° 32' N., and long. 
81° 47' 30" W. The island is 4 miles long by 1 mile in its 
widest part, and, including the salt pond, contains 197 
acres. It is of coral formation, with little available soil, and 
very low and flat, nowhere 20 feet above the sea. Dog- 
wood, Madeira wood, mangrove, and some other species, 
cover the unoccupied parts, and the cocoa-nut, orange, and 
guava flimrish luxuriantly where they can flnd soil suffi- 
cient. The key was granted by the Sp.anish crown, some 
forty years ago, to John P Salas, and in December, 1821, 
it was purchased of him by Colonel Simonton, who took 
possession in person on the 22d January, 1822, and in the 
following April he erected thereon the flrst small house. 
In April, 1823, a custom-house was established here, and it 
was made a station for the Gulf squadron. In 1832 it was 
made a military post, but the barracks were not completed 
until 1845. The buildings are large, airy, and commodious, 
and arc placed on three sides of a quadrangle, the open side 
being toward the sea. Mrs. Mallory, mother of Senator 
Mallory, was the first white female that settled on the island. 
This was in 1823, and for a long time she was without a 
single companion of her sex. As pioneer matron of the 
place, she was presented with a choice lot of land, on wliieh 
she has erected a mansion, and now occupies it as a board- 
ing-house. John H.iUeck, now a printer in Washington 
city, was the flrst white child born on the key; this was in 
August, 1829. From these small and recent beginnings. 
Key West has grown to be an important and prosperous 
place of about 2,367 inhabitants. It is the I.irgest town in 
Florida, and in 18.50 contained a court-house, jail, the latter 
a substantial stone building, thirty feet square, the United 
States District Court, which has cognizance of all wrecks 
and disasters, the State Circuit Court, the Marine Hospi- 
tal, etc., and had 26 stores, 10 warehouses, 4 look-out cupo- 
las, 4 churches, 11 wharves, and 650 dwellings. The Marine 
Hospital is 100 feet by 45, in the shape of the letter H ; it is 
a handsome building, well ventilated, and commodious. 
The churches are Episcopal, Baptist, Methodist, and Eoman 
Catholic— small but neat buildings. There are 4 private 
schools, and 1 county school— the latter open free to the 
fatherless only. Fort Taylor is situate at the N. W. angle 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



of the island, -within the raain entrance to the harbor ; it is 
built im an artificial island, made by the deposit of many 
thousand tons of stone. It stands about 1,000 feet from the 
shore, and is TOO feet long in the rear, and 250 deep. 
The front fa9ade is 253 feet witliin the bastions, the curtains 
being of the same length as the front. It is very substan- 
tially built, and has cost about $1,500,000. The harbor is 
capacious, safe, and easy of access. It may be enlarged by 
several different channels, the principal one being at the 
N. W. angle of the island ; ships of 22 feet draft can enter 
there with safety. It is the only port admitting such be- 
tween Pensacola and Hampton Roads. The principal 
business of Key West is wrecking, but numbers are em- 
ployed in fishing, sponging, salt-making, .ind other similar 
occupations. Wrecking is a business peculiar to the reefs, 
and a matter of the highest importance. (On this subject, 
see "Hunt's Merchant's Magazine" for January, 1S52.) 
Sponges abound on the reefs, and the people are making a 
profitable business in gathering them. A large portion of 
the population comes from the Bahama Islands, and are 
called couch-men, from their skill in diving, and the part 
of the city this class inhabits is called Couchtown. Many 
of the leading merchants are from New England. The po- 
sition of Key West is important ; it is the Key of the United 
States to the Florida Pass and the Gulf of Mexico; and 
hence it has been strongly fortified. The light-house stands 
on the highest ground of the island, and can be seen 16 
miles at sea ; and there is a light-ship anchored on the 
reef at the W. entrance of the harbor. There is also a sub- 
stantial iron light-house on Samly Key, 11 m. 8. S. W. At 
the E. part of the island there is a natural salt pond, from 
which 30,000 bushels of salt are annually manufactured. 
The steamers to Havana and the Isthmus touch here regu- 
larly, and afford an opportunity for visiting it, and convey- 
ing to its sunny shores and fine climate the invalid of the 
North. In 1S50, 66 vessels (3,T23 tons) cleared, and 68 ves- 
sels (,5.379 tons) entered the port. Shipping owned by res- 
idents, 6,766 tons, of which 4,415 was registered tonnage. 
Of the remaining tonnage, 27 vessels (1,539 tons) were 
wreckers, and S vessels (720 tons) were engaged in coasting 
and the fisheries. 

KiTTERT, t. and p. v., York co.. Me. : 104 m. S. S. W. 
Augusta. On the N. E. side of Piscataqua river, opposite 
Portsmouth, and having its E. front on the Atlantic. It is 
the S. W. extremity of the State. Its coasts are deeply in- 
dented, and Spruce creek, or inlet, affords convenient har- 
bors for the coasters and fishing vessels frequenting them. 
Ship-building is carried on at Kittery to some extent, and 
on Badger's island, with which connection is made by a 
bridge, is located a United States Navy-yard. A bridge 
also connects it with Portsmouth. This town was settled 
at an early date, and formerly enjoyed considerable trade 
with the West Indies. The Portsmouth, Saco, and Port- 
land Eailroad crosses the river here. Pop. of town, 2,706. 

Knoxville, p. city, and cap. Knox CO., Tenn. : on the 
N. bank of Holston river, at tlie head of navigation, and 
about four miles below the confluence of French Broad 
river, 157 miles E. Nashville. Lai. 35° 59' N., and long. 
83° 54' W. The city is most eligibly situate for an exten- 
sive inland trade, being at the navigable head of a great 
river, and on the line of intercommunication E. and W. 
nearly through the middle zone of the Union, and at a 
point whence will diverge N. and S. lines of railroad ex- 
tending on the one hand to Cincinnati, and on the other to 
the chief ports of the Southern Atlantic States and Gulf of 
Mexico. Here, indeed, a junction is formed by three great 
railroads— the East Tennessee and Georgia E. E., con- 
necting S. with lines to Charleston and Savannah, and 
S. W. with those to Memphis and the Gulf cities; the 
Knoxville and Ohio E. E. terminating at Covington on the 
Ohio ; and the East Tennessee and Virginia E. E., which, 
connecting with the Virginia and Tennessee E. E. on the 
Btato line, and the latter uniting at Lynchburg with the 



railroads to Petersburg and Norfolk, Eichmoiid, and Alex- 
andria, reaches directly to the great seaboard marls, which 
will take the vast productions of the iuterior, and return in 
exchange the manufactures and products of the outer world. 
The city itself is regularly laid out, and handsomely built. 
It contains a fine court-house, a jail, and other county 
buildings. It is also the seat of East Tennessee College, 
founded 1792. This is a very efficient and flourishing in- 
stitution. In 1S50 it had a president, 5 professors, 122 
alumni, and 57 students; and its library contained 4,500 
volumes. A preparatory department is attached to the col- 
lege, which has usually from 70 to 80 scholars. The public 
press of Knoxville consists of 5 periodicals, viz., 1 semi- 
weekly and 4 weekly papers ; the semi-weekly is the " K. 
Register" (whig), of which also a weekly edition is issued ; 
and the weeklies are the " K. Whig" (whig), the " Plebe- 
ian" (dem.), the " Methodist Episcopalian" (religious), and 
the " Holston Christian Advocate" (religious). The city has 
already a good trade with the neighborhood, and contains 
wholesale and retail stores, churches of several denomina- 
tions, two academies, and several primary schools. The 
present population is 2,076. 

KoKOMo, p. v., and cap. Howard co., Ind. : on Wild-cat 
creek, 53 m. N. Indianapolis. The site of an Indian v. by 
the same name. The Indianapolis and Peru E. R. and the 
Newcastle and Logansport E. E. intersect each other at this 
point. It is the centre of a fine farming region, and must 
become the depOt of a considerable internal trafHc. Pop. 
about 600. 

Lafayette, p. v., and cap. Tippecanoe co., Ind. : on the 
E. bank of Wabash river, at the head of steamboat naviga- 
tion, 58 miles N. W. Indianapolis. Lat. 40° 25' N., and 
long. 86° 49' W. ; it is the centre of railroad, canal, and 
plank-road traffic of great amount, and has several im- 
portant manufactures. It contains about 40 dry goods 
stores, 13 clothing stores, 26 groceries, etc. About a dozen 
warehouses, and a variety of minor sales stores ; also found- 
eries, packing-houses, paper-mills, printing establishments, 
etc. It has also a large flouring business. Three newspa- 
pers are published here, the " L. Courier" (whig), daily and 
weekly, the " L. Journal" (whig), daily and weekly, and 
the " Wabash Atlas, weekly. The means of education are 
ample, and there are churches of all the leading denom- 
inations. A branch of the State bank is located at Lafay- 
ette, and two other banks have been established under the 
new law of the State. The Wabash and Erie Canal passes 
through the village, and intersecting it the New Albany 
and Salem Extension E. E. ; and here, also, the Lafayette 
and Indianapolis E. E. forms a connection with the fore- 
going. Plank-roads extend hence to Oxford, Frankfort, 
Crawfordsville, etc. The situation of Lafayette is a very 
fine one, the ground rising gradually from the river, and 
the neighboring hills presenting much delightful scenery. 
It is also surrounded by an extensive body of land, which 
can not be excelled in fertility, and it abounds with streams 
which aflbrd much valuable water-power. Population, 
about 6,199. 

Lafayette City, p. o , and cap. Jefl'erson par., Za. : on 
the left bank of the Mississippi. 71 m. S. E. by E. Baton 
Eouge. It is a continuation of New Orleans, and was con- 
solidated under the same municipal government in 1852. 
The New Orleans and Carrolton E. E. passes through it, 
and several ferries cross the river. In 1850 four papers were 
published, the" State Republican" (whig), and " Statesman" 
(dem.), semi-weekly ; the " Spectator" (whig), weekly ; and 
and " German Courier" (dem.), daily. Pop. 14,190. 

La Gkanqb, p. v., and cap. Troup co., Ga. : on a small 
branch of Chattahoochie river, 109 m. W. Milledgeville. 
The V. contains a court-house, jail, 2 academies, and sev- 
eral stores. It is on the Atlanta and La Grange E. E., 15 
miles from West Point. The " Citizens' Reporter" is pub- 
lished weekly. The population of the village in 8150 
was 1,523. 

3ST 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Lancaster, t, p. city, and cap. Lancaster co., Penn. : on 
the riglit side of, and 1 J m. from, Concstopi cr., IS m. from 
its confiuenco with the Susquehanna, and 34 miles E. 9. E. 
Harrisburg. Lat, 40° 02' 86" N., and long. 7G0 20' 8.3" "W. 
109 m. N. N. E. Washington. It is a eomfortable city, with 
wide streets crossing each other at riglit angles, well paved 
and lighted with gas. The city is divided into foiu- wards. 
Many of the dwellings have an antique appearance, but 
generally are well built of brick and stone ; and the inhab- 
itants are supplied with water by means of an artificial 
basin and conducting, pipes. The court-house is a hand- 
some stnicture. Pop. in ISIO, 5,407 ; in 1820, 6,663 ; in 1S30, 
7,704; in 1S40, 8,417 ; and in ISoO, 12,365. Previous to 1S12 
It was the capital of the State ; it Avas originally chartered as 
a borough in 1754, and was incorporated as a city in ISIS. 
Lancaster is venerable on account of its associations with the 
past, and remarkable for its modem progress. It has ever 
been a place of trade, and a main entrep6t of the commerce 
between the sea-board and interior. The rapid increase of 
the city in later days is owing chiefly to its railroad con- 
nections, and the consequent development of the vicinity 
on account of the increased facilities of travel and transporta- 
tion. The lines connecting at this point, 70 miles fi-om 
Philadelphia, and 37 from Harrisburg by route, are the 
Philadelphia and Columbia R. E., and the Lancaster and 
Harrisburg R. R. ; forming portions of the gn^at east and 
west line across the State. The improvements of Coneitoga 
cr. are also available to Lancaster. Numerous manufactures 
are carried on in the town and city ; it has two large cotton 
mills, 1 steam furnace, 1 rolling mill, and three forges — the 
latter using water-power— and a large variety of mechanic 
shops. Stores of every description are numerous, and have 
a large wholesale and retail trade ; and the large number of 
hotels and tiivcrns are evidence of the prosperous condition 
of the country trade, which requires such accommodation. 
There arc four banks in Lancaster ; and there are, besides 
the manufactures above-named, numerous distilleries, brew- 
cries, potteries, printing establishments, binderies, etc. It 
is also well .supplied with churches and schools — one of 
the latter, a well-endowed institution, and formerly known as 
Franklin College, founded chiefly by Germans in 1787; and 
has several libraries, and other literary institutions. The 
public i)ress of the city consists of nine weekly newspapers 
and one monthly; the latter being the " American Law 
Journal." The newspapers are, the " Union and Tribune," 
the "Folks' Friend," the "Examiner and Herald," the "L. 
Gazette," and the "American Press and Republican" (all 
whig); the " Lancasterian" and "L. Intelligencer" (both 
dem.), the " Saturday Express" (temperance), and the " Co- 
lumbia Spy." The city is surrounded by a very fertile, highly 
cultivated, and populo\is country. 

Lansing, t., p. city, and cap. Ingham co., Mich., and cap. 
of the State of Michigan : on the right or N. bank of Grand 
river, in a direct line, 4S3 m. N. W. by W. Washington. 
Lat 42° 43' N., and long. 84° 29' W. The t. is drained by 
Grand river, which in the centre receives Cedar r. from the 
E., and has also several minor streams, all afTording an im- 
mense hydraulic power. Grand r. is here navigable for 
batteaux ; the surface is level, and the soils rich and prcv 
ductive, yielding the gr.ains and esculent vegetables abund- 
antly. The city was commenced in 18 17, and on the 25th 
December of that year became the permanent seat of the 
State government; previous to that it was a wilderness, 
without an inhabitant. It is now a place of considerable 
pretension, and its future is predestined to be one of pros- 
perity. The streets and squares arc well arranged, and its 
public buildings projected on a scale of more than ordinary 
elegance. The State House, a large and hantlsome edifice, 
surrounded by an inclosed park, is situate on an eminence 
50 feet above the river, and overlooking a beautiful region 
of woodland and intervale. It contains, besides, several 
steam and water mills for flouring and sawing, and has two 
flue hotels, about 250 dwellings, and 10 or 12 wholesale and 



retail stores. Two newsjjapers, the "Michigan State Jour- 
nal" (dem.), issued weekly, and the " Primitive Expounder" 
(whig), semi-weekly. Pop. of t. 1,229. 

Lawuesck, t. and p. v., Essex co., Jlfasn. : 26 m. N. by "W. 
Boston. The Merrimac r., which passes through the t, fur» 
nishes an immense water-pf)wer, by means of a stone dam 
900 feet long, with wings 324 and 405 feet, aflfording a head 
and fall of 2S feet for tlie whole river, and a water-power 
equal to that enjoyed by Lowell. This dam was erected by 
the Essex Company, organized, with Hon. Abbot Lawrence 
at its head, in 1845. For manufacturing purposes a canal 
5,330 feet long, 100 feet wide at its head, and GO at its tail, 
and 12 feet deep, and running parallel with the river 400 
feet distance, has been excavated, and between the canal 
and river the space is oecui/ied by the factory buildings. 
With these facilities, the progress of manufactures and general 
industry has been rapid and sustained ; and numerous mills 
for the manufacture of cotton and woolen goods, etc., have 
sprung into existence, chiefly belonging to companies ; the 
Atlantic Cotton Mills employ 1,000 hands, and consume an- 
nually 14,000 to 15,000 bales in the nianufact\ire of coarse 
sheeting and shirting. The Bay State Mills employ about 
2,000 hands in the manufacture of woolen goods, and con- 
sumo between three and four million pounds of wool annu- 
ally. The Plymouth Company, manufacturing ducks, and the 
Pacific Mills for the manufacture of bareges, lawns, etc., are 
also large establishments. The Essex Company, Oie original 
owners of the property, have a large machine shop here, at 
which are manufactm-ed steam-engines, machinery, locomo- 
tives, and employ 700 or 800 hands. Paper-hangings are 
also manufactured by the Charter Paper Company. Besides 
these, there are various smaller establishments, among which 
may be named a steam saw-mill, a piano-forte factory, a 
carriage factory, a steam planing mill, etc. The city is well 
planned, and contains a town hall, a handsome brick build- 
ing, 120 feet by 02, containing the town offices, and a hall 
capable of containing 1,600 persons; and a common of 18 
acres in the centre of Ihe t has been planted and laid out in 
walks for the benefit of the inhabitants. There is also a bank 
in the village. The pviblic buildings and factories are lighted 
with gas, supplied by the Lawrence Gas Light Company; 
and water is supplied from a reservoir 150 feet above the 
canal, and of 1,400,000 gallons capacity, into which water is 
pumped by the force pumps of the several mills. Such is the 
material of the v. or future city. Its religious and educa- 
tional welfare is equally well attended to ; it has 7 church 
edifices, and 10 religious societies of various denominations; 
and its school department consists of a high school, 2 gram- 
mar schools, and 15 others, with an aggregate of 23 teachers, 
and 1,800 schfilars. Provision is also made for public lectures, 
and a public library. Two newspapers arc published in the 
tillage, the " L. Courier" (whig), and the " L. Sentinel" 
(dem.), both weekly issues, and circulating upward of 1,000 
copies each. There are 5 railroads centering here, viz., the 
Lowell and Lawrence E. R., the Boston and Maine E. E., 
the Essex County E. E., the Ne\vburyport R. R., and the 
Manchester and Lawrence R. R. Lawrence was taken from 
Methuen and Andover in 1847, and conUiins 2,030 acres, of 
which area 1,930 acres belonged to the latter, and 2,050 to 
the former. It took its name from the Lawrence family, the 
great manufacturing heroes of Massachusetts, and the liberal 
and enlightened patrons of literature and ed\ication. Pop. 
of t. in 1850, 8,2S2 ; in 1S52, 12,186 ; increased 3,902, or 4T 
per cent in two years. 

Little Rock, p. v., and cap. Pulaski county, A)-l: : and 
capital of the State of Arkansas ; on the S. side of Arkansas 
river, 300 miles above its mouth — lat. 34° 40' N. and long. 
92° 12' W.— 1,036 m. W. by S. Washington. It was first 
settled in 1829. The v., as its name implies, is situate on a 
high rocky bluff, 150 to 200 feet above the r., and is tho 
first place where rocks appear above its mouth. It is regu- 
larly laid out, the streets intersecting at right angles, and 
contains tho State House and tho State Penitentiary, the 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



County Court-house, jail, etc, and a TJniled States arsenal, 
the offices of the Surveyor General of Public Lands for the 
district of Arkansas, and a Register and Receiver's Office. 
It has also numerous stores and warehouses, and several 
flour and saw mills, both steam and water. It has a 
large trade with the interior, and may be considered as the 
dep6t of all the region extending far into the Indian 
Territory. Many of the churches are well built, and even 
elegant, and number some dozen, including the Catholic 
Cathedral of St. Andrew. The Catholic Bishop of the 
diocese of Little Rock, and the Protestant Episcopal Bishop 
of the diocese of Arkansas reside in the village. There are 
several academies and schools, and in this connection it 
may be stated that the Catholics have charge of the most 
efficient and flourishing. At Little Rock is the head of 
ordinary steam navigation; during high flood, however. 
Steamboats ascend the river to Fort Gibson, 1,000 m. further 
up. Population 2,167. 

Louisville, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Jefferson co., 
Ky. : on the S. or left bank of the Ohio r., at the head of 
the rapids, 51 m. W. Frankfort, Lat. 38° 03' N., and long. 
85° 30' VV.— 590 m. W. by S. Washington ; and by the course 
of the river G25 m. below Pittsburg, and 394 m. above the 
mouth of the Ohio. Jeffersonville, the terminus of -the 
Jefl^ersonville R. R. from Indianapcjlis, lies on the opposite 
side of the river. The navigation of the Ohio is here inter- 
rupted by rapids, and except in the time of flood Louisville 
Is the natural head of steam navigation, but the navigation 
is continued aroun<i this obstruction by means of tiie Louis- 
ville and Portland Canal, which is capacious enough to 
admit the passage of the largest river craft. It is 50 feet 
wide, 10 feet deep, and 2| m. in length. Its influence in 
directing trade to the upper ports, however, is suj)posed to 
be prejudicial to Louisville. 

This city is the commercial and manufacturing metropolis 
of the State, and is the natural entrepot of a large country, 
reached by several railroads ami turnpikes. The lines of 
railroad diverging from this point (including those in 
progress) are the Louisville and Lexington R. R., which at 
Lexington connects with railroads to the Gulf and Southern 
Atlantic ports, the Louisville and Covington R. R., whicli 
Rt the latter place meets the railroads of Ohio and those 
pointing to Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, 
Richmond, etc., and the Louisville and Nashville R. R., 
pointing to the South, and the Jeffersonville R. R. gives it 
access to the N. and N. W., via Indianapolis. A comiiany 
has also been organized for the purpose of bridging the Ohio 
at Louisville. Hitherto the railroads ha\e had comparatively 
little influence on its trade; their benefits are in the future. 

Louisville was laid out as early as 1773, but no settlement 
was made for the subsequent five years, nor until after the 
expulsion of the British from their posts on the Wabash. 
The first block house was built in 177S, but tliis was subse- 
quently removed to make way for Fort Nelson, erected in 
17S2. In 17S0 the town was established by an act of the 
Xegislaturo of Virginia. At this period the inhabitants 
numbered only thirty. In ISOO the population amounted to 
600 ; in 1810 to 1,300 ; in 1S20 to 4,000 ; in 1830 to 10,341 ; in 
1840 to 21.210; and in 1S50 to 43.194. 

The city is built on a spacious sloping plane 70 feet above 
low water mark, and is laid out with regularity, the streets 
intersecting at right angles, in a direction with and from 
the river, on which are extensive wharves. Ten streets run 
parallel with the river, and thirty streets intersect them. It 
contains the County Court-house and a City Hall, both ex- 
tensive and handsome edifices, the county jail, the city 
prison, a marine hospital, and numerous benevolent institu- 
tions, the University of Louisville, a School of Medicine, 
and a Law School, departments of the University, and two 
banks and one branch bank, two savings banks, several 
insurance companies, etc. It is liberally supplied with 
churches and schools, some of the church buildings being 
fine specimens of architecture. LouisvtUo may proudly 



claim a pre-eminence both as to the early foundation, the 
progress and the present condition of its public schools, and 
within the limits of the city there are besides many private 
and chiu-ch schools, which would compare well with tho 
best eastward of the mountains. It has orphan asylums 
and a Magdalen retreat, a school for the blind, a public hos* 
pital, and many other liberally supported establishments, 
designed to relieve the unfortunate of the city. The streets 
are lighted with gas, and it is supplied with excellent water: 
both accommodations by companies. Its hotels are spa- 
cious and fitted with every convenience, and its markets 
abound in all esculent products, for which the vicinity is 
famed. Among the literary and scientific institutions of 
the city the most prominent are the Mercantile Library 
Association, the Kentucky Historical Society, the Agricul- 
tural and Horticultural Society, etc. The whole number of 
church buildings is 40, capable of accommodating 19,610 
persons, and valued as property at $590,900. Of these 5 are 
Baptist, 3 Episcopal, 17 Methodist, 5 Presbyterian, 4 German 
Evangelical, 1 German Lutheran, 1 German Reformed, 
2 Disciples, 1 Unitarian, 4 Roman Catholic, and 2 Jewish. 
The public press of Louisville is conducted with great 
talent, and several of the papers are rich in statistical 
information. The daily papers are the " Democrat" (dera.), 
"Journal'' (dem.), the "Advertiser" (neut.), the "Courier" 
(whig), the "Journal of Commerce" (whig), and the '-Beo- 
bachter am Ohio" (Germ.), and of these the Democrat and 
the Journal have tri-weekly and weekly editions, the Adver- 
tiser and Beobachter semi-weekly and weekly editions, and 
the Courier and Journal ot Commerce weekly editions. 
The weeily papers, others than those above named, are tho 
" Presbyterian Herald" and the " Baptist Banner" (relig.), 
and the " Indian Advocate," and the monthly periodicals 
are the "Baptist Review" (relig.), the " Ciceronian Mag.i- 
zine" (liter.), the "Medical Journal" (med.), and the 
" Examiner," devoted to the cause of negro emancipatiou. 
The papers having the largest circulation are the Democrat, 
Journal, and Courier. 

The manufactures of Louisville are very extensive, and 
embrace a great variety of objects. It has several founde- 
ries and machine-shops, at which a vast amount of ma- 
chinery, etc., is annually turned out; several large steam 
bagging factories and ropewalks, cotton and woolen facto- 
ries, tobacco factories, flouring mills, distilleries, breweries, 
agricultural implement factories, and numerous other estab- 
lishments, small and large, which in the aggregate con- 
stitute a vast industry. Louisville is also extensively engaged 
in ship-building, and in the year ending 30th June, 1850, 
no less than 34 steamers, of 6,460 tons, were built in the 
district. The shipping owned at the period specified amount- 
ed to 14,820 tons, all navigated by steam and employed in 
the river trade. 

As a commercial and shipping point, Louisville is the 
third in importance on the Ohio. Its immediate trade ex- 
temls into all the surrounding country, and embraces, 
within the State of Kentucky, a circuit of the most pro- 
ductive region in the world. Its wharves are at all times 
thronged by steamboats and other river craft, carrying to 
and fro a merchandise in amount inferior only to that com- 
ing to and going from Cincinnati and Pittsburg. The value 
of its commerce has been estimated at $70,000,000 per an- 
num. Its exjiorts consist chiefly of tobacco, bagging, rope 
and cordage, spirits, pork, flax and hemp, live-stock, ma- 
chinery for steamboats and railroads, factories, mills, and 
farms, and a great amount of groceries and assorted goods, 
which are carried to every river-town, or to the sea-board 
for exportation ; and its exports comprise every article and 
product needed in its interior commercial range. In the 
year 1J50 its chief imports were as follows: Sugar, 13,820 
hhds., 9,200 bis., an«l 755 boxes ; molasses, 13,010 bis. ; cotTee, 
34,572 bags ; rice, 752 tierces ; bagging, 65,250 pieces ; rope, 
56,300 coils; twine, 2,056 bales; hemp, 15,354 bales; cotton, 
7,857 bales ; cheese, 20,378 boxes ; flour, 75,-350 bis. ; whisky 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



89,897 bis. ; liquors and wines, 5,9SS casl^s ; nails, 45,261 
kegs ; tobacco, 7,-125 lihds. and 6,530 boxes ; salt— Kanawha, 
112,250 bis. ; Tiirl<s I.sland, 40,.j25 bags ; and Liverpool, 
10,350 b<ig3; merchandise, 105,750 boxes, bales, and pl;gs.; 
drjgs, dyes, etc., 14,37S pl^gs. ; hides, 18,891 dozen ; mer- 
chandise, 5,132 crates and casl;s ; hogs for slaughter, 197,750 ; 
pork, 75,500 bis., etc. In addition to this quantity of pork, 
there are annually received thousands of tons of bacon by 
wagon, etc., which is packed iu this city in casks, and largely 
exported. The detail of the exports can not well be ascer- 
tained, as no record whatever has been kept of them ; but 
some estimate may be formed as to their amount from the 
foregoing. Steam-packets, carrying the mail and passen- 
gers, come and go several times daily. It is estimated that 
at least 10 steamboats leave the port daily, and also from 6 
to 7 packets. 

The following statistical information is from Mr. Cassc- 
day's History of Louisville: "Louisville contains 25 exclu- 
sively wholesale dry goods houses, whose sales are made 
only to dealers, and whose market reaches from Northern 
Louisiana to Northern Kcntucl^y, and embraces a large part 
of the States of Kentucky, Indiana, Tennessee, Alabama, 
Illinois, Mississippi, and Arkansas. The aggregate amount 
of annual sales by these houses is $5,853,000, or an average 
of |2.34,000 to each house. The sales of three of the largest 
of these houses amount in the aggregate to $1,789,000. Nei- 
ther this statement nor those which follow include any auc- 
tion sales. In boots and shoes, the sales of eight houses of 
the above description reach $1,184,000, or $184,000 to each 
house. The sales of the three largest houses in this business 
reach $630,000. The aggregate amount of eight houses in 
drugs, etc., is $1,123,000, or $140,375 to each house ; and the 
sales of the three largest houses amount to $753,000. The 
sales of hardware by nine houses amount annually to 
$590,000, being an average of $65,555 to each house. The 
sales of saddlery reach $980,000, of which nearly one-half 
is of domestic manufacture. The sales of hats and caps, 
necessarily including sales at retail, amount to $683,000. 
The sales of queens-ware, less reliably taken, reach $265,000. 
There are thirty-nine wholesale grocery houses, whose ag- 
gregate sales reach $10,623,400, which gives an average of 
$272,400 each." The amount of imports, before given, wiU 
perhaps afford a better idea of this business than these 
figures, and hence are referred to. The following recapitu- 
latory table will enable the reader to sec at a glance all that 
has just been stated : 

Descrijition of Number Aggreg.ite Annual Average Sales 

Eusniess. of Houses. Sales. of each House. 

Groceries 39 $10,623,400 $272,400 

Dry Goods 25 5,853,000 234,000 

Boots and Shoes. . S 1,184,000 143,000 

Drugs 8 1,123,000 140,375 

Hardware 9 590,000 65,555 

Queens-ware .... 6 205,000 44,166 

Hats,Caps,r's,etc. 8 683,000 85,.375 



Total 103 $20,321,400 $197,295 

Lowell, t., p. city, and one of the caps. Middlesex co., 
Mass. : 24 m. N. W. Boston. Drained by Concord r., which 
falls into the Mcrrimac in the N. E. part of the town. Low- 
ell was taken from Chelmsford in 1826, and embraces also 
some territory and the v. of Belvidere, E. of Concord r., 
formerly belonging to Tewksbury. The city lies at the con- 
fluence of the Concord, in lat. 42° 38' 46" N., and long. 
71° 19' 02" W. It is this city which, from the amount, va- 
riety, and character of its manufactures, has been appro- 
priately designated the "Manchester of America." Few 
other places in the Union have sustained so rapid a growth. 
In 1820 scarely 200 inhabitants were found within its limits, 
nor was it until 1S21 that the site was chosen whereon to 
establish a manufacturing community. In the next suc- 
ceeding year the Merrimac Manufacturing Company, with 
a capital of $1,500,000, was established, and their first mill 
340 



went into operation in 1823. From these small beginnings 
the city has risen to its present eminence and world-wide 
celebrity. In thirty years what a change ! 

In 1850 it had ten manufacturing companies making cot- 
ton or woolen goods, and two other companies — one bleach- 
ing and the other owning the machine shop, and the 
aggregate condition of the establish men ta of each at that 
period was as follows : 



When Company No. No. of No, of Hands Emp, 
Com'd. C'aj.ital. Mills. Sjjirid'a. Looms. M. ¥. 



Companies, 

Mer. Manf. Co. 1823 $2,500,000 6 69,440 2,108 645 1,614 

Ham. Maf. Co. 1825 1,200,000 4 38,416 1,124 825 840 

Appleton Co. 1823 600,000 2 17,920 600 120 400 

Low. Manf. Co. 1828 1,500,000 3 11,.362 154 225 550 

Middlesex Co. 1832 1,000,000 4 16,340 403 575 730 

Suf. Manf. Co. 1832 600,000 8 17,528 590 100 400 

Tremont Mills 1832 600,000 2 14.560 557 100 400 

Law. Manf Co. 1833 1,500,000 5 44,800 1,382 200 1,200 

Low. Bleach'y 1832 262,400 - — — 200 20 

BoottCot.MilIslS36 1,200,000 5 49,484 1,432 262 870 

Mass. Cot.Mills 1840 1,800,000 6 45,720 1,556 250 1,250 

Low. Mach.Sh. 1845 600,000 - — — 700 — 

Total $13,362,400 40 825,520 9,906 3,702 8,274 

In the ten cotton and woolen establishments, consisting 
of forty mills, the weekly consumption of cotton was 705,400 
pounds, and of wool 69,000 pounds ; and the number of 
yards of fabric produced was 2,185,477, of which 1,190,000 
yards were cotton, 20,477 woolen, 15,000 carpeting, and 40 
rugs. In the dyeing and bleach works the goods finished 
per week amounted to 9,889,000 yards. In these manufac- 
tures the consumption of coal was annually 28,520 tons, of 
charcoal 34,993 bushels, of wood 2,270 cords, of oil 107,577 
gallons, of starch 1,390,000 pounds, and of flour 1,640 bar- 
rels. The whole of these establishments are warmed by 
steam and lighted with gas. The average wages of females, 
clear of board, is $2 per week, and the average wages of 
men, clear of board, 80 cents a day. Medium produce of a 
loom. No. 14 yam, is 45 yards a day, and of No. 80 yarn, 33 
yards — average per spindle, IJ yard a day. The Middlesex 
Company also own the Wameset Carjiet Mill on Concord 
Paver, where arc consumed annually 93,000 pounds coarse 
wool and 36,400 pounds of worsted yam, producing annu- 
ally 91,000 yards of ingrain carpeting. Other manufactures 
are produced in the city than those specified above, of a 
value of $1,500,000, employing a capital of $400,000, and 
about 1.500 hands, and embracing several difi'erent handi- 
crafts — powder-mills, paper-mills, batting-mills, a foundery, 
a planing-raill, etc., owned by individuals. The Lowell 
Machine Shop, included among the establishments noted in 
the table, can furnish machinery complete for a mill of 
6,000 spindles in three months, and a mill can be built in 
the same time. 

The association called " The Proprietors of the Locks and 
Can.ils on tlie Merriinac Kiver," are the principal owners 
of the water-power at Lowell. This company was organ- 
ized 1792, for the construction of a canal from the head of 
Pawtucket Falls, in Merrimac Eiver, to Concord Eiver, and 
open a passage for boats and rafts. This canal is 1} m. 
long, 60 feet wide, and 6 or 8 deep, and is still used to some 
extent for its original purpose ; but the company's revenue 
chiefly consists of rents for supplying water-power to the 
several mills. In 1847 this canal was found to be insufl!!- 
cicnt for the increasing wants of the community, and the 
company constructed a new canal of greater capacity ; this 
is a mile long, and 100 feet wide, and 15 feet deep, and for 
solidity of workmanship and completeness in its arrange- 
ments, is unsurpassed by any like work in the Union. The 
facilities thus created have been the means of building up 
the important manufactures which distinguish the place, 
and place it so far ahead of all other manufacturing 
centres. 
Lowell, as a city, is regularly planned, and haa many Im- 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



portant public buildings and institutions. The Court-house, 
City Hall, Market-house, Hospital, Mechanics' Hall, etc., 
are eJitices worthy the greatness of the place. The Me- 
chanics' Hall was erected by an association of mechanics 
in 1S45, and Is a splendid building, with philosophical ap- 
paratus and a miueralogical museum, and lectures on sci- 
entific and literary subjects are delivered in it at stated 
periods. The library, containing about 7,000 volumes, is 
open to all at a charge of 50 cents a year. The Hospital 
was erected in 1339 by the several companies, for the con- 
venience and comfort of persons employed by them re- 
spectively when sick, and is under the superintendence of 
an able surgeon and physician. 

Among the institutions of Lowell, perhaps none speak 
more loudly of a moral community than its two savings in- 
stitutions — the Lowell and the City. The Lowell had on 
deposit the first Saturday of November, 1850, from 4,609 
depositors $736,028 12 ; and the City, from 615 depositors 
$75,970 51. The operatives in the mills are the principal 
depositors in these institutions. For business purposes 
LoweU has four banks. 

The churches of the city are many of them neat and sub- 
stantial edifices, and are twenty-three in number, including 
sectaries of every denomination. These are well attended 
by the young people employed in the mills. Schools are 
also amply provided for. The appropriation for the pur- 
poses of education in 1850 was $4.3,000, which goes toward 
the support of the City High School, 10 grammar schools, 
and 46 primary schools. The total e.xpenditure of the city 
in the same year was $178,614. The public press of Lowell 
consists of one daily, two tri-weekly, three weeklies, and 
two monthly publications. The daily is the " L. Journal" 
(whig), which has also a weekly edition ; the tri-weeklies are 
the ■' L. Advertiser" (whig), and " L. American" (dem.), the 
latter of which issues also a weekly edition ; the weeklies 
are the " Patriot and Republican" (dem.), the " Vox Pop- 
uli," and the " Business Directory ;" and the monthlies, the 
"New England Olfering," and the "Insurance Intelli- 
gencer." The " Offering" was originally written and edited 
by the ladies attached to the factories, and was one of the 
best edited periodicals of the State, reflecting credit alike 
on the fiiir editors themselves and the institutions which 
could furnish education sufficiently extended to fit them for 
such occupations. 

A reservoir of great capacity has been built on the high 
ground in Belvidere, east of the city, for the purpose of 
furnishing a ready supply of water to any part of the city 
in cases of Are. The water is conveyed into the reservoir 
by force-pumps from the Lowell Machine Shop. Pipes are 
laid from the reservoir to various parts of the city, at which 
points hose can be attached to the hydrants without delay, 
when necessary. 

The railroads diverging from Lowell are the Salem and 
Lowell E. E., the Boston and Lowell E. E., the Nashua 
and Lowell E. E., and the Lowell and Lawrence E. E. ; 
and these connect it with the sea-board and interior, and 
make it a great centre of transportation and local trade. 

The population of Lowell in ia30, was 6,474; in 1840, 
20,796, and in 1850, 33,383, being an increase from 1830 to 
1840 of 221.22 per cent., and from 1840 to 1850, 60.52 per 
cent. The present (1853) population can not be less than 
40,000. 

Ltncubueg, p. v., Campbell co., Virff. : on the S. side 
of James r., 22 m. below Balcony Falls, and 91 m. W. by S. 
Richmond. Lat. 37° 36' N., and long. 79° 22' W. The 
James Eiver and Kanawha Canal, now finished W. to the 
mouth of North r., is at present the great channel of its 
commerce with the sea^board ; but it is soon to be connected 
E. and W. by a magnificent line of railroads — the South 
Side E. E. to Petersburg, 120 m., and Richmond, 122 m., 
and the Virginia and Tennessee E. E., and connections to 
and beyond the Ohio r. and the Mississippi, passing through 
the principal commercial centres of the great interior basin ; 



these lines are rapidly being completed, and "before the ex- 
piration of the year 1855 the whole will be in operation. 
The V. is well located for business and health, on ground 
rising gently from the river, and on every side environed by 
magnificent scenery, overlooked on the W. by the lofty 
peaks of the Blue Eidge mountains, rising in one place — 
the Peaks of Otter— to an elevation of 4.260 feet above the 
sea level. In 1793 Lynchburg contained but five dwellings, 
and it is now one of the largest, most wealthy, and busy 
places of the State, and has an amount of trade surpassed 
by no other place between the Ohio Eiver and the Atlantic 
sea-board. Its buildings, public and private, are substan- 
tial, and in many instances handsome structures ; and its 
warehouses are large and filled with the produce of a wide 
tributary country. It has 6 or 7 extensive tobacco ware- 
houses, in which from 10,000 to 12,000 hogsheads of tobacco 
are annually inspected, and there are some 25 or 30 tobacco 
factories, each of which on an average turn out 1,500 boxes 
annually. Cotton and iron are also manufactured here to a 
considerable extent, and there are several extensive flouring 
and other mills. Lynchburg has three banks; and there 
are published in the v. three newspapers, the " L. Virgin- 
ian" (whig1, the " Virginia Patriot" (whig), and the " L. Re- 
publican" (dem.) ; the water-power applicable to manufac- 
tures is large and valuable, and has been greatly increased 
by a dam above the v., which latter also creates the reser- 
voir or source of the water supplied to the inhabitants, which 
is raised to an elevation by means of pumps and distributed 
through pipes. Below this, and connecting the city with 
the opposite bank, a bridge crosses the river, over which is 
the road to Charlottesville. Population 8,071. 

Mahohester, t., p. city, and one of the capitals Hillsbor- 
ough CO., K Hamji. : 18 m. S. J E. Concord. Drained 
by a number of small streams which discharge themselves 
into the Merrimao r., which forms the W. boundary, and 
aflbrds excellent water-power. Massabesick Pond is on the 
E. border of the t., from which Cohas brook issues and 
flows into the Merrimac river. Surface undulating ; soil 
varied, that along the river being easy of cultivation and 
very productive. The canal by Amoskeag Falls, 1 m. in 
length, is in this town. These are the largest falls on the 
Merrimac, having a descent, in the course of a mile, of 
from 50 to 60 feet. There are now in operation at this place 
several large cotton-mills, owned and operated by the 
Amoskeag Manufacturing Company, and three by the Stark 
Mills Corporation, consuming annually 36,000 bales of cot- 
ton, 635,000 pounds of potato starch, 31,000 gallons sperm 
oil, 6,700 cords wood, 1,200 tons anthracite coal, and pro- 
ducing 39,500,000 yards of sheeting, shirting, ticking, denims, 
merino stripes, and cotton flannel. There is a blue-dyeing 
establislmient, cotton warehouses, repair shops, counting- 
houses, and numerous blocks of dwelling-houses used for 
boarding-houses for the operatives, all built of brick, and neat 
in appearance. There is an extensive machine-shop and 
foundry owned by the Amoskeag Company, with houses 
adjoining for the accommodation of the hands employed. 
The Mousselin De Laine Works, owned by the Manchester 
Print Works Corporation, produce 10,000,000 yards of 
mousselin de laine and flne prints annually, which are cele- 
brated for their superior quality. There is quite a large village 
near the mills, having a good town-house, two stories high, 
with a spacious hall, cupola, clock, etc., and the usual num- 
ber of other public buildings, a large number of neat dwell- 
ings and stores, and several hotels and schools. The city 
of Manchester is situate on a plain about 95 feet above the 
river ; it is neatly laid out with wide streets, the principal one 
being 100 feet wide, extending more than a mile N. and S. ; 
the chief part of the other streets intersect it at nearly right 
angles, while four run parallel with it. There are extensive 
public squares, ornamented with trees. A public cemetery, 
called the Valley, containing some 20 acres, laid out with 
winding paths and avenues, is situate near the v. by the 
side of a beautiful stream. The t is connected by bridges 

841 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



with Goffstown and Bedford. The villages of Piscata- 
quog and Ainoskeag, on the W. side of the r., are connected 
by tliese hridgos with jMaueliester, and ct>nstitutc with it 
but one place of business. The growth of the city is rapid 
and unrivaled by any other in the country except Lowell. 
The Manchester and Lawrence E. K., Concord K. E., and 
the New Hampshire Central K. E., all diverge from this 
point, IS m. distant from Concord. The city is lighted with 
gas. There are 10 churches in the town — 2 Congregational, 
1 Episcopalian, 3 Baptist, 2 Methodist,! Universalist. and 1 
Unitarian; 2 banks, the Manchester Bank, capital $125,000, 
and the Amoskeag Bank, capital $150,0o0. The "Granite 
Farmer"' (weekly, agric), '• Manchester Messenger" (week- 
ly), '-Maiiehester American" (weekly, whig), " Manchester 
Mirror"" (daily), and " The Democrat" (weekly, dem.), are 
published here. Pop. of t. 13,932. 

Massilon, p. v., Stark co., Ohio: on the left bank of Tus- 
carawas r., 93 m. K. E. Columbus. At this point also tlie 
Ohio Canal and the Ohio and Pennsylvania li. E. intersect, 
furnishing avenues of travel and transportation in every di- 
rection. Massilon was fi,iunded in 1S2(3 — in ISIO it contain- 
ed 1,422 inhabitants, and in 1350 upward of 8,500 inhabitants. 
It is one of the most flourishing interior towns of the State, 
and is the depfit of a rich and extensive agricultural vicinity. 
It has been called, and not inaptly, the " wheat city," its trade 
in that staple being enormous. The v. is neatly and substan- 
tially built, and many of the dwellings and warehouses are 
of stone, which is abundant in the neighborhood, and the 
bridge over the Tuscarawas is also an elegant stone struc- 
ture. The manufactures of Massilon arc in a flourishing 
condition, and comprise a considerable variety of handi 
crafts — iron-ware and flour being the principal products. 
Bituminous coal ot an excellent quality is abundant, and h;is 
been mined for several years. The aggregate exports and 
imports of this place are estimated at nearly |o,000,000 an- 
nually. A bank is located here. The newspapers publish- 
ed here are, the " M. News" (indep.), the " Wheat City 
Mercury"' (dem.), and the " Missionary Messenger"' (Luth.), 
all published weekly. The v. has several good schools, 
among which the Union School stands pre-eminent, and 
also churches of the princi|)al Christian denominations. The 
location of Massilon i^ well chosen, and is one abounding 
in rich and warm scenery; its vicinity is thickly settled, 
and villages have sprung up on all sides. On the west side 
of the river is a suburb of the v., called West M.assilon, 
which will probably become a large place, having equal 
faciiities with the original village. 

MAUcn CuuNK, t., p. b., and cap. Carbon co., Penn.: 
71 m. N. E. Ilarrisburg. Surface mountainous ; soil gravelly. 
Drained by Beaver, Maueh Chunk, and other creeks which 
empty into the Lehigh r. The v. is situate at the head of 
the Lehigh Canal, on which the great bulk of the coal is 
carried to market, and on the W. bank of Lehigh r., in a 
beautiful ravine, walled in on either side by rocky mount- 
ains of a great height, forming a very picturesque appear- 
ance. This being an important coal region, the inhabitants 
are chiefly employed i-n mining and shipping coal. There 
is but little of the t. under culture, provisions being brought 
from a distance. There are two anthracite blast furnaces 
here, each having an annua! capacity of 2,000 tons. The great 
coal mine is reached by an inclined jilane some 700 feet in 
length witli a 200 feet rise. A railway extends to the mine. 
The Mauch Chunk and Sunnnit Ilill E. E. verges from 
here and connects wilh the Phila<ielphia and Eea<iing E. E. 
by stage from Summit Hill to Tamaqua, distance by stage 
6 m. Besides the court-house and usual public buildings, 
there are some fine stores, dwellings, and a number of mills 
and workshops in the t. There are two weekly newspapers 
published here, the " Carbon Democrat"' (dem.), and " Car- 
bon County Gazette" (whig). Pop. of t. 3,727,and b 2,557. 

MATS^^I,LE, p. v., Mason co., Ky. : on the S. side of Ohio 
river, 73 ni. N. E. Frankfort. It is situate on a high bank, 
and is backed by hills which rise to a considerable height. 
312 



For many years it was known as " Limestone," from the 
creek of that name, which here enters the Ohio. It is 
regularly laid out, the streets crossing each other at right 
angles, and most of its stores and dwellings are substantially 
built. The principal buildings are the city hall, 7 or 3 
churches, 12 schiwls and seminaries, a hospital, a bank, 2 
steam cotton factories, a bagging factory, 2 foundries, 5 or 6 
rope-walks, several saw and flour mills, and other factories, 
about 50 groceries, wholesale and retail, 27 dry goods stores, 
several pork-packing establishments, 4 lumber yards, and 
numerous other manufacturing and trading establishments. 
The newspapers published here are the "Post Boy" (indep.), 
and the "M. Eagle" (whig), both issued tri-weekly and 
weekly, and the "M. Flag" (dem.) and the "M. Herald" 
(whig), both Weekly issues. Maysville is one of the most 
injportant places in Kentucky ; it has a good harbor, and is 
the port of a large and productive section of the State, and 
when the railroads now in progress — the MaysvUle and 
Lexington E. E., and the Maysville and Big Sandy E. E. — 
arc completed, its commercial field will be immeasurably 
enlarged, and the prospects of its becoming a first-rate 
mart greatly favored. Tiie great road leading from Chilli- 
cothe, in Ohio, to Lexington, passes through this place. 
The V. was first settled in 17S4, under the auspices of Simon 
Kenton ; in 17S6 it was the residence of Daniel Boone, the 
famous pioneer; until 1S15 it made little progress; in 1833 
it was incorporated ; in 1840 it contained 2,741 inhabitants, 
and in 1S50, 4,256 inhabitants. Its population within the 
past two years since ISoO is supposed to have gained 50 per 
cent, in numbers, an increase dependant on the great facili- 
ties its railroad connections will give to its trade. 

Memphis, p. v., and cap. Shelby co., Tenn.: on the E. 
bank of the Mississippi r., beautifully situated on the fourth 
Chickasaw bluff, just below the mouth of Wolf r., 191 ra. 
W. S. W. Nashville. This spot was formerly the site of Fort 
Assum]>tion, used for the purpose of protecting the country 
against the Chickasaws. The bluff on which it stands is 
thirty feet above the highest floods, and its base is washed 
by the river for a distance of 3 m., while a bed of sandstone, 
the only known stratum of rocks below the Ohio, juts into 
the stream, and forms a convenient landing. From the 
mouth of the Ohio to Vicksburg, CoO m., it is the only site 
for a commercial mart on either side of the Mississippi. 
Some distance from the brow of the bluff, a handsome range 
of fine buildings extends for several squares. Every day 
gives additional evidence of the increasing prosperity of 
this already prosperous city ; and although the commerce is 
great, yet the citizens do not intend to rely on that alone. 
Manufactories will soon claim a part in adding to her 
wealth. Preparations are making for building a boat yard 
on as extensive a scale as any in the west. The gentleman 
who opens the yard is said to be one of the most experienced 
boat builders in the Union. In addition to this, there is an 
extensive flour-mill just completed, capable of making 62,000 
barrels of flour annually ; also a large cotton manufactory, 
employing a large number of operatives. There is a fine, 
Well laid out navy yard situate here, wHh facilities to build 
the largest size vessels, at which a commander and usual 
complement of officers are stationed. It bids fair to be one 
of the finest navy yards in the United States. The public 
spirit is such in Memphis, that it will soon be one of the 
finest cities in the AVest. The Memphis and Charleston 
R. E. is now partially in operation, and other public works 
arc in contemplation. There are a large number of fine 
dwellings, stores, workshops, etc. The " Inquirer," daily 
a7id weekly (dem.), " Eagle," daily and weekly (whig), "Ap- 
peal," weekly and semi-weekly (dem.), "Express," daily 
and weekly (dem.), " Christian Advocate," weekly (Meth.), 
" The Southerner," weekly (Indepen.), and " Daily Dime," 
daily (neut.), are the names of the newspapei-s published 
here. Pop. S,S41. 

MiLT.EDviEvii,i,E, p. city, and cap. Baldwin co., Ga. : and 
capital oi the State : at the head of navigation of Oconee r., 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



and at the confluence of Fishing or., in lat. 3.3° 7' 20" N., 
and long. 53° 19' 45" W.— 642 m. 9. W. "Washington. The 
city is built on an elevated and somewhat uneven site in the 
midst of a rich and populous cotton-growing region, and is 
the centre of a considerable commerce. It is laid out regu- 
larly, having ten streets running parallel with the river, and 
ten others intersecting tliem at right angles, all of which are 
100 feet wide, except Washington Street, which is 120 feet. 
There are three pul)]ic squares, named respectively, State- 
House Square, Governor's Square, and Penitentiary Square, 
the sides of each of which are 450 feet long. State-House 
Square is near the centre of the city, and on elevated ground, 
and on this is built the State House, a fine Gothic ediflec, 
Burmounted by a cupola, and containing in Us halls portraits 
of Gen. Oglethorpe and other eminent men of olden times. 
The building cost about $120,000. On this square are also 
the State arsenal and a powder magazine. Other prominent 
buildings are the penitentiary and the governor's house, 
which give names to two of the squares, a market-house, 4 
or 5 churches, etc. Five periodicals are published here; 
the "Federal Union" (whig), the "Southern Presbyterian" 
(relig.), and the "Southern Eecorder," all weekly issues; 
and the " Star of Truth" (literary), and the " Gem" (literarj'), 
monthly issues. The Jililledgeville and Gordon E. E. ex- 
tends hence 17 m. to a connection with the Georgia Central 
E. E. at Gordon, 170 m. from Savannah, and 11 from Macon. 
A railroad is also completed to Eatonton. The Oconee r. 
is here spanned by a toll-bridge. Milledgeville was founded 
in 1S08— in ISIO it had 1.250'inhalMtants'; in 1S20, 1,411 ; in 
1S.30, 1.599 ; in 1S40, 2,095 ; and in 1850, 2,216 inhab. In the 
V. of Medwny, near Milledgeville, is located Oglethorpe 
College, founded 1886— in 1S50 it had a president, 6 profes- 
sors, S3 alumni, and 85 students, and its library contained 
4,500 volumes. 

MiLWAUKiE, t., p. city, and cap. Milwaukie co.. Wise- 
on the TV. shore of Lake Michigan, 75 m. E. Madison. 
Lat. 43° 04', long. 81° 57'. Drained by Milwaukie r. and 
branch, which former, running parallel with the lake, 
divides the t. Surface uneven, along the banks of the ri\er 
and lake hilly ; soil rich and very productive. The shore 
on Lake Michigan consists of a bank of clay from 20 to 100 
feet high, and as nearly iieq^endicular as the nature of the 
material will admit of. The country rises gradually to the 
W. The city is the most important town on Lake Michigan 
(except Chicago, which is some 90 miles farther S.), and is 
of some twenty years' growth. The inhabitants, of whom a 
large number are Dutch, Swiss, Norwegians, .and Irish, are 
of a quiet, industrious turn. It is noted for its splendid 
blocks of buildings, and its superior trick, which probably 
surpass those of any part of our nation. They have become 
a valuable article of export, being hard, smooth, and of a 
beautiful straw color. The Milwaukie and Mississippi 
K. E. extends from here as far as Janesville, a distance of 
70 miles, and, when completed, will extend to Dubuque, 
thus connecting the lake with the Mississippi river. The 
city is situate on the river of same name, near its mouth, on 
an elevation, 90 m. from Chicago, and 78 m. duo E. from 
Madison. It was laid out as a village in 1835, and such 
■was the rapidity of its increase, that in June of the succeed- 
ing year it numbered 1,206 inhabitants. The bay is a semi- 
circular indentation of Lake ^Michigan, about 6 m. across, 
and 3 m. deep. The N. and S. points, or capes, protect the 
shipping from the effects of all storms and gales of wind, 
except from the E., which seldom occur. The bottom is 
composed of clay, aflFording excellent anchorage ground. 
There are 39 sail vessels owned in and sailing out of this 
port, of which the total tonnage is 5,.542 ; also stock in 
steamboats and propellers of 3,000 tons, making the total 
tonnage owned in the port 8,542. Sixteen sail of vessels are 
engaged exclusively in the lumber trade, and the remainder 
In freighting produce and merchandise. The arrivals dur- 
ing the season of 184S were, steaml)oats, 498 ; propellers, 
243 ; barks and brigs, 119 ; schooners, 511 ; making a total 



of 1,176. The exports of wheat from 1845 to 1819 inclusive, 
was 4,372,400 bushels, as follows: 1845, 133,310; 1846, 
292,228; 1847, 662,211; 1848, 1,076,134; 1849, 2,208,517 
bushels, being an increase at the rate of more than 100 per 
cent, per animm. There are invested in manufactories 
over two million of dollars, the products of which consist 
of woolen goods, machinery, castings, carriages, wagons, 
leather, lumber, cabinet-ware, tin, sheet iron, and copper 
manufactories, saddles and harness, soap and candles, burr 
mill-stones, steam-boilers, sails, rigging, plows, fanning 
mills, paper, clothings, smithings, tobacco, and segars, book- 
binding, coopers' wares, brick, etc. In addition to this, 
there are 5 flouring mills, propelled by water-power, and 1 
by steam containing 17 runs of stones, each run capable of 
turning out SO to 100 barrels of flour per day, and consum- 
ing in all 7,000 bushels of wheat daily. The imports 
amount to near four million dollars annually, consisting 
chiefly of merchandise, salt, furniture, coal, lime, plaister, 
fruits, lumber, etc. The exports, amounting to two and a half 
million dollars annually, consist of wheat, barrels of flour, 
pork, beef, lead, shot, hides, and sundry manufactured arti- 
cles. There is a United States land oEBce situate here. 
The " Wisconsin Banner," daily, tri-weekly, and weekly 
(dem.), "Taglicher Volksfreund," daily and weekly (dem.), 
"Commercial Advertiser," daily, tri-weekly, and weekly 
(dem.), " Milwaukie Sentinel," daily, tri-weekly, and weekly 
(whig), "Free Democrat," daily, tri-weekly, and weekly 
(free soil), tri-weekly, and weekly " Wisconsin," daily 
(dem.), are the names of newspapers published here. The 
progress of the city has been most remarkable. In 1834 it 
was surrounded by a wilderness, and contained only two 
log-houses, since which time it has increased rapidly. In 
1840, there were 1,700 inhabitanta • 1S42, 2,700 ; 1846, June 
1, 9,655; 1849, December 15, 15,071; 1850, the city, 20,061, 
but including the town, 21,402. 

Mobile, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Mobile co., Ala. : 
on the W. bank Mobile river, just above its entrance into 
Mobile bay, 163 m. S. W. Montgomery. Lat. 30° 41' 48" N., 
and long. 87° 59' 04" W. The site is but very little elevated 
above the water, but sufficiently so for all purposes of con- 
venient drainage. The soil is dry and sandy. Immediately 
opposite the city, on the E., is a large low island, covered 
with high grass and rushes, and known as " the marsh ;" 
above on the N. is a large swamp, extending along the 
banks of the r. ; and back of the city on the N. W., W. and 
S., the dry sandy pine hills commence, afibrding delightful 
and healthy retreats from the heat, sickness, and annoyances 
of the city during the summer ; and here have sprung up 
the pleasant villages of Toulmiiiville, Spring Hill, Cottage 
Hill, Summerville, and Fulton. South from the city, the 
shores of the bay arc dotted for many miles with elegant 
residences, and these spots have been usually exempt from 
epidemic diseases. 

The city is not compactly built, except in the portions 
occupied by the commercial and business houses. Tho 
streets generally are wide, and run mostly north and south, 
and east and west. Much attention has been paid of late 
years to planting shade trees along the pavements, and the 
comfort and probably the health of the place has been much 
improved thereby. The prevailing winds during the winter 
months are the N. and N. E.; from the middle of April (at 
which time the warm spring weather begins), the S. 
winds, cool, refreshing, and laden with moisture, make the 
heat quite bearable, and these, being also the prevailing 
summer winds, even in that hot season, negative in a great 
measure the climatic extreme. The climate, however, is 
warm and relaxing to the energies, and even in the winter 
months is trying to the constitution, from the m.any and 
sudden changes that occur. During the coldest weather 
the ground is but seldom frozen. Most rain falls in Decem- 
ber, January, .June, and .July. 

No system of underground drainage has ever been at- 
tempted at Mobile ; the light, porous character of the soil 

343 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



answering the same purpose, and making the streets dry 
Immediately after the heaviest fall of rain. The city is sup- 
plied with good wholesome water through the water-works 
from a stream some few miles distant. 

The sanitary condition of Mobile has greatly improved of 
late years; for a long period it enjoyed the unenviable 
reputation of being a very unhealthy place, and the devas- 
tating epidemics of 1S19-25-29-37-S9, and '-l-S, in truth gave 
a coloring to the accusation. Since the last-named year 
there has been no severe visitation of sickness, which may 
be accounted for in some measure by the fact, that the wet, 
muddy morasses that until then had occupied the northern 
part of the city have been filled in, and their places are now 
the sites of large cotton presses and warehouses. The deaths 
in 1849-50 numbered only 611, or one to every 33i living. 
A better system of drainage has also been adopted, and 
more exertion has been used in cleansing and purifying the 
streets than heretofore. 

Mobile contains the county court-house, several United 
States courts, the municipal courts, the city hall, a jail, and 
other public buildings ; a splenditl Koman Catholic cathedral, 
numerous churches of various denominations, hospitals, 
schools, markets, a theatre and circus, several first-class 
hotels, etc. The hospitals— the United States Marine Hos- 
pital and the City Hospital — are large and commodious 
buildings, each capable of accommodating from 250 to 300 
patients ; and there are other charitable institutions worthy 
of notice, among which stand pre-eminent the Catholic and 
Protestant Orphan Asylums, the Benevolent Society, whicb„ 
among other functions, has charge of destitute widows, and 
the Samaritan Society. A blind asylum has also been 
founded, and an asylum for the deaf and dumb provided 
for. There are three cemeteries belonging to the city. 

Mobile was originally a Spanish settlement, and at a later 
period a portion of Louisiana. It was surrendeftid to the 
Americans in 1813. In 181 -i it was chartered as a town, and 
in 1S19 became a city. In 1814 the total valuation of prop- 
erty in the town was only $350,950 ; in 1819, $764,510 ; in 
1824, $1,107,500; in 1829, $2,719.148 ; in 1834, $6,756,025 ; in 
1839, $24,480,315 ; In 1844, $18,093,877 ; in 1849, $12,629,700 ; 
and in 1850, $11,985,790. The population of the city in 1830 
was 8,194; in 1840,12,672; and in 1850, 20,515. 

The commercial statistuis of the city will be found under 
the head of Alabama. Mobile is the only sea-port of the 
State open to foreign commerce, and from this point is 
shipped the great bulk of the cotton of Eastern Mississippi 
and Western Alabama. The total quantity shipped for the 
year ending 31st August, 1852, was 575,104 bales, or one- 
sixth of all the cotton produced in th(; Union. Of this amount 
807,513 bales were sent to England, 95,917 to France, and 
27,048 to other foreign States; and 144,026 coastwise to 
domestic ports. Staves, lumber, and naval stores, are also 
shipped in large quantities. There are two commercial 
banks in the city— the Bank of Mobile and the Southern 
Bank of Alabama. The Planters' and Merchants' Bank has 
lately closed its business. Mobile has four newspapers- the 
"Alabama Tribune" (indep.), daily; the "M. Advertiser" 
(whig), daily and semi-weekly ; the " Register and Journal" 
(dem.), daily and weekly; and the "Alabama Tlanter" 
(agric), weekly. The local trade of Mobile is very extens- 
ive and valuable. The Mobile and Ohio E. R. will connect 
the city with the whole north-west ; the Girard and Mobile 
E. E. will connect it with the Atlantic ports, and a railroad 
to Madisonville will connect it with New Orleans. None 
of these are built except a portion of the first named. 

As a commercial mart of the Gulf, Mobile is second only 
to New Orleans in its facilities and available position. 
Immense rivers connect it with an extensive and highly 
productive interior, and a flue bay gives it access to the 
sea. Mobile Bay sets up from the Gulf, and is 30 m. long, 
and on an average 12 m. broad ; it communicates with the 
Gulf by two straits, one on each side of Dauphin Island. 
The strait on the W. side will not admit of vessels of more 
844 



than 5 feet draft ; but that on the E. side, between the island 
and Mobile Point, has IS feet water, the channel passing 
within a few yards of the point. There is a bar across the 
bay near its upper end, which has only eleven feet water. 
Mobile river, which falls into the bay immediately below the 
city, is formed by the junction of the Alabama and Tom- 
bigbee rivers 50 m. above the city. A few miles below the 
junction it divides into several channels. The main W. 
channel is called Mobile, and the main E. channel, which is 
the deepest and widest, is called the Tensaw. It is navig.iblo 
for vessels drawing less than six feet water by the Tombig- 
bee branch to St. Stephen's, and by the Alabama branch to 
Claiborne. In times of flood it sometimes rises 50 or 60 feet. 
The entrance to the harbor is defended by Fort Morgan, 
situated on a long, low, sandy point, at the mouth of the bay, 
30 m. below the city, opposite to Dauphin Island. 

Mo.NTOOMKRT, p. city, and cap. Montgomery co., Ala., 
and capital of the State : on the left bank of the Alabama r., 
and at the head of steamboat navigation thereof, in lat. 
32° 22' N., and long. 86° 26' W., 118 m. S. E. by E. Tusca- 
loosa, the old capital, which it succeeded in 1847. The city 
is built on a high bluff, and contains the capitol and other 
State buildings, and the usual county offices, also churches 
of the principal denominations, and is the location of the 
U. S. land oJfice of the Montgomery land district. The sur- 
rounding country is one of the most productive cotton re- 
gions of the State, and from this point that staple is shipped 
down the river to Mobile, or carried east to the Chattahoo- 
chee by the Montgomerj- and "West Point E. E.,'S8 m. to West 
Point, and shij)ped to Appalachicola, in Florida. When 
the La Grange E. E. is finished there will be a continuous 
railroad route from Montgomery to Savannah, 407 miles, 
and to Charleston, 483 miles. A railroad is also projected 
from Montgomery ma Greenville to Mobile. The news- 
pajiers published here are, the " State Gazette" (dem.), daily 
and weekly ; the " Atlas" (dem), and the " AJabama Jour- 
nal" (whig), both daily,- tri-weekly, and weekly; and the 
" Alabama State Eegister" (whig), tri-weekly and weekly. 
It is one of tlie most progressive cities of the South-west ; it 
was laid out in 1817— in 1840 had 2,170 inhabitants, and ia 
1850, 8,723. Pop. in 1854 (State census) 6,695. 

MoNTPBLiBR, t., p. v., and cap. Washington CO., Verm., 
and capital of the State: on Winooski r., in lat. 44° 17' N. 
and long. 72° 36' W., 524 m. N. N. E.Washington. Drained 
by tributaries of the Winooski, which afford fine water- 
power and numerous mill-scats. Surface uneven and hilly ; 
soil various— on the hills furnishing fine pastures. The v. is 
the centre of a large commerce and of roads diverging in 
every direction. The Vermont Central R. E. touches Mont- 
pelier, 77 m. from Windsor, and 40 m. from Burlington. 
The public buildings are the State House, court-house, jail, 
etc. The State House is an elegant granite structure, 150 
feet long— the centre, including portico, 100 feet deep, and 
the wings 72 feet deep ; the centre front has a fine Doric 
portico of columns, each 6 feet diameter and 36 feet high, 
and the whole edifice is surmounted by a dome 100 feet 
from the ground. In the interior are convenient State oflB- 
ces and spacious and eU'gant rooms for the Senate and 
Representatives. Montpelier became capital in 1805. It 
has several workshops and factories, a bank, and numerous 
wholesale and retail stores ; and five newspapers, the " Ver- 
mont Patriot" (dem.), the " Verm. Watchman" (whig), the 
"Green Mountain Freeman" (free soil), the " Christian Re- 
pository," and the " Christian Messenger"— all weekly pub- 
lications. Pop. in 1830, 1,792 ; in 1840, 3,725; and in 1850, 
2,310. The t. of Ilast Montpelier wiia taken from the orig- 
inal t. in 1848, and iu 1S50 contained 1,447 inhabitants. 

Nantucket, port of entry, t., p. v., and cap. Nantucket 
CO., Ji/(ts.s, .• on N. side of Nantucket island, 90 m. S. B. E. 
Boston. Lat N. 41° 16' 56"; long. W. 70° 6' 12". The v. 
is situated at the bottom of the bay, which is 6 m. long, and 
almost entirely land-locked, being divided from the ocean 
by a narrow beach. The projecting points of beach, which 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES 



thus lock in the harbor, are f m. apart, and furnished with 
light-houses, as is also the harbor. The harbor is good. Two 
miles N. of the harbor is a bar, with 7i ft. of water at low tide. 
The shore on which the v. is built is more inclined to the 
water than tlie rest of the island. It is built very compactly, 
with narrow streets. In 1846, July 18th, it suffer6<i most 
severely by a conflagration, which destroyed in a few hours 
360 buildings; amount of loss, $1,000,000; amount insured, 
$320,000 ; nuQibcr of families who suffered, 450 : contribu- 
tions received from Boston and other places, $65,000. This 
place was the first to engage in the whale fisheries, and is 
still more largely engaged than any other town in the United 
States, except New Bedford, where this business was estab- 
lished by persons from Nantucket. On 30th June, 1850, 
Nantucket had an aggregate permanent tonnage of 29,012 
tons ; of which 25,837 were registered, and 3,175 enrolled 
and licensed. Registered in the whale fishery, 19,055 tons ; 
enrolled and licensed in cod fishery, 403 tons ; in raackeral 
fishery, 502 tons ; in coasting trade, 2,180 tons ; in steam 
navigation, 479 tons. The receipts from the whale fishery 
in 1849 were 17,887 barrels sperm oil, and 6,461 barrels whale 
oil, and 68,200 pounds whale-bone. The Athenaeum has a 
good building, 2,500 volumes in library, and a valuable col- 
lection of curiosities. A steamboat plies daily to New Bed- 
ford. The Pacific Bank has a capital of $200,000. The 
"N. Inquirer" is published tri-weekly .ind weekly; the 
"N. Mirror" (neut.), weekly. Pop. of t. 8,452. 

Nashua, t. and p. v., Hillsboro' co., 2r. Ham}). : on W. 
side of Merrimac r., at confluence of Nashua r., 31 m. S. by E. 
Concord. The t. is bounded on the N. and W. by Naslma 
river, separating it from the town of Nashville, which, imtil 
1842, with it formed the town of Nashua. Surface of town is 
level on the E., uneven on the W. ; soil on the streams fer- 
tile. This town, formerly called Dunstable, was the first 
one settled in the S. part of New Hampshire, and suffered 
much by attacks from Indians. The v. is in the N. E. corner 
of the town, and is now a very important manufacturmg 
village, deriving a great water-power from Nashua river, 
which in two miles falls 65 feet. In 1S22-3 the greater por- 
tion of the lands in the village and on the river up to tlie 
falls was purchased by the "Nashua Manufacturing Com- 
pany,"' which, with a capital of $300,000, commenced build- 
ing a dam, canal, and other works for factories. This com- 
pany now has a capital of $1,000,000,- and 4 large mills man- 
ufacturing shirting and drills, printing cloths, and jeans, and 
sheetings. Whole number of spindles is 37,450 ; looms, 
1,089 ; male operatives, 150 ; females, 850. These mills 
manufacture 13,000,(!!00 yards of cloth yearly, using 10,000 
bales of cotton, or 4,000,000 lbs., 150,000 lbs. starch, 8,000 
gallons of sperm oil, $4,000 worth of leather, 800 cords wood. 
The "Jackson Company" have 2 mills manufacturing sheet- 
ings and shirtings, using yearly 4,500 bales of cotton, or 
1,800,000 lbs., 50,000 lbs. starch, etc. The machine-shop, 
built l>y the Nashua Company in 1845, is occupied by man- 
ufacturers of steam-engines, machinists' tools, locks, guns, 
axes, etc., and here several hundred men are employed. 
The "Nashua Iron Company," established in 1848, have a 
capital of $100,000, and employ 60 men ; they use 3,500 tons 
coal yearly ; their sales are $175,000. Baldwin's factory of 
shuttles and spool bobbins employs 120 men ; yearly sales, 
$100,000. There are other large factories, foundries of 
stoves, large iron castings, etc. Summary of N. cotton man- 
ufactures : no. of spindles, 49,994 ; looms, 1,483 ; male ope- 
ratives, 240 ; females, 1,200 ; yards manufactured, 18,000,000 ; 
capital invested, $1,480,000. The total capital invested in 
factories in N. is about $2,000,000 ; male operatives, 1,000; 
females, 1,300. The Nashua and Jackson companies each 
have a savings institution for their employees. Four railroads 
connect N. wth the large towns adjacent, viz., Lowell and 
Nashua,Worcester and Nashua,Nashua andWilton.and Con- 
cord R. R. There are 2 banks, cap. $225,000, and 7 churches. 
Three newspapers are published weekly, " N. II. Telegraph" 
[whig), " N. Gazette" (dem.), "The Oasis" (lit.) Pop. 5,820. 



Nashville, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Davidson co., 
Tenn., and cap. of the State of Tennessee : on the left bank 
of the Cumberland river, 120 m. above its entrance into the 
Ohio, and at the head of steamboat navigation thereof. 
Lat. 86° 09' 33", and long. 86° 49' 03"— 714 m. W. by S. 
"Washington. The city is built on an elevated bluff of lime- 
stone, and on every side presents to the approaching trav- 
eler an imposing appearance. From Capitol Hill, within 
the city, a more interesting scene is seldom witnessed. 
Covering the base of the hill, and crowding to the extremest 
margin of the business-laden Cumberland, is the city itself, 
its streets alive with the bustle of an active commerce, and 
its suburbs literally growing under the eye of the spectator? 
Surrounding it with a border of beautiful cultivation, lie 
extensive and valuable farms, intersected by numerous turn- 
pikes, which, centering in the city, radiate to opposite neigh- 
borhoods ; and in every direction is seen the railroad, com- 
plete and incomplete, which will open outlets to one of the 
richest agricultural and mining regions of the great "West; 
and giriling in all to a quiet security, rise a range of low 
and pleasant hills, partly covered with native cedars, and 
adorned with graceful dwellings. But it is not altogether 
Uie natural beauties of the locality that attract the traveler's 
attention ; the country for miles around is rich in soil and 
abounding in minerals, yielding to industry a compensatory 
rewani, and to commerce material of no mean valuation. 

Nash\aUe was laid out at the latter part of the last century, 
but although always a place of some consideration, the tide 
of its prosperity rose slowly until within the last half the 
term of its existence. In 1830 it contained only 5,566 inhab- 
itants, and even in 1840 only 6,929. In 1850 its population 
had increased to 10,165, or in the ratio of 51.2 per cent, in » 
the decade between 1840 and 1850. Its commerce has 
increased in even a larger proportion, owing to the extent 
of roads having been multiplied, and to the improvements 
in the navigation of the river. The tonnage owned in the 
district of which Nashville is the port amounted in 1S50 to 
3,797 tons, all comprised in steamers, some of them magnifl- 
cent passenger boats, navigating the Cumberland and its 
tributaries, or sailing between Nashville and the ports of the 
Ohio river. The railroads centering here are the Nashville 
and Chattanooga R. R., extending in a S. E. direction to 
Chattanooga, on the Tennessee river, wliere it connects with 
the railroads to Charleston and Savannah, the distance from 
Nashville to the first being 599 m., and to the latter 583 m. ; 
the New Orleans and Nashville R. R., extending S. "W. in 
the direction of the first named place; the Memphis and 
Nashville R. R. ; the Nashville and Paris R. R. ; the Nash- 
ville and Henderson R. R. ; the Louisville and Nashville 
Railroad, and the Lexington and Nashville R. R. Of these 
several lines only the first is completed, but most of the 
others are progressing, or under contract to be built forth- 
with, and the whole system will probably bo in operation la 
three or four years from the 1st Jan., 1853. These, when 
completed, will connect this commercial centre with every 
part of the Union — with the Gulf, the Ohio and Mississippi, 
the great lakes, and the Atlantic, from Maine to Florida — 
and make it one of the most important receiving and dis- 
tributing dep6t3 of the internal commerce of the central 
valley. 

The city was originally laid out on a plot of 200 acres, but 
it has long since overstepped the limits its projectors assigned 
to it, and hence suburbs almost equal In extent and popula- 
tion to tlie city proper have grown up around it. The city 
has a handsome public square, on which stands the county 
court-house, market-house, etc. The court-house Is a 
splendid building, 105 feet in front by 63 feet deep, with 
basement and two stories, surmounted by a dome, the top 
of which is 90 feet from the ground, and supported by eight 
Ionic columns ; the market-house is also a spacious and 
substantial edifice, a portion of which is occupied as a city 
hall and clerk's ofiice. The other public buildings are the 
State-house, the University, the Lunatic Asylum, the State 

845 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Prison, 12 or 14 churches of various denominations, numer- 
ous schools anJ academies, 8 banks (capital $3,058,500), etc. 
The State-house is located on one of the hifihest eminences of 
the city. It was built about 10 years ago, on a four acre plot, 
presented by the city to the Slate, anil is a noble edifice, 
towering above tlie place, and serving as a landmarlc for 
miles around, being the first olyect descried by the ap- 
proaching traveler. It has spacious halls for the legislature, 
and other convenient offices. The Lunatic Asylum is a 
large and commodious building, three stories high, and will 
accommodate 100 patients. The Penitentiary or State 
Prison is located in the western suburbs, and has a front of 
310 feet, and is 350 feet deep. It has apartments for the 
keeper, an hospital, guard-room, and cells for 200 convicts. 
The Halls of ihe University were founded in 1S06. The 
main building is 200 feet long and 50 feet deep, three stories 
high, wilh wings, and an extensive building used as a 
chemical laboratory. All the college buildings, except the 
president's house, are within the college campus, an area 
of 8 acres. In 1S50 it had 7 professors and 75 students, and 
its library contained 10,207 volumes. The number of its 
alumni at that date was 393. The medical department had 
7 professors. Near Nashville is also Franklin College, 
founded in 1S45, and which, in 1S50, had 5 professors, 26 
alumni, SO stu<lents, and a library of 3,000 volumes. Many 
of the churches are large and elegant structures; the Epis- 
copal church is a magnificent Gothic building, and the 
school-houses, of which thc-re are many, are in general neat 
and commodious. Nashville is the see of a Koman Catholic 
diocese of the same name, and there are within the city 
efBcient Catholic schools for both boys and girls. 

The new.spaper and periodical press of the city con.sists 
of 5 daily and 7 weekly papers, and 2 monthly periodicals. 
The dailies are the "American" (dem.), the ''Gazette" 
(neutral), the " Kepublican Banner" (whig), the "Evening 
Reporter" (neutral), and the " N. Union" (dem.) ; the week- 
lies, the "Western Christian Advocate" (Meth.), the "Ten- 
nessee Organ" (temp.), the " Presbyterian Kecord" (relig.), 
the "Gazette," an edition of the daily, the "Tennessee 
Baptist" (relig.), the "True Whig," and the " West Teimes- 
see Whig;" and the monthlies are the " Chrislian Maga- 
zine" (Canipbellite) and the "Sunday SAool Companion." 

No town in tlie great valley of the West enjoys in a greater 
degree the blessings of health. Situate in about 3t)0 N. lat, 
it possesses a temperate climate, and from its local position 
it is free from fevers which characterize many of the western 
cities, particularly such as are situated upon water courses. 
It is true that a small portion of Nashville, at the upper and 
lower ends, are in times of high flood inundated ; but these 
inundations continue but a few days, and sometimes at 
intervals of several years, and produce no injurious effect 
upon the salubrity of the town. Although the sunnner heats 
are occasionally oppressive, the winters are mild and mod- 
erate, with none of the severe cold of the northern and 
eastern states, nor the relaxing heats of the south. It is a 
climate, indeed, preferable in many respects to all others, 
and here and in the vicinity it is seldom necessary to house 
cattle, even in the coldest winters. In summer thousands 
flock to the city to escape from the malarial influences of 
the lower regions of the country. 

About 13 or 14 m. to the N. E. of the city is the Herniit- 
age, the homestead of the late Andrew Jackson, President 
of the United States. In this secluded rural abode the last 
days of that great patriot were passed, and here, ou the Slh 
June, 1S45, at the patriarchal age of 79, died the illustrious 
statesman and warrior. 

Natcuf.z, p. city, port, and cap. Adams co., J//.«. ; on E. 
bank of Mississippi r., 87 m. S. W. by W. Jackson. Lat. N. 
31° 34', long. W. 91° 24' 42". This is the principal city in 
Mississippi, its importance arising from its being the dep6t 
of cotton from the fine lands around it and in the interior, 
and being also the main entrep6t of the internal commerce 
of the Stale. By the river it is 309 m. from New-Orleans, 
846 



but in a direct line 127 m. N. W. by N. A part of the city 
is built at the landing on the margin of the river, but this 
chiefly consists of warehouses, stores, etc., while the larger 
and more agreeable portion is on a blufl", 200 feet above the 
level of the river. This part, though uneven in surface, is 
regulaHy laid out with broad streets, crossing at right angles. 
Many of the houses, though built plainly of wood, presen* 
an elegant appearance, having piazzas and balconies, sur 
rounded wilh trees, beautiful shrubbery, etc. Its elevated 
site aS"nrds a fine view of the river and vicinity. It contains 
the court-house and jail, a hospital, orphan asylum, ac"ado- 
mies, several churches, etc. Here are oil-mills, manufac- 
turing oil from collon-seed. Two newsi)apers, the " N. 
Courier" (whig), and "N. Free Trader" (dem.), are each 
published semi-weekly and weekly. Pop. 4,433. 

Nauvoo, t. and p. v., Hancock co.. III.: on E. bank of 
Mississippi r., 108 m. N. W. by W. Springfield. Surface of L 
is elevated, and commands a fine view of the r. and vicinity. 
This t is famous as having been for several years (from 1340 
to June, 1S44) the settlement of the " Latter Day Saints," or 
" Mormons," who here erected some fine buildings. This 
property is now occupied by a colony of French Com- 
munists or learians, under the direction of Mons. Cabet. 
The large temple was burned in Oct., 1S4S, set on fire by an 
incendiary. Population 1,1-30. 

New Albany, p. cily, and cap. Floyd co., Ind.: on Ohio 
r., 100 ra. S. by E. Indianapolis, 4 ra. N. W. Louisville. 
This city, which is now the largest in the State, was laid 
out in 1S13. It is beautifully situated, has wide streets, 
parallel to the r., which are crossed at right angles by others. 
The largest business is that of building and repairing steam- 
boats and other vessels, which employ several hundred 
men. There are large iron foundries, machine shops, and 
factories. The New Albany and Salem It. li. is now com- 
pleted to Michigan city, and thence continued to Chicago. 
A brisk trade is earned on with the interior and the valleys 
of the Ohio and Mississippi. The Slate Bank of Indiana 
has here a branch. There are 9 churches and a lyceum. 
The academies and schools are well conducted, and much 
attention is generally given to education. Two newspapers 
arc published, each daily and weekly— the "Ledger" (dem.) 
and " Bulletin" (whig). Pop. 9,895. 

Nkwark, t., p. cily, port of entry, and cap. Essex co., N'. J. : 
on W. bank of Passaic r., 3 m. above its entrance into New- 
ark Bay, 47 m. N. E. Trenton, 9 m W. New York. Lat. 40° 45' 
N., long. 74° 10' W. This is the most populous and flour- 
ishing place in the State. It is pleas.antly located on a fer- 
tile plain, somewhat elevated above the river. In ita W 
part the ground rises, affording fine sites for residences. It 
is regularly laid out with very broad and straight streets, 
many of which are bordered with very large and lofly elms, 
presenting a most beautiful appearance. Two spacious 
public parks are also well shaded by fine trees. It is light- 
ed wilh gas, and supplied by a company with pure water 
from a spring 2 m. distant, conveyed through iron pipes. 
The court-house, which occupies a commanding position iu 
the W. part of the city, is a large and^chgant building of 
brown freestone, in the Egjptian style of architecture. The 
railroad dcp6t is also a splendid structure of freestone. 
There are 3it churches, of which several are very fine speci- 
mens of architecture ; and 3 literary associations — 1 has a li- 
brary of 3,000 volumes. The N. Wesleyan Institute is the 
principal seminary. Newark is very extensively engaged 
in manufactures. The principal articles made are the va- 
rious fabrics of leather and India rubl)er, carriages, wagijns, 
railroad cars, machinery, jewelry, paper hangings, cutlery, 
soap, candles, etc. The extensive paint factory of the N. J. 
Zinc Company daily manufactures ten tons of paint. The 
commerce of N. is considcrat^le and steadily increasing. The 
river is navigable to this place for vessels of light draft. A 
fine passenger steamboat plies twice daily to New York. 
On June 80lh, 1850, the total tonnage of N. district was 
6,629 tons, of which 73 tons were registered, and 6,551 tons 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



enrolled and licensed ; 1,227 tons were employed in steam 
navigation; 6,406 tons were in the coasting trade. During 
the year ending June 30th, 1850, th-ere were 11 clearances 
for foreign countries, haviug 1,131 tons, 62 men; number of 
entrances from foreign countries (all foreign vessels), was 
17, having 1,001 tons, 95 men. There are 4 baulcs with 
$1,800,000 capital. Three newspapers are published daily, 
"Advertiser" (whig), " Mercury'' (whig), "Eagle" (dein.); 
two weekly, " Sentinel of Freedom" (whig), '■ Eagle" (dem.) 
The New Jersey K. E. affords constant communication with 
New York, the trains running each way every half hour. 
Very many persons doing business in New York have here 
their permanent residences. The Morris Canal passes 
through the city. The Morris and Essex E. E. here termi- 
nates, connecting with New Jersey E. E. Pop. in 1830 
10,953; in 1S40, 17,290; in 1S50, 38,894. 

Nkw Bedford, p. city, port of entry, and semi-cap. 
Bristol CO., dlass. : on "W. bank of Acushnet r., 4 m. from its 
entrance into Buzzard's bay, 51 m. S. by E. Boston. Lat. N. 
41° 38' 7" ; long. \Y. 70° 55' 49". The harbor is spacious, 
safe and deep. The site of the city rises rapidly from the 
river, and being thus built upon a bold elevation, regularly 
laid out, and having many fine buildings, it presents a very 
commanding and beautiful appearance. The principal 
public buildings are the town hall, custom-house, court- 
house, and some handsome churches. The town hall, built 
of granite, 100 feet long, 61 feet wide, 3 stories high, at a 
cost of $60,000, is justly regarded as one of the handsomest 
town halls in New England. The custom-house, also of 
granite, presents a very fine appearance. Much attention 
is given to general education in the public schools. The 
Friends' academy for young ladies is a handsome structure, 
with beautiful grounds. The Social Library contains over 
4,000 volumes. Two newspapers are published daily: 
"Mercury" (whig) and "Evening Standard;" 3 weekly: 
" Mercury," " Standard," and " "Whaleman's Shipping List ;" 
1 monthly : " Golden Age" (lit.). The New Bedford and 
Taunton E. E. runs hence, 31 m. to Mansfield sta., on Bos- 
ton and Providence E. E. A steamboat plies daily to 
Nantucket. There are 4 banks (capital $1,900,000.) This 
is one of the wealthiest cities in America in proportion to its 
population, and has derived its wealth mainly from the 
whale fishery. At present two-thirds of the total tonnage 
of U. S. vessels in the whale fishery belong to this port. 
The principal business in the city is connected with the 
whale fisheries, in receiving the oil and bone, and preparing 
them for market. The quantity of sperm oil brought to the 
port in 1849, was 46,333 barrels, whale oil 72,901 barrels, and 
whalebone 797,300 lbs. About 30 manufactories of oil and 
candles are in constant operation. The cooperage business 
employs a great number of hands. A very large steam 
cordage factory (capital $60,000), manufactures 400 tons of 
cordage annuallj'. Other large manufactories are devoted 
to making iron hoops, copper and iron rivets, butt hinges, 
etc. Here also is a manufactory of Pru8si.an-blue, and some 
print-works. Ship-bnilding and repairing is carried on ex- 
tensively. The N. B. Eailway and Wharf Co. (cap. $50,000) 
use a marine railway at their ship-yard, which is of much 
service in speedily raising small vessels to be repaired. On 
80th June, 1S50, the total tonnage of New Bedford district 
was 127,960 tons, of which 119,026 were registered, and 
8,984 enrolled and licensed. Of the registered tonnage, 
116,882 tons were permanent, 2,144 temporary ; 96,420 tons 
were in the whale fisliery. Of the enrolled and licensed 
tonnage, 8,444 tons were permanent, 7,949 tons were in the 
coasting trade, 151 in the cod fishery, 344 in the mackerel 
fishery, 53 tons propelled by steam. The tonnage licensed 
(under 20 tons) in the coasting trade was 258 tons ; in the cod 
fishery, 232 tons. During the year ending June 30th, 1850, 
the number of clearances for foreign countries was US — 
32,027 tons ; entrances from do. 134—33,154 tons. Vessels 
built, 2 ships and 2 schooners — 781 tons. Pop. in 1830, 
7,592 ; in 1840, 12,037 ; in 1850, 16,448. 



Nbw BRtTNSwicK, p. city, port, and cap. Middlesex co.j 
N. Jei:: on Earitan r., 26 m. N. E. Trenton, 31 ni. by New 
Jersey E. E. from New York, 55 m. from Philadelphia. 
This flourishing city is at the head of navigation on the 
Earitan, 14 ra. from its mouth, and is accessible for vessels 
drawing eight feet of water. Here terminates the Delaware 
and Earitan Canal, which connects with these rivers here 
and at Bordentown. It is 43 m. long, 75 feet wide, and 7 
feet deep; admitting the passage of vessels of 100 tons. It 
has a rise and fall of IIG feet by 14 locks. New Brunswick 
was incorporated as a city in 1784. It is the depSt of a fer- 
tile district, and has considerable trade and manufactures. 
The oldest portion of the city is built upon the river, on low 
ground, having narrow and crooked streets, but the rest is 
built upon a declivity, with regular and broad streets, pre- 
senting a handsome appearance, and commanding fine 
prospects. Many houses are elegantly surrounded by gar- 
dens. Upon the highest part of the city is Eutger's College, 
founded in 1770. In 1350 it had 7 i>i3tructors, 66 students, 
513 alumni, and 10,000 vols, in library. In the vicinity is 
the Tbeol. Seminary of the Dutch Eeformed Church, estab- 
lished in 1784, having 3 professors, 34 students, 179 alumni, 
and 7,000 vols, in library. The city contains the court-house 
and jail, 9 churches, etc. ; 2 banks, cap. $200,000, and several 
large factories. Three newspapers are issued weekly — " N. 
Jersey Union"' (dem.), "N. B. Times" (dem.), "Fredonian" 
(whig.) The constant communication of New Brunswick 
with New York for the last few years has greatly increased 
its business and population. Pop. in 1830, 7,831 ; in 1810, 
8,663 ; in 1850, 10,019. 

Newburg, t., p. v., and semi-cap. Orange co., N. Y. : on 
W. bank Hudson r., 84 m. S. by W. Albany, 54 m. N. New 
York. Lat. 41° 31' N., long. 74° 1' W. Surface of t. elo- 
vated, somewhat broken, and hilly. Drained by the Hud- 
son and small creeks. Soil clay and gravelly loam, fertile, 
but best adapted to grazing. This vicinity, with the rest of 
Orange co., is celebrated for its superior dairy products and 
excellent live-stock. The v. is handsomely situated on an 
acclivity rising from the shore to an elevation of 800 feet, 
where is afforded a most delightfid and extensive prospect 
of the river, which here widens into Newburg Bay, fertile 
and beautiful valleys, the Highlands, and the villages of 
West Point and Fishkill. This v. was settled in 1701 by 
Germans, and incorporated in ISOO. General Washington 
had here his head-quarters during the winter of 1782-3, at 
which period the celebrated Newburg letters were written. 
The old stone-house in which he resided is still standing in 
good preservation. On 23d June, 17>3, the troops here sta- 
tioned were disbanded. The v. contains a court-house and 
jail, numerous churches, seminaries, etc. The Theological 
Seminary of Assoc. Eef. Church, established in 1836, has 1 
professor, 11 students, 143 alumni, 3,200 vols, in library. 
There are large factories of carriages, machinery, chairs, 
cordage, plaster, flour, candles, etc., iron foundries, brew- 
eries, tanneries, stone and lumber yards, etc. ; 4 banks have 
a capital of $700,000. A steam ferry connects the v. with 
Fishkill and Hudson Eiver E. E. The Newburg branch 
E. E. connects with Erie E. E. at Chester junction, 19 m. 
The immense quantities of agricultural products, etc., of the 
vicinity and interior, which are here received for the Neir 
York markets, with the other commerce of the v., constantly 
employ many freight barges, sloops, and steamboats. Four 
newspapers are issued weekly, "N. Gazette'' (whig), "Tele- 
graph"' (dem.), " Excelsior" (dem.), " Highland Courier" 
(dem.) Pop. in 1830, 6,424 ; in 1840, 8,933 ; in 1850, 11,415. 

Newbubypokt, p. city, port of entry, and one of the cap3. 
Essex CO., Mass. : on the S. bank of Merrimac r., 4 m. from 
the ocean, 34 m. N. N. E. Boston. Lat. 42° 48' 82" N., long. 
70° 52' 47" W. The harbor is safe and spacious, and pro- 
tected by a break- water, but its entrance is obstructed by a 
sand-bar. The city is beautifully situated on a gentle ac- 
clivity, and very regularly laid out, with wide streets, those 
parallel with the river rising like terraces. This place has 

847 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Buffered severely by fires, commercial losses, and otherwise, 
but for tliu last fow years it has been steadily increasing in 
wealth and importance. A U. S. naval officer is stationed 
hero. It is still largely eng.nged in the mackerel and cod 
fisheries, coasting trade, and foreign commerce. Five large 
cotton manufacturing companies have a capital of $1,1S0,000. 
Shi]>building is extensively carried on. There are 3 banks ; 
capital .$570,000. The principal buildings are, custom- 
house, of rough granite, with fine wrought Doric portico ; 
court-house, of brick ; stone jail, 10 churches, a fine academy, 
lyceum, etc. Much attention is given to education. The 
Putnam High School is endowed with $70,000. Anotlier in- 
stitution, chiefly for classical studies, has a large fund, given 
by Mr. Moses Brown. Eev. George Whitefield, the celebra- 
ted divine, died in this town, Sept. 21, 1770; his tomb and 
monument are in the First Presbyterian Church. The Eastern 
K E. passes through the city, 34 m. from Boston. The Ncw- 
buryport E. E. branches off to Bradford, connecting with 
the Boston and Maine E. E. Two daily papers are issued, 
"Hcraid" (wliig), "Union" (dem.); 1 semi-weekly, "N. 
Herald" (whig). On 80th June, 1S50, the total tonnage of 
N. district was 23,262 tons, of which 1G,214 tons were re- 
gistered, and 7,048 tons enrolled and licensed. Of register- 
ed tonnage, 14,018 were permanent, and 2,190 temporar}-. 
Of the enrolled and licensed tonnage, 7,043 were permanent, 
494 tons were employed in the coasting trade, 3,739 tons 
were in the cod fishery, and 2,815 tons in the mackerel 
fishery. During the year previous the number of clearances 
for foreign ports was 140 — 9,703 tons ; number of entrances 
128—8,605 tons. Vessels built, 10 (8 ships, 2 schooners), 
4,657 tons. Pop. in 1S30, 6,375; in 1S40, 7,161; in 1850, 
9,572. 

New Haven, t., p. city, port of entry, and cap. New Haven 
CO., Conn.: one of the capitals of Connecticut, is situated at 
the head of New Haven Bay, which sets up N. 4 m. from 
Long Island Sound. Lat. N. 41° IS' 28", long. W. from 
Greenwich 72° 56' 45", and E. from Washington 4° 5' 15". 
It is 36 m. S. S. W. Hartford, the other capital of the State ; 
firom Boston by E. E. 160 m. ; from New York 76 m. ; from 
Washington 223 m. New Haven colony was settled in 
April, 1638; the city incorporated in 'itP*.. The city is on 
a large and beautiful plain, slightly inclined to the water, 
surrounded on three sides by liills, the termination of the 
western trap range, of which the extreme points, c.iUed 
E.ast and West Eocks, are very bohl, rocky eminences — the 
former 370, the latter 400 feet high ; these are rude, bare 
trap rocks, of light-red color, with nearly perpi^ndicular 
fronts, the most notable natural objects in the vicinity, and 
much visited in summer by citizens and strangers to enjoy 
the delightful prospect which they afford of tho city, bay, 
and Sound. New Haven (city) occupies about 6 sq. m., and 
is very regularly laid out. The streets are so generally lined 
with noble elms that the city is called "the City of Elms." 
The central square, a public park, is bordered and crossed 
with numerous rows of elms, and is considered the finest 
public ground in the United States. The "Temple-street 
row of elms" is not surpassed for beauty in the world. In 
this square are 3 fine churches, the State House, an elegant 
edifice of Grecian architecture, built of brick, painted white, 
and the monument to Colonel Dlxwell, one of the regicides, 
erected in 1849. The profusion of foliage, the fine and 
cleanly streets, with the rural appearance of many houses, 
surrounded by trees, Shrubbery, and gardens, which char- 
acterize this city, combine in it the attractions of both city 
and country. The churches, 22 in number, are handsome 
structures. Of these, 8 are Congregational, 4 Episcopal, 4 
Methodist, 2 Baptist, 2 Catholic, 1 Univers.alist, 1 Jewish 
Synagogue. The cemetery, in the N. E. part of city, is beau- 
tifully laid out, has an imposing entrance of freestone, in 
Egj-ptian architecture, and surrounded by high and massive 
iron fence and stone wall. Here are interred the remains 
of Eli Whitney, Noah Webster, Rev. J. Ashmun, Colonel 
Humphrey, and many other eminent men. The new cem- 



etery, and Wooster Square, are fine grounds, well laid out 
The State Hospital, founded in 1832, is a substantial stone 
edifice, on elevated ground. The new E. E. Station-house 
is one of the finest structures of the kind in the United 
States. A few of the manufactories are very extensive, par- 
ticularly those of carriages and clocks. There are 4 banks, 
with a capiUil of $1,987,625. The tax.ible property in 1851 
was assessed at ,$12,720,911. Three newspapers are pub- 
lished daily, publisliing, also, tri-weekly and weekly edi- 
tions: "Journal and Courier" (whig), "Palladium" (whig), 
" Columbian Eegister" (dem.), two quarterlies, " Now En- 
glander" (Cong.), and "Church Eeview" (Episc.) The 
"American Journal of Science," commenced in 1819 by 
Professor Sillim.in, now published bi-monthly, ranks with 
the ablest scientific journals in Europe. " The Yale Literary 
Magazine" is published by the students monthly. 

Yale Coller/e.— This noble institution (the third college 
established in United States), founded in 1700, and removed 
here in 1717, is, next to Harvard College, the principal uni- 
versity in America. At present, and for a number of years 
past, it has had a larger number of students in the collegiate 
course than any other. Total number of alumni in 1850, 
5,9.32, of whom 1,587 had entered the ministry; instnictors, 
22 ; students, 432 ; volumes in library, 51,000 ; commence- 
ment, last Thursday in July. The edifices present a fine 
appearance, fronting the public green. In the front range 
are five large brick edifices, four stories high, occupied by 
students ; three buildings, having cupolas, between tlie col- 
lege halls, are used as chapel, recitation rooms, etc. In 
the rear are the library buildings, mineralogieal cabinet, 
Trumbull Gallery, etc. ; the former are fine edifices of brown 
freestone, of Gothic architecture, divided into five separate 
fire-proof compartments. The central edifice, 151 feet long, 
contains the college library ; the others contain libraries of 
societies of students. The cabinet of minerals and geolog- 
ical specimens is tlie most valuable in the United States, 
and surpassed by only two in Europe. The Trumbull Galle- 
ry, erected 1831, contains the splendid collection of paintings 
of Col. John Trumbull, consisting of eight historical paintings 
from subjects founded on the American Eevolution. and 
about250 portraits of distinguished persons. With the college 
proper are associated four professional schools, viz., of med- 
icine, law, theology, and scientific department. The Med- 
ical College, founded in 1813, has a fine edifice, valuable 
anatomical museum, 6 professors, 38 students, 595 graduates. 
The Theological Department, established 1822, has 8 pro- 
fessors, 38 students, 621 graduates, 900 volumes in library. 
Law School, 2 professors, 26 students. Scientific School, 2 
professors, SO students. Besides Yale College, New Haven 
has many seminaries, male and female, of high reputation, 
various learned societies, and two popular lyceums, having 
libraries, reading-rooms, etc. 

Commerce. — The harbor is spacious but shallow, and 
gradually filling up. It receives three rivers, Quinnipiac 
and Mill r. on the E., and West r. on the W. To accom- 
modate large vessels, a wharf, called " Long Wharf," was 
constructed many years since. The filling up of the harbor 
has several times required its extension ; it is now nearly a 
mile in length, the longest in the United States. New 
Haven has a larger commerce with foreign countries than 
any other port in the State, and an extensive coasting trade. 
Its fisheries in oysters, clams, etc., are extensive and valua- 
ble. The total toun.ige of New Haven district, on 30th 
June, 1850, was 15,731 tons, of which 4,995 tons were regis- 
tered " permanent," and 10,736 tons were enrolled and 
licensed. Of the latter 10,440 tons were employed in the 
coasting trade, and 2,568 tons were propelled by steam. 
During the year ending 30th June, 1850, the total of clear- 
ances was 72—13,400 Ums, men in crews, 591; number of 
entrances, 89—16,177 tfms, men in crews, 695, Vessels buUt 
during the year, 13—1,110 tons. A passenger steamboat 
plies daily to New York. Four imi)ortant railroads now 
terminate at New Haven, and connect at tho main station : 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



to New York, 76 m. ; to Spriiigfielcl, 62 m. ; to New London, 
50 m. ; to Tarififville, 45 m., which will be continued to North- 
ampton. To Iheso will be abided the direct line to Boston, via 
Middletown. Pop. of city in 1S30, 10,130 ; in ISIO, 12,960 ; in 
1S50, 20,31.5. Pop. of oily and t. in 1S40, 14,890 ; in ISoO, 22,539. 

New London, t, p. city, port of entry, and semi-cap. 
Now London co., Conn. : on W. bank of Thames r., 3 m. 
from its entrance into Long Island Sound, 43 m. S. E. 
Iliirtford, *3 m. E. New Haven. Lat. N. 41° 22', long. 
W. "2° 9'. The harbor is the best in the State, and one of 
the best in the United States. It has a depth of 30 feet, is 
spacions and safe. Its entrance is narrow and defended by 
forts Trumbull and Griswold ; the former is garrisoned by 
a company of U. S. Artillery. It is one of the whaling ports 
Of New England. In 1S49 it received 1,949 barrels of sperm 
oil, 3S,030 barrels of whale oil, and 301,100 pounds of 
whalebone. The city is built upon an acclivity, rising from 
the r. toward the W. and N. Back of the city is a summit 
of high ground, where the observer has a fine view of the 
harbor and surrounding country. The surface is uneven, 
lying on granite rocks, on which account the city was laid 
out irregularly ; but lately various improvements have been 
made. This t. was settled in 1646, and a large portion of it 
burnt by the British under Arnold, Sept. 6, 1781. It contains 
the county buildings, 7 churches, academies, etc. There 
are 3 banks with capital of $414,625. New London is con- 
nected by railroad with New Haven, 50 m. ; with "Willimantic, 
80 m. ; and with Worcester from Allyn's Point, 66 m. There 
is also a daily line of steamboats from New York. Two 
newspapers are published daily, " Chronicle" (whig), and 
"Morning Star" (dem.); two weekly, "Chronicle," and 
'■ Democrat." This is the principal port in the State ; and 
the inhabitants are extensively engaged in the coasting 
trade and the fisheries. On the 80th June, 1850, the total 
tonnage of this district was 40,485 tons. The registered 
tonnage was 23,364 tons, of which 22,504 were permanent 
and 860 temporary; 2,622 tons were in the whale fishery. 
The enrolled and licensed tonnage was 17,121 tons, of which 
16,178 tons were permanent, 8,879 propelled by steam, 11,577 
were in the coasting ti'ade, 3,594 in cod fishery, 1,007 iu 
mackerel fishery ; of tonnage licensed under 20 tons, 181 tons 
were in the coasting trade, and 762 in cod fishery. During 
the year preceding, the clearances for foreign countries were 
18 — 4,943 tons; number of entrances, do., 26 — 7,876 tons; 
number of vessels built, 8 (schooners) — 606 tons. Pop. in 
1830, 4,-356 ; in 1840, 5,519 ; in 1850, 8,991. 

New Orleans, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Orleans 
par., La. : on the E. or left bank of the Mississippi river, 
105 m. above its mouth, and in a direct line 7S m. S. E. 
Baton Eouge. Lat. 29° 57' 30" N., and long. 90° W. 

A traveler is struck on entering the city "with the old 
and narrow streets, the high houses ornamented with taste- 
ful cornices, iron balconies, and many other circumstances 
peculiar to towns in France and Spain, and pointing out 
the past history of this city, fated to change its masters so 
often." The newer parts of the city are, however, built 
more in the American style, the streets being wide and 
regularly laid out. Many of the dwellings are built in a 
style of magnificence and beauty that will rival those of any 
other city, while the beautiful grounds attached to them, 
filled with the luxuriant foliage of the south, give to them an 
air of comfort and ease which are seldom enjoyed by the 
city resident. There are in the city six public squares, laid 
out with taste, inclosed with handsome fencing, and 
adorned with a variety of trees and shrubbery. These 
afford a pleasant retreat from the heat and glare of the 
streets, and tend also to improve the health of the city. 
The old city is built in the form of a parallelogram. The 
present city consists of this part, the suburbs of St. Mary's, 
Anunciation, and La Course, called Faubourgs, and the City 
of Lafayette above, and the suburbs of Maugney, Dournoisi 
and Declouet below, and Treme and St. .John in the rear. 
Including these, it extends about 5 miles along the river, and 



is rapidly being extended back toward Lake Pontchartrain, 
with which it communicates by means of the Basin, Canal, 
and Bayou St. John, with Mobile, Pensacola, and the 
whole Gulf shore. It also communicates by means of the 
bayoux Plaqueminc and Lafourche with the Attakapas 
country, and lias many other communications by means of 
the numerous bayoux and lakes with the lower part of 
Louisiana. 

The charter of this now opulent city was granted in 1S05. 
In 1836 it was thought advisable to divide the city into 
three separate municipalities, each with distinct municipal 
powers. These municipalities extended backward six miles 
to Lake Pontchartrain. The first municipality was divided 
into five wards, and the second and third into four wards 
each. Each had a recorder and twelve aldermen, except 
the third, which had only seven aldermen. A mayor and 
twelve aldermen, four aldermen from each municipality, 
elected by general ticket, and called the general council, 
presided over the whole city. This system was altered in 
1S52, when the city was organized into one community, 
embracing also the city of Lafayette, under a single admin- 
istration. 

The Mississippi opposite the city is half a mile wide, and 
from 100 to 160 foet deep, and continues of this depth to 
near the Gulf, where there are bars, having only from 13 to 
16 feet of water. The city is built on an inclined plane, the 
declivity falling gently from the river to the swamps in the 
rear. At high water it is from three to nine feet below the 
water snrfoce, and, to protect it from inundation, an em- 
bankment called the Levee is raised on its border. " Levee" 
is a French word of primary importance within the Slate of 
Louisiana ; it pervades its statute books, and is hoard daily 
within its halls of justice. There is little or no land on the 
banks of the river in this State, if we except an inconsider- 
able quantity in the neighborhood of Baton Eouge, which 
would not be covered with the waters of the Mississippi in 
the spring months, were it not for the artificial embank- 
ment which the industry of man has raised to exclude 
them. The Levee of New Orleans is one continuous land- 
ing-place or quay, four miles in extent, and of an average 
width of 100 feet. It is 15 feet above low water mark, and 
6 feet above the level of the city, to which it is graduated by 
an easy descent. Like the river it margins, it holds a ser- 
pentine course, advancing or receding as the Mississippi 
encroaches upon the city, or falls off toward the opposite 
bank. It is constructed of deposit, a rich alluvion swept 
from the N., and held in suspension by the waters until 
their rapidity is checked by a sudden change of direction, or 
swollen to overflowing, they spread over the adjacent swamps 
again to retire and again to bless the land they have visited 
by an increase of soil. The deposit is so great, and the con- 
sequent formation of new land so rapid immediately in 
front of that portion of the quay, which is most used for the 
pm-j)oses of commerce, that it has -within a few years be- 
come necessary to build piled wharves, jutting out from 50 
to 100 feet into the river. The new formation which is 
governed as to its locality by what may well be termed thn 
freaks of the Mississippi, is called " batture," and when it 
h:is progressed to such an extent as to be left bare by the 
returning water at its lowest stage, is held capable of own- 
ership. Here may be seen what New Orleans was before 
the application of steam to navigation. Hundreds of long, 
naiTow, black, dirty-looking, crocodile-like rafts lie slug- 
gishly witliout moorings upon the soft batture, and pour out 
their contents upon the quay— a heterogenous compound of 
the products of the Upper Mississippi and its tributaries. 
These are rafts, or flat-boats, as they are technically called, 
each frequently carrying cargoes valued at from .$3,000 to 
$15,000. Twenty years ago, and these were the only craft 
on the river! nor has their number been decreased since 
the introduction of the steamboat. Not less characteristic 
of New Orleans is the landing of the latter class of craft. 
The quay is here all action, and the very water is covered 

349 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



with life. Huge vessels float upon its bosom which ac- 
knowledge none of the powers of air and wait no tide. One 
is weighed down to the guards with cotton, a freight of 
3,000 bales— $180,0(10 ! Twenty more lie side by side laden 
With the same commodity. Huge piles, bale upon bale, 
Story above story, cover the levee. Pork without end, as if 
the Ohio had emptied its lap at the door of New Orleans ; 
and flour by the thousand barrels rolled out upon the quay 
and heaped up — a large area is covered with these two 
products of the up-country, and still appears seemingly un- 
diminished, although the SL'llor, the buyer, and drayman 
are busy in the midst of it. Here is a boat freighted with 
lead from Galena ; and another brings furs and peltry 
from the head waters of the Missouri, 3,iX)0 miles to the 
north-west! The Illinois, the Oliio, the Missouri, the Aric- 
ansas, and Red Kiver, all are tributaries to this commercial 
dep6t, and send down to its wharves merchantable materi.il 
of the annual value of one hundred million of dollars more 
or less. Nearly 20,000 miles of inland navigation is tribu- 
tary to this city. The quay appropriated to the foreign and 
coastwise shipping presents another and a different scene. 
Here the cotton bale, tobacco hogshead, pork and flour bar- 
rel, and the whisky cask yield to bales of foreign and do- 
mestic manufactures, pipes of wine, and crates of wares. 
The shipping stretches away as far as the eye can reach, 
two miles or more in extent three tiers deep, with their 
heads to the current curving with the river — a beautiful 
crescent. The English, the French, the Spanisli, the Dane, 
the Russian, the Swede, the Hollander, etc., are here com- 
mingled, and compete for the commerce of the teeming 
West. 

The following statistics will exiiibit the extent and value 
of the trade of New Orleans, in 1S50-51 : 

1. — Receipts down the Mississippi, from the interior : 



Apples bris.. 

Bacon cks. . 

Bacon brls. . 

Bacon, hams. " .. 
Bacon in blk. lbs. . 

Bagging pes. . 

Bale rope coils. 

Beans brls.. 

Butter kegs. 

Butter brls.. 

Beeswax brls. . 

Beef bl. &tc. 

Beef, dried... lbs. . 
Buff, robes. ..pks.. 
Cot.,La.& Mi. bales 



54,808 

48,602 

9,274 

44,478 

2.35.000 

72.804 

107,224 

4.2.36 

64,967 

2.720 

2.30 

48,066 

15,-300 

155 

618,156 



Cot., Lake " .. 

" N. Ala. & 
Ten " .. 

" Ark " .. 

" Mnntg. .. " .. 

" Mobile... " .. 

" Florida . " .. 

" Te.\as... " .. 
Corn meal . . .brls.. 
Corn in cars . " .. 
Corn shelled. sks. . 

Cheese bxs. . 

Candles " . 

Cider brls.. 

Coal, westem.bsh. . 



14,399 

286,821 

62,793 

18,051 

24,473 

11,091 

9,252 

3,662 

42,526 

1,298,932 

78,894 

80,748 

245 

700,000 



Drd. peaches. " . 
Dried apples. " . 
Flax-seed . . .tcs. .. 

Flour brls. . 

Furs pkgs. 

Feathers bgs. . 

Hemp bis. . 

Hides No.. 

Hay bis. . 

Iron, pig tons . 

Lard tcs. . . 

Lard kgs . 

Lime brls.. 

Lead pigs. 

Lead bars . 

Lead, white.. kegs. 

Molasses brls.. 

Oats " .. 

Onions " . . 

Oil, linseed . . " . . 

Oil, castor " .. 

Oil, lard " .. 

Pickles " .. 



2,685 

4,168 

204 

941,1U6 

1,289 

3,645 

25,116 

140,338 

4S,2S1 

152 

115,570 

157,931 

8T,738 

825,505 

629 

1,930 

184,483 

479,741 

14,297 

478 

4,145 

17,157 

893 



Potatoes " . . 

Pork " .. 

Pork bxs. . 

Pork hhds. 

Pork in bulk. lbs. .10, 
Porter & ale. . brls. . 
Packing yarn.rls. . . 
Skins, deer ..pks.. 

Shot kgs . 

Sugar hhds. 

Sugar brls.. 

Soap bxs. . 

Shingles 

SUives 9, 

Tallow brK. 

Tobacco, leaf. hhds. 
Tobacco, .^ 
chewmg. ) 

Tobacco bis. . . 

Twine bdls.. 

Whisky brls.. 

Window gla.ssbxs. . 
Wheat, brls. & sks.. 



192,922 

786,084 

1,980 

1,231 

,513,895 

384 

4,190 

1,119 

2,044 

125,755 

18,675 

9,4S4 

5(1,000 

,000,000 

6,164 

64,030 

4,116 

220 

3,156 

157.741 

16,428 

8S,79T 



Value in 1850-51,$106,924,OS3 
" 1849-50, 96,817,873 



Value in 1S48-49, $81,989,692 
1S47-4S, 79,779,151 



2. — Receipts by 

Cotton bis. 

Timber feet 

Wood crds. 

Bricks No. 

Sand brls. 

Shells " . 

Charcoal " . 

Tar " . 

Shingles No. 

Laths " 

Staves " 

Siish and door prs. 

Sp.Turp brls. 

Rosin " . 

Salt sks. 

Cotton gins.. .No. 

Hides " . 

Com mills. . . " . 

Domestics bis. 

Sheepskins . . " 

Hay " 

Buckets doz. 



Lake F 

40. 

.3.3,107, 

27. 

.24,000. 

197. 

52. 

110, 

2, 

2,392. 

3,1130. 

632, 

7. 

3. 

10, 

15, 



ontchartrain and the New 



,329 
,000 
,820 
,000 
,600 
,200 
,600 
,2.39 
,000 
,000 
,000 
,800 
,094 
,250 
,799 
549 
1,955 

70 

959 

8 

85 
632 



Tobacco, leaf. bxs. . 
Merchandise. bxs. . 

Moss bis. . 

Cotton seed.. bgs.. 

Wool « . 

Sugar hhds. 

Molasses brls.. 

Fish " .. 

Knees No. . 

Pickets " .. 

Clapboards... " .. 
Gunny b.igs.. bis. . 
Hoop poles . . No. . 
Horned cattle. " .. 

Pork brls.. 

Paper bdls. 

Castor oil cans . 

Lime brls. . 

Lime cks. . 

Hemp bis.. . 

Cement brls.. 

Plaster hhds. 



Canal : 

758 

22 

205 

95 

80 

970 

772 

50 

1,480 

24,900 

43,900 

135 

40,000 

200 

95 

61 

81 

1,002 

129 

20 

150 

12 



8. — Principal exports, coastwise, including exports via Pontchartrain Railroad and New Canal, to Mobile, etc. : 



Ports. Bales. 

New York 52,398 

Boston 82,540 , 

Philadelphia... 14,867 

Baltimore 2,511 

Charleston — 

Savannah — 

Korfolk, etc. ... — 

Alexandria — 

Mobile — 

Appalac, etc. . . — 
Other ports 501 



10,087 

1,.594 

1,118 

754 



291 



13,595 . 

7.33 . 

10,264 . 

8,670 . 

3,517 . 

4,072 
552 
3,840 
1,071 
2,833 , 



larrels. Barrels. 

655 . . T2,5S4 . . 
27 . . 88,925 . . 



867 .. 
237 .. 
660 .. 
89 .. 
120 .. 



418 



6,175 



55,849 
77,806 , 

5,533 
13,421 

1,003 



Haion. Lara. 
Hliil.i. Kegs. 

9,856 . .209,825 
6,503 ..224,3.33 
2,763 .. 41,045 



Beef. Wliiakj. 



1,843 

2,872 



82,585 . 
2,769 . 



. 3,055 

. 13,4:35 

421 

955 



1,881 ..160,728 
2,242 . . 32,461 

263 .. 
1,542 . . 



9,4TT 



2,266 . . — . . — . . — 

254 . . — . . — . . — 

3,469 ..150,960 .. 22,890 .. 19,972 



119 . . 11,514 . . 23,978 



3,785 .. 50,383.. 150,125 



4. — Principal exports to foreign countries, in 1849-50 : 

Ciitton, Tobacco. 

Country. Bales. Hlids. 

Great Brit^dn 582,372 13,223 

France 130,862 4.182 

North of Europe 47,786 9,893 

South of Europe, etc 84,120 13,859 

Flour, 264.356 barrels; pork, 16,230 brls.; lard, 188,353 
kegs ; beef, 20.645 barrels ; corn, 158,013 sacks. 
850 



40,046 

The arriv.ils at New Orleans from the interior, etc., in 1849- 
50 were: ^at boats 941— from Ohio 218, from Kentucky 53, 
from Indiana 293, from Virginia 12, from Pennsylvania 222, 
from Illinois 19, from Tennessee 104, and from Mississippi 
10 ; and the river steavihodU 2,918. 

The total value of domestic merchandise exported from 
New Orleans to foreign countries from the 1st July, 1850, to 
30lh June, 1851, amounted to $5.3,988,01.3, of wliich to the 
value of $33,022,609 was carried in American, and $15,965,401 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



in foreign bottoms ; and the total value of foreign merchan- 
dise re-exported was $445,950, of which to the value of 
$338,265 was carried in American, and $57,685 in foreign 
bottoms. Tlie fallowing arc the entrances and clearances 
in the foreign trade in the year above named : 
Clearances : 

American, Foreign 

Quarter enJing i * ^ f — ' * ^ 

Vessels. Tonnage. Vessels. Tonnage. 

80th September, 1S50. ...109.... 44,549.... 52.... 19,S6T 
81st December, " ....114.... 53,946.... 66.... 20,937 
SlstMarch, 1851 . ...18S. . .. 85,747. .. .119. .. . 53,762 

80th June, " ... 2-34.... 108,716. ... 88.... 34,-383 



Total 645. . . .292,958. . . .325. . . .128,949 



Entbancbs : 

Quarter ending 



American. 



Foreign. 



Vessels, Tonnage, Vessels. Tonnage. 
SOtli September, 1850.... 61.... 16,177.... 42.... 14,347 
81st December, " ....158.... 61,487. .. .106. .. . 40,827 
SlstMarch, 1851. .. .178. .. . 64,104.... 97.... 45,208 

80th June, " ....146.... 5.3,368.... 88.... 36,618 



Total 543. . . .195,136. . . .833. . . .137,000 

The total number of entrances in the coastwise trade In 
1850-51 was 1,227 vessels, of the aggregate burden of 353,175 
tons, and the total number of clearances was 1,178, of the 
aggregate burden of 435,892 tons. 

The manufactures of New Orleans are not extensive. 
There are several furnaces, machine shops, distilleries, 
eugar refineries, lumber yards, steam saw-mills, tobacco 
factories, etc. — ^in all using a capital of some three millions 

Ca.sh Liabilities. 
Banks — Specie paying. Circulation. Total. 

Louisiana Bank $831,239 $.3,939,406 ... 

Canal and Banking Co 1,301,595 .... 2,761,022 . . . 

Louisiana State Bank 1,712,975 .... 4,448,714 . . . 

Mechanics' andXraders'Bank 932,855 .... 3,153,043 ... 

Union Bank 25,810.... C9,S92 ., 

Non Specie paying. 

atizens' Bank 11,061 .... 13,608 . . 

Consolidated Association.... 20,295.... 21,047.. 

Total $4,835,831 . . . $14,407,538 . . 

A branch of the United States mint is located here; also 
the U. S. land office for the land district of New Orleans ; 
the U. S. custom-house, and other federal establishments. 
The mint has extensive buildings on the Esplanade; the 
main edifice is 282 feet long and 108 feet deep, and its two 
wings are 81 feet by 29 feet, the whole of three stories. The 
coinage at this branch is only gold and silver. For the year 
ending 1st July, 1851, the value of gold deposits was 
$8,285,637, and of gold money coined, $5,994,000 ; of the de- 
posits, $8,152,879 was California gold, and of the coinage, 
$6,670,000 were double eagles, $1,495,000 eagles, $165,000 
half eagles, $510,000 quarter eagles, and $154,000 dollar 
pieces ; and the value of silver deposits was $822,085, of 
which $57,572 was silver extracted from California gold, and 
of the coinage $3,000 were dollar pieces, $856,000 half dol- 
lars, $69,000 quarter dollars, $53,000 dimes, $51,500 half 
dimes, and $18,000 three cent pieces. Total deposits, 
$9,107,722— coinage, $10,044,500. The custom-house at this 
place, when completed, will be one of the most expensive 
buildings in the Union, and a great ornament to the city. It 
is situate on the Levee at the corner of Canal Street. The 
building will also contain apartments for the U. S. Courts, 
and other accommodations for the general government. It 
will be almost as large as the Capitol at Washington with 
the additions now being made. The material is to come 
from the celebrated Quincy quarries. On the right and 
left of the cathedral on the Place d'Armes are the district 
and city ofifices — one in the Tuscan and the other in the 



of dollars ; and besides the.se there are the handicrafts com- 
mon to all large cities, which in the aggregate make up a 
respectable list of occupations. The most extensive foundry 
and machine shop of the south-west is that of John Leeds 
& Co. in this city ; it employs 175 men, and from 4 to 5 tons 
of metal are daily melted down and run off into the thou- 
sand-and-one things f )r which iron and brass may be used 
— a steam-engine and sugar-mill down to a nut ami screw. 
This establishment has grown up from a little shop owned 
by the father of one of the principals 20 years ago, and is a 
fair illustration of what, from small beginnings, American 
energy, perseverance, and enterprise, can accomplish. Ifa 
cotton presses are among the largest in the Union, and cover 
an immense area. The New Orleans Cotton Press occupies 
an area of 194,656 square feet, most of which is covered by 
the buildings. On an average, 160,000 bales of cotton are 
annually pressed at this establishment. The market houses 
of New Orleans are in general substantial and expensive 
buildings; the meat market on the Levee is a conspicuous 
building, and is one of the principal objects seen from the 
river; St. Mary's Market is 486 feet long, and 42 feet in 
width; and Washington Market is also an extensive build- 
ing. These are well supplied with all kinds of south-west- 
ern produce, and abound in tropical fruits and esculents. 
The retail trade of New Orleans is e.xtravagantly provided 
for; its stores and sales-rooms are magnificent, and their pa- 
tronage beyond precedent large. The dress, haljits, and 
customs of the inhabitants require this lavish exhibition of 
mercliandise, and they willingly support it at an immense 
cost to individual revenue. The New Orleans banks are 
seven in immber, and their condition on the 30th Nov., 
1850, was as follows : 



Cash Assets. 



Specie. Total. 

$1,.354,08S .... $5, 701, .551 .. 

1,126,140 .... 3,895,059 .. 

1,649,045 .... 4,971,969 .. 

1,526,957 .... 4,177.313 .. 



81,717 



403,668 



Total Liabilitie.s, Total 

exclusive of Capital. Assets. 

. . . $3,939,406 .... $?,Si)2,741 

2,761,028 .... 7,010,966 

4,448,714 .... 6,745,741 

3,153.843 .... 5,22S,45T 

69,892 .... 4,459,931 



14,448 .... 24.5,008 .... 6,943,496 .... 6,457,779 
7,694 .... 14,767 .... 1,6.38,491 .... 1,281,139 



.$5,760,039 . . . $19,409,335 . . . $22,954,871 . . . $39,845,904 

Doric style, and both two stories high. These accommodate 
the city council, the ccjurts of the district and parish, the 
police, city guard, etc. New Orleans was capital of the 
State until 1849, in which year the State records were re- 
moved to Baton Eouge. The old State-house, formerly the 
Charity Hospital, is a good building, occupies a square be- 
tween Common and Canal streets, and consists of a main 
building and two detached wings. 

New Orleans is magnificent in its church buildings 
though there are complaints that there is not sufficient ac- 
commodation for the large population it contains. Includ- 
ing chapels, there are 19 Catholic places of worship. The 
Cathedral of St. Louis, on the Place d'Armes, is a venerable 
and imposing structure. It was founded in 1792 by Don 
Audrfe on the condition that masses be offered every Satur- 
day evening for the repose of his soul, and the tolling of the 
bell at sunset on that day still proclaims the observance of 
the custom. The Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Methodists, 
etc., have also churches. The Methodist church on the cor- 
ner of Poydras and Carondolet streets is a splendid copy 
of the temple of Theseu.s, with a steeple 170 feet in height 
The Second Presbyterian church in Lafayette Square, is also 
a handsome structure, and has a fine portico of Groeco-Doric 
architecture. The Episcopal churches, of which there are 
3, are substantial, without any distinguishing features. 

The newspaper press of New Orleans is world-renowned, 
and its issues are among the most talented in the Union 
There are 9 daily newspapers, the " Crescent" (neut.), the 

851 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



" Delta"' (dera.), the " Picayune" (whig), the " True Delta" 
(neut.), all of which also issue weekly editions, the " Bulletin" 
(whig), which has also a semi-weekly edition, the " Orlean- 
ean" (neut.), the -'State Gazette" (dom.), the "Bee" (whig), 
and the " Courier" (dem.) The " Franco-American" is issued 
tri-weekly, and the "Prices Current" semi-weekly. The 
■weeklies are "La Proi)agateur Catholique" (relig.), and 
"La Patria" (whig). De Bow's " Ueview of the Southern 
and Western States" (statistical), is published monthly. The 
last-named is one of the most useful and complete works of 
the kind in the Union, and ought to be in the library of 
every person wishing to keep up with the progress of the 
country. The " Resources of the Southern and Westtm 
States" lately published by Professor De Bow, is also a work 
Of great and lasting value, more e.xact and detailed in its 
subjects than any work hitherto issued from the American 
press, and has been of essential service in the compilation 
of this Gazetteer. 

The means provided for education are ample. Besides 
the public seliools and academies, the city contains se\'eral 
collegiate establishments and literary institutions. The Uni- 
versity was founded in 1S49. The buildings consist of a 
central edifice 100 feet front and 104 feet deep, with two de- 
tached wings. The main building is occupied by the medi- 
cal department, and contains three large lecture-rooms, 
each of which will contain more than GOO persons, a large 
museum of anatomy, dissecting-rooms, etc., and the other 
buildings are appropriated to the academic, law, and other 
departments. There are 7 professors in the academic de- 
partment, 3 in the law department, and 7 in the medical 
department. There is also a chair of political economy, at 
present ably filled by Professor J. D. B. De Bow, head of the 
Census Bureau at Washington. The students in the medi- 
cal department enjoy clinics in the Ch.arity Hospital, an insti- 
tution which surpasses all others in the United States as a 
school of practical instruction. This hospital is situate on 
Common Street, between St. Mary and Girond streets, and is 
290 feet long, and three stories high. There are generally 
1,000 patients in the wards. In 1S51 the whole number of 
patients admitted was 13,476, discharged 15,989, and died 
1,884, leaving 1,603. The surgical cases numbered about 
2,600; and about one-half the medical cases were intermit- 
tent and remittent fevers — of the first 6,871 cases, and of the 
latter 2,366 cases are reported. From the cupola of the 
building the view is magnificent. This institution is the 
refuge alike of the citizen and stranger in times of sickness, 
and is attended chiefly by those cxemjilary women whose 
deeds of charity reflect so great an honor on the Catholic 
Church, 

New Orleans has nine cemeteries: the Protestant, the 
Catholic, Cypress Grove, the Odd Fellows', St. Vincent de 
Paul, St. Patrick's, Potter's Field, the Charity Hospital, and 
Lafiiyette. These are all conspicuous appendages of the 
city. The Catholic and Protestant cemeteries are unique in 
place and method of interment. Each is inclosed in a brick 
■wall of arched cavities, or ovens, as they are here called, 
made just large enough to admit a single coffin, and raised 
tier upon tier to the height of about 12 feet, with a thickness 
of 10. The whole inclosure Ls divided into plats, with gravel 
paths intersecting each other at right angles, and is densely 
covered with tombs built wholly above ground, and from 
one to three stories in height. This method of sepulchre is 
adopted from necessity, and burial underground is never 
attempted excepting in the Potter's Field, where the stranger 
■without friends, and the poor without money find an uncer- 
tain rest, the water with which the soil is always saturated 
often forcing the coffin and its contents out of its narrow 
and shallow cell, to rot with no other covering than the arch 
of heaven. The cemeteries here indeed look as if modeled 
after a growing city. The tombs have an air of freshness 
about them; the peculiarity of their structure, their close 
juxtaposition, filling plats like blocks of buildings, the well- 
graveled walks between, the walls about the whole, ■with 
852 



their numerous receptacles of the dead, rising story above 
story, almost persuade the visitor that he stands in the midst 
of a panorama of the great mart of commerce, the former 
inhabitants of which now inhabit these cities of the dead. 
The total number of burials in the several cemeteries in 
1849 was 9,802, of which 3,569 were of foreigners, 1,303 of 
the United States, of which number only 774 were natives 
of New Orleans, and 4,985 of birth unknown. These facta 
speak volumes — one half the deaths of persous without 
name or country ! and yet thousands press on to fill the void 
thus created, and in their turn to be numbered with the 
unknown dead. 

The hotels and theatres of New Orleans are also distin- 
guishing features of the city, and among its most splendid 
buildings the St. Charles Theatre, on the east side of St. 
Charles Street, cost about $350,000, and is 132 feet long, by 
170 feet deep. The Orleans, or French Theatre, is also a 
large and expensive building, rimning from Orleans Street 
to St. Anne Street, and the perfurmances are done in the 
French language. The American theatre, corner of Camp 
and Poydras streets, is 16U feet by 60, and cost about $130,000. 
These three theatres will in the aggregate accommodate 
4,500 persons, and are nightly filled, often to suffocation. 
Among the hotels, the principal are St. Charles', Exchange, 
City Exchange, Verandah, Orleans, and others, almost equal 
in extent and good accommodations. Some of these are not 
surpassed in beauty of structure, substantiality, and popular- 
ity by any in the Union. The St. Charles' was destroyed by 
fire in 1850, and is now being rebuilt on a more magnificent 
scale than before, at a cost estimated at $600,000. As the 
majority of persons having business in the cily reside there 
only temporarily, these are constantly crowded with boarders. 

The city is supplied with water from the Mississippi. The 
water-works, which belong to the Commercial Bank, cost 
about $725,000. The reservoir, into which the water is 
raised by a steam-cngiiie, is constructed on an artificial 
mound, and is 21 feet high at its base, with sides 250 feet 
in length, and capable of containing nearly 10,000,000 gal- 
lons. The reservoir has four compartments, and when the 
water is cleared, it is distributed through iron pipes to the 
city. There is also an aqueduct built at the expense of the 
city, costing $120,000, which, by conducting water to cleanse 
the gutters, tends greatly to neutralize or wash away the 
filth of the streets, and to the promotion of general health 
in the hot se-ison. 

New Orleans, from its low situation, more than from its 
warm and moist chmate, suffers periodically from the yel- 
low fever. No summer, indeed, passes over without the 
visitation of this terrible malady, and it not unfrequently 
rages as an epidemic. In 1841, '43, '47, this distemper was 
very fatal, while in 1842, '44, '46, '48, and '49, the number of 
cases were comparatively small, and in 1845 only one case 
is reported. In 1847 the admissions into the Charity Hospi- 
tal, on account of yellow fever, numbered no less than 2,811, 
and the admissions for intermittent and remittent fevers 
were commensurately great, having been nearly 4,000. 
These visitations have no doubt been the means of retard- 
ing the grow th of the city, but that the salubrity of the cli- 
mate is gradually being improved is certain, and when in a 
few years the swamps in the neighborhood are filled in, the 
location will be as healthy as that of any other southern 
port. During the winter and spring the climate is reputed 
healthy, and thousands flock to the city from all quarters of 
the world— some for health, others for pleasure, and still 
more in connection with the immense business of all kinds 
which is here transacted. 

Perhaps no city of the Union is so diversified in its popu- 
lation. The sunny isles of the Antilles, Mexico, Central 
America, and South America, France and Spain, and the 
other States of Europe, and the sister States northward, have 
each representatives among the inhabitants. The colored 
races, however, preponderate, and slave or free make up one- 
half at least. Of the white races, the American, French, and 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Spanish constitute the larger portion, and in those classes are 
found what may be denominated the aristocracy. The Irish 
here, as in other quarters, thoun;h forming a large class, are 
but the " hewers of wood and drawers of water" — the laborers 
and levee-men, respectable only on election day and among 
themselves. The English and Scotch are few in proportion, 
and are chiefly connected with the foreign commerce as mer- 
chants or factors, seldom remaining longer in the city than is 
necessary for the transactii:in of their particular business ; nor 
do the Germans form a large class. This admixture of racea 
is in some degree embarrassing ; somany languages, various 
customs and manners, and in habits so different, no thor- 
ough amalgamation can take place ; and it is even necessary 
to support newspapers and periodicals of different lan- 
guages, each of which in its opinions and ideas is at vari- 
ance with the other.. But this circumstance has also its 
advantages — it elicits much that is useful and cosmopolitan, 
tending to soften the asperity of nationalities, and to the fra- 
ternization of races. The vices and virtues of such a com- 
munity stand in bold relief, and Sunday bull-baiting, gaming, 
and balls, contrast harshly with the divine exercises appro- 
priate to that day of rest. 

The railroads diverging from New Orleans are as yet few 
In number, designed chiefly to facilitate the transit of goods 
by short routes to and from the adjacent shipping places. 
These are the roads to Lake Pontchartrain, to Lake Borgne, 
and to CarroUton on the Mississippi. The commercial men 
of the city, however, have determined upon the prosecution 
of several important lines, which will secure to it a com- 
merce which was fast lapsing to the Atlantic ports. The 
principal of these are the New Orleans, Jackson, and North- 
em E. E. ; the New Orleans, Opelousas, and Great Western 
R. R. ; the New Orleans and Nashville E. E. ; and a rail- 
road fnim Mobile, connecting with the navigation of Lake 
Pontchartrain, which will supersede the tedious navigation 
of the passes along the southern shore of Mississippi. The 
canals of New Orleans have been opened with the same 
design as that fulfilled by the existing railroads 

Opposite to New Orleans, and connecting with it by a 
ferry, is the town of Algiers, the principal workshop of the 
city. Here are several extensive ship-yards, and numerous 
artisans engaged in building and repairing vessels. At 
Maedonough, above and adj<iining it, is the United States 
Marine Hospital, a splendid building, used for the purpose 
Its name designates. Belleville lies below and also adjoins 
Algiers, and has many fine residences. Many of the seats 
in the suburbs of the city are surrounded with spacious 
gardens, splendidly ornamented with orange, lemon, mag 
nolia, and other trees. 

The history of New Orleans in its early epochs is that of 
the whole French settlements in Lower Louisiana. This 
will be found under its appropriate capti')n. The city 
■was founded in 1717, and named after the Due d'Or- 
leans, then regent of France, but the site was abandoned 
soon after, and not settled again until 1722. Soon after this 
it began to prosper, and constaill accessions were made to 
the population by the arrival of immigrants. By the trealy 
of 176-3, New Orleans, with all Louisiana west of the Missis- 
sippi, was transferred to Spain by treaty. The population 
now numbered 3,1&0. The transfer greatly provoked the 
French inhabitants, and some opposition was made, but m 
the end the Spanish laws were gradually introduced, and, 
by a beneficent administration, the city so flourished under 
the new government, that the population in 1785 had in- 
creased to 4,980 — a great movement in those days. In 1792, 
the city was divided into four wards, and its police greatly 
improved, and two years later the first newspaper was pub- 
lished. The country was prosperous at the commencement 
of the French Eevolution ; but in ISOl, Spain having fallen 
into the power of France, it was retroceded to that nation, 
and in 1803 was sold to the United States by the French. 
The population was now over 8,000. In 1S04, New Orleans 
was made a port of entry, and in 1805 was incorporated. 

W 



Early in 1812 the first steamboat arrived from the Ohio! 
The war of 1312-15 now broke out, and the British made a 
descent on the city, and on the 8th of Jan., 1815, the great- 
est battle of the war was fought — the result is known to 
every schoolboy. The modern progress of the city now 
commenced; the settlement of the valley of the Mississippi, 
and the consequent trade with the only port of its outlet, in- 
creased rapidly and proportionally. The increase is still 
going on, and will raise New Orleans to the first rank 
among commercial cities. It is now the great dep6t of the 
export trade of the valley ; and when its railroads to the 
north are completed, much of the import trade now having 
its course from the northern Atlantic coast will certainly 
make New Orleans its entrepSt. The diflicult up-navigation 
of the river, even by steamboats, has hitherto been the 
great drawback, but with this line of road, New Orleans will 
compete successfully with New York, Boston, and Phila- 
delphia for the golden fleece of the great west. 

Population in 1763, 3,190; in 1785, 4,980; in 1804, 8,000; 
in 1810, 17,242; in 1820, 27,178; in 1830, 49,826; in 1840, 
102,193 ; and in 1850, 116,375. The population of Lafayette 
in 1840 was 3,207, and in 1850, 14,190. 

Newport, t., p. v., port of entry, and cap. Newport co., 
li. I., and one of the capitals of the State : on S. W. side of 
Ehode Island, 5 m. from the ocean, 24 m. S. by E. Provi- 
dence, 70 m. S. by W. Boston. Lat. 41° 29 N., long. 
71° 19' 12" "W. from Greenwich, and 5° 42' 4S" E. from 
"Washington. The t is in form an irregular semi-cu-cle, as 
also is the harbor upon which the v. is situated. Surface 
undulating, presenting variety of scenery ; soil very fertile. 
The harbor is one of the best in the U. S., and celebrated 
for its beauty. It is very accessible, spacious, safe, and deep 
enough for the largest vessels — defended by forts Adams and 
Woloott,which are garrisoned by companies of U. 8. artillery. 
The former is very large, of great strength, and was built 
at great expense. A U. S. naval oflicer is stationed here. 
The V. occupies a beautiful acclivity, which rises gradually 
from the harbor, presenting a beautiful appearance. It w.i8 
settled in 163S, grew rapidly, and was very flourishing until 
the Eevolutionary War, at which time its population was 
about 10,000. During the war it was chiefly held by the 
British, and at its close the population was about 5,500. It 
then somewhat revived for a time, until the embargo pre- 
ceding 1812 ; but subsequently its trade was much diverted 
to Providence and other places. Many of the inhabitants 
are engaged in the coasting trade and fisheries. Some large 
cotton and woolen factories have been established. The 
principal public buildings consist of the State-house, market- 
house, custom-house, and Eedwood Library and Atheneum, 
containing 4,000 vols. Besides 12 churches there is a Jews' 
sjTiagogue, now unused but kept in fine repair by avails of 
a legacy. There is also 1 savings' bank, 7 banks, with a 
capital of $680,000. The total valuation of property in New- 
port in 1850, was $4,720,450, Uix assessed, $15,577. By tho 
Fall Elver line of steamboats it has daily communication 
with New York ; a steamboat also plies daily to Providence. 
Projects of connecting Newport by railroad with Fall Eiver, 
Bristol, and Providence, are in agitation. Two newspapers 
are published daily, "News" (whig), and "Advertiser"' 
(whig) ; 3 weekly, " Newport Mercury" (whig), established 
in 1758, " Herald and Ehode Islander" (whig), and " Ad- 
vertiser" (whig). Commerce. — on the 80th June, 1850, the 
total tonnage of Newport district was 10,579 tons ; registered 
5,645, enrolled and licensed 4,934. Of registered tonnage 
4,279 tons were permanent, 1,365 were temporary, and 1,517 
tons were in the whale fishery. Of the enrolled and licen- 
sed tonnage, 4,560 tons were permanent, 4,112 in tho coast- 
ing trade, 256 were propelled by steam, 320 in mackerel 
fishery, and 827 tons in cod fishery. During the year pre- 
vious, the number of clearances for foreign countries was 
17—2,752 tons ; number of entrances do., 17—2,602 tons ; 1 
schooner built, 96 tons. During the calend.ar year 1849, 
1 ,055 barrels of sperm oil were brought into this port. New- 

853 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



port has long been a very favorite fashionable summer re- 
eorL It is attractive because of its beautiful scenery, cool 
and salubrious sea breezes, fishionable company, large and 
well-kept hotels, opportunities for fisliing, bathing, etc. In 
the vieiiiily of Newport is a curious monument of antiquity 
— the Old Tower, or Old Stone Mill, of which the age and 
origin are unknown, and have been the subject of much 
learned discussion. Pop. of t. in 1830, 8,010 ; in 1840, 8,333 ; 
in 1850. 9.563. 

New York, city and port of entry. New York cc, J^. Y. : 
Bituated at the head of New York Bay. and at the conflu- 
ence of the Hudson r. and the strait cidled East r., which 
connecis the bay with Long Island Sound. The city and 
county have the same limits, comprising the whole of Man- 
hattan, or New York Island, which has an extreme length 
of Ki m., and an average width of 1 3-5 m. Its greatest 
breadth is on the line of Eighty -eighth Street, about 2i m. ; its 
area is about 14,000 acres. It is separated from the main Kind, 
in Westchester County, by Harlem r., a navigable water- 
course 8 m. long, connecting the Hudson and East rivers. 

The latitude of the City Hall (i ra. from the Battery) is 
40° 42' 40" N. ; its longitude is 74° 01' 08" W. from Green- 
wich, and 3° 00' 22" E. from Washington. Its distance by 
the most direct railroad from Albany is 145 m. ; from Boston, 
236 m ; from Philadelphia, 87 m. ; from Baltimore, 185 ra. ; 
from Washington, 223 m. ; from Cleveland 503 m. ; from 
Cincinnati, 758 m. ; from Chicago, 856 m. ; and from Alton, 
via Chicago (St. Louis Irom Alton 20 m. by steamboat), 
1,113 miles. 

New York has a greater population, commerce, and 
wealth than any other city in the United States, and is sur- 
passed in importance by only two other cities in Europe, 
Damely, London and Paris. For facility of examination 
and reference, its description and statistics will be given in 
the following order. 

Surface. — The island was originally much diversified, and 
in its upper portion, where least populated, it still retaius 
somewhat of its original character. With the increase of 
population, improvements have been made according to au 
uniform system, in laying out avenues and streets, grading 
them, providing sewerage, etc. The ground rises from 
each river with gentle ascent, thus forming a central ridge 
throughout nearly the entire length of the island. A cou- 
giderable portion of the lower part of the city, particularly 
that near the rivers, is made ground. The Battery, a public 
park of 10 acres, at the S. extremity of the city, was built 
npon a low ledge of rocks, much beyond the original water 
line. 

FormaUon. — ^The soil is a sandy alluvium, and less fertile 
than in many other parts of the State. Its basis is princi- 
pally gneiss, but the north part of the island is composed of 
granular and primitive limestone, which is much quarried. 
In many parts the limestone is at the surface, and occupies 
large patches. On the W. si<ie of the city, not far from the 
Hudson r., between 50th and 60th streets, and in some other 
parts, a number of streets are cut throuch this limestone. 

Eortertt of Houses, etc. — In April, 1853, the city was com- 
pactly built from the Battery to 42d street, 4 miles. The 
density of population is least in the upper portions of the 
city, but is increasing with astonishing n.pidity. A very 
great impulse has lately been given to this increase by the 
Bale of large tracts of ground, lately held by the city, and by 
the erection of the Crystal Palace, adjoining the Croton Res- 
ervoir, in Sixth Avenue, between 40th and 42d streets. 

Pkin. — The general plan of the city is regular. In the 
lower and business portion, the streets were laid out to suit 
the shape of the island, and though the plan is not uniform, 
its general divisions are regular, with wide streets, crossing 
at right angles. At Houston Street (1 mile from City Hall, 
and 1} m. from the Battery) commences the uniform plan 
of avenues and streets. Above this point, the entire island 
is divided longitudinally by 14 parallel avenues, 100 feet 
vide, which are crossed at right angles by 156 streets, nu- 
8M 



merically designated, running direct (from river to river, 
which are 80 feet wide, except 16, which are 100 feet wide, 
of which 14th street is the first that extends entirely across 
the island. The principal street is Broadway, particularly 
that portion of it which occupies the central ridge of the 
island, extending from the Battery northwardly in a direct 
line nearly 2i m. to Tenth Street, Grace Church. Thi» 
splendid street, one of the finest in the world, has an uniform 
width of 80 feet, is well paved, and contains many of the 
most splendid edifices of the city. 

Public Parks. — The public grounds of New York are not 
commensurate with its extent and wealth. Ho\vever, be- 
cause of its peninsular situation, these are less necessary 
than in most large cities. Of late there has been some agi- 
tjition of a iiroject to provide a great public park in the upper 
part of the city, but as yet the city authorities have Inkea no 
definite action on the subject. The number of city parks is 
13, which have au aggregate area of 170 acres. Of these 
the following are the principal grounds: the Battery, at the 
S. extremity of the city, of irregular form, containing 10^ 
acres, is in summer a delightful and much frequented resort, 
fanned by the breezes from the bay, and well shaded with 
large trees. The Park, fronting on Broadway, in form 
nearly triangular, has lOJ acres, adorned by shade-trees 
and a beautiful fountain. It contains the City Hall, the Hall 
of Records, the new City Hall, and other public buildings — 
(of which see subsequent description.) Washington Square, 
2i m. from the Battery, lies W. ot Broadway, containing 9J 
acres, neatly laid out, and abounding with shade-trees, is a 
favorite promen.ide and resort for military parade, as is 
als<i Tonipkin's Square, lOi acres, E. from Broadway. The 
other parks in the upper portions of the city, are Union 
Place, containing 3i acres; Stuyvesant Square, 8} acres; 
Madison Square, 6J acres; Bloomingilale Square, IS acres; 
Hamilton Square, 24 acres ; Observatory Place, 25i acres ; 
Manhattan Square, 19 acres ; and Mount Morris, 20 acres. 

BiiMlnesH Locations. — The upper portion of the city is 
principally composed of residences, while the lower, or 
southern part, accommodates the great bulk of commerce 
and general trade. The principal business portion lies south 
of Fulton Street. Wall Street is the focus of the great 
monetiiry operations, and in this locality the principal spec- 
ulations in stocks, bonds, houses, lands, and other merchan- 
dise, are carried on. It is occupied by bankers, brokers, 
insurance companies, etc., and contains also the Merchants' 
Exchange and Custom House. At its head stands Trinity 
Church, the noblest ecclesiastical edifice in the land. South 
Street is occupied by the principal shipping-houses, and the 
offices of several of the principal packet lines. West Street 
also has the same characteristics, bui not to so great an 
extent. The dry goods, jobbing, and importing business, 
formerly confined to Pearl Street, has extended to William, 
Broad, Pine, Cedar, Liberty, etc. On Water and Front 
streets, and vicinity, are the wholesale grocers, commission 
merchants, and mechanics, connected with the shipi>ing 
business. Broadway is not less an avenue of business than 
the promenade of beauty and fashion. Its lower part is 
now almost all taken up by splendid stores and warehouses. 
It contains the chief book-stores, jewelry, upholstery, hat 
and cap, tailoring, millinery, retail dry goods, and other 
like establishments. In Cedar Street, just off Broadway, is 
the famous Map and Geographical Emporium of 



86.' 1 J- H. COLTON, 


No. 
86. 



the largest and most varied in the Union. Grand Street and 
Catherine are devoted to heavy dry goods and variety stores. 
Ferry, Jacob, Gold, and neighboring streets, conslitule the 
great leather district The hardware trade is chiefly in Piatt, 
John, and Pearl streets. In Nass.au are extensive news- 
paper eslablishtnents, book-binderies, and publishing con- 
cerns, and in William Street are a great variety of hosiery 
and fancy goods stores. Maiden Lane and Cortland Street, 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



and Broadway, near the junction of these, is the location of 
the principal wholesale jewelers. 

M^KU-ves. — The water edges of the city are fringed with 
seven miles of wharves and docks. On each side there are 
about 60 piers, averaging 200 to 300 feet in length, and from 
50 to 60 feet wide. The shipping lies along these as safely 
as in a tide-water dock. Foreign shipping lies mostly at 
the wharves of the East River, as being a more secure posi- 
tion than on the .)ther side. Usually these docks are 
crowded with vessels of all nations, and on an average 
2,000 coasting vessels are in harbor at a time. Some load- 
ing, some unloading, and others waiting their turn for 
berths. With all these vast accommodations for shipping, 
however, there is scanty room for so large a commerce as 
centres at this port ; and to furnish the additional facilities 
which the increasing commerce of the city demanded, the 
Legislature, in 1840, chartered the Atlantic Dock Company 
with a capital of $1,000,000. Their docks at Brooklyn are 
spacious, and deep enough to float the largest vessel ever 
built The British steamers dock at Jersey City. 

Rivers and Ilarhor. — The width of the North River is 
one mile to Jersey City, at the ferry, and one mile and a 
half to Iloboken. The width of tlie East River is from one 
third to half a mile. At the South Ferry it is 1,800 yards, at 
Fulton Ferry 731 yards, and at Catherine Ferry 786 yards. 
The Bay of New York is from \\ to 5i miles broad — 
average 3 miles, 8 miles long and about 25 miles in per- 
iphery, forming a basin of capacity sufiScient to receive the 
navies of the world. The Bay of New York communicates 
with Newark Bay, through the Kills, in the west, between 
Staten Island and Bergen Neck, and with another bay, at 
the south, called the outer or lower harbor, through the 
Narrows a compressed strait between Staten and Long 
islands. This latter bay opens directl into the ocean. 
The inner harbor, as well as being one of the best, is also 
one of the most beautiful in the world. Besides all the 
natural beauty of the scene, there can hardly be a finer 
spectacle than is presented in the great city spread before it, 
with its piers crowded with a dense forest of masts, bearing 
the flags of all nations the shipping at anchor, and the count- 
less steamboats and vessels coming and going perpetually. 

The depth of Water and Tides. — The currents in the rivers 
and bay are very strong, keeping these waters open often 
when the rivers and bays much farther south are frozen up. 
The whole harbor was covered with a solid mass of ice in 
1780, and again in 1820. Very rarely since has either river 
been frozen. In the month of January, 1852, the East River 
was obstructed for a short period, but the North River re- 
mained open. Thousands crossed over the ice from Brooklyn 

PKODUCTTVE ESTABLISHMENTS OP NEW YORK CITY. 
No. of productive Hands emplc.yed. 

Capital in%-ested. 



to New York. The rise of the tide is nearly 7 feet. Going 
northward the rise increases, and in the Bay of Fundy is 90 
feet, the maximum of the coast. Southwardly it decreases, 
and in the Gulf of Mexico is but 18 inches. The time of the 
tide at other places on the coast, or on waters connecting 
with the ocean, varies from that of New York as follows — 
earlier : Halifax, N. S., 2 h. 1 5 m. ; New Bedford, 1 h. 40 m. ; 
Providence, h. 41 m. ; Sandy Hook, 2 h. 45 m. ; Norfolk, 
h. 41 m. ; and Richmond, 2 h. 25 m. ; and later: Eastport, 
2 h. 9 m. ; Portland, 1 h. 89 m. ; Boston, 2 h. 19 m. ; Holmes' 
Hole, 1 h. 4 m. ; Philadelphia, 5 h. 19 m. ; Baltimore, 
5 h. 07 m. ; Charleston, 10 h. 19 m. ; Mobile Point, 1 h. .54 m. ; 
Albany, 6 h. 34 m. ; Quebec, 8 h. 49 ra. The depth of 
water at the wharves is 6 or 7 feet, and increases rapidly 
outward. It is sufficient in either river to float the largest 
ships. At the old channel, on the bar at Sandy Hook, the 
depth is 21 feet at low tide, and 27 at high tide. That of 
the New, or Gedney's Channel, is at low water 82 feet The 
channel inside varies from 35 to 60 feet. 

2)^/CTi.se,s.— The harbor is well defended. The principal 
works are at the Narrows, which, at the point selected, is 
but one-third of a mile wide. Here are built, on the Long 
Island side, forts Hamilton and Lafayette, the latter on a reef 
of rocks 200 yards from the shore, with three tiers of guns. 
On the Staten Island side are Forts Tompkins and Rich- 
mond, the former on the heights, and provided with a num- 
ber of subterranean passages. These forts are in excellent 
condition. The entrance from the Sound to the East River 
is defended by Fort Schuyler, on Throg's Neck. Within 
the harbor are batteries on Bedloe's and Ellis' islands, on 
the west side of the bay, and on Governor's Island, 8,200 
feet from the city, are Fort Columbus, in the form of a star, 
commanding the south side of the channel ; on the south- 
west point, Castle William, a round tower 600 feet in circuit 
and 60 feethigh,with three tiers of guns, and South Battery, on 
the south-west side, commanding the entrance through But- 
termilk Channel. In case of war, too, the whole surround- 
ing heights could be readily fortified, and Castle Garden, 
and the Battery esplanade would furnish ready-made sites 
for an extensive armament No port in the world, indeed, 
is better defended by permanent fortifications, or could be 
more easily placed in a condition of defense. 

Manufacturer. — Although New York employs the greater 
portion of its capital in foreign commerce and domestic 
trade, it is also distinguished as the greatest maimfacturing 
city in the United States, having a greater capital therein 
invested, more hands employed, and deriving a greater 
profit therefrom, than any other city. The general returns 
of the census are exhibited in the following table : 



Wards. 
1 


or manufacturing C 
establisliments. 

137 


2 


851 


3 


9 


4 


189 


5 


83 


6 


156 


7 


422 


8 


233 


9 


189 



11,013,500 3,620.... 

12,672,995 19,648 .... 

607,000 633.... 

1,68S,800 1,952.... 

1,227,562 • 1,783.... 

9,125,880 • 2,963.... 

3,493,275 4,098.... 

861,890 2,230.... 

793,300 2,095.... 

96 309,700 809.... 

149 2,051,850 4,197.... 

19 341,550 350.... 

172 299,110 993.... 

72 965,700 1,029.... 

93 1,045,550 1,036.... 

-29 3;2S0,380 2,207.... 

145 892,400 1,216.... 

199 1,227,780 2,266.... 

44 3.34,600 568.... 



Fc 



Total. 



red. 



6,087 9,707 $3,906,337 



16,056. 

27. 
943. 
358. 
1,072. 
1,849. 
555. 
359. 
226. 
237. 

70. 
288. 
531. 
140. 
556., 
119. 
862. 
102. 



Total. 



.3,387. 



1,232,822 53,703.... 29,917. 



35,704 31,310,642 

660 1,801,700 

2,895 4.885,211 

2,146 4,473,214 

4,040 3,823,191 

5,947 9,641,038 

2,785 4,080,484 

2,454 2,883,180 

1,085 1,678,422 

4,4.34 20,056,409 

420 520,500 

1,281 2,07.3,428 

1,560 1,-546.627 

1,176 1,376,818 

2,763 4,868,175 

1,335 2,579,312 

2,618 2,920,760 

670 1,293,860 

88,620 $105,218,308 

855 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



By tliese statistics it appears that the operatives in the 
manufactories, etc., form nearly onc-sixtti of the whole pop- 
ulation of the city ; that the proportion of the annual pro- 
ducts to tlie capital invested, is SOT per cent. ; and that the 
average value of the product of each operative is $1,258. 
The manufacturing interests have had as rapid increase as 
those of commerce. In 1810, the total capital in manufac- 
tures was $11,228,894: ; and in 1S50, as stated above, it 
amounted to $.34,232,822. 

The branches of manufacturing industry wliich are here 
most extensively prosecuted are these directly developed by 
the preat commerce of the city. Pre-eminent among these 
the the great iron foundries and machine-shops, of which 
the largest are the Novelty Works, Morgan Works, Allaire 
Works, and the Fulton and West Street foundries. The 
two former employ each about 900 men. These and other 
establishments are engaged in casting and making the 
largest class of steamship engines, their bed plates, and 
other iron works, locomotives, mills, presses, gearing, 
boilers, etc. There are 10 sugar refineries, all of which 
are very large establishments, superior to any others in 
the United States, and having a greater annual product. 
The value of cabinet furniture annually made is above 
$1,000,000. There arc numerous breweries and distilleries, 
•which employ a large capital. The following summary 
statement of the number of establishments which in 1850 
prosecuted the principal branches of manufacturing indus- 
try, is compiled from the " Business Directory" for that 
year: Boat-building, 27; boiler manuf., 10; brass and bell 
founders, 89 ; breweries, 42 ; bakeries, 475 ; black and 
whitesmilhing, 185; britannia-ware manuf., 13; block and 
pumpmaking, 83 ; bookbinders, 55 ; boot and shoemaking, 
1,877 ; brushes, etc., 40 ; building of houses, etc., 136 ; cab- 
inetmaking, 255 ; carpentering, 260 ; chairniaking, 34 ; 
olockmaking, 29 ; clothing, 288 ; coaches and carriages, 
53 ; confectionery. 265 ; cordage, etc., 6 ; dressmaking, 440 ; 
edge tools, 11 ; goldbeating, 21 ; gold pen manuf., 20 ; 
guns, etc., 20 ; ink manuf., 11 ; iron foundries, 38 ; lock 
manuf., 24 ; machinery, 79 ; millinery, 256 ; morocco manuf., 
28 ; musical instruments, 41 ; nails, 15 ; organs, 5 ; patent 
medicines, 54 ; perfumery, 26 ; piano-fortes, 55 ; saddles and 
harness, 90 ; sails, 51 ; sash and blind manuf., 61 ; segars, 
119; ships, 19; silver manuf., 39; silver plating, 27; soap 
and candle, 43 ; steam-engine manuf., 77 ; steel manuf., 10 ; 
tailoring, 561 ; trunk factories, 58 ; typo foundries, 9 ; varnish 
manuf., 14; white lead manuf., 9. 

Commerce. — Commercial interests originated the settle- 
ment of New York, developed its rapid growth, have always 
directly influenced its changes of fortune, and are now the 
main support of its greatness. With the fluctuation of the 
course of events, with regard to general commerce, there 
has always been a corresponding change in the ratio of the 
increase of its population, and of its general prosperity. Its 
first period of great prosperity, subsequent to the lievolution. 
■was from 1790 to 1800 ; during which decade its population 
increased at a ratio of 82.16 per centr-viz., from 83,181 
(1790), to 00,489 (1800). During this period the old world, 
involved in wars, was making constant demand upon the 
industry of the new ; and the produce of the interior and of 
the neighboring States was pressing to the Atlantic, whence 
the shipping of New York carried it abroad, returning 
again with goods for dii>iribution, both in its own and the 
neighboring markets. The business of the city conse- 
quently wonderfully increased, and its attendant advantages 
drew thither capital and also men to participate in the pro- 
fits arising from the large investment then made. During 
the next decade (1800 to 1810) there was a falling off of the 
ratio of increase of population and wealth, and business 
enterprise was greatly depressed. Thougli the population 
increased in this period at a ratio of 59J- per cent, [from 
60,489 (1800), to 96,373 (1810),] the increase in wealth was 
out 8 per cent.— viz., from $24,486,370 to $26,436,370. In 
ttie succeeding ten years, the war of 1812 with Great Britain 
856 



entirely destroyed the foreign commerce of the city for 5 
years; after which, from 1815 to 1820, it again revived and 
greatly advanced in wealth. The increase of its wealth 
during the entire decade (1810-20) was 163 per cent, (from 
$26,436,370 to $69,530,758). While the increase in popula- 
tion was only 28} per cent. (96,373 to 123,706), whicli ratio is 
less than that of any other decade, and exhibits with extra- 
ordinary clearness the dependence of New York city upon 
commerce, since during this same period the increase of the 
population of the State was more rapid than ever. 

In 1820 commerce again revived, and steadily increased 
until 1825, in which year it reached a climax that was not 
again attained until 1831. In 1826 the completion of the 
Erie Canal opened a new source of prosperity to com- 
merce, and which assisted in the formation of the great 
speculations which soon characterized the financial career 
of the city. The revulsion which followed this unnatural 
expansion, and for a time prostrated all branches of busi- 
ness, most seriously affected the commercial interests of the 
city. Since its recovery from that reversion of fortune, its com- 
mercial prosperity has for the most part been steailily on the 
increase, though,of course, somewhat affected by the changes 
in the tariffs of the national government, and the changing 
relations of the nations with which it has intercourse. 

The following table shows the amount of imi)orts and ex- 
ports, and the duties collected on the Importation each year : 

y Iniport8 from Amount of duties Exp(»rt3 to 

Foreign countries. on imports. For'gn count's. 

1821 $36,020,012 .... $7,24-3,542 .... $12,124,045 

1822 83,912,453 .... 9,941,702 .... 15,405,694 

1828 80,601,455 .... 9,022,4:35 .... 21,089,696 

1824 37,785,147 .... 11,178,139 .... 22,309,302 

1825 50,024,973 .... 15,752,100 .... 34,0-32,279 

1826 84,728,064 .... 11,525,862 .... 19,4-37,229 

1827 41,441 ,882 .... 13,217,695 .... 24,014,035 

1823 89,117,016 .... 13,745,147 .... 22,185,487 

1 829 34,972,493 .... 13,052,070 .... 1 7,609,000 

1830 88,6.50,004 .... 15,012,553 .... 17,066,624 

1851 57,291,727 .... 20,090,136 .... 20,142,719 

1832 50,995,924 .... 15,070,124 .... 22,792,599 

1838 56,527,976 .... 13,089,181 .... 24,723,903 

18.34 72,224,-390 .... 10,183,152 .... 22,196,061 

1835 89,304,108 .... 14,408,110 .... 29,035,7.^5 

1836 118,886,1 94 ... . 17,114,305 .... 27,455,223 

1837 68,874,558 .... 9,487,593 .... 23,5:J4,010 

18:38 77,214,729 .... 10,494,055 .... 22,182,248 

1S39 97,078,087 .... 13,970,.3.32 .... 86,662,223 

1840 50,845,924 .... 7,537.441 .... 30,180,470 

1841 75,268,015 .... 10,998,899 .... 30,781,519 

1812 52,415,555 .... 10,01-3,122 .... 23,090,199 

1843 50,036,067 .... 11,300,407 .... 28,440,320 

1844 75,749,220 .... 21,457,830 .... 84,628.470 

1845 68,9-32,207 .... 17,607,858 .... 84,800,-343 

1846 71,093,819 .... 16,867,275 .... 84,196,184 

1847 95,2^8,697 .... 17,842,402 .... 45,087,954 

1S4S 89,315,909 .... 20,839,081 .... 80,331,441 

1S49 86,611,902 . , . . 19,811,334 . . . , 86,720,224 

1850 103,250,508 . . , . 24,487,610 .... 88,661,517 

1851 1.30,683,030 . . . 31,757,199 .... 53,595,376 

1852 117,739,457 . . . 28,678,910 .... 44,187,-329 

Of the imports, very nearly one-half consists of dry goods. 
The following table exhibits theur value compared with the 
whole importation of foreign merchandise in— 

Mannlactufps, 1848-9. 1849-50. 18B061. 18.'-.l-5-3. 

Woolen ,... $9,199,-578. $14,6-37,060. $17,067,031. $14,-388,565 

CoUon 10,783,807. 10,660,857. 11,671,500. 9,982,547 

Silk 14,801,816. 16,079,227. 24,858,850. 22,319,951 

Flax 4,245,-513. 7,084,663. 8,058,731. 6,840,299 

Miscellan'us. 4,144,525. 2,820,828. 8,957,035. 4,183,740 

Tot im. d.g. $41,074,739. $51,382,0-35. $04,613,747. $57,221,062 

" mer. 63,932,207.10-3,250,508.130,683,030.117,789,457 

Prop. d. goods 60.5 p. ct. . ,49.7 p. ct.. ,49.5 p. ct.. .48.6 p. ct. 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



The following table gives a statement of the duties col- 
lected at the port of New York, compared with the total 
collections of the United States, in various years between 
1789 and the present : 

Years. New York, U. S, 
1825. . $15,752,100 . $20,098,714 
1830.. 15,012,553. 21,922,391 
1835.. 14,-16S,116. 19,391,311 
1S40.. 7,537,441. 13,499,502 
1845.. 17,667,858. 27.528,113 
1850.. 24,487,610. 89,668,656 
1851.. 31,757,199. 49,017,597 
1852.. 28,678,910. 47,320,316 

The revenue collected at Now York compared with that 
of the other principal ports of the United States in the year 
ending June 30, 1851, was as follows: 



Years. 


New York. 


U.S. 


1789.. 


$145,320. 


$ - 


1792.. 


1,233,903. 


3,443,071 


1795.. 


2,717,361 . 


5,558,461 


1800.. 


8,611,588. 


9,080,933 


1805.. 


6,958,008. 


12 936,487 


1810.. 


5,223,696. 


8,583,309 


1816.. 


10,785.354. 


86,306,875 


1820.. 


5,487,974. 


15,005,612 



New York $31,757,199 

Boston 6,577,540 

rhiladelphia.... 3,667,888 



New Orleans $2,296,686 

Baltimore 1,047,278 

Chfirleston, 8. C. 600,712 



According to the Business Directory of the city for 1850, 
the number of importers of different articles was as follows : 
of dry goods, 139 ; fancy goods, 100 ; hartlware, 107 ; watches, 
61; wines and liquors, 108; silks, 21; laces, 36; woolens, 
11 ; drugs, 84 ; essential oils, 15 ; china-ware, 40 ; plate glass, 
11 ; hides, 12 ; hosiery, 7 ; buttons, 7 ; baskets, 5 ; burr blocks, 
3 ; general importers, 23, etc. 

The imports and exports of specie and bullion are not 
included in the above table, but the following will exhibit 
their amounts for the last six years : 

Years. Imports. Exports. 

1850.. $10,502,115. $5,885,103 
1851.. 10,390,501. 26,622,781 



Years. Imports. Exports. 

1847.. $8,307,380. $9li5,841 

1848.. 1,173,406. 12,028,798 

1819.. 2,813,380. 4,789,903 



1852.. 2,528,391. 87,278,703 



Registered. 
Tons. 9otli9. 



Ell 



For the calendar year 1851, the import of gold and 
bullion from California, was $43,671,482, and the export of 
gold and silver to all countries, was $43,728,209. 

Tonnage of New York City. — The following statement 
from the annual reports of the secretary of the treasury, 
exhibits the registered, the enrolled and licensed, and the 
total tonnage belonging to the district of New York from 
the year 1826 to the present time. The year ends with 
December 31, up to 1835, thence with September 30, to 1843, 
and from that time it ends with June 30: 

Total. 
Tons, '.lilhs. 

316.289 01 
346,356 82 
389,404 79 
261,704 33 
256,558 02 
286.438 59 
298,832 59 
323.738 86 
359,222 24 
376,697 72 
404,814 14 
410,871 75 
4<^i0,971 79 
430,800 88 
414,818 04 
4.38,014 38 
459,478 63 
496.965 56 
525,162 03 
550,359 49 
572,522 70 
646,043 30 
733,077 35 
796,491 79 
835,867 61 
931,193 74 



Years. 

1826 158,451 38 

1827 165,014 87 

1828 158.237 70 

1829 110,993 21 

1830 101,947 04 

1831 122,457 92 

1832 129,807 62 

1833 151,915 38 

1834 178,022 40 

1835 191,626 43 

1836 192,964 79 

1837 191,322 11 

1838 169,922 32 

1889 183,566 55 

-1840 208,536 68 

1841 225,174 36 

1842 226,072 61 

1843 237,240 29 

1844 253,888 23 

1845 248,917 00 

1846 260,896 36 

1847 297,516 04 

1848 336,804 40 

1849 378,976 89 

1850 441,336 76 

1851 504,309 27 



157,837 58 
181,341 90 
181,167 09 
150,711 12 
154.710 93 
163,980 62 
169,524 92 
171,818 53 
181,199 79 
185,071 29 
211,849 30 
219,549 64 
281,049 47 
246,734 33 
211,281 36 
212,840 02 
238,401 02 
259,725 27 
271,273 75 
301,642 4S 
311,626 34 
84S.527 26 
896,272 90 
417,504 85 
894,230 80 
436,884 47 



"Within this period of 26 years, it will be seen that the 
tonnage of this district has nearly trebled in amount. 

Comparison of the tonnage of New York with that of 
Boston, and of the United States at different periodij 

New York, Boston. United States. 

Years, Tons, ysihs. Tons. 9otlis. Tuns, aitbs. 

1826 816,2S9 01 171,976 12 1,534,189 83 

1830 256,558 02 135,009 17 1,191,776 43 

1835 376,697 72 226,041 74 1,824,940 40 

1840 414,818 04 220,248 74 2,180,764 16 

1845 550,359 48 225,103 21 2,417,002 06 

1850 835,867 61 818,192 00 8,535,454 23 

1851 931,193 74 842,936 09 3,772,449 43 

The tonnage of several other of the leading ports was, in 
1851, as follows : 



Tons, 9.5th3. 

New Orleans 251,900 14 

Philadelphia 222,428 90 

Baltimore 160,511 64 

New Bedford. . .. 131,409 46 
Bath, Jr« 103,795 91 



Tons. 96tUs. 

Waldoboro', 3Ie. 103,593 51 
Portland " 97,571 70 

Bamstable,il!/fm. 72,997 44 
San Francisco ... 58,063 54 
Charleston, 5. (7.. 31,910 27 



Employment of Tonnage. — The following table presents 
the proportions of the tonnage employed in coasting trade, 
in steam navigation, and in the whaling business since 
1829. 

The table of the coasting trade embraces only the " en- 
rolled and licensed tonnage," and does not include the 
tonnage " licensed under 20 tons," of which a subsequent 
statement is given, for the years ending June 80th, 1849, and 
June 30th, 1850. 

The table of steam navigation includes both " registered" 
and " enrolled and licensed" tonnage. A separate compar- 
ative statement of these classes for the years ending June 
80th, 1849, and June 80th, 1850, is also given subsequently 
under " steam inarijie." 



173,130 84 1,048 64 — 

142,829 38 12,103 30 — 

146,788 33 12,756 56 — 

156,049 45 13,488 52 — 

161,415 19 13,112 91 — 

163,477 80 14,678 94 — 

172,663 84 15,903 28 2,486 5T 



Years. 

1829 . 

1830 . 
1881 . 

1832 . 

1833 . 

1834 . 

1835 . 

1836 202,677 65 19,681 57 934 63 

1837 210,.346 88 24,118 53 714 31 

1838 221,601 89 25,419 36 863 91 

1889 237,024 72 30,654 41 2,460 49 

1840 201,559 67 34,754 36 — 

1841 203,052 19 31,727 21 1,76183 

1842 223,466 87 85.260 81 1,451 TT 

1843 249.677 27 36,317 53 370 23 

1844 261,134 75 86,305 30 473 2T 

1845 291,209 66 42,270 01 370 23 

1846 309,894 23 46,557 93 379 57 

1847 337,668 54 52,420 S3 — 

1848 885,020 49 64,229 19 — 

1849 406,156 48 71,818 73 — 

1850 382,886 71 95,115 56 465 00 

1851 426,747 19 121,541 52 — 

The following table exhibits the tonnjige "licensed under 
20 tons," for the two fiscal years specified : 



Year ending 

June 30. 1849. 

Tons. flStlis. 



Year ending 
June 30, 1850, 
Tons. 95ths. 



Coasting trade 11,199 90 11,227 90 

Codfishery 148 42 116 14 

Of enrolled and licensed tonnage, none was employed 
during theiso two years in the m.aekerel fishery. 
Stean: Tonnage. — The following table exhibits the amount 

357 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



and classiflcalioa of the steam tonnage for the two fiscal 
years specified : 

Year ending Year ending 

Steam tonnage. JuneSO, I84'J. June 20, law. 

Tons. !)nths. Tons. 9Btli8. 

Eegistered 10,642 T6 88,148 4T 

Enrolled and licensed. 61,175 92 58,967 09 

Total 71,818 73 95,115 56 

This table exhibits a part of the great increase of registered 
steam tonnage, which, beginning in 1847, has since been 
steadily increa.sing, and now pre-eminently characterizes 
New Yorlv. Further statistics of the steam tonnage will be 
found under the heads of " vessels built" and '■ ocean steam- 
ships." The total steam marine of New York is nearly equal 
to that of the empu-e of Great Britain witii all its dipenden- 
cies, which in 1851 was stated at 1,184 boats of 142,u80 tons. 
According to the U. S. Treasury Keport on the U. S. steam 
marine in 1851 — the number of passengers carried on the 
Hudson river in the year ending July 1, 1851, was 995,100, 
between New York and Thiliulelphia by steamboats 840,000, 
and on Long Island Sound 302,307. 

The steam tonnage of New York compares as follows 
■with that of several other cities — of the several coasts, in- 
land divisions, etc. — and of the United States in 1851 : 

Tons. ' Ton*. 

New Orleans 156,654 1 Baltimore 14,2S5 



New York 121,541 

Pittsburg 47,911 

6t. Louis 29.568 

Detroit 21,944 

Philadelphia 20,717 

Buffalo 19,9S3 



Northern frontier 69,165 

Oliio basin 67,601 

Mississippi valley . . . 67,957 

Atlantic coast 154,270 

G uir of Mexico 23,244 

Pacific coast 87.986 



Total U. S. steam marine 583,607 

Arrivals and Departures. — Annexed is a tabular state' 
ment of the amount of tonnage entered and cleared the port 
of New York, from and for foreign ports, in each year from 

1821 to 1851, a period of 31 years, distinguishing the Ameri- 
can from the total tonnage. The years end with September 
to 1843, thence with .Tune. 

Amount of tonnage entered the port of New York from, and 
the amount cleared the port of New York for foreign ports : 

ENTEUED. OLEAKBD. 

Amerii-iin. Total American. Total 

Years. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 

1821 155,723 171,963 14.3,741 154.472 

1822 20-3,082 226.790 158,970 180,223 

1823 204,308 226,789 196,189 217,202 

1834 206,080 3.58,769 218,480 2.3.3.9-31 

1825 2.59..524 280,179 24.5.512 263,4-31 

1826 246,174 274,997 21-3.234 232.466 

1827 255.276 292.872 223,224 256,563 

1828 236,308 275,677 207,124 248,267 

1829 255.691 281,512 200,763 226,201 

1830 280,918 .314,715 209.599 24-3,285 

1831 274,237 337,009 234.469 294.235 

1882 295,293 401,718 221,687 316,120 

1883 320,083 430,918 2.39,415 341,527 

1834 852,225 444.904 235,768 825,876 

1835 373.465 464,464 289,562 869,590 

1836 4ii7,(i95 5.56.7.30 271,746 404,957 

1837 868,011 ..... 5.39,372 248,786 405,959 

1838 877.563..... 463,890 268,887 356,654 

...422,349 565,-335 331.590 464.347 

.... 409.453 527,594 275,393 892,.597 

.... 423.952 549.045 296,84? 407,325 



1839 

1840. 

1841 

1842 

1843 

1844 



.406,623 555.315 .300,738 451,889 



..247,950 812,214 221,733 285,481 

..434.690 576.480 871,968 495.254 

1845 4.39,676 579,218 841,094 483.525 

1846 493,995 655,877 396,498. . . . 553.716 

1847 543,065 853,668 495,509 785,7^5 

1848 6.39,.305 932.493 491,219 788..S.35 

1849 711.720 1,117,800 569.711 931,509 

1850 734.431 1,145,-331 596,812 982,478 

1851 956,879 1,448,763 793,229 1,230,082 

85S 



ENTRANCES. 
New York. United .States. 



The entrances and clearances at New York, at different 
periods, compare as follows with those of the United States 
for the same years : 

CLEARANCES. 
New York. U. States. 

Years. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 

1821 171 ,963 1,570,024 .... 154,472 888,020 

1S25 280,179 973,631.... 263,431 1,055,446 

1826 274,997 1,047,860. . 

1830 314,715 1,099,027.. 

18-35 464,464 1,993,963. . 

1840 527,594 2.289.309. . 

1845 592,218 2.946,049. . 

1850 1,145.331 4.348,6-39. . 

1851 1,448,768 4,993,440 . . 

During the year ending 31st Dec, 1861, the nationality and 
character of vessels arriving at New York was as follows : 



.. 232,466 1,052,429 

.. 243,285 1,105,196 

.. 869,590 2.031, ;?41 

.. 892 597 2 35.3.495 

.. 433 525 2,984.252 

.. 932,473 4,361,002 

..1,230,082 5,130,054 



Nationality. No. 

Italian 27 

Spanish 12 



Brazilian 

Oldenburg 

Sardinian 

Venezuelan 

Uruguay 

Lubec 

Mechlenburg 

Hanoveran 

Uostock 

Genoese 

Peruvian 

Central America, 
(Guatamalan) . . 



Total. 



.3,833 



Nationality. No. 

American 2,331 

British 966 

French 30 

Bremen 133 

Swedish 43 

Austrian 9 

Norwegian 54 

Sicilian 7 

Hamburg 44 

Danish 24 

Russian 12 

Dutch 23 

Belgian 18 

Prussian 29 

Columbian 2 

Neapolitan 4 

Portuguese 14 

Of these 941 were ships, 833 barks, 1,303 brfgs, 583 
schooners, 166 steamships, 2 ketches, 1 sloop, and 4 galliots. 
Vessels Bniltin the District of New York. — Table show- 
ing the immber of vessels of all kinds built in the district of 
New York, with their measurement, from 18-34 to 1851. com- 
piled from the Treasury reports, the years ending with De- 
cember 31, to 1834, thence with September 30, to 1343, 
thence with June 30 : 

Years. Sliips. Brif;8. Scl.'ra. ^(.'"^Vu f"<=»"''>''3. Total. Tons. 

18-34.. 26... 7... 36.... 39 5.... 113.. 2.3,13.8 

lSa5.. 16... 2... 33.... 51 T.... 109.. 17,368 

18-36.. 14... 3... 23.... 47 16.... 103.. 16,689 

18-37.. 10... 5... 25.... 62 16.... 118.. 20,-303 

1838.. 7... 8... 23.... 55 7.... 105.. 14,229 

1839.. 10... 7... 17.... 44 16.... 94.. 16,683 

1840.. 6... 18... 17.... 24 8.... 68.. 1.3.35T 

1841.. 13... 5... 8.... 21 5.... 52.. 16.121 

1842.. 6... 3... 12.... 132 18.... 171.. 18.8:35 

1S43.. 5... 2... 8.... 102 5.... 122.. 1-3,179 

1844.. 11... 6... 16.... 89 14.... 1.36.. 18,026 

1845.. 13... 2... 25.... 130 17.... 192.. 26.621 

1846.. 11... 3... -37.... 160 23.... 234.. 29,465 

1347.. 16... 2... 43.... 117 15.... 193.. 37.591 

1348.. 26... 3... 59.... 200 19.... 807.. 57.977 

1849.. 15... 7... 44.... 145 17.... 228.. 37.938 

1850.. 26... 2... 42.... 104 23 202.. 55,525 

1851.. 23... 1... 56.... 81 47.... 208.. 71,214 

Which compare in different years with the ship-building 
of the whole United States, as follows: 

New York. United .States. Proportion iu N. Y. 



Years. 



Tons 



Vessels, Tons. Vessels. Tonnage. 



1834.... 113.. 23,183... 1,183.. 161,626.. 9.6 14.3 

1836.... 102.. 16,6S9... 507.. 46,2-38.. 20.1 36.1 

1841.... 52.. 16,121... 872.. 118,309.. 5.9 13.6 

1345 ... 192.. 26,621... 1,038.. 146,018.. 18.5 18.9 

1851.... 208.. 71,214... 1,357.. 298,203.. 15.3 23.8 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



The following exhibits a comparison of ship-building in 
New York, in 1851, with that of the other leading ship- 
building States and districts : 

States. Vessels. Tons. District. Vessels. Tons. 

( Bath 40.. 18,TS2 

Maine 254. . 77,393^ WaMoboro. ... 44. . 17,794 

(Portland 27.. 12,-309 

Massachusetts . 133. . 41,324. .Boston 50. . 23,141 

NewYorlc.... 229.. 76,305. .New York .... 203.. 71,214 
Pennsylvania.. 200.. 28,623. .Philadelphia .. 118.. 20,056 
Maryland 130 .. 18,027 . . Baltimore 72 . . 15,094 

Com-mercial Resume.— Sammary view of the proportion 
of New York, in the whole imports, exports, custom-reve- 
nue, and tonnage of the United States at different periods : 



Years. 


Imports 
per cent. 


Exports 
percent. 


Duties 
percent. 


Tonnage 
per cent. 


1769 . . . . 


14.14 ... 








1792.... 




.... 9.71.... 


35.33... 





1795 ... 


— 


....15.34.... 


....43.83... 


_ 


1800.... 


_ 


14.85.... 


....39.77... 


— 


1805.... 


— .... 


....23.12.... 


....53.78... 


_ 


1810.... 


— 


....28.12.... 


60.86... 


— 


1816.... 


— 


....15.90.... 


....29.70... 


_ 


1820.... 


— 


....16.90.... 


....36.57... 


— 


1821.... 


....57.55.... 


16.89.... 


....36.57... 


_ 


1825.... 


....51.92.... 


....44.80.... 


....78.37... 


20.62 


1830.... 


....54.54.... 


....23.93.... 


....68.43... 


21.53 


1835.... 


....59.58.... 


....23.86.... 


....74.61... 


20.64 


1840.... 


....53.05.... 


....22.85.... 


....55.84... 


19.02 


1845.... 


58.78.... 


....29.83.... 


64.18... 


22.77 


1850.... 


....57.96.... 


....25.44.... 


....61.73... 


23.64 


1851 .... 






....64.73... 
....60.60... 


24 63 


1852.... 











Ocean Steamships. — New York is distinguished for its 
great lines of ocean steamships, which have all been brought 
into existence since 1846. These vessels have all been built 
at New York shipyards, and received their machinery from 
New York foundries. The total number of steamships 
built at this port, and launched previous to 1853 is 59 ; of 
■which the number launched in 1349, was 3; in 1850, 14; in 
1851, 11 ; in 1852, 11. The present number (1353) of steam- 
ship companies is 16, having 76 steamers, with total lotm.ige 
of 129,010 tons. Of these, the following table will exhibit 
the different lines, the number of their vessels, with their 
aggregate tonnage, etc. : 





No.ot 


Total 


No. of 


Total 


Lines. 


Vessels 


Tonnage. 


Lines. Vessels. 


Tonnage. 


Liverpool . . . 


... 5.. 


. 15,000 


Richmond 2.. 


. 962 


Havre 


... 2.. 


. 4,400 


Mobile, etc 1.. 


. 1,900 


Bremen 


... 2. 


. 3,400 


Savannah 3.. 


3,950 


Charleston . . 


...4. 


. 6,200 


Norfolk 2. . 


2,100 


New Orleans 


... 2.. 


. 2,000 


New Orleans, etc. 3. . 


4,S00 



California Lines. — Aspinwall, 0. A., 10 vessels, 19,600 
tons, which connects with Pacific Mail Co., consisting of 14 
steamers, 15.536 tons. The New York and San Francisco 
Steamship Co. consists of 4 steamers (2 on each side), 
aggregate tonnage 7,400. The Empire City Line for San 
Francisco consists of 3 steamships, with aggregate tonnage 
of 6,000. Vanderbilt's line, r«f Nicaragua, consists of 10 
vessels, with aggregate tonnage of 13.000 tons. 

The British Eoyal Mail Line (Cunard) have 11 steamers, 
16,000 tons. The Glasgow Line has 1 steamer, 2,000 tons; 
and a second in construction. 

Domestic Trade. — The amount of trade carried on by 
New York ^vith the coast cities and the interior of the 
United States, vastly surpasses in magnitude that of its 
foreign commerce. Of this internal trade full accounts are 
not made. 

An approximate statement of particular divisions of this 
trade is exhibited by the following statistics. 

The statistics of total tonnage arriving at Albany by way 
of the Erie Canal, which follows, exhibit approximately the 



receipts of New York, since by far the greater part of them 
are directly sent to New York, and whatever proportion is 
not sent is fully compensated by the trade furnished from 
the towns and counties on the Hudson River: 

Total tonnage arriving at tide-water 1836-1852 by the 
Erie Canal : 



1836 54,219 364,906 419,124 

1337 56,255 .331,251 387,506 

1338 83,233 3S6,016 419,249 

1839 121,671 264,536 386,267 

1840 153,148 309,167 467,315 

1841 224,176 308,314 532,520 

1842 221,477 258,072 480,149 

1343 256,376 378,969 635,345 

1844 303,025 491,391 799,816 

1845 304,551 655,039 959,590 

1346 506,830 600,662 1,107,270 

1347 812.340 618,412 1,4:31,253 

1348 660,154 534,133 1,184,337 

1849 763,659 493,063 1,266,724 

1850 773,358 598,001 1,371,859 

1851 966,993 541,634 1,.50S,37T 

1852 1,151,978 492,721 1,644,699 



the whole quantity of wheat 

Hudson River, from 1844 to 

;ate market value of the same : 

Year. Tons. Value. 

1849 .. . 4.34,444 . . . $19,308,595 

1S50... 461,781... 20,218,188 
1851... 457,624. .. 16,487,653 
1852... 576,772... 22,564,256 



Of the above total amount 
and flour which came to the 
1352 inclusive,with the aggreg; 
Year. Tons. Value. 

1S44... 277,865... $11,211,677 
1845... 320,463... 15,962,250 
1846... 419,366... 18,836,412 
1847... 501,205... 32,890,938 
1848... 431, 641... 21,148,421 

The following is a statement of several of the leading 
articles arriving coastwise, in 1851 : 



Articles. Amount, 

Rice, trcs 42,433 

S.alt, bushels 10,180 

Sugar, hhds 21,443 

" trcs 58 

" bbls 36,263 

« boxes 3,599 

" bags 13,738 

Tobacco, hhds 14,827 

" bales, etc. . . 428 
"Wool, bales 10,692 



Articles. Amount. 

Cotton, bales 456,637 

Coffee, bngs 62,331 

Figs, drums 77,350 

Hemp, bales . 19,476 

Hides, No 203,628 

Lead, pigs 176,583 

Molasses, hhds 12,650 

" trcs 1,247 

" bbls 39,797 

Raisins, boxes 32,041 

" casks 1,035 

The aggregate of the trade carried on by means of the 
various railroads which centre at New York is most im- 
mense. Of these railroads the principal one is the Erie 
Railroad, which bears a relation to the entire southern 
portion of New York, and northern of Pennsylvania, etc., 
very similar to that sustained by the Erie Canal to the 
northern part of New York State. On all the railroads 
diverging from this city toward Philadelphia, Boston, and 
Albany, the traffic is also immense, and ever increasing. 
The following are the several principaljines from this city : 

Miles. 

Hudson River 150 

Harlem 15S 

New York and New- 
Haven 76 

Housatonic 110 

Long Island 96 



Camden and Amboy 90 

Central (N. J.) 78 

Morris and Essex 44 

Union 83 

New Jersey, etc 87 

New York and Erie .... 469 

By means of these railroads, New York is directly con- 
nected with every section of the country; and the various 
lines with which these are interwoven form a great net- 
work of several thousand miles of iron highway. 

Of the total internal trade furnished from the city, dry 
goods form probably the greatest portion ; but that of man- 

859 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES, 



nfactures is well-nigli as extensive. Book-publisliing is a 
principal business, and from the mercantile arrangements 
of the trade, by semi-annual trade sales, commission pub- 
lishers, etc., has become a great feature of the internal trade 
of the city, and a branch it has acquired at the expense of 
other cities. 

Of the general character of the internal trade of New 
York, it may summarily be said, that it surpasses that of all 
other cities in the Union, and differs from that of the entire 
nation only in degree. 

£anks.—ThQTe are 40 banks, with an aggregate capital 
of $35,834,950. In 1830, th.e bank capital of New York was 
$16,280,000; in 1$36, $20,361,200. The following statement 
exhibits the capital and rate of dividends of the banks of 
the city in each year, 1845 : 



Tears. Capita}, per cent. 

1845... $2.3,084,100 ....6.21 

1846... 23,084.100 ....7.09 

1847... 23,084,100 ....7.25 

1848,,, 23,034100 ....8.09 



Yeara. 

1S19.. 
1850.. 
1851.. 
1S52.. 



Capital. 

$24,457,890 
27,440,270 
28,057,450 
35,834,950 



Div. 
per cent. 

...8.28 
...8.69 
...S.93 



Insurance Ccnnpanies. — There are 87 fire and marine 
insurance companies, with an aggregate capital of $6,654,010 ; 
and 6 life insurance and trust companies, with an aggregate 
capital of $5,000,000. 

Public Buildings.— Tha City Hall, standing near the 
centre of the Tark, is a handsome edifice, built chiefly of 
white marble, and is 21C feet long, 105 feet wide, and 51 
feet high. It is two stories high above the basement, with 
a third story in the centre, from which rises a cupola of very 
beautiful proportions, surmounted by a colossal figure of 
Justice ; erected 1803-12, at a cost of $538,731. It contains 
28 rooms and public otBces for the accommodation of the 
mayor, common council, etc., of which the Governor's Room 
is the principal one, and eont.iins many large portraits of 
great national characters. Other rooms contain valuable 
paintings, etc. The New City Hall is a large brick building 
in the rear of this edifice, which is occupied by the courts, 
public offices, etc. East of the City Hall is the Hall of Ke- 
cords, where are preserved all the records and public docu- 
ments of the city. The Custom House is one of the most 
perfect buildings of its size in the world. Its site is at the 
corner of Wall and Nassau streets, and was formerly occu- 
pied by the Old City Hall, in which Washington was inau- 
gurated first president of the United States, and the American 
Congress held their sessions in New York. It is built in 
imitation of the Parthenon, at Athens, in the Doric order, 
of white marble, and is 200 feet long, 90 feet wide, and 60 
feet high. Each of the north and south fronts has a portico 
of 8 Doric columns, 5 feet 8 inches in diameter ami 32 feet 
high. The entire exterior, including the roof, is constructed 
of white marble, excepting the stei)s, which are of granite. 
In the construction of the interior, marble, granite, and 
brick alone were used, thus rendering it perfectly fire-proof. 
Some of the largest blocks of marble used weigh 33 tons. 
It was commenced in M-iy, 1S34, and finished in May, 1841. 
Its cost, ground included, was $1,195,000 — building alone, 
$950,000. The interior is divided into a grand rotunda and 
numerous spacious offices. The rotunda is a magnificent 
room, 60 feet in diameter and 80 feet in the recesses; its 
dome is supported by 16 columns 30 feet high, which are 
beautifully wrought, and have capitals of the most exquisite 
workmanship. The number of officers employed in the 
Custom House is about .350. The Merchants' Exchange, in 
Wall Street, is the most magnificent edifice in New York. 
It covers the entire block bounded by Wall Street, William 
Street. Hanover Street, and Exchange Place. Its front upon 
"Wall Street is 198 feet, its height 77 feet— to the top of the 
dome 124 feel. It is constructed in the most substantial 
form, and perfectly fire-i)roof, of Quincy granile, and cost, 
including the ground, $1,800,000. The front on Wall Street 
has a recessed portico, with IS massive columns. 38 feet 
high and 4 feet 4 iuelics m diameter, each formed from a 
360 



solid block of stone, and weighing 43 tons, which cost $3,000 
each, and are among the largest in the world. The build- 
ing belongs to the '• Merchants' Exchange Company," in- 
corporated in 1823, with a capital of $1,000,000. It contains 
a grand central rotunda and numerous spacious offices used 
by bankers, insurance companies, etc. The rotunda is a 
most magnificent room, 80 feet in diameter, with 4 recesses, 
and 51 feet high, and is surmounted by a dome which as- 
cends 30 feet higher, termin.iting in a sky-light 37 feet in 
diameter. The dome is supported in part by 8 columns of 
Italian marble, 41 feet high, in the Corinthian order, and 
splendidly polished. In this spacious hall, at exchange 
hours, the chief merchants of the city daily .assemble. The 
Board of Brokers also meet here daily, and the Chamber of 
Commerce here holds its monthly sessions. 

The Halls of Justice occupy an entire block between Cen- 
tre, Elm, Leonard, and Franklin streets, having their prin- 
cipal front upon Centre Street. The building is constructed 
of granite, in the most massive manner, in Egyptian archi- 
tecture, and is 253 feet long and 200 feet wide. Its front has 
a recessed portico, supported by 14 massive granite columns. 
The edifice is occupied by the Court of Sessions, police 
courts, officers' rooms, prison cells, etc. The gloomy aspect 
of the building has won for it the general name of " The 
Tombs." 

Tlie City Penitentiary, with the buildings of the Lunatic 
Asylum, Alms-house,Work-house, etc., are situated on Black- 
well's Island, about 5 miles from the City Hall. These 
are very large stone buildings, and, though of simple archi- 
tecture, present a very imposing appearance. They are seen 
to fine advantage from steamboats in passing through the 
East River. The penitentiary has an entire length of nearly 
500 feet, and consists of a central building 4 stories high, sur- 
moimted by a square tower and two wings, each 4 stories 
high and 200 feet long. The alms-house is 3 stories in height, 
325 feet in length, and 55 feet wide, with two large wings at 
each end. The lunatic asylum consists of a central edifice, 
with four wings. 

The new State Arsenal, situated on Fifth Avenue, between 
Sixty-second and Sixty-fourth streets (4i miles from the City 
Hall), a largo and commodious edifice, containing arms and 
munitions belonging to the State, was erected in 1S48, cost- 
ing $30,000. It is built in the Gothic castellated style, pre- 
senting a massive and appropriate appearance ; its dimen- 
sions are 200 feet in front, by 5i) feet deep, exclusive of the 
towers, of which there are 8 — 1 in front, and 1 at each angle 
— 69 feet high. The first story is of brown stone, the remain- 
der of brick, and the roof is of iron. It contains great num- 
bers of cannon, small arms, etc., and some interesting 
trophies taken from the English during the Revolution and 
the last war. 

The Post Office, formerly the Middle Dutch Church, in 
Nassau Street, between Liberty and Cedar streets, is note- 
worthy for its history. It was erected before the Revolu- 
tion, and much of its interior woodwork and steeple was 
brought from Holland. During the Revolutionary War, this 
church, in common with others used by the British, was 
much injured from its occupation as a prison, hospital, etc. 
In 1790 it was repaired, and again used for public worship, 
in which service it continued until rented by the U. S. Gov- 
ernment for the general post office of the city. 

The descriptions of the large and commodious edifices 
used by the benevolent institutions of the city, also those 
of education, etc., will be found under their appropriate 
heads. 

The Crystal Palace, for the exhibition of the industry of all 
nations, built in 1853, for the purposes of a World's Fair, is 
situated on Sixth Avenue, between Fortieth and Forty-sec- 
ond streets, on Reservoir Square, adjoining the Distributing 
Reservoir of the Croton Aqueduct, 3J miles from the City 
Hall. The Association which has erected this magnificent 
structure, was incorporated for the purpose by the Legisla- 
ture, March 11, 1S52, having previously received the lease of 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



tho square from the Common Council of the city, on Jan. 
3(1, 1852. It was incorporated with a capital of ii;200,000, 
with leave to increase it to $300,000. The phm of the build- 
ing was adopted 26th Aug., 1S52, and its foundation formally 
laid Dec, 1852. The building is entirely constructed of iron 
and glass, with the exception of the floor. The general plan 
is that of a Greelv cross, w'ith a dome over the Intersection, 
Its site is a nearly square piece of ground, having an ex- 
treme length from Fortieth to Forty-second Street, of 455 
feet; and an extreme width, from the Sixth Avenue to the 
Reservoir, of 445 feet. The Crystal Palace occupies the 
greater part of this square, and consists of 2 principal stories, 
the second being of less extent than the first, a third eliiefly 
ornamental, and a magnificent central dome. The area of 
the first floor is 111,000 square feet, of the galleries 62,000 
square feet — total area, 173,000 square feet. By direction of 
the U. S. Treasury Department, the building will be made 
a bonded warehouse, during the exhibition, so as to re- 
ceive all foreign goods free of duty, and encourage the 
cooperation of foreign nations in this fair of world-wide in- 
terests. 

HoUds. — Among the public buildings of New York, its 
large hotels form a great feature. Of these the Astor House 
is the most distinguished. It is situated on Broadway, op- 
posite the Park, and forms the block between Vesey and 
Barclay streets. It is built of Quincy granite, in the most 
substantial and splendid manner, is 5 stories high, and con- 
tains upward of 360 rooms. In its appointments and gen- 
eral style of accommodations, it is not surpassed by any 
hotel in the world. It was erected by J. J. Astor, at a cost 
of $800,000, and was opened in May, 1S36. The Irving 
House, on Broadway, occupying the block between Cham- 
bers and Keade streets, is built of granite, 5 stories high, 
contains about 300 rooms, and is a hotel of much resort. 

The St. Nicholas Hotel, on Broadway, between Broome 
and Spring streets, is a new and very large hotel, built of 
white marble, 6 stories high, containing 270 rooms, and sur- 
passing, in the splendor of its apartments and general mag- 
nificence, all other hotels in the city. The Metropolitan 
Hotel, on Broadway, corner of Prince Street, 6 stories high, 
built of brown freestone, is a very imposing edifice. It con- 
tains about 400 rooms, many of which are elegantly painted 
and furnished. The entire cost of the building, without 
furniture, was about $5'i0,000. The New York Hotel, on 
Broadway, occupying the block between Washington and 
"Waverley places, is a very large and fashionable family 
hotel. It is built of brick, in plain style, but very spacious, 
and containing about 2S0 rooms. The Union Place Hotel, 
in Union Place, is a large and fashionable establishment. 
Many other public houses in tlie city are very large, well 
kept, etc. ; but their great number precludes their particular 
description. The United States Hotel, on Fulton Street, oc- 
cupying the block between Pearl and Water streets, is built 
of marble, 7 stories high, and was the first of the mammoth 
hotels. It contains 225 rooms, and cost $350,000. Hotel-keep- 
ing, as iiracticed in New York by the best houses, is brought 
nearer perfection than in any other city in the world. 

Clmrches. — Many of the churches of New York are very 
costly edifices, and are among the most splendid ornaments 
of the citj'. Of these. Trinity Church, on Broadway, oppo- 
site Wall Street, is the most distinguished. This edifice, 
which is the third built upon the same site, was erected 
1841-45, at a cost of about .$400,000. It is of Gothic archi- 
tecture, and constructed entirely of brown sandstone. Its 
dimensions are — length 189 feet, width 84 feet, height — to 
the eaves of the clerestory 64 feet, to the apex of tlie spire 
264 feet. The interior presents a very impressive appear- 
ance. There are no galleries, and it accommodates only 
about 900 persons with seats. Tho church is generally re- 
garded as the finest specimen of pure Gothic architecture in 
the United States. The edifices of the Protestant Episcopal 
Church are generally more elaborate and expensive struc- 
tures than those of other denominations, which mainly re- 



sults from the great wealth of the corporation of Trinity 
Church. Of these the most noted are — Grace Church, on 
Broadway, corner of Tenth Street, a most elaborate struc- 
ture of white marble, of Gothic architecture, erected in 
1845, at a cost of $200,000; St. George's Church, near Stuy- 
vesant Square, a very large edifice in the Eoman style, of 
brown freestone; St. Paul's Chapel, on Broadway, between 
Fulton and Vesey streets, a large but plain edifice, of dark 
brown stone, having a spire of very graceful proportions, 
203 feet high ; St. John's Chapel, fronting on St. John's 
Park, an imposing edifice of brown sandstone, in the Cor- 
inthian order, erected in 1807, having a splendid portico of 
4 very large Corinthian columns, and lofty spire 215 feet 
high ; St. Thomas" Church, on Broadway, corner of Houston 
Street, of stone, rebuilt 1852, a handsome Gothic edifice; 
Church of the Holy Communion, on Sixth Avenue and 
Twentieth Street, erected in 1345, of well-dressed red gran- 
ite, one of the most correctly built Gothic church edifices in 
the Union ; Chiu-ch of the Annunciation, in W. Fourteenth 
Street, an imposing stone edifice, of gr,ay stone; Calvary 
Church, Fourth Avenue; Trinity Chapel, in Fifth Avenue, 
besides many others which are costly ediflces and very fine 
specimens of architecture. Of Eoman Catholic churches, 
the best edifices are — St. Patrick's, the cathedral, in Prince 
Street, a very spacious church, of stone, in Gothic architea- 
ture, erected in 1815, having an interior of imposing ap- 
pearance, with arched nave, side aisles, etc. ; SI. Peter's, 
in Barclay Street, a very massive edifice of granite, with 
grand Ionic portico; Church of the Eedeemer, in Third 
Street, a very large structure of brick, erected 1852, and 
used by a German congregation ; St. Bridget's, near Tomi>- 
kins Square, etc. 

The First Presbyterian Church, in Fifth Avenue, presents 
a majestic appearance- — it is of reddish hewn stone, in full 
Gothic architecture, with large buttresses, pinnacles, and 
tower, and spire 160 feet high. The Church of the Puri- 
tans (Cong.), in Union Place, is a splendid edifice of white 
marble. The Dutch Reformed churches in Lafayette Place 
and University Place are noted for their elegance. Two 
Unitarian churches, both in Broadway, are fine structures. 
The First Baptist Church, in Broome Street, is a handsome 
Gothic edifice nf blue limestone, erected in 1841. 

The total number of churches in New York is 250, of 
which there are 45 Episcopal, 46 Presbyterian, 40 Methodist, 
31 Baptist, 21 Eoman Catholic, 20 Dutch Eeformed, 10 Con- 
gregational, 5 Lutheran, 4 Universalist, 4 Friends', 4 Primi- 
tive Christians, 2 Unitarian, 2 New Jerusalem, 2 Second 
Advent, 1 Moravian, and 12 Jews' Synagogues. This table 
gives nearly the proportion of 1 church for every 2,100 of 
the population. The average number which can be accom- 
modated is probably not more than 800, giving the aggre- 
gate of church accommodation 200,000 seats, or about -J- of 
the present (1 S53) population. 

Theatres, etc. — The places of amusement in New York are 
numerous an<l well patronized. Of the theatres, the Broad- 
way is the largest an<l principal one, and chiefly devoted to 
the regular drama. Niblo's Theatre has a diversity of rep- 
resentations, and is one of the most popular resorts in the 
city. The Astor Place Opera House is but little used. Me- 
tropolitan Hall is a very spacious and magnificent hall, 
much used for concerts, public meetings, etc., and will ac- 
commodate 4,000 people. Burton's Theatre is a small but 
very popular resort, chiefly devoted to comedy, etc. Other 
theatres are, the Bowery and National; besidps which the 
American Museum presents dramatic and comic represent- 
ations, and contains a collection of figures, curiosities, etc. 
Among other permanent amusements are the different com- 
panies of " Ethiopian Minstrels," etc. ; while the more chang- 
ing attractions consist of an endless number of panoramas, 
dioramas, concerts, balls, etc. 

Educatioyi.—Tha provisions of the city for general edu 
cation are upon a liberal scale. It is believed that there is 
less attention given to education by the illiterate and poorer 

361 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



classes of Ihe population than in most cities of the United 
Stales, but lluse are chiefly of foreign birth, and are com- 
pelled to use their cliiMren to sain a livelihood. According 
to the census of 1S50, the total nunil)er of adult people un- 
able to read and write in the city, was 18,807, being a per- 
centage of S-G,"! of tlie entire population, or 1 in 27J persons. 
Of this total, 16,449 were of foreign birth, 1,667 were native 
negroes, and 691 were lx)rn in America. According to the 
annual report of the Board of Kducation for the year 1S50- 
51, the whole number of schools within its jurisdiction during 
the year ending 30th April, 1S51, was 207, of which the 
number belonging to the " Pul)lic School Society" was 114, 
ward schools 7'i, corporate schools 21, and among which 
were 17 schools for colored children. The whole number 
of children taught during the year ending February 1, 1S51, 
was 107,363 ; number during the year 1S49-50 was 102,974 ; 
while the average attendance during 1850-61 was 40,055; 
and in 1S49-50, 35,998. The following tabular statement 
exhibits the most important statistics for the schools during 
four years each ending on February 1st: 

SL-hi.ols. 
" , Whole No. Avi 



Year 
ending 
Feb.! 



1848. 



1849. 



1850. 



Class. No. 

fPublic... 114 .. 

Ward 50 .. 

Corporate. 18 .. 

Totals . . 182 . . 

'Public... 115 ., 

Ward 58 .. 

Corporate.. 21 . . 

L Totals.. 194 .. 



Ag. Cost 
■ of Inslruc 
t-e. lion, etc. 



54,732 .... 
32,698 .... 
2,169 .... 

89,599 .... 

50,320 .... 
40,938 .... 
3,742 .... 



18,646 
11,598 

1,878 

32,122 . . $201,176 
18.587 



95,045 .... 85,364 . . $224,490 



f Public... 115 .... 53,546 .... 18,153 

Ward 65 .... 45,872 .... 15,805 

Corporate.. 19 .... 3,556 .... 2.040 



1851.-^ 



, Totals. 


199 . 


..102,974 .. 


.. 35,993 


[■public... 


114 . 


.. 53.239 .. 


.. 19,273 


Ward.... 


72 . 


.. 50,559 .. 


.. 18.717 


Corporate. 


21 . 


.. 3,505 .. 


. . 2,046 



Totals.. 207 ....107,363 



40,055 . . $274,795 



The cost per scholar for 240 days' instruction, etc., in the 
year ending Feb. 1, 1848, was $6 26 ; ditto in 1S49, $6 34; 
ditto in 1850, -$6 87; ditto in 1851, $6 86— the average cost 
for the four years per scholar, $6 58. By an actof the Legis- 
lature in 1S53, the Pul)lic School Society is discontinued, and 
the general district system of the State introduced. 

The Free Academy is a public higii school of the city, 
established "for the purpose of extending the benefits of 
education gratuitously to those who have been pupils in the 
common schools of the city and county of New York." The 
project was subniitte<I to the popular vote of the citizens in 
1846, and approved by a very large majority. The building 
erected for tlu; purpose, and opened January 27, 1849, is 
situated at the corner of Lexington Avenue and Twenty- 
third Street It is a spacious and elegant structvire, built in 
the Gothic style, after the manner of the Town Halls of Ihe 
Netherlands. Its dinn'nsions are 125 feet long, SO feet wide, 
and 5 stories high. The cost of the liuilding was about 
$50,000, of the lot $20,000, and of its furniture and apparatus 
$10,000. It will acootnmod.ite about 1,000 scholars. In its 
construction utility and ornament are admirably combined. 
The number of instructors in the academy are 11 ; the num- 
ber of students admitted at the opening of the institution 
was 58; has since steadily increased with successive terms, 
and now amounts to several hundred. There are in the 
city a great number of private academies. Of female semi- 
naries, two are very large, and of great reputation — the 
Eutger's Female Institute in Madison Street, and Spingler 
862 



Institute in Union Place — each of which have fine stone 
edifices, are well furnished with apparatus, etc., and have 
over 500 pupils. 

Colleges. — There are in the city 2 collegiate institutions, 8 
medical colleges, and 2 theological seminaries. Columbia 
College was founded in 1754, by royal charter as King's 
College. In 1784 its name was changed by the legislature 
to Columbia College. In 1850 it had 7 instructors, 1,450 
alumni. 111 students, and 17,000 volumes in its library. It 
is under the direction of the Protestant Episcopal Church. 
Its buildings are in a beautiful square, a little west from the 
City Hall, and consist of a large and handsome edifice, 200 
feet long by 50 feet wide, with wings at each end etc. The 
University of the City of New York was founded in 18-31. 
In 1850 it had 11 instructors, 320 alumni, 151 students, and 
4,000 volumes in library. Its edifice, on the east side of 
Washington Square, occupying one block, is the most splen- 
did collegiate building in the United States, and is one of 
the finest ornaments of the city. It is constructed of white 
marble, in the Gothic style of English collegiate architecture. 
Its dimensions are 180 feet long, 100 feet wide, and 4 stories 
high, flanked with square towers on its 4 corners, which 
rise one story above the side walls, and having a central 
building which, rising much higher than the sides, is 55 
feet broad, and 85 feet deep, crowned with turrets, and in 
common with the side walls of the whole building, has an 
ornamented embattled parapet. This central building is 
an imitation of King's College Chapel, Cambridge, England, 
and is used as the principal chapel of the University. It is 
probably one of the finest rooms of the kind in America. 
Connected with the University is a very flourishing gram- 
mar school, and Ihe University Medical College. 

The College of Physicians and Surgeons is a very flour- 
ishing medical institution, founded in 1S07. In 1850 it had 
6 professors, 219 students, and 852 graduates. It is located 
at 67 Crosby Street, has a commodious edifice, which con- 
tains an extensive medical museum, and library of over 
1,000 volumes. The University Medical College was founded 
in 18-37, .ind is connected with the University of the City of 
New York. In 1850, it had 6 professors, 421 students, and 
597 graduates. Its edifice is a very large, commodious, and 
elegant building, recently erecteil in East Fourteenth Street, 
near Union Square. The New York Medical College is an 
institution opened in 1851, and occupying a handsome 
structure, in East Thirteenth Street, near Fourth Avenue. 
These schools enjoy the advantages of clinical instruction at 
the various hospitals. 

The General Theological Seminary of the Protestant 
Episcopal Church was founded in 1817. It occupies an 
entire square, between Ninth and Tenth avenues, and 
Tv.'i ntielh and Twenty-first streets. Its edifices are two large, 
handsome buildings of stone, in Gothic architecture. In 
1850, it had 5 professors, 64 students, 336 graduates, and 
10,000 volumes in its library. It is well endowed, aii<l in 
a flourishing condition. 

The Union Theological Seminary, a Presbyterian insti- 
tution, was founded in 1836. Its edifice, in University 
Place, ne.ar Washington Square, is a handsome structure of 
brick. In 1850, it had 5 professors, 106 students, 211 alumni, 
and 18,000 volumes in its library. 

Lihniries, He. — Thi> New Vork Society Library, est.ib- 
lished 1754, is the oldest literary association in the city. 
During the Ecvolutionary War, its volumes were scattered 
and lost. On the restoration of peace it was reestablished. 
In 1838 and '39, it erected its present edifice, on Bro.idway, 
corner of Leonard Street, at an expense, including the 
ground, of $120,000, which is one of the finest library build- 
ings in the Union. It contains about 45,000 volumes, which 
have been selected with much care. In 185-3, it has dis- 
posed of its building, and will be removed to the upper 
part of the city. The Mercantile Library Associ.ition, 
formed in 1820, for merchants' clerks, occupies a large 
portion of Clinton Uall, on Beekniun and Nassau streets, 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



which was erected in 1S30 for its accommodation, at a cost 
of $53,000. Its library is particularly rich in periodical 
literature, and contains about 36,000 volumes. 

The New York Historical Society, founded in 1804, have a 
very valuable library of American history, of 17,000 volumes. 
and some collections of historical interest. The Society have 
monthly meetings, and have published numerous volumes 
of their researches, etc. Their rooms are at the Univorsity, 
but a building for their accommodation is in contemplation. 
The Geographical and Statistical Society hold monthly 
meetings, and have commenced the formation of a library. 
The transactions of this society are published in a '• Bulletin," 
the first number of which was issued in August, 1852. The 
Apprentices' Library, established in 1S20, occupies a large 
building at 32 Crosby Street, and contains 14,000 volumes. 
The American Institute have 6,000 volumes; the Typo- 
graphical Society, 3,000 volumes, free to printers, etc. ; the 
New York Law Institute, in the City Hall, 5.000 volumes ; 
the Mechanics' Institute, 8,000 volumes; besides which, the 
New York Lyceum and the Lyceum of Natural History 
have each valuable libraries and other collections. 

The Astar Libiary was founded by .John Jacob Astor, 
who, in his will, appropriated $400,000 for "the establish- 
ment of a public library upon the most ample scale and 
liberal character, for general use, free of expense to persons 
resorting thereto." Of this amount, Mr. Astor directed that 
a sum, not exceeding $75,000, should be expended in the 
erection of a building, on the E. side of Lafayette Place; 
that $120,000 should be expended in the first outlay for 
books and other objects ; and that the residue, over $200,000, 
should be permanently invested as a fund for its main- 
tenance and gradual increase. The library edifice, built of 
brown freestone and brick, is a very handsome structure, 
both in exterior and interior. Its dimensions are — 65 feet 
front, 120 feet in length, and 2 stories in height, 67 feet from 
the side-walk to the top of the parapet. The intcrioris most 
commodiously arranged, and will conveniently contain 
100,000 volumes. Over 60,000 volumes have already been 
piu-chased, chiefly in Europe. The library will be opened 
for public use in 1853. 

Periodical Press. — The whole number of periodicals 
published in the city in June, 1850, was 12.5, of which 14 
were issued daily, 8 semi-weekly, 58 weekly, 8 on Sunday, 
5 semi-monthly, 30 monthly, and 2 quarterly. Names of 
dailies: "Herald" (indcp.), "Tribune" (whig), "Sun" (neu- 
tral), "Courier and Enquirer" (whig), "Journal of Com- 
merce" (neutral), "Express" (whig), "Morning Star" (neu- 
tral), " Commercial Advertiser" (whig), " Evening Post" 
(free soil), " Evening Mirror" (whig), " Merchants' Day- 
Book" (whig), " Globe" (dem.), Deutsche Schnell Post" 
(German), and "New Yorker Demokrat" (German). Each 
of these issue other editions weekly or semi-weekly. The 
dailies, with many of the weeklies, surpass those of any 
other city in the Union in their intrinsic merits, size, capital 
involved, and circulation. The total circulation of the 8 
dailies in 1850, at each issue, was 154,261 copies, being over 
one-sixth of all the dailies printed in the United States. 
The largest circulations attained by different issues, were : 
Of dailies, the " Sun," 55,000 copies ; of weeklies, the " Trib- 
une," 48,000 ; of monthlies, the " American Messenger" 
(rehg.), 211,000. 

City Government, Pepartmmits, Institutions, Public 
Works, etc. — The government is vested in the mayor, re- 
corder, and Common Council, which body consists of the 
two boards of aldermen and assistant aldermen, each com- 
posed of 19 members, 1 from each ward. The mayor and 
aldermen are elected once in 2 years, the assistant aldermen 
annually. There are 9 executive departments, viz., police, 
finance, streets, repairs and supplies, streets and lamps, 
Croton Aqueduct, city inspectors, alms-house, and law. The 
number of civil courts is 4, besides 5 ward courts ; of crimi- 
nal courts, 3, besides 3 police courts. 

Expenses oj Government,— The total expenses of the city 



government in each year since 1800, is exhibited in the fol- 
lowing statement of the amount raised each year for city 
purposes : 



Years. 


Amount. 


Yenrs. 


Amount. 


Years. 


Amount. 


1801 ... 


.. $75,000 


1819 .. 


. $250,140 


1836 . . 


. $1,085,130 


1802 . . 


. . 75,000 


1820 . . 


. 270,361 


1837 . . 


. 1,260,000 


1803 . . 


. . 75,000 


1821 .. 


. 259,430 


183S. 


. 1,300,000 


1804 . . 


. . 75,000 


1822 .. 


. . 302,106 


1839 . 


. 1,200,000 


1S05 . . 


.. 127,947 


1S23 .. 


.. 351,814 


1840. 


. 1,100,000 


1806 . . 


.. 127.815 


1824 . . 


. . .353,328 


1841 . 


. 1,265,000 


1807 . . 


.. 119.155 


1S25 . . 


. . 336,864 


1842 . 


. 1,100,000 


1808 . . 


.. 1.38.985 


1326 . . 


. . 583,759 


1843 . 


. 990,000 


1S09 . . 


.. 1.39,027 


1S27 . . 


. . 4.37,692 


1844. 


. 1,298,922 


1810 . . 


.. 129,727 


1S28 .. 


. . 485,752 


1S45. 


. 1,339,487 


ISll ... 


.. 176,978 


1829 .. 


.. 507,107 


1846. 


. 1,754,323 


1812 .. 


.. 174,920 


1830 . . 


. . 509,178 


1S4T. 


. 1,746,361 


1SI3 .. 


.. 174,727 


1S31 .. 


. . 562,104 


184S. 


. 1,992,150 


1814 ... 


.. 214,225 


1832 . . 


. . 665.386 


1849 . 


. 2.302,564 


1815 .. 


.. 197,913 


1833 . . 


. . 971,860 


1850. 


. 2,578,325 


1816 ... 


.. 180,654 


1S34 .. 


. . 835,605 


1851 . 


. 2,924,493 


1817 ... 


.. 216,720 


1835 . . 


. . 965,603 


1852. 


. 3,378,335 


1818 ... 


.. 255,741 











The debt of the city, on 1st January, 1845, was : 

Permanent Debt $12,881,750 42 

Temporary « 1,147,914 80 



Total 



, $14,029,665 22 



In 1852, according to the message of the mayor, it was : 
Permanent debt redeemable from sink, fund $14,578,908 00 
Temporary debt redeemable from taxation . 710,000 00 

Total $15,238,908 00 

The following table exhibits the amount of taxation in 
decades of years since 1800, and the comparative increase 
of taxation and population during the same periods : 

Increase of 

Periods. Amount. / * ' — s 

Tax. per ct. Pop. per ct. 

... — 59 

... 95 28 

... 95 64 

... 141 54 



1801-10 $1,082,656 . 

1311-20 2,112,379 . 

1821-30 4,127,030 

1831-40 9.945,694 . 



1341-50 



16,367,132 65 



65 



Total tax in 50 years, $33,634,891 ; in 1851 and '52, $6,302,828. 
Total tax in 52 years, 39,937,719. 

The rate of tax, per head, In different years was as follows : 



Years. 


Rate. 


1800. 


,$1.24 


1805. 


. 1.69 


1810. 


. 1,35 



Y.-ars. 


Rate. 


1815. 


,$2.32 


1S20. 


. 2.18 


1825, 


. 2.03 



Years. Rate. 

1S30..,$2.51 
1835... 3,57 
1840... 3.52 



Years. Rate. 

1845.,, $-3.61 
1850... 5.00 



The amount of corporation property owned by the city 
in 1851, consisting chiefly of real estate, piers, wharves, 
etc, as estimated under direction of the controller, was 
$19,505,310 88. Of this property, a large portion lying in 
the upper part of the city was sold at auction in 1852. The 
same estimate gave as the total cost of the Croton Aqueduct, 
$14,041,583 95; of the Receiving Reservoir, $134,000 00; of 
the Distributing Reservoir, $152,000 00. 

The statistics of the various departments of the city are as 
follows : 

Police Deparitnent. — The city is divided into 19 patrol 
districts, each ward constituting one, which are patrolled by 
a total force of 941 policemen, averaging 50 to each ward. 

Criminal Statistics. — The statistics of the criminal courts 
of the city for the years 1351-52 are as follows : 

Whole number or trials 1852, 1851. 

In the Court of Oyer and Terminer 14.. 14 

In the Court of General Sessions 447 . . 41T 

In the Court of Special Sessions 2,405 . . 2,079 

Total 2,866 . . 2,510 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



The total number of convictions in tliese courts during 
the year 1651 was 2,494; of whicli 1.530 were for petit lar- 
ceny ; for assault and battery, 703 ; burglary, 47 ; grand lar- 
ceny, 105; forgery 17, etc. During 1851, the number com- 
mitted to tlie city prison was 1(5,522, making, with 221 
remaining on January 1, 16,543. Of tliese, 12,955 were 
discharged, 3,390 sent to the pi.nitentiary, 192 to the State 
prison, and 3 were executed. The statistics of the peniten- 
tiary on Black well's Island for the year 1802 were as follows : 

Kemaining in penitentiary Dee. 31, 1851 879 

Eeceived during the year 1S52, males 2,017 

" " " females 2,348 

Total 

Discharged, males 1,913 

" females 2,290 

Remaining in penitentiary Dec. 31, 1852 

Alms-ITouse Department. — This department has charge 
Of all the city institutions for the relief of the poor, etc. ; the 
penitentiary, prisons, work-house, asylums, hosi)itals, etc. 
The principal buildings on Blackweirs Island are very large, 
and contain several thousand inmates. The charge of these 
institutions is committed to a board of 10 governors. The 
real estate occupied by this department was valued in 1851 
at $1,200,000. 

The combined statistics of the total expenses of the city 
hospitals, asylums, nurseries, and prisons for the year 1850, 
were as follows : 

Institutions. Total Expenses. 

Aims-House $30,108 38 

Bellevue Hospital 45,279 13 

City Prison 13,802 81 

Colored Home 7,664 58 

Colored Orjihan Asylum 2,607 13 

Lunatic Asylum 31,044 11 

Nursery 3S,2(t6 53 

Nursery Hospital 14,040 93 

Office 23,127 09 

Out-Door Poor 60,507 04 

Penitentiary 69.895 52 

Penitentiary Hospital 3,917 62 

Police, Oftice of the Chief of 55 01 

Prison. 2d District 1,695 98 

Prison, 3d District 1,369 44 

Randall's Island 10,507 S3 

Small Pox Hospital 643 55 

Storehouse, Black well's Island 29,445 68 

Storehouse, Kandall's Island lO.SSS 75 

Work-House 11,430 85 

New Work-House Building 2,455 40 

T<jt:U monthly cost of supplies, $406,652 60. 
Of 4 of these institutions, the following arc some of their 
statistics for the year 1852. 

NUMBER OP INMATES. 
Remainins Admitted Disrlinrged Hemaining 
Dec. 31, IS.";!, in l.s.-r2. and died. Dec. 31, 1«. 2. 

Bellevue Hospital. 609 5,089 5,182 516 

Alm.s-House — — — 1,267 

Lunatic Asylum.. 517 495 485 527 

Nursery 1,419 1,773 1,881 1,811 

Of the Alm.s-House inmates — 1,022 were born in foreign 
countries, and 245 in the United States; 653 were males, 
614 females. There are three large dispensaries, whoso free 
charitable ministrations have for many years been of very 
great assistance in relieving the medical wants of the poorer 
classes. According to recent police returns, 18,450 persons 
were found living in 3,742 underground basements. Nearly 
one-third of these persons were classified as dirty in person, 
and their basements of the same description. 

Croto7i Aqueduct Department. — The Croton Aqueduct 

was commenced in 1837, and its completion celebrated Oct 

14th, 1842. It is 40J m. long, commencing at the Croton r., 

in Westchester co., 5 m. from Hudson r. The dam, built 

864 



of stone and cement, is 250 feel long, 40 feet high, 70 feet 
thick at its base, and 7 at its top. The pond thus created ia 
5 m. long, covering 400 acres, and estimated to contain 
500,000,000 gallons of water. The aqueduct, built of stone, 
brick, and cement, and arched over and under, is 6 feet 9 
inches wide at its bottom, 7 feet 5 inches wide at the top, 
and 8 feet 5 inches high, has a descent of 13i inches per m., 
and will discharge 60,000,000 gallons in 24 hours. It crosses 
Harhm r. on a magnificent bridge of stone, 1,4.50 feet long, 
supported by 14 stone piers, and which cost nearly $1,000,000. 
The receiving reservoir is between Bixth and Seventh 
avenues, and Seventy-ninth and Eighty-sixth streets, cover- 
ing 35 acres, conttiining 150,000.000 gallons of water, and 
cost $1.34,000. The distributing reservoir, on Fifth Avenue 
and Forty-second Street, is a most massive structure, is 2,120 
feet square, covering over 4 acres, containing 25,000,000 
gallons, and cost $152,000. Thence the water is tlistributed 
over the city in iron pipes, of which, in 1852, 215 m. length 
had been laid. The daily consumption is about 30,000,000 
gallons. The supply is considered adequate for three or 
four times the present population of the city. In 1851 the 
total cost of the Croton Aqueduct and its connections was 
$14,041,584. Its revenue now amounts to nearly $500,000, 
and is steadily increasing. 

Fire Department. — Kngine companies in 1851, 49, with 
34 engines, 49 hose companies, with carriages, and 58.500 feet 
of hose. Shook and ladder companies, 3 hydrant companies; 
whole number of firemen, 2,172. The real estate used by 
the Fire Department was valued, in 1851, at $151,800. Sta- 
tistics of fires in 1852 — total number, .325; of false alarms, 
193; loss of buildings by fire, $223,428; loss on stock, 
$1 ,359,603 ; number of persons who lost their lives by fires, 13. 
Markets, etc. — There are 14 principal markets, the build- 
ings of which occupy large areas of ground, but are 
utterly unworthy of the city, occupying real estate, valued 
in 1851 at $1,109,000. Of these, the largest and most im- 
portant is Washington Market, in Washington Street, front- 
ing on the Hudson River. Its business is chiefly whole- 
sale, and more extensive than any other in the United 
States. The following are approximate estimates of its 
aggregate yearly sales : 

Meal trade $5,000,000 I Poultry trade. . . . $1,000,000 

Fruit " 2,800,000 Vegetable" ....17,500,000 

Butter " 480,000 Egg " .... 1,000,000 

Honey " 9.000 Nut " .... 15,000 

Fish " 648,000 1 

Total yearly sales of all kinds of produce. . . . $28,452,000. 
The other markets are more occupied with the retail 
trade. 

The following statistics of the cattle trade, for the years 
1851 and '52, give only an approximate statement of the 
consumption of meal in the city. 

Sales of beeves, etc., in the New York cattle market, in 
1851 and '52 : 
Total Cows and Slieep nnd 

Sales. Beeve.i. Calves, Lambs. 

1851 88.994 5,406 264,200 

1852 105,225 5,688 323,000 

Lieetmes. — Total number of licensed omnilnises, Feb. 1, 
1850, 425, paying $7,630 ; number of same in 1852, 30 lines, 
having a full number of 800 stages, of which 445 licenses 
pay $12,380; total number of licensed hacks in 1850,431, 
paying $2,183. Of other principal licenses, the following is 
a summary for 1852 : Cartmen, 4,233 ; dirt carts, 1,460 ; pub- 
lic porters, 245, etc 

Summary of tavern licenses during 1850-52, the years 
ending Dec. 81 ; and of liquor licenses during 1850-52, the 
years ending May 1 ; also the number of licenses granted in 
1852, after May 1 ; and the total number of places where 
rum is sold, as reported by the police : 

After May 1, 
18M 1851. I?fi3. - 1S.V2. Sold, 

Tavern licenses . .4.528. . . .5,047. . . .5,980. ... — . . . . — 
Liquor « . .3,980. ...4,553. .. .5,190. ...5,790. . ..6,303 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



City Railroads.— The Fourth Avenue E. K., belonging 
to the Harlem E. E., has been in operation for several years. 
During 11 hours of the day, cars run every 7 minutes from 
the Astor House to Twenty-seventh Street— fare 6 cents. 
The Sixth Avenue E. E. went into operation on Aug. 11, 

1852. Cars are run every 4 minutes for 12 hours of the day, 
from Vesey Street to Forty-fourtli Street— fare 5 cents. An 
immense mrmber of persons, averaging, in 1852, over 10,000 
daily, use tliese cars, as also those of Kighth Avenue E. E. 
The receipts from its opening to Dee. 1, 1852, were $40,451. 
TheEighth Avenue E. E.went into operation 31st Aug., 1852. 
The cars run every 4 minutes during the greater part of the 
day and evenings, from Vesey to Fifty-first streets — fare 5 
cents. The daily number of passengers, in 1852, averaged 
over 11,000. The receipts of tlie road, fVom its opening, 
during the year 1852 (4 months 1 day) were $59,500. In 

1853, branches of tlie above roads are extended through 
Canal Street to Broadway. Otlior avenue railroads are in 
rapid construction, of which the principal are on the 
Second and Ninth avenues, extending to the lower part of 
the city. 

Benevolent Institutions. — The charitable institutions, not 
under the charge of the city corporation, but established 
and sustained by the sympathetic liberality of associations 
and the citizens, are highly creditable to the character of 
New York. Of these, the New York Hospital, in Broad- 
way, opposite Pearl Street, is among the principal. It was 
founded in 1771. It consists of 3 large .stone edifices, finely 
located in a beautiful, spacious yard, very commodious, and 
well fitted up, and will accommodate 400 patients. It has a 
large annual revenue, but which is annually expended. 
The total number of patients admitted from December 31, 
1829, to December 31, 1852, was 54,076. The number re- 
maining December 31, 1851, was 301 ; number of admissions 
during 1S52, 3,448 ; number discharged in 1852, 3,407 ; num- 
ber remaining December 31, 1852, 342. It is the only gene- 
ral hospital of any note in the city. 

The Bloomingdale Asylum for the Insane, located at 
Bloomingdale, near the Hudson river, between Tenth and 
Eleventh avenues. One Hundred and Seventeenth and One 
Hundred and Twentieth streets, 7 miles from the City Hall, 
is a branch of the New York Hospital, which went into 
operation in June, 1821. There are three very large and 
commodious buildings of hewn stone, with 40 acres of ground 
beautifully laid out into pleasure-grounds, gardens, etc. The 
statistics of this institution for the year 1852 are as follows : 

Number of patients in Asylum Jan. 1, 1852 122 

Admitted during the year 102 

Discharged " " 87 

Died " " 18 

Number of patients in Asylum Dec. 31, 1852 119 

Keceipts during the year $31,187 47 

Expenditures $30,254 61 

Balance in treasury $882 86 

Value of products of the farm in 1852 $5,261 00 

The total number of patients treated since the opening of 
the Asylum approximates 5,000. 

The New York Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf 
and Dumb is located between Fourth and Fifth avenues, 
and Forty-ninth and Fiftieth streets, 8i miles from the City 
Hall. The principal edifice, occupied since 1829, is a very 
handsome structure, 5 stories high, 110 feet long, and 60 feet 
wide. The whole number of patients at the institution in 
1852 was 303 ; number discharged during the year, 44 ; 
number remaining Dec. 31, 1852, 259 ; of whom 143 were 
males and 116 females. These were supported as follows : 
by the State of New York, 182 ; by the city of New York, 
16 ; by the State of New Jersey, 13 ; by their friends, 31 ; by 
the Institution, 16 ; by the Commissioners of Emigration, 1. 
Expenses in 1852, $43,000 ; receipts, $41,000. 

The Institution for the Blind, on Ninth Avenue, Thirty- 
third and Thirty-fourth streets, is a large and splendid 



edifice of granite, in Gothic style, and one of the finest orna- 
ments of the city. The total number of inmates during 
1852 was 150 ; number remaining Dec. 31, 1S52, 108. 

Orphan Asylums.— The New York Orphan Asylum, situ- 
ated at Bloomingdale, near Hudson river, on Seventy-first 
Street, 4|- m. from City HaU, is a handsome building of 
stone, in Gothic style, 120 by 60 feet, connected with 9 acres 
of ground, and contains several hundred children. The 
Protestant Half-Orphan Asylum is in Sixth Avenue, be- 
tween Tenth and Eleventh streets. The Colored Orphan 
Asylum, on Fifth Avenue, between Forty-second and Forty- 
third streets, is a large institution in flourishing condition. 
Number of children Jan. 1, 1S52, 201 ; admitted in 1852, 
57; remaining Dec. 31, 1852, 207— boys, 1.30; girls, 77; total 
number admitted since opening of the asylum, 681 ; receipts 
and expenses during 1852, each about $16,000. The Eoman 
Catholic Orphan Asylum, in Prince Street, near the Cathe- 
dral, is a very large institution, under charge of the Sisters 
of Charity. On Dec. 31, 1852, it contained about 700 chil- 
dren— 300 girls and 400 boys. Expenses of the year, $25,000. 

Other asylums are, the Home for Aged Indigent Females, 
having, in 1852, 87 inmates ; expenses and receipts iu same 
year, about $4,000. Asylum for Lying-in Women, which, in 
1S52, accommodated 141 women in confinement, etc; the 
Colored Home, Magdalen, Friendless Boys, and others. 

There arc five dispensaries, which annually afford medi- 
cal aid to vast numbers of the population. Of these the 
New York Dispensary was established in 1790, the Northern 
in 1827, the Eastern in 1830, the Demilt in 1851, the North- 
western in 1S52. The aggregate applications to the first 
three, in 1852, for medical aid, was 79,379 ; number of vac- 
cinations, 6,816. 

Institutions for Seamen.— On Staten Island are three largo 
and most excellent institutions for seamen; viz., the Marine 
Hospital at Tompkinsville, near the Quarantine ground, 
consisting of 3 buildings ; the Seaman's Eetreat ; and the 
Sailor's Snug Harbor, on the N. side of the island, which 
provides a home for aged and decayed seamen, and pos- 
sesses an estate, bequeathed by Capt. Eandall, now valued 
at $1,000,000. 

Religious Societies. — New York contains many of the 
central offices aud publication establishments of those great 
religious denominations and societies which embrace in 
their labors the whole nation. Some of their printing 
offices are among the largest in the city — viz., American 
Bible Society, which in 1852 erected a splendid edifice in 
Fourth Avenue, cor. Ninth Street, consisting of an entire 
block, six stories high ; Methodist Book Concern in Mul- 
berry Street ; American Tract Society in Nassau Street, and 
many others. The anniversaries of these societies are cele- 
brated during the second week in May, and are occasions 
of much interest. 

Population. — The following statistics exhibit the amount 
of the population of New York at various intervals since its 
foundation, as furnished by the enumerations and estimates 
of the earlier period, and later by the official returns of the 
census, periodically taken under the authority of the State, 
and of the United States, together with the numerical in- 
crease between the consecutive periods with the actual ratio 
for such times, and the corresponding ratio for decennial 
periods, where the interval is more or less than tea years: 

Ratio of Increase. 
Numerical 
Increase. 



Years. 



Population. 



Actual Est. Decennial 
Percent. Percent. 

1656 1,000 — — — 

1673 2,500 1.500 150.00 88.23 

1696 4,302 1,802 72.08 31.35 

1731 8,628 4,326 100.56 28.73 

1756 10,381 1,753 20.32 8.13 

1773 21,876 11,495 110.73 65.13 

mCestim.. 26,000 estlm. . 4,124 estim.. 20.00 — 

2,386 dec.'76 7.94 6.11 

,788 inc. '73 — — 

365 



1736 28,614 



u i 2,i 
t 1,' 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Ratio of Increase, 



Tears, 



Population. 



Nun 

Iml 



(•«! 



Actual Kst. De 
Percent. P< 



1790 33,131 9,517 40.30 100.75 

1800 60,4S9 27,358 82.57 82.37 

1805 75,770 15,281 25.26 50.52 

1810 96,373 20,603 27.19 54.38 

1814 92,448 3,925 dec... 4.07 dec... — 

1816 100,619 8,171 8,84 44.20 

1820 123,706 23,087 22.94 57.35 

1825 166,086 42,380 34.26 68.52 

1830 202.OS9 36,503 21.97 4.3.94 

1835 270.089 67,500 3:3.32 66.64 

1840 312,710 42,621 15.78 31.56 

1845 371,223 58,513 18.71 37.42 

1850 515,547 144,324 38.S8 77.76 

The average decennial increase from 1656 to 1850, is 
about 40 per cent., which has been sleiulily ahead, except 
during the two periods of war with Great Britain. The ratio 
of increase in other periods has been materially cheeked by 
the following causes: French and Indian war of 16S9-97 ; 
yellow fever in 1741-2 ; the " negro plot" of the same years ; 
great fire of 1741 ; and the French wars of 1744-48, and 
1754. There has been no period of ten years' length, since 
1756, in which the population has not increased. 

POPULATION BY PERIODS OP GOVERNMENT. 

I'erinds. Pop. at close. Increase, Katio, Dec.oquiv, 

Dutch ....1613-1664... 1,700... 1,700... — — 

English. ..1664-1783... 23,614... 22,000. . .1,300 1,000 

American .1783-1850. . .515,507. . .491,893. . .2,283 3,411 

BEFORE AND AFTER THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION. 

PeriDil"!. Pi>p. at close, lncrea.se. Ratio. Cent, equiv. 

Before.... 1613-1790... 3.3,1-31... 33,131... — — 

After 1790-1850. . .515,507. . .452.376. . .1,456 2,427 

The population of the city has doubled, since 1656, nine 
times, orin each average period of 21Jyears; since 1790,/oj(.r 
times, or in each 15 years ; since 1800, three times, or in each 
average period of 16f years. 

Comparison of the growth of the cities of New York, 
Philadelphia, Boston, and Baltimore, since 1790: 
Years. N.York. Philad. Boston. Bait. JljI'J^^ a'ol'tire" 

1790.. 33,131.. 42,520.. 18,038.. 13.503.. 74,061.".!?. 44.7 

1800.. 60,489.. 81,005.. 24,297-. 26,514.. 131,816 4.5.9 

1810.. 96.373.-111,210.. 35,250., 46,4.55.-192.915 50.0 

1820.-123,706.-1.37,097-. 43,298.. 62,739. .243,133 51.0 

1830. .202,589-. 188,961.- 61,392.. 80,620.. 330,973 61.2 

1840- .312,710- -25S,037. . 93,.383- .102,513- .453,933 68.9 

1860. .515,507. .408,815. .138,788. .189,048- -734,734 70.2 

By the census of 1850, New York exceeds in population 
fourteen of the States of the Union. 

irorUiUty. — The annual ratio of deaths to the population 
has for several years been 3 per cent., which large propor- 
tion is to be attributed in a very great degree to the foreign 
immigration, the alms-houses, etc., and not to the natural 
unhealthiness of the city. 

Wealth. — The following statements exhibit the valuation 
of property in the city from 1800 to 1852 inclusive. The 
first statement exhibits the total valuation until 1825; the 
second table, from 1825-52 inclusive, distinguishes each class 
of estate : 



Years. Valuation. 

ISOO $24,4S6..370 

1805 25,645.867 

1806 26.529,6.30 

1807 24,959,955 

180S 2.5,118,720 

1809 24,782,267 

1810 20,436,370 

1811 26,045,730 

1812 26,243,040 

1813 27,640,230 

1814 82,901,497 

866 



Years, Valu.ation. 

1815 $81,636,042 

1816 82,074,201 

1817 78,895,725 

1818 80,245,091 

1819 70,113,061 

1S20 69.530,753 

1821 68,282,070 

1822 71,289,144 

1823 70,940,820 

1824 83,075,676 



Years. Iteal Entate. 

1825 $58,4::!5,895 . . . 

1826 64.942,851 ... 

1827 72,617,770,.. 

1828 77,139,880 ... 

1829 76,531,890 ... 

18-30 87,603,580... 

1831 97,221,870 ... 

1832 104,042,405 ... 

18-33 114,129,561 .. 

1S84 123.249.280 ... 

1835 143,732,452 ... 

1836 233,74;3,303 . . . 

1837 194,450,109 . . . 

1838 194.543,359 ... 

1839 196,778,4.34 ... 

1840 187,121.464 ... 

1841 186,347,246 ... 

1842 176,512,342 ... 

184.3 164,950,515 ... 

1844 171,936,591 ... 

1845 177.160,790 . . . 

1846 183.480,934 ... 

1847 187,-314.386 ... 

1848 193,027.576 . . . 

1849 197,761,919 ... 

1850 207,146,173 ... 

1851 227,013.856 ... 

1852 252,186,753 ... 



Personal Estate. 

. $42,734,131 .. 
. 42,534.931 .. 
. 39,694,156 . . 
. 36.879,653 . . 

85,984,136 . . 
, 37,684,938 . . 
, 42,058,344 . . 
, 42,260,213 . . 

52,365,626 . . 
. 63,299,231 . . 
, 74,981,278 . . 
, 75,758,617 .. 
. 67,297,241 . . 
. 69,609,582 . . 

70,014.796 . . 

65,721,699 . . 
, 65,430.456 . . 
, 61,294,559 .. 
. 63,046.576 . . 
. 64,023,456 . . 
, 62,777,528 .. 

61,471.571 .. 
, 59.837,917 . . 

61,164.451 . . 

58,455,174 . . 

79,939,240 . . 

93,094,502 . . 

98,520,043 . . 



Total, 
.,$101,160,046 
.. 107.477,781 
.. 112.211,926 
.. 114,019,533 
.. 112.516,026 
.. 126,288,518 
.. 1-39,280,214 
.. 146,302,618 
.. 166,49.5,187 
.. 186.548,511 
.. 218,72.3,703 
. . 309,501,920 
.. 263,747,850 
.. 264,152,941 
.. 206,780,230 
.. 252,84.3,163 
.. 251,777,702 
.. 237.806,901 
.. 227,997,091 
.. 235,960,047 
.. 239,938,318 
.. 244.952,505 
.. 247,152.306 
.. 254,192,027 
.. 256.217,093 
.. 286,085,416 
.. 320.108,.36S 
.. 351,706,796 



The amount of wealth per head at the different periods 
named, has been as follows: 



1800 $404 80J 

1810 274 311 

1820 502 06 



1830 $618 43i 

1840 806 41 

1S50 554 99* 



In 1850, 2 estates were assessed for over $1,000,000. Ex- 
clusive of incorporated companies, 7 estates were assessed 
on $500,000 and upward. The several properties above 
$17,500 were : 



amounts. Kstat.-r«. 

$500,000 to $1 ,000,000 ... . 7 



400,000 
300,000 
200,000 
100,000 
90,000 
80,000 



500,000.... 2 
400,000.... 24 
300,000.... 58 
200,000.... 222 
100,000.... 43 
90,000.... 04 



Estates. 



$70,000 to $80,000. 
60,000 
50,000 
40,000 
30,000 
20,000 
17,500 



70,000 109 

60,000 195 

50,000 271 

40,000 445 

80,000 957 

20,000 778 



The proportionate increase of population and wealth in 
New York, in each consecutive period of 10 years, since 
1800, is as follows : 

Increase, Increase. 



Pop 



Years. Pop. Wealth. ' "V- "'ealth 

' >; lu- percent, percent, 

1800-10 85,884 , . . . $1,950,000 .... 59 .... 8 

1810-20 27,333 .... 43,094,383 .... 2*J . . . . 168 

1820-30 78,883 .... 55,757,765 .... 64 .... 80 

1830-40 110,121 .... 127.554,645 .... 54 .... 102 

1 840-50 202,835 .... 33,242,253 .... 65 .... 13 

1800-50 455,056 .... $261,599,046 .... 853 .... 1,168 

BistoHcal Sketch. — The history of New York city is 
dircclly divided into three periods, during which it has 
belonged to the three governments, Holland, Entrland, and 
the State of New York, viz.. 1609-1664, 1664-17S3, 1783-1853. 

Dutch period : Sept. .3, 1609, Hendrik Hudson discovered 
the island ; 1613, the settlement of ''New Amsterdam" was 
commenced ; 1621, the Dutch West India Oompany com- 
menced operations; 1626, the island was purchased for $24; 
1652, New Amsterdam was incorporated, and the govern- 
ment passed from the West India Company into the hands 
of 2 burgomasters and 5 assistjints called schepens, and 1 
schout or sheriff; Sept., 1664, the English took the province. 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



English period : 1664, name changed to New York ; July, 
1673, retaken by the Dutcli and called "New Orange," and 
held by them 1 year ; 1686, James II. abolished the repre- 
sentative system, etc, ; 16S9, Leisler insurrection ; 1690, a 
polonial congress assembled here ; Nov., 1696, city lighted 
by ordinance ; 1711, slave market established in Wall Street ; 
1720, 2 per cent, laid on European imports ; 1725, " New 
York Gazette" appeared; 17o0, enlarged charter granted 
by Gov. Montgomerie; 1782, stage routes established to 
Boston and Philadelphia, traversed once a month ; Sept. 21, 
1776, 493 houses consumed by tire, i of whole city; 1741-2, 
"Negro plot" and yellow fever; 1765, a colonial congress 
assembled here; 1776-1788, Revolution; Nov. 25, 1783, 
evacuation of British army and end of English rule. 

American period : April 30, 17S9, Washington inaugur- 
ated first president at Federal Hall, on site of present 
custom-house; 1798, yellow fever, 2,086 deaths, which re- 
turned in 1803 and in 1805, and again in 1822 ; lb.07, Fulton's 
steamboat on Hudson river; 1811, large fire; 1812-15, war 
with Great Britain, which suspended all commerce; 1826, 
Erie Canal completed and great celebration ; 1832, Asiatic 
Cholera-^,860 deaths; Dec. 16, 1835, conflagration of 648 
buildings, UttaX loss $25,000,000 ; 1837, commercial revulsion ; 
Oct. 14, 1842, celebration of completion of Croton Aqueduct; 
1&46, conflagration of 546 buildings— loss $0,000,000 ; 1849, 
cholera; 1850, Collins' Steamers to Liverpool; May, 1851, 
Erie E. R. completed to Dunkirk ; 1852, avenue railroads; 
1853, success of the Ericsson Caloric Steamship; city charter 
reformed. 

The environs of the city, though physically separated, 
and of themselves large cities (separately described in their 
alphabetical order), are, to all intents and purposes, part of 
the metropolis, originating from, and dependent upon, its 
prosperity. See Brooklyn, Williamsburg, etc. 

Of the entire metropolitan district, now the first in the 
New World, it may summarily be said, that the past is 
indicative of its future, promising to increase with each 
succeeding year its permanent prosperity, until it surpasses 
all cities, ancient and modem. 

Norfolk, p. b., port of entry, and cap. Norfolk county, 
Virff. : on the N. E. bank of Elizabeth r., at the confluence 
of its two branches, 8 m. above Hampton Roads, 32 m. 
from the ocean ; 80 m. 8. E. by E. Richmond. Lat. N. 
86° 60' 50" ; long. W. 76° 18' 47". This is the chief com- 
mercial port in Virginia, and is remarkable for its harbor, 
which is very accessible, spacious, and deep enough fjr the 
largest vessels. Its site is on low and marshy ground, and 
formerly unhealthy, but is now provided with sewers, and 
kept clean. The streets are generally irregular, though 
some are wide, straight, and neat. The houses are not re- 
markable for elegance, but many of them are substantial 
buildings. It contains a court-house, jail, fine market-house, 
custom-house, an athenajum, with a library, academy, orphan 
asylum, 3 banks— capital $991,000, some good hotels, and 
8 churches. The cemetery, ornamented with cypress trees, is 
very beautifully laid out and adorned. Norfolk is chiefly dis- 
tinguished as being the principal naval station in the United 
States, having the finest n.avy yard, dry dock, and naval 
hospital in the nation. The navy y.ard is on the W. side of 
the r. at Gosport. The dry dock is constructed of hewn 
granite, and cost .$974,536. At this station is the ship Penn- 
sylvania, built at Philadelphia, and launched in 1837, four- 
decker, the largest in the navy, mounting 120 guns, which 
is here used as a receiving ship. The hosi)ital is on a point 
directly opposite Norfolk, very large, commodious, and 
healthily situated. A naval oflScer is stationed at this port. 
The total tonnage of Norfolk district on 30th June, 1850, 
was 24,135 tons, of which 10,542 were registered, 13,593 
were enrolled and licensed. Of registered tonnage 8,144 
tons were permanent, and 7,3?8 tons temporary. Of the 
enrolled and licensed tonnage 12,351 were permanently 
employed in the coasting trade ; 1,.354 tons were propelled 
by steam ; 1,242 tons were licensed under 20 tons. During 



the year ending Juno 30, 1850, the total number of clear- 
ances for foreign countries was 140, tons 26,765, men in 
crews 1,163; total number of entrances from foreign conn- 
tries 74, tons 14,2S1, men in crews 684. Vessels built during 
the year 6, total tonnage, 608. Norfolk is connected by the 
Sea-board and Roanoke R. R. (from Portsmouth to Weldon, 
N. C, SO m.), with the great line of R. R. on the Atlantic 
coast. A r.'iilroad from Petersburg to Norfolk is in construc- 
tion. A line of steamships plies semi-wceUly to New York. 
Four daily newspapers are published at Norfolk: "Bea- 
con," (neut.), " Argus'' (dem.), " Courier" (neut,), " N. and 
P. Herald" (whig). Each of those issue tri-weekly editions. 
Pop. in 1S40, 10,920 : in 1S50, 14,.326. 

NouwALK, t., p. b., and sta., Fairfield co., Co7in. : on both 
sides of Norwalk r., bounded S. by Long Island Sound, 30 
m. W. S. W. New Haven, 63 m. S. W. Hartford. Surface 
oft. uneven; soil very fertile. The b. is on both sides of the 
r., which is navigable to this point for vessels drawing 6 
feet of water. Here are 3 churches, and 1 bank — capital 
$175,380. The t. contains 2 extensive factories of felt beaver 
cloth, besides other manufactories. Two newspapers are 
published weekly, "N. Gazette" and "Fairfield Co. Re- 
publican." The New York and New Haven R. R. passes 
through the b., 44 m. from New York, 32 m. from New 
Haven, connecting here with Danbury and Norwalk R. E. 
Two m. S. is the p. v. of South Norwalk, the terminus of 

D. and N. R. R., and the landing of the New Y'ork steam- 
boats. Pop. of t. in 1S40, 3,863 ; in 1850, 4,651. 

Norwich, t., p. city, and semi-cap. New London CO., 
Conn. : on Thames r., at head of navigation ; 36 m. E. S. E, 
Hartford, 47 m. E. N. E. New Haven. Lat. N. 41° 33', long. 
W. 72° 7'. The surface of t. is uneven and hilly ; soil fer- 
tile, well watered. The t. contains, besides the city, three v., 
Norwich Town, Norwich Falls, and Greenville. The city is 
situated at the junction of Quinnebaug and Yantic rivers, on 
a steep declivity, and presents a very beautiful and romantic 
appearance. It contains a court-house, jail, town hall, 8 
churches, etc. There are 4 banks, with cap. of $1,937,725, 
and 3 large insurance companies. Two newspapers are 
published, " N. Courier" (whig), tri-weekly and weekly ; 
and " N. Aurora" (dem.), weekly. Three railroads pass 
through the city ; from New London, 13 m. ; from Worcester, 
59 m. ; from AVillimantic, 57 m. A line of steamboats plies 
daily from Allyn's point to New York. Both Quinnebaug 
and Yantic rivers afford very great water-power, which is 
improved by numerous manufactories of paper, cotton, and 
woolen goods, hardware, pottery, etc. The Yantic Falls are 
a picturesque cataract, and invested with historical interest. 
Pop. in 1830, of city, 8,144 ; t. inc. city, 5,179 ; in 1840, city, 
4,200 ; of t. inc. city, 7,2-39 ; in 1850, t. inc. city 10,265. 

Ogdensburg, p. v. and port of entry, St. Lawrence co., 
iV. Y. : on the right bank of St. Lawrence r., at the mouth 
of Oswegatchie r., 161 m. N. W. Albany. The Northern 

E. E. has its western terminus at this place, and steamers 
ply hence daily for the river and lake ports, making it a 
dep6t of great importance. Prescott, a large town, lies on 
the opposite side of the river, here IJ m. broad, and is con- 
nected by a steam ferry. The v. contains immense depOfs, 
and other warehouses, stores of every description, 3 banks, 
foundries, machine shops, and other industrial establish- 
ments, schools, and churches, and, on the whole, is one of 
the most progressive villages of the State. The manufac- 
tures of this place find an immense water-power on the 
Oswegatchie, on which there are falls. It is at the lower 
termination of sloop navigation, but steamboats go to the 
rapids, 40 m. below, and thence pass by Ogdensburg to the 
various places on Lake Ontario. Pop. about 6,000. The v. 
is connected with Boston and New York by railroad — dis- 
tance to Boston 403 m., and to New York City 482 miles. 
Ogdensburg has 4 newspapers, the St. Lawrence Repub- 
lican" (dem.), the " O. Sentinel" (whig), the " O. Forum" 
(whig), and the " Northern New Y'orker" (neut.), all pub- 
lished weekly. The shipping owned here in 1850 amouiited 

86T 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



to 1,985 tons, all navigated by steam. The foreign arrivals, 
in the district of which Ogdensburg is the port of entry, in 
1850, were 330 vessels, and 196,915 tons, and the departures 
875 vessels, and 189,705 tons. This is exclusive of the vast 
amount of shipping engaged in the domestic coasting trade, 
and is indicative of the extent of its connection with the 
British provinces. The coastwise trade is valued at $7,000,000 
annually. 

Oswego, p. city, port of entry, and alternately with Pu- 
laski, cap. Oswego co., N. Y. : on both sides of Oswego r., at 
its entrance into Lake Ontario, 149 ni-W. N.W. Albany. The 
mouth of the river forms the harbor, which has been much 
improved by artificial works, and it has falls just above 
which, though preventing its being navigated, furnish im- 
mense hydraulic power. Next to Sackelt's Harbor, that of 
Oswego is the best on the south side of the lake. The har- 
bor improvements consists of piers jutting into the lake, 
forming a " gut," in which the water has a depth of from 12 
to 20 feet. It is connected with the Erie by the Oswego 
Canal at Syracuse, and with the Central Railroad by the 
Syracuse and Oswego line. These afford it facile commu- 
nication with tide-water, and are the channels of an im- 
mense commerce coastwise, and from Canada. At present 
it is the chief American dep6t for the trade passing through 
the Welland Canal, and from Toronto and other British 
ports on the lake. 

The collection district of which Oswego is the port of 
entry, commences at Stony Point, and extends to the W. 
shore of Sodus Bay, SO miles. The shipping places are 
Texas, Port Ontario, Sandy creek, Oswego, Little Sodus, 
and Sodus Point. The tonnage of vessels enrolled and 
licensed within the district in 1850 was 22,404 tons, of which 
4,079 tons were n.avigated by steam. Nine vessels (.500 
tons) were built during the year. The clearances in the 
foreign trade in 1850 were 1,598 (251,799 tons), of which 660 
were American (182,789 tons), and 938 foreign (69,010 tons) ; 
and the entrances were 1 ,657 (195,793 tons), of which 681 
were American (122,311 tons), and 976 foreign (73,482 tons). 

The commerce of iho. jwH of Oswego for the year 1848, 
according to the report of T. D. Andrews to Congress, in 
December, 1850, is exhibited in the annexed table : 

Arrivals. Clearances. 

Vessels. No. Tons. Men. No. Tons. Men. 

American... 292.. 91,218.. 4,101. . 813. .101,774. . 4,219 

Foreign 5.37.. 42,104.. 2,560.. 522.. 88,478.. 2,417 

Coastwise. . .1,563 . .342,403. .16,489. .1,448. .-336,949. .15,532 

Total 2,392 475-,925 23,150 2,283 477,201 22,103 

The total value of imports from foreign countries was 
1524,045, of which $103,360 was the value of merchandise 
brought in foreign vessels, and $415,085 of that brought in 
American vessels ; and the total value of goods exported to 
foreign countries was $1,391,471, of which $938,544 was the 
value of foreign, and $452,927 of domestic goods Of the 
foreign goods exported, the value carried in American ves- 
sels was $242,609, and in foreign vessels, $695,935. Among 
the imports are enumerated the fallowing articles: 

Articles, Paying Duty. Free of Duty. Warehoused. 

Lumber 26,640,000 feet .. — .... — feel 

Wheat 98,043 bush. . . — .... 58,708 bush. 

Flour 19 bbls. . . — .... 49,252 bbls. 

"Wool 31,279 11)8. .. — .... 2,000 lbs. 

VaLofall imports $216,011 .. $7,751 .. $300,273 

Among the exports of foreign goods, the following are 
enumerated : 

Articles. EntlM to Drawback. NotEntitleJ. From Wareh 'e. 

Sugar 3,972,049 lbs. . . — lbs. . . 216,642 lbs. 

Tea — .. 647,884" .. — " 

Spirits 8,200 gis. . . — . . 2,700 gls. 

Wines 2,401 " . . — . . 2,932 " 

ValofaU for. ex-p. $293,035 ..$547,993 ..$918,544 

868 



Among the exports of domestic goods are the following; 

In American Vessels. In Foreign Vessels. 



Articles. Quantity. Value. Quantity. V.lue. 

Salt, bbls 15,529.. $17,020. .62,141. . $66,450 

Flour" ^ 1,172.. 5,860.. 471.. 2,836 

Pvice, tierces 55 . . 1,650 . . 1 ,827 . . 5,460 

Leather, rolls 155 . . 8,600 . . 230 . . 4,470 

Merchandise, pkgs.... — .. 99.230.. — .. 176,000 

Tobacco, boxes 1 ,538 . . 38,500 .. 3,499 . . 6,797 

Tallow, bbls 846.. 6,230.. — .. 6,515 

Groceries — .. 18,200.. — .. 45,000 

Cotton & wool manufactures, ) 

and boots and shoes f OU,dyb.. .. 



Total (including sundries) $252,650. . . . $452,927 

The following is an abstract from the canal ofBce-books 
of i)roperty landed at Oswego, in the year 1848, with the 
estimated value and its original destination • 

Articles. Western States. Canada. New York. 

Forest Products $ — .... $ — .... $16,783 

Ani[n.al " 7-37.... 20,510.... 27,303 

Vegetable Food .... 99 ... . 48 ... . 354,039 

Manufactures 476,374 .... 100,114 .... 132,028 

Merchandise 3,796,892 .... 2,126,037 .... 3,754,469 

Other articles 15,473 .... 8,969 .... 59,272 



Total $4,239,575 . . .$2,255,673 . . . .$4,343,944 

The above are the latest uniform series of statistics on the 
commerce of the port accessible. Had we the returns for 
1852 complete, they would show at least 100 per cent, in- 
crease in its amount and value — a f;ict indicated by isolated 
returns on different articles. The canal tolls, fur instance, 
which in 1848 were only $71,504, had risen in 1352 to 
$104,366, in spite of great reduction in the rates ; and the 
following table exhibits a few leading articles carried ou the 
canal in 1851 : 



To Oswego. 

E. E. iron. . . . 98,381 ,007 lbs. 

Iron 6,482,867 " 

N.'iUs&Spks. 3,693,267 " 

Steel 490,852 « 

Merchandise. 25,517,835 " 

Sugar 14,244,321 " 

Salt 131,904,646 " 



From Oswego. 

Flour 888,181 bbls. 

Wheat 1,676,212 bush. 

Corn 1,192,217 " 

Barley 179,971 " 

Pork 23,545 bbls. 

Beef 15,854 " 

Sawed Imbr. .82,925,676 feet. 

The tonnage of all property reaching Oswego in 18.50, was 
129,252 tons, and in 1351, 180,715 tons— increase in one year, 
51,463 tons. 

A few of the leading articles from Canada in 1849 and 
1850, comparatively show the rapid increase of business in 
that direction : 

Articles lS-<9. 1850. 

Flour, barrels 198,623 ... . 260,874 

W heat, bushels 632,930 .... 1 ,094,444 

Oats, bushels 55,700 .... 90,156 

Potatoes, bushels 6,648 .... 10,372 

Lumber, feet 44,187,237 .... 50,685,683 

Butter, lbs 115,759 .... 225,087 

Peas and beans, bushels 16,322 ... . 22,880 

The annexed table copied from the books of the custom- 
house, exhibits the tot.al value of foreign and domestic 
imports and exports for six years : 

Years, Imports, E.Tports. Tot,al 

1845 $2,973,698 . . . .$4,979,711 .... $7,951,409 

1S46 5,038,100 .... 4,464,372 .... 9,502,972 

1847 8,090,576,... 9,977,243 .... 18,047,819 

1348 7,021,353 .... 10,566,541 .... 17,537,894 

1849 8,100,279 .... 10,458,968 , . . . 18,559,247 

1850 8,325,789 .... 15,687,342 .... 24,018,181 

A Large proportion of the commerce of Lake Ontario and 
Oswego comes from Lake Erie through the Wetland Canal, 
the increase of business on which, from 1850 to 1851, was 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



nearly 40 per cent. The same incre.ise is also apparent in 
the subsequent year, 1S.')2. Tlie revenue from the canal 
(86 miles long), for 1S51, amounted to $200,000. Many 
articles, the product of the Mississippi valley, are also pre- 
ferring the lake to the southern route, and of course seeking 
the port nearest to the point of destination. Oswego as such 
port lias many advantages, but will perhaps have a com- 
petitor when the Sodus Canal and railroad are completed. 
That the rapid progress of Oswego, however, is not tempo- 
rary, is too apparent to allow of a doubt. The past is but a 
prelude to the future, which will pour upon Oswego an 
amount of commerce unprecedented and astonishing. When 
the proposed system of railroads in Canada is completed, 
the commerce of Lake Ontario will become even greater 
than that of Lake Erie as being nearer to tide-water, and 
more accessible at a less cost from the sea-board cities. 

As before remarked, Oswego is built on both sides of the 
river. The two parts are united by a bridge 700 feet long, 
and the ground rising on both sides from the river, affords 
excellent drainage, and many beautiful sites for building. 
The place is laid out with streets running at right angles, 
and public squares on which are the principal buildings. 
The streets are 100 feet wide. Many of the residences are 
costly and handsome structures ; the court-house is located 
on the east side of the river, anci on an elevation to the west 
of the river are the Presbyterian and Episcopal churches, 
two of the best edifices of the place. There are also Baptist, 
Methodist, Eoman Catholic, and other churches. Other 
buildings of much architectural beauty are found in various 
directions, and much taste is everywhere developed in both 
the public and private edifices. 

Oswego has great advantages as a manufacturing city. 
The water-power afforded by the river and canal is immense, 
and is used in a variety of manufactures, but chiefly by 
several extensive flouring-mills. On both sides of the river 
large manufacturing establishments arc located, among 
which is a large starch manufactory, w'hich supplies an 
extensive market with that article. The water-power of the 
place has been greatly improved by the construction of a 
leader dam Ti feet high, about a mile above. 

In the place there are a number of commission houses in 
the foreign trade ; numerous warehouses and retail stores, 
several fine hotels, an extensive railroad depfit, the canal 
warehouses, a custom-house, three banks, several insurance 
offices, printing-offices, lumber yards, etc. 

The periodicals printed here are — the " Commercial 
Times" (whig), daily and weekly; the " Daily News;" the 
" O. Paladium" (dem.), weekly ; and the '■ People's Jour- 
nal," weekly. Besides the common schools, which are 
numerous, there are also located here an incorporated 
academy, and a first-rate female seminary, both in a very 
flourishing condition. There are also numerous private 
schools. 

The city is defended by Fort Oswego, a strong fortification 
built on the site of the old firt of the same name, celebrated 
in the French and colonial wars. It is built on the E. side 
of the river, near the lake, on a tract of land ceded to the 
United States for such purpose. It commands the harbor, 
and is a sufficient defense against an enemy. 

Daily lines of steamboats, for the conveyance of passen- 
gers, run between this port and the lake ports of the United 
States, and Canada generally. 

Oswego was incorporated in 1S28. In 1830, it had 2,703 
inhabitants ; in 1840, 4,665, and in 1850, 12,205— the increase 
between 1S30 and 1S40 was 72.58 per cent., and in the last 
decade the increase was 161.62 per cent. 

Paekeesbukg, p. v., and cap. Wood co., Virg. : on the 
Ohio, immediately above the entrance of Little Kanawha r., 
252 m. W. N. W. Eiehmond. It has an extensive river and 
inland trade, and valuable manufactures, which must be 
greatly increased by the completion of the Cincinnati, Ilills- 
boro', and Parkersburg E. E. and the North Western E. K., 
the latter to connect the Baltimore and Ohio K. K. with Uie 



Ohio r. at this place. It contains a court-house and jail, a 
bank, 2 academies, a dozen stores, 2 steam saw-mills, 2 
steam flouring-mills, numerous smaller manufacturing es- 
tablishments, and a population of 1,218 souls. The " P. 
G.Tzette" (whig) and " P. News" are published weekly. 

Pawtucket, p. v. and sta., Providence county, li. J. : on 
Pawtucket r., 4 m. N. Providence, on Worcester and Prov- 
idence E. E. This large and flourishing v. is located on 
both sides of the r., which here furnishes great water-power. 
The first manufacture of cotton goods in this country by 
water-power machinery was commenced here in 1790, by 
Mr. Samuel Slater, an Englishman. The present factories 
are for the most part engaged in making cotton goods. 
There are 7 churches, 3 banks, 12 cotton factories, etc. The 
"Gazette and Chronicle" (miscel. ) is issued weekly. 
Pop. 7,000. 

Pawtuxet, p. v., Kent co., H. I. : on Pawtuxet r., near 
its mouth, 3 m. S. Providence. The harbor is spacious, safe, 
and convenient. The v. is upon both sides of the r. and 
crossed by a bridge. The great water-power here afforded 
is improved by extensive factories of cotton and woollen 
goods, grist-mills, etc. Pop. about 1,500. 

Pembina, p. v., and cap. Pembina co., 3finn. Ter. : on 
E. bank of Eed r. of the N., at the N. boundary line of the 
State, 334 m. N. N. W. St. Paul. This settlement contains 
upward of 1,000 population, principally persons of mixed 
Indian and*white blood, who subsist chiefly by agriculture 
and hunting. There is a Catholic church in which to ac- 
commodate the varied population ; sermons are preached 
in English, French, and Chippeway. 

Pensacola, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Escambia co., 
Jflor. : on Pensacola bay, 10 m. from the Gulf of Mexico, 
176 m.W. Tallahassee. Lat. 30O 24' N., long. 87° 10' 12" W. 
The harbor is deep and affords good anchorage, but near 
the city is shallow, and hence a long wharf has been extend- 
ed into the bay. The city is built on a sandy plain, 40 or 50 
feet above the level of the water, and is regularly laid out 
with wide streets crossing at right angles, having also two 
large public squares. It contains a court-house, custom- 
house, market, and 2 churches. Two newspapers are is- 
sued, "P. Gazette" (whig), weekly, and "Florida Demo- 
crat," semi-weekly. This is the principal port and city in 
Florida, and has considerable trade. On SOth June, 1850, 
the total tonnage of its district was 1,794 tons, of which 
1,221 tons were registered and permanent, and 573 tona en- 
rolled and licensed ; 496 tons permanently, and 77 tons li- 
censed under 20 tons. The latter was entirely employed 
in the coasting trade. During the year previous the total 
of clearances for foreign ports was 7—1,233 tons ; total of 
entrances, do., 2,337 tons— all of which (9) were American 
vessels. Vessels built during the year, 2 schooners — 80 tons. 
The project of a railroad to Montgomery, Ala., has long 
been agitated. Pop. about 2,164. 

About 6 m. below the city, and 5 m. from the entrance of 
the harbor, is the U. S. Navy Yard, covering nearly 80 
acres of ground, inclosed by a high brick wall. It contains 
houses for the officers, store-houses, boat-houses, etc., all of 
which are built of brick and tastefully arranged. Here is also 
a dry dock capable of receiving the largest vessels. Outside 
of the yard are about 25 cottages and a Catholic church. 
A mile and a half below the navy yard are Barrancas Bar- 
racks and the Naval Hospital. At the entrance of the har- 
bor are forts Pickens and M'Eee, on Foster's and St. Eosa's 
islands, and on the latter island is a light-house. See Light- 
houses. 

Perth Ambot, p. city, and port of entry, Middlesex co., 
A^. Je): : at the head of Earitan bay, and confluence of 
Earitan r. with Arthur kill, or Staten Island Sound, 82 m. 
N. E. by E. Trenton. It has a spacious harbor, with 24 
feet of water in the main channel, and easily accessible. It 
was laid out in 1698, and chartered as a city in 1784. The 
compact portion is chiefly on the bank of the kill, over 
which a ferry plies to Staten Island, It contains an acade- 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



my, a manufactory of locks, mechanical implementa, etc., 12 
or 15 stores, and 1,865 inhubitanls. Tonnage of the district 
in 1850 (which includes the E. coast of the Slate from Eliza- 
bethtown to Little Egg Ilarlwr), 22,085 tons; all except 13 
tons engaged in the coasting trade. 

Peru, i>. v., La Salle county. III. : on the N. bank of the 
Illinois, at the head of navigation, 269 m. above its mouth, 
106 m. N. by E. Springfield. It is 1 m. below La Salle, the 
terminus of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and forms with 
it one continuous v. along the r., on which are the commer- 
cial houses, the residences occupying the high lilulTs imme- 
diately back of it. The chief business is shipping the great 
staples by river and canal, but a large trade is kept up with 
the back country, with all parts of which it has, or soon will 
have, easy communication. A rich and highly cultivated 
alluvial island lies in front of it, with a chatmel between 
that floats the largest steamers, and from which a lateral 
branch leads to the canal. Its favorable position for com- 
merce has given it its chief importance, and must eventually 
make it one of the first cities in the State. It has a daily 
communication with St. Louis and the immediate ports by 
packets and steamers, and with Chicago by canal and the 
Chicago and Rock Island E. R., which al.so connects it with 
the Upper Mississippi ; and the Central Illinois R. R., which 
here crosses the r.,will bring to it the trade and products of 
rich districts N. and S. of it. The '• La S. Co. Democrat" and 
the " P. Telegraph" are published weekly. ^Distance to 
Chicago 100 m., the same by railroad and canal. Popula- 
Uon about 3,000. 

Petbbsbubo, p. b. and port of entry, Dinwiddle county, 
Virg. : on S. branch of Appomattox r., 12 m. above its con- 
fluence with James r., 22 m. S. by E. Richmond. Lat. N. 
37° 13' 5i", long. W. 77° 20'. The r. is navigable to this 
place for vessels of 100 tons, and the falls immediately above 
it afford extensive water-power A canal is cut round these 
falls, thus affording boat navigation upon the river above 
for 80 m. This is a very handsome and important com- 
mercial town, and exports largely flour and tobacco. It 
suffered most severely in July, 1S15, by a conflagration, 
which destroyed 400 buildings, and property estimated at 
$2,000,000. The buildings and houses are now built prin- 
cipally of brick. It contains a court-house, jail, 8 churches, 
3 banks with aggregate capital of $1,170,000, insurance 
office, etc. There are several cotton and woolen factories, 
flouring and saw mills, ropewalks, and some other manu- 
factories. Two newspapers are published daily, " P. In- 
telligencer" (whig), " Daily News" (neut.) ; 1 tri-weekly, 
" South Side Democrat." Four railroads now centre at P., 
giving it great business advantages, viz., Richmond and 
Petersburg R. E., Petersburg R. R. (to Weldon), South Side 
E. R., Appomattox R. E. (to City Point.) The Petersburg 
and Norfolk E. R. is in construction. The steamships ply- 
ing semi-weekly between New York and Richmond, and 
others, coimect with Petersburg by Appomattox R. R. from 
City Point. On 30th June, 1850, the total tonnage of P. 
district was 2,708 tons, of which 949 tons wore registered 
(and permanent), and 1,759 tons enrolled and licensed. Of 
the latter, 1,681 tons were permanently employed in the 
coasting trade, 80 tons in steam navigation ; licensed under 
20 tons in coasting trade, 79 tons. During the year preced- 
ing, the tiitid <if clearances for foreign countries was 5 — 1,946 
tons ; total of entrances, do., 9 — 3,517 tons. Pop. in 1830, 
8,822; in 1840, 11,130 ; in 1850, 14,010. 

Philadelphia, p. city, port of entry, and c:ip. Philadel- 
phia CO., Penn. : is situated between the Delaware and 
Schuylkill rivers, 5 m. above their junction, 93 in. E. by S. 
Harrisburg. From New York by most direct railroad, 87 in. ; 
from Boston, 323 m. ; from Baltimore, 98 m. ; from Washing- 
ton, 186 m. ; from Harrisburg, 106 m. ; from Pittsburg, 357 in. 

Latitude (Independence Hall), 89° 56' 59"; long, from 
Greenwich, 75° 9' 54" W., from Washington, 1° 51' 36" E. 

Philadelphia city proper is surrounded by several incor- 
porated districts, having their own municipal authorities; 
870 



viz.. Spring Garden, Penn, Northern Liberties, Kensington, 
and Richmond in the N., and Southwark ami Moyamcnsing 
in the S., West Philadelphia, etc., which together form a 
densely populated area, and are always embraced in the 
descriptions of the city. 

The city proper is situated on a plain, the highest point 
of which is elevated 64 feet above the ordinary high water 
mark in the river. This gentle elevation affords excellent 
drainage. The soil C(jnsists principally of clay, beneath 
which, at different depths, from 5 to 20 feet, is found coarse 
gravel. In form it is a parallelogram, 2 m. long by 1 m. 
wide. The streets are all straight, cross each other at right 
angles, are well paved, and kept remarkably clean. The 
l)riuoipal streets are. Market Street, 100 feet wiile, running 
E. and W. from river to river, nearly through tlie centre of 
the city ; Broad Street, 113 feet wide, running N. and S., a 
little W. of the middle of the city ; Arch Street, N. of Market 
Street, 66 feet wide ; Front Street, 60 feet, and thu rest 50 
feet wide. The adjoining districts are for the most part laid 
out with regularity. 

The buildings are chiefly of brick, built in plain and uni- 
form style. Some of the public edilices, of while marble and 
freestone, are distinguished for beauty and grandeur. The 
houses %.re generally on a uniform plan, 3 stories high, of 
brick, with marble steps and basements. Soiie of the more 
costly private residences are noted for their elegance. The 
public squares are laid out willi much taste, ornamented 
with fine shade-trees, shrubbery, etc., provided with seats, 
and are favorite promenades. The business portion of the 
city was originally on the Delaware side, but since the 
opening of the coal trade, and with the increase of [lopula- 
tion, the Schuylkill side has acquired a large share of busi- 
ness, particularly that of the coal trade, country produce, 
etc. The Schuylkill affords a convenient harbor for small 
vessels, and numerous wharves are built for their accommo- 
dation. The foreign commerce centres upon the Delaware, 
which is nearly 1 m. wide, admitting the largest vessels to 
the wharves. Its navigation from the ocean is somewhat 
intricate from banks, shoals, etc., and in mid-winter ia 
sometimes closed by ice. 

Puhlic JJiuMings. — Independence Hall, within which the 
Colonial Congress on July 4th, 1776, declared the independ- 
ence of the United States, read from its steps on that day to 
the assembled people, now presents the same appearance 
as at that time. This building, formerly the State House, 
fronts upon Chestnut Street, having Independence S<iHare 
in the rear. It was commenced in 1729, completed in 1734, 
cost £5,600, and received the addition of its two wings in 
1740. The present steeple, erected in 1S2S, is a fac-siinile 
of the former, which was removed on account of its decay. 
The room in which the Declaration was signed is carefully 
preserved, nearly in the same style of decoration with which 
it was originally finished. The "old bell," imported in 
1752, is also carefully preserved as a most interesting relic. 
It bears the following inscrijition: '•Proclaim Liberty 
throughout this land to all the inhabitants thereof." — LevUi' 
cus XXV. 10. Within this venerable edifice was held the 
Convention which formed the Constitution of the United 
States, some of the first sessions of Congress, and here 
Washington delivered his " Farewell Address," on his re- 
tirement from public life. The building is used by the 
U. S. courts and city and county offices. 

The Custom House, formerly the U. S. Bank, on Chestnut 
Street, above Fourth, is a splendid marble edifice, in imita- 
tion of the I'arlhenon at Athens, and one of the finest speci- 
mens of Doric architecture erected in modern times. It was 
connnenced in 1319, completed in 1824, and cost .$500,000. 
It is built upon a raised platform, 87 feet front, 161 feet deep, 
and has fronts, each of 8 fluted Doric columns, 27 feet high, 
4i feet in diameter, supporting a heavy entablature. It baa 
a very splendid interior, of which the principal apartment, 
81 feet long by 48 wide, is ornamented by fluted Ionic 
columns and sculptured embellishments. 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



The Merchants' Exchange, fronting on Walnut, Dock, 
and Third streets, is a magnificent marble building, with 
somi-circniar portico of Corinthian columns. It is 95 feet 
wid'.s 114 feet long, and 3 stories high. The basement is 
occupied by the post-office and two insurance companies, 
and most of the building by commercial offices, etc. The 
Merchants' Reading Room is handsomely ornamented. 

The United Slates Mint, in Chestnut, near Broad Street, 
is a handsome edifice of brick, faced with marble, in imita- 
tion of aGrecian temple of the Ionic order, having aportico 
62 feet long, supported by 6 beautiful pillars, 25 feet high, 
8 feet in diameter. 

Many of the banking houses are distinguished as beauti- 
ful specimens of architecture. The Bank of Pennsylvania 
is a fine marble structure, 125 by 51 feet, erected 1799-lSOl, 
designed from the Temple of the Muses at Athens, having 
2 porticos of 6 Ionic columns each, with dome and roof en- 
tirely of marble. The Philadelphia Bank is an imposing 
marble building, with an elegant elevated portico of the 
Corinthian order. The Girard Bank has a stately front of 
white marljle, with portico of 6 Corinthian columns. The 
Bank of North America is an elegant structure of brown 
stone in Florentine style. 

Jlotels. — The Girard House, erected 1851, is the largest 
and finest hotel in tlie city, and one of the most extensive 
in the Union. It has a very handsome front on Chestnut 
Street, 5 stories in height, besides basement and attic. 
There are other large and well-kept houses, but not noted 
for architectural beauty, etc. 

Places of Amusement. — The Chestnut Street Theatre, 
erected 1822, is 90 by 150 feet, has a richly decorated interior, 
and will accommodate over 2,000 persons. Wahiut Street 
Theatre, formerly the Olympic, is now a very fashionable 
resort. The Arch Street Theatre is a very handsome edi- 
fice. The Musical Fund Hall, erected 1824, is an elegant 
building. Its interior, 123 feet long by 60 feet wide, unsup- 
ported by columns, is one of the best halls for musical 
effect in the United States, seats 2,000 persons, and is in 
constant use for concerts, lectures, balls, etc. The Philadel- 
phia Museum building is an immense structure, 238 feet 
long and 70 feet wide. 

United States ililitary and Kaval EsthlisTmients. — Fort 
Mifflin, on a small island in the Delaware, \\ m. below the 
entrance of the Schuylkill, defends the city. The U. S. 
arsenal, near Frankford, is an immense establishment, used 
for the storage and manufacture of munitions of war, and 
has one of the largest powder magazines in the United States. 
The U. S. arsenal in Moyamensing near Schuylliill r., is 
used as the depot for the clothing of the army, camp equi- 
page, etc. The buildings consist of 4 large brick store- 
houses, 3 stories high, forming a hollow square. 

The U. S. navy yard is situated on the bank of Delaware 
r. in the district of South wark. The grounds, inclosed on 3 
sides by a high brick wall, embrace about 12 acres, pur- 
chased in 1301, for $37,500 ; now assessed at $250,000. The 
various buildings are residences for officers, quarters for 
marines, workshops and storehouses, 2 ship-houses, mold- 
ing lofts, etc. The ship-houses are among the largest iu 
the Union ; the first is 270 feet long, 103 feet high, 84 feet 
wide ; the second is 210 feet long, 80 feet high, 74 feet wide. 

Here are the U. S. dry ducks, capable of raising the 
largest steam-vessels and ships of the line. These works, 
constructed in 1849-51, at a total cost of $813,742, consist of 
a sectional floating dry-dock in 9 sections; a basin, 350 feet 
long by 226 feet wide inclosed by granite walls, having a 
granite floor, upon a foundation of piles, timbers, etc. ; and 
2 railways, with hydraulic cylinder, etc. 

The U. S. Naval Asylum, established in 1S35, occupies an 
elevated and most beautiful site, near the Schuylkill r., in 
Moyamensing district, and consists of 3 structures. The 
principal edifice, built of marble, is 3 stories high, has a front 
of 380 feet, including a central building 142 by 175 feet, which 
has a handsome portico with 8 Ionic columns. The grounds 



embrace 25 acres, beautifully adorned with trees, shrubbery, 
etc. The pensioners are about 140 in number, who are 
provided with every comfort. A naval officer is stationed 
at this port. 

Education. — The public schools are well organized upon 
a most efficient system, established in 1818, which constituted 
the city and county of Philadeiphia, one entire school 
district, in 11 sections, with arrangements for xmiform and 
harmonious grades of free instruction. The schools are 
under the direction of 23 controllers and 210 directors, disK 
trilmted throughout the 11 sections. In 1852, there were 
254 schools, cLassified as follows: 1 high, 1 normal, 58 
grammar, 29 secondary, 130 primary, and 40 unclassified; 
which employed 727 teachers, and had about 50,000 scholars. 
The school-houses generally are substantial brick edifices, 
3 stories high, accommodating 500 to 1,000 pupils. 

The Normal School, for the instruction of female teachers, 
was established in 1848 ; its course of instruction embracing 
two years, is of the very best order. The central high 
school, established October, 183S, is one of the best institu- 
tions in the Union. The building, in Juniper Street, below 
Market, has a handsome marble front with Ionic portico. 
It has 11 instructors, and about 500 students. The number 
of private schools and academies, with parish and charity 
schools, female seminaries, etc., is very large, indicating the 
popular interest in good education. 

Colleges. — The University of Pennsylvania was established 
as a college in 1755, and as an university in 1779. It com- 
prises 4 departments, academical, collegiate, medical, and 
law, of which the medical department is by far the most 
flourishing. In 1S50, the collegiate department had 7 in- 
structors, 5,142 alumni, 88 students, and 5,000 volumes in its 
library. The university buildings, in Ninth Street below 
Market, are large and handsome structures, each 85 feet 
front by 112 deep. 

Philadelphia is preeminently distinguished as the medical 
metropolis of the Union. Of medical colleges, it contains 
the first established in the United States, which, with the 
other numerous institutions, are by far the most flourishing 
and important in the nation. The number of medical works 
and journals here published is probably equal to the com- 
bined number in all other cities in the Union. The libraries 
of the medical colleges, etc., are large and very valuable ; as 
also their anatomical museums, cabinets, etc. Very great 
advantages for clinical instruction are afforded by the varioua 
hospitals, dispensaries, etc. 

The statistics of the principal institutions, in 1S50, were 
as follows : 

Names. Fomided. Prof. Stu. Graduates. 

Med. Dep. Univ. Penn . . . 1765 .... 7 .... 450 ... . 5,316 

Jeflferson Med. Col 1824 .... 7 .... 514 ... . 2,036 

Med. Dep. Penn. Col 1S3S .... 7 .... 176 ... . 73 

Phil. Col. of Med 1847 .... 7 ... . 75 ... . 250 

Other medical institutions are — Medical Institute of Phila- 
delphia, established in 1817, which gives medical instruction 
in the summer, but does not confer degrees; Philadelphia 
Association for Medical Instruction, on the same plan ; 
Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, instituted 
1846; Female Medical College of Pennsylvania, founded 
1S49, the first of the kind in the world, which in 1852 had 
40 students; Eclectic Medical College of Pennsylvania, 
chartered in 1850; and Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, 
established 1822, for the instruction of druggists, etc., which 
has a good cabinet, library, etc., and annual course of 
lectures. Nearly all of these hislilutions have large and 
commodious edifices. 

The Theological Seminary of St. Charles Borroraeo, 
(Roman Catholic), incorporated 1848, contained in 1S52, 86 
siudents, preparing for the priesthood, and 7,000 vols, in its 
library. 

Girard Collie,. — This magnificent institution, founded by 
Stephen Girard, with a bequest of $2,000,000 for the gratu- 
itous instruction and support of destitute orphans, is situ- 

871 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



ated on the Ri(l£;e Road, in the district of Penn, 1 m. N. 
of the N. boundary of tlie city proper. The corner-stone of 
the college was laid July 4, 1S33, the buildings were com- 
pleted in 1847, and the institution went into operation, Jan. 
Ist, 1S4S. The grounds contain about 41 acres, inclosed by 
a wall 10 feet high. The college edifices present a. very im- 
posing appearance. The central edifice, most substantially 
built of marble, is one of the most magnificent structures of 
its size in the world. It is in the form of a Greek tetnple, 
in the Corinthian style, resting on a basement of 11 steps, 
which extend around the entire edifice, imparting to il a 
pyramidal appearance of great solidity. It is surrounded by 
colonnades of the most magnificent marble pillars, 6 feet in 
diameter, and 65 feet in height — 8 columns on each end, and 
11 on each side, including the comer columns both w.ays. 
Its dimensions, including the colonnades, are 160 feet wide, 
218 feet long, 90 feet high ; tlie body of the building alone 
is 111 feet wide, 109 feet long, and 56 feet 8 inches high. It 
is three stories high, each divided into 4 rooms, with vesti- 
bules. The roof, composed of most massive marble tiles, 
has an entire weight of 969i tons, exclusive of its supports. 
In the lower vestibule rest the remains of Mr. Girard, 
beneath a marble statue of himself. Four other buildings, 
faced with marble, are each 52 feet wide, 125 feet long, and 
three stories high. The entire cost of the college buildings, 
with improvements of grounds, etc, was $1,983,821 78. The 
officers and teachers consist of president, secretary, 2 pro- 
fess')rs, 2 physicians, matron and assistant matron, 5 male 
teachers, 12 female teachers, and steward. The current ex- 
penses in 1851, were $62,900, of which $30,500 were for the 
clothing and subsistence of the pupils. Pupils in 1852, 805. 

LiUrary and Scientifio Inisiitutions, Lihravies, and Fine 
Arts. — The American Philosophical Society, originated by 
Franklin, in 174:B, is the oldest scientific association in the 
United States. In 1769, another similar society was united 
with it. It was incorporated Mareli 15, 17S0. Its building, 
erected in 1789, contains a very valuable library of 20,000 
volumes, an extensive cabinet of medals, and a large col- 
lection of maps, engravings, etc. Its published transactions, 
in numerous volumes, have greatly contributed to tlie ad- 
vancement of science. The Academy of Natural Sciences, 
founded 1812, incorporated 1817, has a very handsome edi- 
fice, containing a library of 13,000 volumes, and the most 
valuable museum in the United States, containing, besides 
Other collections, 25,000 specimens in ornithology, unrivaled 
in the world, 80,000 in the licrbariuin, 7,000 in geological 
department, and the late Dr. Morton's celebrated cabinet of 
crania. The academy has contributed much to natural 
science. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, founded 
1825, has issued various historical publications, and has a 
library of 2,000 volumes, with collections, etc. The Franklin 
Institute, incorporated March 30, 1824, mainly devoted to 
the promotion of mechanical science, etc., has about 3,000 
members, and library of 6,000 volumes, principally mechan- 
ical and scientific works ; publishes monthly its journal, the 
oldest and one of the best mechanical periodicals in the 
Union ; and holds annually an extensive exhibition of Amer- 
ican manufactures. The College of Physicians, chartered 
March 26, 1789, publishes its transactions quarterly, and is 
one of the most valuable periodicals of medical science. 

The Philadelphia Library Company, instituted 1731, prin- 
cipally by Dr. Franklin, has one of the most extensive 
libraries in this country. Its edifice, erected 1789-90, a plain 
structure, presents a venerable appearance. Its entrance is 
surmounted by an excellent marble statue of Franklin. In 
1792, it received the valuable library of Hon. James Logan, 
now amounting to 10,000 volumes. These united libraries 
now embrace about 60,000 volumes, and are constantly in- 
creasing. The Athenaium, organized February 9, 1S14, now 
occupies a very elegant edifice, built in the Italian style, 
comer of Sixth and Adclphi streets, erected 1845-47, con- 
taining a library of 12,000 volumes, reading-room, etc. The 
Mercantile Library, established 1821 has a handsome Ubrary 
372 



building, corner of Fifth and Library streets, erected 1S44-46, 
at a cost of $28,200, which contains 10,500 volumes ; its real 
estate is valued at $60,000. Tlie Library of the Law Asso- 
ciation is a good collection of professional works. The 
Apprentices' Library, founded 1819, is an excellent institu- 
tion, having 12,000 volumes, resorted to by 1,200 boys and 
600 girls. The German Society have 8,000 volumes; the 
Pennsylvania Hospital 10,000 volumes of medical works; 
besides which, are the Friends' Free Library, Spring Garden 
Institute, the colleges previously mentioned, and some 
library companies of the incorporated districts. 

The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, organized 
1807, contains rare scul])tures, with splendid paintings by 
the old masters, West, AUston, and Sully, and holds annual 
exhibitions, commencing in May. The Art Union of Phil- 
adelphia has a free gallery of pictures constantly open, 
which are changed monthly, and holds a distribution of 
prizes in December annually. There are two associations of 
artists — Graphic Association and Artists' Fund Society. 

Newspapers and Periodicals. — According to the census 
of 1850, the periodical press then consisted of 64 publications, 
viz., 11 dailies, 1 semi-weekly, 37 weeklies, 5 semi-month- 
lies, 8 monthlies, 1 quarterly, 1 annual. 

Names of dailies — " North American" (whig), '• Pennsyl 
vania Inquirer" (whig), " Pennsylvanian" (dem.), " Daily 
News" (whig), "The Sun" (nat. Am.), " Spirit of the Times" 
(dem), " Public Ledger" (indep.), " Evening Bulletin" (in- 
dep.), " Daily Register" (ncut.) The largest circulations 
were — of the dailies, "Public Ledger," 43,980; of the 
weeklies, " Dollar Newspaper" (indep.), 40,000 ; " Scott's 
Weekly Paper" (lit.), 40,000 ; " Saturday Evening Post" (lit.), 
42,000 ; " American Courier" (lit.), 35,000 ; of semi-month- 
lies, " Youth's Penny Gazette" (relig.), 100,000 ; of monthlies, 
" Godey's Lady's Book," 60,000. 

The press is generally characterized by propriety, origin 
ality, enterprise, and large circulations. The medical joumals 
are of high repute. The first papers were — " American 
Weekly Mercury," established 1719, by Andrew Bradford; 
"Pennsylvania Gazette," in 172.3, subsequently conducted 
by Dr. Franklin; "Pennsylvania Packet," 1771, which, in 
1784, was issued daily, the first daily in the United States. 

Churches, Religimis Institutions, etc. — Religious societies 
of all denominations are very numerous. The total number 
of churches in 1852, in the city and closely adjoining districts, 
was about 175, viz. : Episcopal 31, Presbyterian (of all liinds) 
45, Friends' 9, Roman Catholic 17, Baptist 20, Methodist 27, 
Lutheran 8, German and Dutcli Reformed 4, Moravian 1, 
Universalist 4, Unitarian 1, besides 3 Jews' Synagogues and 
some independent churches. Compared with other cities, 
the church edifices of this city are not distinguished for 
architectural beauty, though characterized by neatness and 
comfortable convenience. The principal edifices are — of 
Episcopal, Christ Church, completed 1753 ; St. Andrew's, in 
the Ionic order, a very classic structure; St. Stephen's and 
St. Mark's, in Gothic style. The First and Seventh Presby- 
terian churches ; Sansom Street Baptist Church. The Ro- 
man Catholic, St. Peter's Churdi, in classic Roman style, 
and the Cathedral, a magnificent structure, not yet com- 
pleted, which will surpass in architectural splendor all 
others in the city. 

The American Sunday School Union, formed 1824, has a 
large edifice in Chestnut Street, 5 stories high, used as de- 
pository and publication of their books, tracts, etc. The 
General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church have located 
here three of their four principal boards, viz. : Publication, 
Domestic Missions, and Education,which occupy in Chestnut 
Street a handsome edifice of brown stone, 4 stories high, 
chiefly used as publication rooms. During the year 1850-51, 
the board of publication printed 430,800 books and tracts. 
The American Baptist Publication Society, formed 1839, 
occupy in Arch Street an ornamental edifice of brown sand- 
stone, 4 stories high. Other religious associations ara — 
Philadelphia Tract, Education, Home Missionary, and sev- 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



eral Bible societies, all of which, with the foregoing, cele- 
brate their anniversaries in May. 

Benevolent Imtitutio-ns.— These are numerous, and of 
superior excellence. The Pennsylvania Hospital, incorpo- 
rated 1751, is a very extensive establishment, occupying an 
entire square between Spruce, Pine, Eighth, and Ninth 
streets, fronting on Pine Street. The main edifice has an 
entire length of 2S1 feet, consisting of central building with 
wings. From 1841 to 1S52 it received 13,829 patients, of 
whom 9,800 were poor ; in 1S52 it contained 158 inmates, of 
whom 120 were poor. Its funds arise from legacies and 
private subscriptions. In front of the building is a fine 
statue of William Penn, in bronzed lead. A branch of this 
institution is tho Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, 
which, previous to 1841, was a conjoined portion of the 
hospital, but has since been located on a fine farm of 111 
acres, in West Philadelphia, about 2 m. W. Schuylliill r. 
The principal building and main wings present an E. front 
of 436 feet?-3 stories high, and are surrounded with 41 acres 
of beautiful pleasure grounds. The Friends' Asylum for 
the Insane, near Frankford, founded 1S15, has good build- 
ings, etc. The Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and 
Dumb, founded 1820, has occupied, since 1825, its present 
spacious edifice, corner of Broad and Pine streets, built of 
granite, with Doric portico, a^ a cost of $80,000. In 1852 it 
had contained 1-34 pupils, of whom the State of Pennsyl- 
vania supported 92, Maryland IS, New >Tersey 13, Delaware 
8, and the institution 13. The Pennsylvania Institution for 
the Blind, founded 1833, located in Race, between Schuyl- 
kill, Second, and Third streets, has a large edifice, 4 stories 
high, with beautifully decorated grounds, and contained in 
1852, 93 pupils, of whom the State of Pennsylvania sup- 
ported 45, New Jersey 6, Maryland 5, Delaware 1, the in- 
stitution 15, with 15 by their own industry, and C by their 
friends. The Wills' Hospital for Diseases of the Eye and 
Limits, in Race Street, opposite Logan Square, was founded 
by the late James Wills, of Philadelphia, with a legacy of 
$108,396, bequeathed to the city for that purpose. The 
building, erected 1832-34, is a neat stone structure, SO feet 
long, 50 feet deep, which cost, including lot, $57,203, and is 
surrounded by ample and beautiful grounds. From its 
foundation to 1S52, upward of 2,000 persons had been re- 
lieved as inmates, and about 5,000 had been treated at their 
homes. Othtr hospitals are— St. Joseph's, near Girard Col- 
lege; Christ Church, for indigent females of the Episcopal 
Church; and the City Hospital, Spring Garden, established 
in 1818 by Uie State as a pest hospital, is a briciv structure 
of central building with wings. The U. S. Naval Asylum 
is previously described. 

Orphaii and other Asylums, etc. — The principal institu- 
tion for orphans, that of the Orphans' Society of Phila- 
delphia, founded 1814, is on Race Street and Schuylkill 
Fifth ; a large brick structure, 110 by 153 feet, built fire- 
proof and in the most substantial manner ; erected 1823. 
The first edifice was destroyed by fire Jan., 1822, when 23 
inmates perished. St. John's Male Orphan Asylum (Roman 
Catholic), is on W. side of the Schuylkill, 2i m. from Market 
Street bridge, on the Lancaster turnpike. The building, in 
Elizabethan Gothic style, is of brown stone ; in extreme 
length 220 feet, consisting of centra! edifice '4 stories high, 
and wings 3 stories high, and can accommodate 250 orphans. 
St. Joseph's Female Orphan Asylum, corner of Spruce and 
Seventh streets, has an a\erage number of 100 orphans. 
The Colored Orphans' Asylum, in Thirteenth Street, in 1852 
had 67 children. Other asylums are— the Widows' Asylum, 
instituted 1819, with 60 inmates ; St. Ann's Widows' Asylum ; 
Philadelphia Lying-in Asylum; House of Industry, in 
Moyamensing, organized 1846, with eommodious buildings; 
Preston Retreat, used by the Foster Home Association, 
which provided in 1S.52 for 74 children; and 3 Magdalen 
asylums. There are 4 dispensaries, of which the principal 
is the Philadelphia, founded in 1786, which in 1851 treated 
7,S62 patients. Other charitable institutions are numerous. 



The City Alms-house, fronting on W. side of the Schuyl- 
kill, comprises 4 buildings, inclosing a rectangular area, 
each 500 feet long and 3 stories high, besides basement, sur- 
rounded by a farm of 10 acres, with out-buildings, etc. The 
main front facing the city is ornamented by an elegant por- 
tico in tho Tuscan order, having 6 columns, 5 feet diameter 
at base and 30 feet high. The average number of paupers 
in 1851 was 1,813, maintained at an expense of $97,926, or 
$1 04 per week each. Attached is the Children's Asylum, 
which in 1S51 contained about 1,850 children — 362 boys and 
1,4SS girls — sustained at an annual expense of $70,000. The 
insane department contained in 1852, 390 inmates ; the 
hospital 349 patients. The total cost of supporting the poor 
at the alms-house and in the city and districts during 1S51, 
was $228,977. The Moyamensing Alms-house is the public 
charity for that district. The Friends' Alms-house is a pri- 
vate institution and has but few inmates. 

Municipal Government^ Departments. — The county of 
Philadelphia is divided into different local governments. 
The incorporated districts directly adjoining the city proper, 
viz., Southwark, Moyamensing, Spring Garden, Northern 
Liberties, Kensington, and Richmond, have similar organi- 
zations, each governed by boards of commissioners. The 
consolidation of these districts with the city proper into one 
municipal corporation, has for some time been agitated. 
The government of the city proper, under the general su- 
perintendence of the mayor, is composed of police depart- 
ment, select and common councils, board of city commis- 
sioners, and board of city and county commissioners. 

The police department, exclusive of officers, embraces 200 
watchmen. The consolidated police force, established 1850, 
has ISO policemen, distributed as follows : city 55, Spring 
Garden 26, Kensington 24, Northern Liberties 21, Southwark 
18, Moyamensing 12, Penn 4, Richmond 4, West Philadel- 
phia 3, under 12 lieutenants and the marshal. The number 
of arrests by this force, from Nov. 21, 1S50, to Nov. 1, 1S51, 
exceeded 12,000. 

Fire Department. — In 1852 there were 70 companies — 
engine 35, hose 33, hook and ladder 2 — each having about 
30 members. The Association for the Relief of Disabled 
Firemen, established 1835, in 1852 possessed $17,500 per- 
manently invested ; and had previously distributed $9,000. 

The Board of Health, consisting of 18 members, has 
charge of the sanitary condition of the city, the city hospital, 
and the lazaretto at quarantine ground, 14 m. below the 
city. The statistics of the alms-house, county prison, etc., 
are previously given. 

Markets. — These are noted for their excellence, abundant 
supplies, cleanliness, etc. The principal ranges of stalls are 
in Market Street, extending from the Delaware to Eighth 
Street, and from Schuylkill Sixth to Eighth streets, erected 
in 1836 ; there are 10 others. The wholesale provision trade 
is principally carried on in Water Street, and near the 
wharves, chiefly by extensive firms. The following table 
shows the number of cattle offered at the Philadelphia 
cattle market during each of the six years, from 1845 to 1850 
inclusive : 

Years. Beeves. Calves. Sheep. Swine. 

1345 49,290 8,630 25,700 79,000 

1846 65,940 11,980 29,160 77,900 

1847 51,500 12,295 86,410 57,189 

1S48 66,370 13,365 46,680 75,270 

1849 67.410 15,100 49,700 78,500 

1850 70,820 15,265 33,340 95,450 

Fairmmmt Water-Works. — These water- works which 
supply the city with water, are situated on E. bank of 
Schuylkill r., a little N. of the city proper, and have been in 
operation since July 1, 1822. A dam extends across the 
river, 1,248 feet long, erected in 1819. The water backed 
up by the dam passes into an artificial forebay, 419 feet 
long, 90 feet wide, and 60 feet deep. The mill-building is 
of stone, 238 feet long, 56 feet wide, containing 8 double- 
acting forcing pumps, each of which will lift about 1,250,000 

S73 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES, 



gallons into the reservoirs iu 24 hours. The water is elevated 
92 feet. The reservoirs, 4 in number, cover 6 acres, are 12J 
feet deep, constructed in very substantial manner, together 
contain 22,031,976 ale gallons, and cost $1R3.S22. They are 
fortlie most part upon artificial ground, raist'd in some parts 
40 feet above the original of the hill. When full, the water 
is 102 feet above low tide in the Schuylkill, and 56 feel above 
the highest ground in the city. One of thi'ra is divided into 
8 sections for the purpose of filtration. The water passes 
from the reservoirs to the city, through 3 main iron pipes, 
in diameter 20, 22, and 80 inches respectively ; and is then 
distributed through the city in pipes front 3 to 10 inches 
diameter, chiefly 3 and 6 inches, of whieli the total length in 
January, 1S52, was: in city proper 81 m., in dislricls of 
Southwark and Moyamensing 20i ni. The average daily 
consumption of water in the city and districts in 1360, 
throughout the whole year was 4,7S5,o.3S ale gallons ; in IS.*)!, 
5,690,744 gallons. Water rents in 1S51, $13S.S74. The entire 
cost of these works to Dec. 31, 1S50, was .tl, 1)1.5.170 ; addi- 
tional expenses in 1S51, $92,380— total cost to 1S5-2,.$1.T07,550. 

Spring Garden and Noiiliern Liheitie.s Water- Works. — 
Situated on E. side of the Schuylkill, about 1 m. above 
Fairmount. The engine-house is of granite, in Egyptian 
Style. The reservoir, 15 feet deep, 115 feet above low-water 
mark, contains 9,800,000 gallons, and has 2 distributing 
mains, 16 inches diameter. This work was completed in 
1&45, at a cost of $159,075. 

Manufactures. — In the amount, and value, and variety 
of its manufactures, Philadelphia is one of the most im- 
portant cities in the United States. Many of these are 
brought to more than an ordinary degree ofpirfeetion. 

The following statement of the manufactures in the city 
and county of Philadelphia, is from the census returns 

of 1850 : Value of 



Capital 
invested. 

Phil. City proper.. $13,207,695. . , 
North'n Liberties. 3,922,251 . . . 
Spring G ard en .. . 2,9 1 3,445 . . , 

Kensingt(jn 3,755,711... 

Southwark 2,171,065... 

Moyamensing. . . . 530,364. . 

Townships, etc. . . 7,237.380 . . 

$33,737,911 

The following statements of 

their wages, are from the same 



nplMj.ed. 



Raw material 
inrl. fuel. 

.$12,665,211..., 

. 3,764,-341 . . . , 
. 3,046,216..., 
. 6,166,071.... 
. 2,197,347..., 
575,237..., 
.. 6.090.733 ..., 

$31,505,156 
the number of 
source : 

f Average 



AnnunI 
products. 

$26,309,265 
7,(173,023 
5,876,781 

10,083,904 
8,734,730 
1,299.201 

10,2.37..30S 



$64,114,212 
hands, and 



iiale 



Phila. City proper. 17,020.. 9,046 $415,675.. $97,955 



Nortliern Liberties. 4,463.. 1,181 115,657.. 



Spring Garden ... 4,326.. 854. 

Kensington 6,723.. 1,890. 

Southwark 2,089.. 167. 

Moyamensing 1,970. . 2S.S . 

Townships, etc.... 6,705., 2,.S77. 
43,296 15.803 



93,.S03.. 
16-3,010.. 

60,021.. 

46,868.. 
1-38,265.. 



12,200 
9,538 

13,279 
1,344 
2,872 

71,396 



$1,002,809 $208,584 



Total employees 59,099 Month, cost of lab.$l,271,393 

Among the principal manufactures, are those of machin- 
ery, hardware, cutlery, precious metals, cordage, furniture, 
musical instruments, upholstery, ornamental and other iron 
furniture, with large sugar refineries and marble works, etc. 
Banks and In.surance Companies. — There were in 1852 
in the city and districts 13 banks, with aggregate working 
capital of $10,050,000, paying fair dividends, with 4 savings 
banks. Number of fire insurance companies, 10 ; of fire 
and marine do., 4; of marine do. 5; of life, annuity, and 
trust do., 9— total 28. 

Railroads, etc.— The following is the list of railroads 
diverging from Philadelphia, with their lengths : Philadel- 
phia and Trenton K. K., and thence by New Jersey K.R. to 
Kew York, 87 m. ; Camden and Amboy E. li. to New York, 
874 



I 90 m. ; Philadelphia, Germantown, and Norristown K. R. 

I 17 m. ; Germantown Branch R. R.,-6 m. : Philadelphia, 
Reading, and Poltsville R. E., 93 m. ; with short branch 
from Schuylkill falls to Port Richmond coal dei)6t. Colum- 
bia and Philadelphia R. E., 82 m., which connects at Lan- 
caster by Ilarrisburg and Lancaster R. R., with the Penn- 
sylvania E. R. to Pittsburg, 357 m. ; Philadelphia and 
Westchester E. E., 30 m., M'hich branches from Columbia 
and Philadelphia E. E. at Paoli; Philadeli)hia, Wilming- 
ton, and Baltimore E. It., 98 ra. 

The city derives great advantages from the Schuylkill 
Navlg.-itlon Canal, hence to Port Carbon, 108 m. ; the 
Chcsajicake and Delaware Canal, and others which contri- 
bute to its prosperous trade. 

Domestic Trade. — The following statement exhibits the 
nmiiber of coastwise arrivals, from 1S35 to 1S51 inclusive : 



Vessela 



Ve 



sets. 



1835 3.573 1811 9,246 1847 18,069 

18-36 3,761 1842 7,973 1*13 2-3,921 

1837 7,476 1843 7.659 1849 24,594 

18-38 10.860 1844 7,717 1850 27,0-35 

1839 11,183 1S45 8,029 1851 26,484 

1S40 9,706 1846 6,018 

The coal trade is by far the most prominent part of the 
domestic trade of the city. During the calendar year 1851, 
the arrivals at Port Eiehmond, the terminus of the Eeading 
E. E., were as follows: 3 ships, 92 barks. 467 brigs, 5,379 
schooners, 2ii2 sloops, 1,983 barges— total 8,126. 

The following statements of the annual inspections of 
flour and meal, and of the measurement of the principal 
grains, from 1846 to 1850 inclusive, are derived from the Re- 
port of the Philadelphia Board of Trade of January, 1861: 
Wheat Flour. Corn Meal. Rje 



bbia 



\Mi. 



bills. 



1846 674.64S 170,143 83,520 

1847 708,981 800,609 27,906 

1848 511,279 162,983 24,74T 

1849 633,533 100.514 39.109 

1850 658,828 103,210 34,776 

Years. Wheat— bn.iliela. Corn— bushels. Oats— bualiela. 

1846 983,923 665,178 359,942 

1847 947,598 1,093,264 369,171 

1848 723,694 1,-302,318 327,734 

1849 945,465 1,283,692 424,316 

1850 1,103,206 1,163,666 401,-396 

Annual inspections of tobacco, all American, from 1839 to 
1850 inclusive: 

Years. Hhds. Years. Hhds. 



18-39. 
1840. 

1841. 
1842. 



Hhdii. 

.2,552 
.5,298 
.6,210 
.3,540 



1843., 
1844.. 
1845.. 
1846.. 



....6,7-33 
.,..4,418 
....4,182 
....2,527 



1847 5.9-34 

1848 3,218 

1849 4,451 

1850 3,745 



Duties. Years. 



Value of 
In 



Duties. 



The imports of cotton, 1847-50, were— in 1847, 41,8.35 
bales; inlS4S, 41,516; in 1849,45,393; in 1850, 50,944 bales. 

Foreign Commerce. — In foreign commerce Philadelphia 
is now the third city in the Union. 

The fallowing statement, prepared from official docu- 
ments, exhibits the value of the imports annually into the 
port of Philadelphia, and the duties accruing to the United 
States from 18-30 to 1851 inclusive: 

„ Value ol 

Ys^""- Imports. 

1830 . . $9.,525.S93 . . $3..537.516 
1831., 11,67.3,755,, 4,-372.526 
1832., 10.048,195.. 3,500,298 
1S33.. 11,153,757.. 2,935.096 
1834 . . 10,6>6.073 . . 2.1 1 0.477 
1835. . 11,368,529. . 2.501,621 
1836.. 16,116.625.. 8,146.4.58 
18-37. . 10,130,838. . 1,820,993 
1888. . 10,417,815. . 2.109,955 
1839. . 14.753.589. . 2,884,98* 
1840.. 8,624,484.. 1,517,207 



porff. 

1841 . . $9,948,593 . . $1,933,682 

1842.. 6,201.177.. 1,812,843 

1843.. 4,916,5-35.. l,4:i7,S33 

1844.. 8,310,865.. 2,931,573 

1345.. 7,491.407.. 2,370,.516 

1.S46.. 8,308.615.. 2,608,068 

1847.. 12.15-3,9-37.. 2,904.749 

1848 . . 10,700,865 .^ 2,767,459 

1849 . .10,160,479. . 2.604,245 

1850. .13,381.759.. 3,412,240 
1851.. 12,795,440.. 8,673,12-1 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Foreign A rriva Is.— The following table exhibits the total 
number of arrivals from foreign countries in each year from 
1836 to 1851 inclusive : 

Years. Air, Years. Arr, 

1844 

1845 



Years 
1836. 
183T. 



1839. 



.421 
.409 
.464 
.521 



1840. 
1S41. 
1843. 
1843. 



.456 
.504 
.454 
.3T2 



1846. 
1847. 



.4T2 
.387 
.459 
.657 



1848. 
1849. 
1850. 
1851. 



542 
5S5 
618 
576 

Eiifports. — The number of clearances for foreign countrier 
during the two fiscal years, 1848-49 and 1849-50, each end- 
ing June 80, were as follows : 

1848-49. 1849 50. 



Vess. Tons. Men. Boj 8. Vess. Thus. Men. B y.q. 

American.. 360. .93,322. .3,806. .93 309. .81,276. .3,189. .133 
Foreign... 179.. 27,005.. 1,417.. 15 170. .80,342. .1,480.. 36 

Total. . .539.120,327. .5,223.113 479.111,618. .4,669 . .169 
Exports of Breadstuffs. — These, with meat provisions, and 
manufactures of iron and wool, constitute the greater portion 
of the exports. The following is a statement of the exports 
of wheat flour, corn meal, wheat, and corn, from 1S31 to 
1851 inclusive: 

Voar= Wlieat flour. Corn meal. Wlieat. Corn. 

^*""- bills. bhis. bush. bush. 

1831 259,785 45.532 61,282 42,293 

1832 151,917 50,328 2,258 48,859 

1833 132.622 51,903 — 66,708 

1834 87,905 50,018 — 31,526 

1835 96,093 50,869 2,903 25,457 

1836 67,113 42,798 — 19,117 

1887 33,680 63.803 — 21,486 

1838 69,622 64,002 — 17,037 

1839 191,.3S0 73,800 37,881 17,117 

1840 284,774 89,456 280,047 76,749 

1841 195.555 108,822 56,571 80,266 

1842 161,866 97,884 87,953 83,722 

1843 128,517 106,484 32,235 74,613 

1844 196,433 101,856 23,375 110,068 

1845 201,956 115,101 86,089 129,256 

1846 366,610 144,857 245,136 279,820 

1847 420,684 300,531 523,5-38 1,102,210 

1848 179,507 140,014 207,092 817,150 

1849 220,786 91,319 177,-312 906.823 

1850 83,024 94,8.34 205,670 602,080 

1851 299,466 65,385 225,201 554,545 

The exports of rye flour in the same years were as follows : 



Years. 
1831.. 



R, flou 
bbla. 



Years. 



R.flo 



8,4:33 18-33 14,211 



18-32 13,040 

1833 27.939 

18-34 2.3,795 

18-35 21,0-38 

1836 27,429 

183T 17.276 



On June 30, 1849.. 

" 1850. . 
" 1851 . . 



1845 17,098 

18-39 24,527 1S46 19,730 

1840 36,471 1847 20,407 

1841 26,866 1843 15,537 

1842 22,530 1849 26,.i36 

1843 22,303 1850 25,054 

1844 21,904 1S51 10,505 

Tonnage for the two fiscal years 1848-9 and 1849-50, also 

in 1851, which, though not from any official documents, is 

doubtless correct : 

TONNAGE OF PHILADELPHIA. 

Rpgi.stereil Enrolled and Licensed Total 
Tons. 9.-,tlis. Ton^. Wilis. Tons. !«lhs. 

.5-3,821 91 . . . .184,265 25, . . .188,087 21 
.64,205 10. . . ,142,292 72. . . .206,497 82 
— .... — ,...222,428 90 
Classification and employment of tonnage on June 30, 
1849, and June 30, 1850 : 

KEQISTEP.ED TONNAGE. 
Permanent Temporary Total 

Tons. H5tli». Tuns. Moths. Tons, o.^iths. 

June 30, 1849. . . .40.343 26. . . .13.473 65. . . .53,821 91 
" 1850 ... . 46,384 91 ... . 17,820 14 ... . 64,205 10 
Of the above, in 1850, 66 tons were propelled by steam ; in 
1849 none. 



ENROLLED AND LICENSED TONNAGE. 

Permanent Temporary Co.-ist Trade St'm Nar'n. 
Tons. 9otlis. Tons, gntlis. Tons, a-ilha. Tons. H.ltlis. 

June 30, 1849.. 121, 722 85.. 9,530 93.. 131, 253 83.. 1.3,631 22 
" I80O.. 136,577 23.. 2,581 87.. 139,159 15.. 15,475 56 

The amount " licensed under 20 tons" in 1849 was 3,011 
tons ; in 1850, 8,1.34— all in the coasting trade. 

Vessels built in the district of Philadelphia in the two 
fiscal years, 1848-49, and 1849-50, each ending June 30: 

v....rc, ci,;.,„ H..:,o CI,'..* Sloops and Steam- Total 

Years. Ships. Bngs. Sell rs. ^^^^l^ ^,^^ ^^^^_ \^^»^\3. Tons. 

1848-49 3 2.... 26 102.... 9.. . .142. ...13,741 

1849-50 7 1. . . .34 107. . . .17. . . .166. . . .18,150 

Su«tmnry of Navigation. — The following table exhibits 
the total arrivals of vessels at Philadelphia in each year, 
from 18-35 to 1851 inclusive. Their separate divisions into 
foreign and coastwise vessels are previously given under 
their proper heads of domestic trade and foreign commerce: 



Years, 

1835 4,002 

1836 4,185 

1837 8,185 

18.38 11,-344 

1S.39 11,709 

1840 10,162 



Years. 

1841 . , 

1842.. 
1843.. 
1844.. 



..9,750 
..8,427 
..8,031 
..8,189 

1845 8.416 

1846 6,477 



Years. 

1847 18,726 

1848 24,468 

1849 25,169 

1850 27,553 

1851 27,060 



Population.— In 1749, the city proper had 7,391 inhabit- 
ants, and 1,864 dwellings; Soutliwark 595 population, 150 
dwellings; Northern Liberties 244, 62 dwellings. In 1750, 
city 7,635. In 1777, the British (then in possession of the 
city, which had decreased in population by the war) took 
the census of the city, Southwarlc, and the Northern Liber- 
ties, and found their united population 23,734, dwellings 
5,985. In 1790, by U. S. census, the city, 28,522 ; South- 
wark, 5,661 ; unincorporated Northern Liberties, 8,337 — 
total 42,520. 

Population of Philadelphia, city and county, from 1800 to 
1850 inclusive : 

ISOO. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1S40. 18S0. 

City Of Phila-f 4^220 53,722 63,802 80,458 93,665 121,417 
delphia ) ' 

SOUTH OF CITY AND EAST OF SCHUYLKILL KIVEK. 

Southwark .... 9,621 13,707 14,713 20,740 27,516 38,799 
Moyamensing.. 1,592 2,887 3,963 6,822 14,573 26,979 
Passyunk 884 952 \,(m 1,441 1,594 1,60T 

NORTH OF CITY ANB EAST OF SCHUYLKILL RIVER. 

Unincorp' N. i 
Liberties .. P^'^'f^ 21,558 1,810 2,456 3,332 1,938 

N. Liberties.... — — 19,678 28,923 84,474 47,223 

Spring Gartlen* -. — 3,498 11,141 27.849 58,895 

Kensington* . . — — 7,118 13,326 22,814 46,776 

Penn District*. — — — — ^_ 8 9,30 

Richmond* ... — — — — 5,840 

PennTownship* — 8,798 3,105 2,507 8,342 2,687 

Oxford 1,518 973 1,315 1,502 1,582 1,78T 

Frankford ^ 1,283 1,405 1,6-37 2.-376 5,346 

Lower Dublin. 1,495 2,194 2,640 2,705 3,298 4,297 

Byberry 579 765 8T6 1,018 1,055 1,130 

Moreland 362 400 443 418 469 493 

Bristol 7T1 965 1,257 1,495 1,734 2,2-SO 

Germantown... 3,220 4,243 4,3U 4,642 5,482 8,336 

Roxborough , . . 1,048 1,252 1,682 3,334 5,797 2,660 

Manuyunk ^- — _ ^^ _^ 6,210 

Bridesburg .... — — — — -^ 915 

Aramingo -——.--.— — 594 

Whitehall . — — — — ^ 489 

WEST OP THH SCHUYLKILL. 

Blookley 1,091 1,618 2,655 3,401 8,318 5,910 

W.Philadelphia — — — ..^ 2,896 5,670 
Kingessing. ... 634 903 1,188 1,068 1,389 1,778 

Total 81,005 111,210 137,097 188,961 253,037 409,045 



FormeriV a part "f the Northern Liberties. 

875 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Historieal Sketch.— X&H. The colony of Swedes wliich had 
previously been settled on the Delaware Bay, arrived here 
and took possession. 167T. First Swede's Church built. 
1681. The State was granted to William Penn by James II. 
king of England, and in same year the first settlers arrived 
flrom London. 1CS2. William Penn arrived. 1GS3. City 
laid out, and first post established to Newcastle. 16S4. 
Pop. 2,500. 16S5. First two Friends' Meeting-houses erected. 
1686. Additional colonists arrived (Baptists). 1695. Christ 
Church Society (Episcopal) organized, also first Presbyterian. 
1698. First Baptist Church erected. 1700. Second Swede 
Church (now standing) built, and post-ofiice eslablished. 
1701. Philadelphia incorporated into a city. 1710. First 
Market (High St.) built. 1719. "American Weekly Mercury," 
published by Andrew Bradford. 1723. " Pennsylvania 
Gazette," published by S. Keiner, subsequently by Dr. 
Franklin. 1727. Christ Church (now standing) commenced, 
finished in 1753. 1729. Independence Hall commenced, 
completed in 1734. 1731. Philadelphia Library Co. organ- 
ized, opened in 1732, with books brought from London. 
1738. First Fire Co. originated. 1743. American Philo- 
sophical Society organized. 1751. Pennyslvania Hospital 
incorporated. 1753. Daily delivery of letters by carriers 
introduced. 1754. Tri-weekly post established to New York 
City. 1755. University of Pennsylvania (from 1750 an 
academy) erected into a college, in 1779 into an university. 
1T65. Medical Department of University established. 1771. 
"Pennsylvania Packet" issued weekly, in 1784 daily, first 
in U. S. 1774, Sept. 4th. First Colonial Congress assembled. 
1770. July 4th, 2 p. m. Declaration of Independence read 
from the steps of the Hall. Autumn of same year. Congress 
retired to Baltimore. 1777, Sept. 26lh. City taken by the 
British. 1780, March 15th. American Philosophical Society 
fUlly established. 17S1. Bank of North America chartered 
by Congress. 17S7, 17th May. Convention met, 17th Sept. 
following, agreed upon a Constitution for U. S. In 1793 and 
'98. Yellow fever prevailed. 1789. College of Physicians 
chartered. 17S9. Present City Hall erected. 1791. Lan- 
caster Turnpike Co. chartered, finished in four years. 1794. 
Southwark incorporated. 1801. Navy yard located. 180.3. 
First Hose Co. 1804. Germantown Perkiomen Turnpike Co. 
chartered, completed in two years. 1817. Medical Institute 
founded. 1809. Masonic Hall erected. 1S20. Musical Hall 
finished. 1822. FairmounJ AVater- works completed. 1826. 
House of Eefuge incorporated. 1S29. U. S. Mint building 
commenced. 1833. Girard College corner-stone laid, com- 
menced 1st Jan., 1848. 1835. Gas works creeled. 

Pittsburg, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Alleghany eo., 
Penn. : at the point formed by the confluence of the Alle- 
ghany and Monongahela, the great constituents of the Ohio 
r., and by railroad 252 ni. W. by N. Harrisburg. Lat. 
40° 32' N., and long. 80° 02' W. Its suburb, Alleghany City, 
also occupying a point of land, is located to the north-west 
and on the opposite side of the Alleghany, and to all intents 
and purposes, having the same interests, is a part of Pittsburg. 
South Pittsburg and Birmingham are manufacturing vil- 
lages on the opposite side of the Monongahela r. ; and there 
are in the vicinity, in every direction within the suburban 
district, numerous other villages of considerable population 
and industrial character. 

Pittsburg is built on a triangular plain, hemmed in on 
the rear by several hills. It is a compactly built and large 
city, but has the dingy appearance which so well indicates 
the industrial occupations of the inhabitants. The city was 
originally laid out on the N. E. bank of the Monongahela, 
and planned after the model of Philadelphia, with streets 
running parallel with the rivers, and others crossing them 
at right angles. The streets on the Alleghany are laid out 
on a similar plan, and hence a short distance from the Alle- 
ghany the old and new streets meet in oblique directions, 
assimilating its appearance to that of the lower section of 
New York City. Both rivers are spanned by bridges, which 
With several steam ferries, connect the city with the sub- 
876 



urbs. The Pennsylvania Canal crosses the river by an 
aqueduct 

The site of Pittsburg is a natural amphitheatre ; the rivers 
flow in channels from 450 to 4C5 feet below the highest 
peaks of the neighboring hills. These hills, inclosing the 
city, are full of bituminous coal, which is easily mined, and 
affords to the place the vast manufacturing facilities for 
which it is famed. The coal strata lie SuO feet above the 
alluvial plain, and the coal formation, as general in the Ohio 
valley, is horizontal. Along the base of these hills and 
some distance up their declivity, the city expands itself, and 
on every side the eye rests upon a scene of rich and varied 
landscape. 

Old Fort Du Quesne, so celebrated in the French and 
colonial wars, formerly occupied the site on which the city 
now stands. At the close of the Revolutionary War it was 
still but an insignificant village. In 1784, the ground, which 
belonged to the heirs of Penn, was laid out into town lots, 
and two years later the village contained about 100 dwell- 
ings. It was constituted the capital of Alleghany county in 
1791. In 1796, its population amounted to 1,395. 

Among the public buildings of Pittsburg, the Court-house 
is conspicuous. It is a handsome building of GrKco-Doric 
architecture, 165 feet long and 100 feet deep, and the height 
of the dome 148 feet from the ground. About $200,000 were 
expended on its construction. The Roman Catholic Cathe- 
dral, on Grant's Hill, is also a noble edifice, and many of 
the other churches, between 70 and 80 in number, are in 
the best style of ecclesiastical building. It contains, besides, 
4 large banking houses, several insurance offices, 3 market- 
houses, a well furnished museum, numerous large and 
splendid hotels, railroad dep6ts, etc. The Western Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania is located here, and numerous as- 
sociations, which afford great conveniences to the inhabit- 
ants in literary and scientific pursuits. 

As a manufacturing city, Pittsburg is second in the State 
only to Philadelphia, and has, perhaps, no competitor in 
the branches of industry which are carried on in its work- 
shops. It is the Birmingham of America. In 1S50 it had 
13 rolling-mills, with a capital of $5,000,000, employing 2,500 
hands, consuming 60,000 Ions of pig metal, and producing 
annually bar iron and nails to the value of $4,000,000 ; 80 
large foundries, with several smaller ones, with an aggre- 
gate capital of $2,000,000 and 2,500 hands, using SO.Odo'tons 
of pig iron, and yielding articles valued at $2,000,000 annu- 
ally ; 2 establishments for manufacturing locks, latches, cof- 
fee-mills, scales, and other iron casting, employing 500 hands 
and a capital of $250,000, using 1,200 tons metal, and pro- 
ducing annually to the value of .$3,000,000; 5 large cotton 
factories, and several smaller ones— capital $1,500,000, hands 
1.500, cotton consumed 15,000 bales, and products valued at 
upward of $1,500,000 annually; 8 flint-glass manufactories 
— capital $300,000, hands 500, and producing various articles 
of glass, in the manufacture of which 150 tons lead and 200 
tons pearl ash are used, to the value of $400,000 annually; 
7 phial furnaces and 11 window-glass factories — capital 
$250,000, hands 600, and annual products $600,000 ; 1 soda- 
ash factory, employing 75 hands, and producing annually 
1,500 tons ; 1 copper smelting house, producing 600 tons re- 
fined copper annually, valued at $380 per ton ; 1 copper 
rolling-mill, producing annually 800 tons sheathing and bra- 
zier's copper ; 5 white lead factories — capital $150,000, hands 
60, and producing 150,000 kegs annually, worth $200,000. 
There are also a number of manufactories of the smaller sizes 
of iron, sever.al extensive manufactories of axes, hatchets, 
etc., and spring-steel, steel springs, axles, anvils, vices, mills, 
cross-cut and other saws, gun barrels, shovels, spa<ies, forks, 
hoes, cut tacks, brads, etc. The products of the manufac- 
tures in the aggn-gate are valued at between $50,000,000 and 
$60,000,000 annually. There are consumed .nbout 12,000,000 
bushels of coal annually, worth $600,000, and an equal 
quantity is exported from the city, giving employment con- 
stantly to 4,000 hands. 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



As a trading mart, Pittsburg has many advantages. At 
the junction of two great rivers and at the head of the no- 
ble Ohio, it has access by water to the whole valley drained 
by the tributaries of the Mississippi. With the Atlantic 
8ea-board it has connection by means of the Pennsylvania 
Canal and Eailroad, over which an immense transit and 
internal commerce is carried on, and its connection with 
Lake Erie is provided for. Westward long lines of railroad 
bring it into juxtaposition with all the great cities in that 
direction, and open to it highways to and beyond the Mis- 
sissippi. Its harbor is well suited for the river commerce. 
The " Orleans," the first steamer that plied on the western 
waters, was built here in ISll, since which period the com- 
merce of the city has steadily increased. In 1850 there 
were owned in Pittsburg 43,476 tons of shipping, of which 
44,571 tons were navigated by steam. In 1851 its steam 
marine amounted to 47,911 tons. This is employed on the 
rivers in transporting passengers and goods to the various 
ports. Eighteen steamers and 4 schooners (3,238 tons) were 
built in 1S50. These are floating palaces, the admiration of 
every one, and at any one time 30 or 40 of such may be 
seen at the wharves destined to various ports on the Ohio, 
Mississippi, and Missouri. 

The retail trade of the city is also on a vast scale, the 
stores filled with the most splendid manufactures, arti- 
cles of apparel, and all the luxuries of the table and house- 
hold, are not surpassed by those of even the palaces of New 
York and Philadelphia. The amount of business transacted 
is immense and ever increasing. Pittsburg has also a large 
wholesale trade, and many western merchants make up 
their slocks at this point, instead of traveling to the great 
cities of the sea-board. There are four banks in the city — 
capital $2,418,000. 

Pittsburg is governed by a mayor, aldermen, and com- 
mon council; its police is excellent, and crime and destitu- 
tion less frequent than in most other large places. Perhaps 
this freedom from social evils may be attributed chiefly to 
the prosperity of the manufactures and trades. It has a 
well organized fire department, and numerous military 
companies, many of which are uniformed and well drilled. 
The streets, stores, and dwellings are lighted with gas, 
which is manufactured from bituminous coal, and water is 
supplied from the Alleghany river by means of machinery, 
and distributed through iron pipes. For civil purposes the 
city is divided into nine wards. The value of taxable 
property in the city in 1851 amounted to $65,000,000. 

The means of education provided in the city are ample. 
In 1850 there wer* 86 public schools, and 10 others were 
being built: teachers, 71 — males 19, and females 52; schol- 
ars, 5,144 — males 2,583, and females 2.561 ; cost of instruc- 
tion, $17,506, of which $2,804 was from the State school 
fund, and the remainder raised by taxation. These schools 
are conducted under the general law. There are also other 
academies, seminaries, grammar schools, etc., chiefly pri- 
vate establishments, at which large numbers of children are 
educated. 

The periodical press of Pittsburg consists of 11 daily 
newspapers, 2 tri-weeklies, 17 weeklies, 1 semi-monthly, 
and 2 monthlies. The dailies are, the " P. Gazette" (whig), 
the '-Morning Post" (dem.), the "Staats Zeitung" (whig), 
the " P. Courier," the '• Tribune and Express" (indep.), the 
"Chronicle," the "Commercial .Journal" (whig), the "Dis- 
patch" (indep.), the "Transcript and Commercial Adver- 
tiser," the " P. American" (whig), and the " Daily News." 
The tri-weeklies are, the "P. Gazette" and "Commercial 
Journal." editions of the dailies of the same title ; the week- 
lies are, the " P. Gazette," the "Satur.lay Post," the "Staats 
Zeitung." the " Commercial Journal," the " Dispatch," and 
the "P. American," editions of dailies, "Der Freiheits 
Freund," the "P. Mercury," the "Iron City" (lit.), the 
"American Protestant" (relig.), the "Ledger," the "Chris- 
tian Herald" (Meth.), the "Saturday Visitor" (lit.), the 
" Presbyterian Advocate," the " Preacher," the " P. Chris- 



tian Advocate" (Meth.); the semi-monthly is the "Friend 
of Missions," and the monthlies are "Sibbet's Western Ee 
view" and the " Missionary." 

The population of Pittsburg in 1810 was 4,768 ; in 1820, 
7,248; in 1830,12,008; in 1840, 21,115; and in 18.50, 46,601. 
In these sums the population of the city proper is only 
stated. The city, including its metropolitan district, in 1850 
contained 86,771, and in January, 185.3, 110,241 inhab- 
itants. 

Alleghany nti/^ the principa. suburb, is finely situate 
on the north bank of ihe Allogliany river, and is in itself 
a considerable place. Itenjoys the same facilities for manu- 
factures, commerce, and internal trade as Pittsburg, but 
perhaps not in so advantageous a degree, and is occupied 
chiefly m the same pursuits. Here is assembled a popula- 
tion of 21.261 souls; in 1830 the city contained only 2,801, 
and in 1840, 10,089 inhabitants, being an increase of 260.2 
per cent., and the increase in the decade ending 1850, was 
110.7 per cent. Alleghany, indeed, has at the latter date 
the same population as Pittsburg had in 1840. The West- 
ern Penitentiary of Pennsylvania is located in Alleghany, 
and is a very extensive edifice. The Western Theological 
Seminary (Presb.) is also established here. It ficcupies a 
commanding eminence, overlooking the surrounding coun- 
try. The building is 150 feet long, tlie centre being 4 stories 
and the wings 3 stories high. There are about 30 churches 
in the city, several of them large and elegant structures. 
The city has a considerable commercial and manufacturing 
interest. Hardware and cutlery, iron work of all kinds, 
machinery, cotton goods, and numerous other valuable 
manufactures are produced. The whole manufacturing 
capital of the place is nearly $4,000,000, and goods to a great 
value are annually produced. It is divided into 4 wards, 
and is governed by a mayor and common council. In 1850 
it had 27 common schools, with 42 teachers and 3,270 schol- 
ars — 1,730 males, and 1,540 females. 

Bivmingham borough is another important suburb. It is 
on the 8. side of the Monongahela, about 1 m. distant from 
the centre of Pittsburg. It has considerable manufactures 
of iron, glass, pottery, etc., and a population of 3,742. A 
bridge and a ferry connect it with the city. South Pitts- 
burg, adjoining it on the W., has 1,883 inhabitants, and 
East Birmingham luas 1,694 inhabitants. Manchester, on 
the W. of Alleghany City, has 1,775. Lawrenceville, on the 
Alleghany, above Pittsburg, 1,746, and Sharpsburg, higher 
up on the opposite side the river, 1,229 inhabitants. 

Plattsburg, t., p. v., port, and cap. Clinton co., N. Y. : 
on W. shore of Lake Champlain, at the head of Cumber- 
land bay, and on both sides of Saranac river, 147 m. N. 
Albany. Lat. N. 44° 42' ; long. W. 73° 26'. The surface 
of the town slopes toward the lake; soil clay loam, and very 
productive. Drained by Saranac river and Salmon creek. 
Black marble of excellent quality is quarried in the t. At 
the V. the Saranac descends by a succession of falls about 
40 feet, thus affording very great water-power, which is 
used by numerous factories of cotton and woolen goods, tan- 
neries, and by saw, grist, fidling, marble, and flouring mills, 
etc. The v. contains the co. buildings, 4 churches, an incor- 
porated lyceum and academy. Two newspapers are pub- 
lished weekly, " P. Republican" (dem.), " Clinton County 
Whig" — the " Northern Lancet" (med.), is issued monthly. 
Here commences the Plattsburg and Montreal R. R., 62 m. 
in length, which is an important avenue of trade. The 
Plattsburg and Whitehall E. E. is in construction. Platts- 
burg is renowned as the scene of a most severe battle dur- 
ing the late war with Great Britain, on Sept. 11,1814, in 
which the Americans, under Gen. Macomb, achieved a sig- 
nal victory. At the same time, in the bay, before the v., a 
great naval victory was won under Com. M'Donough. A 
little S. of the village is P. Barracks, an IT. S. Military Post 
Pop. of t. 5,618. 

Plymouth, t., p. v., port of entry, and cap. Plymouth co., 
ilass. : on Plymouth bay, 85 m. S. E. by 8. Boston. Lat 

377 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



N. 410 57' 26", long. "W. 70° 40' 19". This t is memorable 
as the landing place of the pilgrims, Dec. 22il, 1G'20, who 
founded this the first sotllcm<nt in New KngLand. See 
MASSACnusKTTS, Ulstorlml SIceMi. The bay is spacious, 
but shallow ; the harbor is secure, thougli difficult of access. 
The t. is of large size, is for the most part a sandy and hilly 
tract covered with forests of pine, with some oak, and con- 
tains numerous ponds. The soil near the coast is generally 
good. The v. in the N. part of the t. is pleasantly situated, 
is compactly built, chiefly of wood, and has many h.indsome 
buildings. It contains a court-house.jail, ami C churches. The 
interesting relies of the rilgrim Colony are carefully pre- 
served in Pilgrim Fall, a handsome granite building, erected 
in 1824, for this purpose, within which the Pilgrim Society 
annually commemorate the landing of their forefathers. A 
portion of the rock on which they landed is placed in front of 
the hall. Plymouth is largely engaged in the fisheries, and 
has also some manufactories. There are two banks, cap. 
$200,0(10 ; 1 insurance co., cap. $5ii,000. Two newspapers 
are published weekly, viz., " Plymouth Eoek" (dem.), and 
"Old Colony Memorial" (whig). The Old Colony E. R. 
extends hence to Boston, 37 m. On 30th June, 1850, the 
total tonnage of P. district was 10,722 tons, of which 8,907 ts. 
■were registered, and 6,755 ts. enrolled and licensed. Of 
registered t., 3,908 ts. were permanent, and 59 ts. temporary. 
The enrolled and licensed tonnage consisted of 6,631 ts. 
permanent (in cod-fishery 4,879 ts., in mackerel fishery 
1,752 ts.); and 124 ts. licensed under 20 tons (in coasting 
trade 91 ts., in cod-fi.shery 33ts.). During the year previous, 
the total of clearances for foreign countries was 10 — 544 tons ; 
total of entrances, do. the same statistics, all of which were 
foreign vessels. Vessels built during the year, 5 — 579 tons. 
Pop. in 1840, 5,281, and in 1S50, 6,025. 

Portland, t., p. city, port of entry, and cap. Cumberland 
CO., Me. : is situated on an elevated peninsula, at \V. ex- 
tremity of Casco bay, 54 m. S. S. W. Augusta, lat. (Mount 
Joy) 43° 39' 52" N. ; and long. 70° 13' U" W. The penin- 
sula projects eastwardly into the b.iy, about 3 m. in length, 
and has an avemge width of three-fourths of a mile. Its 
surface rises from each shore, forming throughout its entire 
length an elevated ridge, which, at its e.vtremities, again 
rises into considerable hills, presenting a marked outline, 
and very beautiful appearance. The city is regularly laid 
out, and hanilsomely built, particularly Its more modern 
portions, which are noted for their elegant buildings, and is 
lighted with gas. The main street occupies the ridge of 
the peninsula, extending from hill to hill. Many of the 
streets are lined with elms and other shade trees. The prin- 
cipal public b\iildings consist of the Exchange, which is 
an elegant structure, with handsome colonnade and dome, 
containing the post-office, custom-house, and United States 
court rooms ; the City Hall, built of brick ; the old Custom- 
house, of granite, 18 churches, jail, etc. There are 6 banks, 
with an aggregate capital of $1,12.5,000. The capit.il of 
the city is chiefly employed in commerce, coasting trade, 
the fisheries, and inland tr.ide ; hence its manufactures 
are, for the most part, those incident to a mercantile 
city. The Portland Company, with a capital of $100,000, 
have a large manufactory of locomotives, railroad cars, etc. 
Much attention is given to education in the public schools. 
These consist of a classical school for boys, a high school 
for girls, 4 grammar schools (2 for boys and 2 for girls), and 
the primary schools. There are also numerous private 
schools and an academy. The Athenaeum, incorporated in 
1827, has a library of over 6,000 volumes. The Natural 
History Society has a valuable collection of minerals, speci- 
mens, etc. Two daily newspapers are published, " Adver- 
tiser" (whig), and " Eastern Argus" (dem.), which also issue 
tri-weekly and weekly editions. Besides these are seven 
weeklies,viz., "Transcript" (lit.), " Christian Mirror" (Pres.), 
"Zion's Advocate" (iiapt.), " Inquirer" (F. soil), " Pleasure 
Boat" (miscel.), " Cold "Water Fountain" (Temp.), and " Na- 
tional Democrat." The " Scholar's Leaf' (educa.), is issued 
878 



semi-monthly. The natural advantages of this city for trade 
and commerce have been well improved by its entcr|)rising 
citizens. The harbor is capacious and safe, and among the 
best in the United Stales. It is protected by islands from 
the violence of storms, is seldom obstructed by ice, has a 
good entrance, and is defende<l by {orXs Preble and Scammel, 
the former garrisoned by U. S. artillery. At the E. ex- 
tremity of the city is a tower, 70 feet high, erected for the 
purpose of observing vessels at sea, and furnished with 
signals. The harbor is connected by the Cumberland and 
O.xford Canal, 20J m. long, with Sebago pond, and thence 
with Long pond, etc. Four important railroads now centre 
at Portland, and contribute greatly to iLs prosperity. The 
Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth R. R., 51 m. long, was 
opened in 1842, completing the line of railroads from Bos- 
ton to this city, 105 m. The extension of this route, called 
Portland and Kennebec R. E., is completed to Augusta, 
60 m. The York and Cumberland E. R. (now open to 
Gorham, 10 m.) is in construction, to connect at South Ber- 
wick with the Boston and Maine E. E. The construction 
of the Atlantic and St, Lawrence E. E., commenced in 1S44, 
has been actively prosecuted from each terminus, Portland 
and Montreal, and will soon be completed. By contract it 
is to be finished in 185-3. Through this important avenue 
will pass a large proportion of the products of the north and 
west for shipment to Europe and elsewhere. The foreign 
commerce of the city is chiefly with the West Indies and 
Europe. Its chief exports are lumber, ice, flsh, provisions, 
etc. The coasting trade is principally with Boston, and 
(luring the summer a steamboat plies daily to that city. On 
30th June, 1850, the total tonnage of district was SG.5i 2 tons 
of which 60,304 tons were registered, and 26,198 tons en- 
rolled and licensed. The registered tonnage consisted of 
46,621 tons permanent, and 13,683 tons temporary, of which 
100 tons were propelled by steam. The enrolled and 
licensed tonnage consisted of 25,665 tons " permanent," 
which were employed as follows : in coasting trade, 19,427 
tons; in cod fishery, 3.23S tons; in mackerel fishery, 3,000 
tons; and 5-33 tons "licensed under 20 tons," which were in 
the cod fishery. During the fiscal year preceding, the total 
of clearances for foreign coumries was 523—77,045 tons; the 
total of entrances do. was 447 — 64,195 tons. Vessels built 
during the year preceding, 29 (20 ships, 5 brigs, 8 schooners, 1 
steamer)— 11,477 tons. Pop. in 1830, 12,598 ; in 1S40, 15,213; 
in 1850, 20,815. 

Portsmouth, t., p. city, port of entry, and one of the caps. 
Eockingham co., N. I/amp.: on the S. side of Piseataqua 
r., 3 m.from the ocean, 41 m. E. by S. Concord. Lat. (Uni- 
tarian church) 4:50 4' 35" N. ; long. 70° 45' 50" W. This is 
the largest town and <mly seaport in the State. Its site rises 
gra<lually from the harbor, is pleasant and healthy- The 
city is not regularly laid out, but its streets, though narrow, 
are neatly built, and contain many handsome buildings. 
This t was settled in 162-3, and incorporated in 16-33. It has 
several titnes suffered severely by fires, but has been rebuilt 
with improved appearance. It has long been noted for its 
commercial enterprise, and its capital is mainly employed in 
navigation. Many vessels, though owned at this port, are 
employed elsewhere. Ship building is largely carried on. 
The principal manufactories are: Portsmouth steam factory, 
erected 1846-47, 200 feet long, 6 stories high, making fine 
cotton fabrics, a very superior establishment; an extensive 
manufactory of hosiery — also one of twist; machine shop 
and car factory ; iron foundry, etc. There are 3 banks, ag- 
gregate cap. $491,000. The t is supplied with good water 
from a fountain, 3 m. distant, by a company formed in 1799. 
Among the public buildings are 5 or 6 handsome churches, 
an athen»um, academy, the State lunatic hospital, 2 market- 
houses, alms-house, etc. The .Vthenacum, incorporated 1817, 
has a hanilsome brick edifice, 3 stories high, with a library 
of 7,300 volumes, besides cabinets of minerals and of natural 
history. Portsmouth is connected with Boston by the East- 
ern R. R., 54 m. ; from Portland, 51 m. ; and with Concord, 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



by the Portsmouth and Concord R. R., 47 m. The Piscata- 
qua, in passing the t., is from ^ to } m. wide, and though it 
flows with such rapidity as prevents its freezing in winter, 
it forms one of tlie most secure and commodious harbors in 
the U. S. The harbor has 40 feet of water in the channel at 
low tide, and is protected from storms by headlands and its 
islands. It is defended by Fort Constitution, on Great 
Island, and other forts. The U. S. Navy Yard, located on 
Continental or Badger's Island, on the E. side of the river, 
contains a dry dock of costly construction, and 3 immense 
ship houses, the largest of which, 240 feet long, 131 feet 
wide, has its roof covered with 130 tons of slate. A naval 
officer is stationed at this port. The total toimage of Ports- 
mouth district on 30th June, 1S50, was 23,090 tons. The 
registered tonnage was 14,979 tons, of which 12,069 were 
permanent, and 2,910 temporary. The enrolled and licensed 
tonnage consisted of 8,117 tons, of which 7,511 were perma- 
nent, 383 temporary, and 213 tons "licensed under 20 tons'' 
in the cod fishery. The coasting trade employed 4,025 tons, 
cod fishery 2,664 tons, mackerel fishery 1,204 tons. During 
the year ending 30th June, 1850, the number of clearances 
for foreign countries was 107 — 8.213 tons; number of 
entrances do., 110 — 11,044 tons. Vessels built during the 
yenr, 10 — S ships, 2 schooners — 6,914 tons. Newspapers — 
"P. Dispatch," daily; "Rockingham Messenger" (indep.), 
"N. H. Gazette" (dem.), "P. Journal" (whig), weekly. 
Pop. in 1810, 6,934; in 1820, 7,827; in 1830, 8,082; in 1840, 
7,887 ; in 1S50, 9,739. 

PoBTs.MOUTH, p. V., and cap. Scioto co., Ohio : on the Ohio 
river, at the mouth of Scioto r., S3 m. S. Columbus. The t. 
presents a handsome appearance from the r., is well built, 
and is surrounded by the most fertile district of the Ohio 
valley. The v. contains a fine court-bouse, several churches, 
an excellent academy, bank, market-house, jail, etc. Iron 
manufactures are extensively prosecuted, from the abund- 
ance of iron ore in the vicinity. Mineral coal and fine 
building-stone are also abundant ; the latter is much used in 
Cincinnati. The building and repairing of steamboats is 
carried on upon the opposite side of the Scioto. Newspa- 
pers — "Tribune and Clipper" (whig), daily and weekly; 
"P. Dispatch" (dem.), daily ; " P. Enquirer" (whig), weekly, 
The Scioto and Hocking Valley R. R. runs hence through 
the mineral district, connecting at Newark with the several 
E. and W. lines, and those to Sandusky, Cleveland, etc. 
Here also terminates the Ohio Canal from Cleveland, 309 m. 
in aggregate length. Pop. in 1850, 4,011. 

PoKTSMOUTH, p. V. and port, Norfolk co., Virg. : on the 
"W. side of Elizabeth r., opposite Norfolk, 80 m. S. E. Rich- 
mond. Its harbor is one of the best in the U. S., permitting 
vessels of the largest class to come up to the wharves. The 
village is regularly laid out, with streets crossing at right 
angles, and contains a court-hoiwe, jail, 6 churches, bank, 
etc. The Sea-board and Roanoke R. R. extends W. from 
Portsmouth to 'Weldon, 80 miles, connecting with the main 
line of coast railroad, and a line is now being constructed 
from Portsmouth to Petersburg. Adjoining Portsmouth is 
Gosport, containing the navy yard, dry dock, etc. Popula- 
tion, 6,371. 

PoTTsviLLE, p. v., Schuylkill county, P&nn. : near the 
Schuylkill, above the gorge where that river breaks through 
Sharp Mountain, 46 m. N. E. by E. Harrisburg. Pottsville, 
as incorporated in 1S28, embraces also the once separate 
villages of Mount Carbon, Morrisville, Greenwood, Salem, 
Bath, and Allenville. Mount Carbon comprises the southern 
part of Pottsville lying in the valley between Sharp and 
Second mountains. The scenery of the surrounding country 
is wild and picturesque, and in its mountainous topography 
presents many romantic localities. 

Pottsville is noted as a great mining dep6t for the 
anthracite and iron regions of the Upper Schuylkill. The 
Schuylkill Canal has its terminus at this point, and also the 
Philadelphia, Reading, and Pottsville R. R., which here 
connect with several railroads leading to the neighboring 



mines, and with the Sunbury and Erie R. R. now in course 
of construction between the two places. This latter road 
when completed will furnish one of the nearest routes from 
the Atlantic coast and the lakes, and insure to Philadelphia 
its just share of the commerce of those inland waters. The 
canal and the Reading R. R. are the aveimes over which 
most of the coal from the Schuylkill region is carried. The 
quantity of anthracite sent to market in 1851, was 2,178,584 
tons. 

The borough contains numerous iron works, machine and 
engine shops, extensive warehouses, stores of \ariou8 kinds, 
mechanic shops, breweries, tanneries, and numerous mer- 
cantile houses. It has a bank— cap. $200,000, several 
spacious hotels, 6 or 7 churches, generally of respectable 
appearance, several public buildings — the town hall, an 
academy, and 13 public schools with 642 scholars, and there 
are published here four weekly newspapers, viz., the 
"Mining Register" (dem.), the " P. Emporium" (dem.), the 
"Miner's Journal" (whig), the "Free Press" (whig), each 
circulating from 1,000 to 1,500 copies at each issue. 

The place was originated and has been sustained by the 
coal and iron interest. It is the largest and most important 
town in the county. In 1840 it contained 4,345 inhabitants, 
and in 1850 it had 7,515 inhabitants, being an increase in 
the decade of 8 .9 per centum The distance to Philadel- 
phia by railroad is 93 miles. 

PouGHKEErsiE, city and capital Duchess county, iV. Y. : 
66 ra. S. Albany. Drained by Wappinger's and Fall creeks, 
which supply water-power. Surface undulating, and in 
some parts rough and broken ; soil sand, clay, and loam, 
underlaid by limestone, and very fertile. The v. lies on the 
E. bank of Hudson r., and is an important manufacturing 
and commercial point. Lat. 41° 41' N. ; long. 73° 55' "W. 
The ground on which built is elevated about 200 feet 
above the river, and extends into it by two bold promon- 
tories on the north and south, forming a large open basin 
in front of the landing. The streets are regularly laid out, 
and are spacious, with many handsome and substantial 
buildings. Main Street, leading back from the landing, is 
the principal street. Many of the churches, of which there 
are 16 or 17, are expensive edifices, and tasteful and elegant 
in their architectural embellishments. The v. contains the 
county court-house, jail, 4 banks — cap. $600,000, a savings' 
institution, the county poor-house, a collegiate school, an 
academy, and female seminaries, numerous public schools, 
a lyceum, two market-houses, and a A-ariety of other public 
buildings and institutions. The newsp.apers published here 
are the " P. Journal and Eagle" (whig), the " P. Telegraph" 
(dem.), and the " P. American" (F. S.), all issued weekly, 
and having extensive circulation. The Collegiate School 
has a fine location on a hill, about a mile from the river, 
and the building, modeled after the Parthenon, is 137 feet 
long, erected at a cost of .$40,000. The Duchess County 
Academy has a building in the S. E. part of the village, 
which cost $14,000. The State and National Law School 
has recently been removed from Balston to Poughkeepsie. 
A large business with the back country is transacted at 
Poughkeepsie. The principal manufiictures, brass and iron 
ware, carpets, cotton goods, pins, guns, leather, sperm oil, 
candles, agricultural implements, carriages, plaster, ma- 
chinery, crockery, etc. Fallkill, which, winding through the 
village, falls through a ravine 170 feet into the Hudson, 
furnishes immense water-power. The largest manufacturing 
establishments are company ooncenis. One company manu- 
factures locomotives, railroad machinery, etc., another is 
incorporated for the growth and manufacture of silk, and 
another invests its capital in the whale fishery, and in the 
manufacture of oil and candles. The largest brewery in the 
State, located here, makes 86,000 barrels of ale annually. 
The several foundries, machine shops, etc., are among the 
largest in the Union. 

Poughkeepsie has a connection with the principal river 
towns. Albany and New York city, by steamboats which 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



are cotistandy plying. The Iludson river K. K. also passes 
through the village cqui-dist:int between New York and 
Albany — the route to cither being 75 m. in length. 

Toughkeepsie was ineorporated in ISOl. Its name is said 
to have originated from the Indian name of the place, 
ApokeepsiiKj " safe harbor." Its population, in 1S30, was 
7,222; in 1840, ltl,006; and in 1S50, 1.3,9-14; the decennial 
increase having been from 1S30 to 1840. 3S.54 per cent, and 
from 1S40 to 1850,39.35 per cent. In 17SS Ihe State con- 
vention met here to deliberate on the adoption of the United 
States Constitution, and on other occasions it has been the 
"half-way house" between the political and commercial 
capitals of the State. 

Pratjsville, t. and p. v., Greene co., K. Y. : 43 m. S. "W. 
Albany, 32 m. W. by N. Catskill, and 37 m. N. W. Kingston. 
Drained by Schoharie cr., which runs through it from south 
to north, and affords consideralile mill-power. Surface gen- 
erally broken and mountainous; but the soil of the flats on 
the creek is very fertile, antl the uplanils are good for graz- 
ing. This L was set off from Windham in 1832, and named 
after the lion. Zadock Pratt, who here built the largest 
tannery in the United States. The village is handsomely 
situate on a flat on the N. E. side of Schoharie creek, and 
on the turnpike, which is lined with beautiful rows of elm 
and maple trees on each side, planted 20 years ago, by the 
founder of the settlement. It contains 2 furnaces, 1 machine 
shop, 1 cotlon-mill, 2 woolen factories, 2 grist-mills, 3 hat 
factories, 1 carriage factory, 2 glove and mitten factories, 4 
hotels, 1 brewery, 1 oil-cloth factory, 1 match factory, 3 cab- 
inet-ware manufactories, 3 blacksmith shops, 2 watch and 
jewelry stores, 3 tin-ware shops, 1 turning-machine shop, 4 
tailors' shops, 11 stores, 1 bank, capital .$100,000 (now wind- 
ing up), 1 Dutch Reformed church, 1 Methodist church, and 
1 Episcopal church, 1 incorporated academy, 9 school-houses, 
and a printing-office, from which is issued the "P. Advo- 
cate" (dem.), which circulates from 500 to GOO copies weekly. 
There are about 150 dwelling-houses in the village, and 1,800 
inhabitants. This is the westernmost bounds of Greene co., 
and here corner three counties— Greene, Delaware, and 
Schoharie. The Gilboa, Prattsville, and Shandaken turnpike 
passes Uirough the v., and also the Schoharie-kill bridge turn- 
pike. A railroad is also being surveyed from Newburg to 
Syracuse, which will probably pass through Prattsville. The 
immense tannery buildings of the Hon. Zadock Pratt, at 
which, in 20 years, no less an amount than 1,000,000 sides of 
BOle leather had been tanned, and around which the v. had 
grown up, are now occupied by the cotton and woolen fac- 
tories above mentioned, their original purpose having been 
foregone on account of the exhaustion of material (hemlock 
bark) for carrying on the tanning business. Of the founder 
of the v., it may truly be said that he is a "self-made man." 
Born in Kensselaer co. in 1790, then almost a wilderness, and 
trained up to labor, he has raised himself from a humble posi- 
tion by the powers of his own unaided energies to the enjoy- 
ment of a fortune of which a prince might be proud. In his 
time and generation he has made for himself a name, and 
for the future youth of our country a pattern worthy of imi- 
tation. But the most glorious trait in his character has been 
his honesty and integrity — he can count 30,000 employees 
among whom he lias distributed hundreds of thousands of 
dollars, and throughout his long course he has never had a 
disagreement with one of them, nor been the defendant in 
any suit against him for wages or claims of any kind. As 
the ancients were used to record the lives of benefactors by 
sculptured stories, so at Prattsville are recorded on the native 
rocks the memoirs of its patron, and from the village road 
may be seen, in alto relievo, a fae-simile of the Pratt tan- 
neries, the bust of Mr. Pratt himself, and an emblematic con- 
ception of a great act of his life in the institution of a Bureau 
of Statistics, which he effected during his term as represent- 
ative in Congress from the 11th district of the State. These 
will long tell the story of a life well spent, and when his 
earthly career is run, the youth will read the lesson they 
360 



convey, and strive to emulate the subject of the legends 
in his many virtues. Population of t. in 1S40, 1,013, and in 
1850, 1,989. 

Princeton, t. and p. b., Mercer co., N. Jer. : 10 m. N. E. 
Trenton. The t. is situate in a bend of Stony Brook, which 
bounds it on three sides, and to the N. is the Eocky Hill. 
Drained chiefly by creeks falling into the brook. Surface 
beautifully diversified with hill and valley, and soil of aver- 
age fertility. The b. is situate in the S. part of the t., on an 
elevated ridge commanding an extensive prospect e.astward, 
and is built chiefly on one long street, the houses being re- 
markably neat and subst;mtial. Lat. 40° 20' 41" N., and 
long. 743 39' 30" W. It is chiefly noted as the location of 
the College of New Jersey, one of the oUlest collegiate estab- 
lishments in the Union, having been founded in 1746, at 
Elizabethtown ; removed to Newark 1747, and to this borough 
in 1757. In 1850 it had 12 professors and 243 students ; and 
its litirary contained 16,000 volumes ; its alumni at th.it date 
numbered 3,031, of whom 557 had entered the ministry. 
In the Law Department there are 3 professors, and in 1850, 
8 law students. The college edifice is called Nassau Hall; 
it is 175 feet long, by 50 deep, and 4 stories high ; and besides 
a chapel, which is 40 feet square, there are other large 
buildings attached to the college, which contain philosoph- 
ical apparatus, the museum, etc. The buildings are of stone. 
The Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church is 
also located here. It was founded in 1812, and in 1850 had 

5 professors and 153 students. Up to that date, 1,626 per- 
.sons had received their education at the institution ; and its 
library contained 11,000 volumes. The buildings of this 
institution are also neat, spacious, and convenient. Besides 
these, there are in borough four churches — 2 Presbyterian, 
1 Episcopal, and 1 African; and including several me- 
chanic shops, stores, a bank, academies and public schools, 
about 250 houses. The periodicals published at Princeton 
are, the " P. Whig," issued weekly, the '' P. Magazine" 
(liter.), monthly, and the " Nassau Hall" a students' hlerary 
monthly. The Delaware and Raritan Canal and the Trenton 
and New Brunswick K. li. run along the valley of Stony 
Brook, about a mile S. of the borough, 47 m. from New York 
and 39 m. from Philadelphia. In the t. are several mills, a 
tannery, and other industrial establishments, but farming is 
the general occupation. Cedar Grove is a small settlement 
in the N. W. part of the t, and contains a Mi^hodist church, 
etc. Pop. of t. in 1840, 3,055, and in 1850,3,021. Princeton 
was the scene of one of the great battles of the Eevoluliou, 
fought od January, 1777, and which resulted disastrously to 
the American arms. 

Providence, p. c, port of entry, and cap. Providence co., 
and principal capital of the State of R. J. : at the head of 
navigation of Providence r., 35 m. fVom the ocean, in lat. 
410 49' 22" N., and long. 71° 24' 48" W. by railroad, 43 m. 
S. 8. W. Boston, and 186 m. E. N. E. New York. The area 
of tlie city is about 9 sq. m., the compact part being divided 
into two nearly equal parts by the river. The surface east 
of the r. is hilly, and in its highest part 204 feet above tide- 
water ; on the west it is more level, the greatest height being 
only 78 feet. The harbor is safe and commodious, but its 
approach is somewhat intricate. 

The city is divided into 6 wards and governed by a mayor, 

6 aldermen, and 24 common councilmen. These officers 
are chosen annually by the people. All other officers are 
appointed by the city council, consisting of the aldermen 
and councilors, the mayor presiding. There is a municipal 
court, which is also a court of probate, within the city, and 
the city clerk is also register of deeds. Its police is excel- 
ent, and the city one of the cleanest in the Union. It is 
lighted with gas. The fire department is efficient, and con- 
sists of 12 engine companies. 2 hook and ladder companies, 
15 stationary forcing engines, 22 rotary engines, 8,000 feet 
of hose, and is maintained at a cost of $20,000 annually. 
The material used in building required this efficient force, 
and it was not until several extensive conflagrations had 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



occurred that tlie ilepartment was placed on its present foot- 
ing. Including a balance of old accounts, the resources of 
the city treasury for the year ending 3d March, ISol, 
amounted to $180,505, and the expenditures to $165,0S7 ; on 
account of interest $14,9S5, for scliools $40,553, and for streets 
$28,999. The debt of the city at the date specified was 
$185,553. The population of the several wards of the city 
ia 1S40 and 1850 comparatively were as follows : 

Wants. ISJO. ISftO. Increase. 

First Ward 8,919 7,204 81.3 per cent. 

Second " 3,883 4,583 35.5 " 

Third " 3,919 6,706 71.1 " 

Fourth " 3,883 5,359 38.0 " 

Fifth " 4,106 7,299 77.7 " 

Sixth " 3,962 10,362 161.5 '• 



Total 23,172 41,513 79.1 

Population in 1810, 10,071, and in 1S20, 11,767— increase 
16.8 per cent. ; in 1830, 16,833— increase 43.1 per cent. ; in 
1840, 23,172— increase 37.6 per cent. ; and in 1S50, 41,513— 
increase 79.1 per cent. 

The more ancient portion of the city lies on the east side 
of the river, and though conforming in the outline of its 
streets with the topography of the site, and by no means 
distinguished for regularity, it contains many fine stores, 
warehouses, public buildings, and handsome residences. 
Back from the r. the streets become more regular, and many 
of the dwellings in this part are costly and elegant, del%ht- 
fully situated as regards the view of the harbor and vicinity. 
The buildings of Brown University crown the ascent. The 
west part of the city is laid out with more regularity, and is 
more modern in appearance. The Providence A-rcade, in 
this part, is one of the largest and most important buildings 
in the city ; it extends from Broad to Westminster streets, 
and is 226 feet long, 80 feet deep, and 72 feet high. The 
building is of granite, and adorned with Gra;eo-Doric porti- 
coes and columns, the columnar shaft-s being single blocks 
22 feet Ipng. The lower floor is occupied chiefly by dry 
goods stores, and the upper stories by offices and dealers in 
light fancy goods. The Museum buildings and Howard 
Hall, on Westminster Street, are also fine buildings, and 
" What Cheer" building, at the junction of North and South 
Main streets, is a handsome freestone edifice, occupied by 
ofl[iees, etc. 

Among the public buildings are, the State House, various 
charities, the State Prison, the Athenaium, the Eefi^irm 
School, 25 or -30 churches and meeting-houses, and the pub- 
lic schools. Most of these are substantial, and many of them 
costly edifices, distinguishing alike the taste displayed by the 
architect and the munificence of the citizens in their support. 

Brown University, founded at Warren, in 1764, and re- 
moved to Providence, 1770, is situated on the highest part 
Of the city, and consists of several halls, etc., furnishing ele- 
gant and ample accommodations. University Hall and 
Hope College are large edifices for the lodging of students ; 
Manning Hall contains the libraries, now counting 32,000 
volumes, and Ehode Island Hall, the cabinet, chemical and 
philosophical apparatus, and lecture rooms. To the usual 
collegiate department has been added an English and sci- 
entific school for the benefit of such as do not intend entering 
the learned professions. The faculty of the university consists 
of a president and 10 professors, and in 1850 there were 195 
students, and to that date the alumni numbered 1,705, of 
whom 460 had entered the ministry. 

The AthenKum is located on the corner of College and 
Benefit streets, and has a library of 12,000 volumes. It is a 
spacious and elegant stone structure, erected in 1837, built 
on a lot given by the late Hon. N. Brown, and the heirs of 
Mr. P. Ives, who also gave large sums toward the building 
and library. The annual subscription is $5, which admits 
members to the library and reading room. 

The New England Yearly Meeting Boarding School, the 
object of which is to afford a " guarded" education to chil- 



dren, occupies a lot of 43 acres, given for the purpose by 
the late Moses Brown. The main buildings consist of a 
centre 54 feet square and 3 stories high, and two wings 34 
by 42 feet, and 2 stories high ; and there is another 2 story 
building, 50 by 40 feet, which together accommodate about 
80 scholars. Board and tuition, $60 a year. The late Oba- 
diah Brown bequeathed $100,000 toward the endowment of 
this institution. 

The public schools supported by the city are 46 in num- 
ber, of which 22 are primary, 16 intermediate, 7 grammar, 
and the High School. In these there were, in 18.50, 105 
teachers and 6,000 scholars ; and the cost to the city, $40,553. 
Besides these, there are upward of 30 Sunday schools, with 
500 teachers, and between 5,000 and 6,000 scholars. 

The newspapers published in Providence are 9 in 
number— 3 daily, 2 semi-weekly, and 4 weekly. The " P. 
Journal" (whig), issued daily, semi-weekly, and weekly 
editions; the "P. Post" (dem.) daily and weekly; the 
"Morning Mirror" (misc.), a daily; the "Piepublican Her- 
ald" (dem.), semi-weekly and weekly, and the "Diadem," 
a weekly edition. 

The most splendid and costly of the church edifices are, 
the First Congregational church, of granite ; St. John's, a 
stone building ; Grace, a Gothic .structure ; Westminster Con- 
gregational, the Beneficent Congregational, St. Peter's, and 
St. Patrick's. The First Baptist church, the oldest society 
in the city, is a clean wooden building. The other churchea 
are in general neat, but not so costly. The colored inhabit- 
ants have five churches. In the whole city there are up- 
ward of 30 congregations, including all the principal denom- 
inations. 

Dexter Asylum, on a ridge east of the river, is an institu- 
tion erected on land given to the city by the late Eb. K. 
Dexter, for the accommodation of the poor. The premises 
cover 40 acres, and are surrounded by a stone wall 10 feet 
high and 3 feet thick at the base, which cost $22,000. The 
Asylum is a plain and substantial brick building, 170 feet 
long, consisting of a centre building 3 stories high, and two 
wings, each 2 stories high. 

The Butler Hospital for the Insane is located on Seekonk 
river. It was founded on a legacy of the late M. Brown, 
amounting to $30,000, and received its present name irom 
the late C. Butler, who gave $40,000 toward its endowment. 
It was incorporated in 1844, and, until recently, was known 
as the Pihode Island Hospital for the Insane. On the 31st 
Dec., 1850, there were 113 patients in the hospital ; the ad- 
mittances during the next year were 68, and the discharges 
54, of which 26 were recovered, and 8 improved, and 16 died. 
Eeoeipts $24,252, and expenses $21,017. The minimum 
price of board is $2 25 a week. The State appropriates 
$1,000 annually to enable the governors to aid the poor in- 
sane, and also pays a portion of the expenses of such poor 
insane persons as the towns may choose to send to the hos- 
pital. The aggregate endowment of the hospital amounts 
to $138,000. The grounds belonging to the institution con- 
sist of 115 acres, of which 55 are woodland and 60 under 
cultivation. The building stands on the W. bank of the 
river, which here expands to a mile in width, and admits of 
an extensive and delightful prospect. Patients were first 
admitted on the 1st December, 1847. 

The State Prison is located here. On the 1st October, 
1S50, there were in confinement 37 convicts, and ^ had 
been committed, and 14 had been discharged during the 
ensuing year. The number of persons in Providence jail, 
at the suit of the State, on the 1st October, 1851, was 57; at 
the suit of the city, 11, and 4 debtors. During the year past, 
503 had been committed, of whom 452 were males and 51 
females ; whites 473, and colored 30 ; natives 293, and for- 
eigners 210 ; and besides these, 177 persons had been com- 
mitted to the house of correction. The convicts in the State 
Prison are pnncipally employed in shoe-making, and those 
in the Providence county jail at cabinet-work. The Reform 
School was established in 1350. The buUdings were formerly 

331 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



known as the Tockwotton House, a hotel, pleasantly situate 
on hip;h ground, in the S. E. pari of the city, ovtrlookins; the 
bay, and large enoush to aocomiuodate 180 to 2'i0 inmates. 
It was founded for the instruction and reformation of juve- 
nile offenders between the ages of S and 18 years. The first 
year of its occupancy, ending 31st October, 1851, it received 
52 convicts — 19 boys and 3 girls, and there remained in the 
institution at that date 45, of whom 24 had been committed 
for theft, G for assault, 4 for vagrancy, and 11 for truancy ; 
42 were born in the United States, and of these 31 in Rhode 
Island. Of each day, except Sunday, 7i hours are devoted 
to labor, 5 to school exercises, 2} to meals and recreation, 1 
to religious exercises, and 8 to sleep. The labor has been 
employed in making such articles as are needed in the in- 
stitution and iu housework. An arrangement has been 
made by the State, by which all juvenile delinquents may 
be sent to tins school. 

The manufactures of Providence are valuable, and con- 
stantly increasing. Its water-power is fully occupied, and 
steam-power, averaging 50 or 60 engines of 200 to 3uO horse- 
power, is also employed. On the Pawtuckct, and other 
streams, are extensive factories of cotton and woolen goods, 
machine-shops, dyeing and print works, and within the 
city are various establishments of similar character. The 
sawing and polishing marble, sawing and planing timber, 
and grinding grain, form extensive occupations ; and a 
large capital is invested in the manufacture of iron of all 
kinds, machinery, screws, nails, furniture, small wares, shoes 
and boots, carriages, jewelry, and an extensive variety of 
Other and no less valuable commodities. The total capital 
employed in tliis branch of industry is not much under 
$6,000,000. In 1840 the capital was only $3,012,583. 

Providence, however, is more a commercial than a 
manufacturing city, and commerce has been the main pur- 
suit from the earliest periods. Before the last war wilh 
England, it was successfully engaged in the East India 
trade, but since this period this and foreign commerce has 
gradually declined. In the year ending 30th June, 1S50, 
only 50 vessels (8.457 tons) cleared for foreign ports, aiul the 
arrivals were only 69 (11,786 tons). The coasting trade is 
still carried on to a considerable, and perhaps an increasing 
extent. The aggregate tonnage owned in tlie district in 
1850 was 16,712 tons, of which 9,177 tons were registered, 
7,298 enrolled and licensed, and 237 tons licensed (under 20 
tons). Of the registered shipping, 499 tons were employed 
in whaling, and the proportion of the licensed and enrolled 
shipping w;is — in the coa.sting trade 7.202 t(ms, in the cod 
fishery 26 tons, and in the mackerel fishery 69 tons; and £3 
tons were navigated by steam. Of the licensed shipping 96 
tons were employed in the coasting trade, and 141 tons m 
the cod flsh<ry. The shipping built during the year con- 
sisted of 1 ship, 1 schooner, 3 sloops, and 1 steamer — toLiI 6 
ships, of an aggregate burden of 1.299 tons. The products 
of the whale fishery brought into port in 1S49, was — sperm 
oil 2,317 barrels, whale oil 4,542 barrels, and whalebone 
80,200 pounds. 

Providence, according to the Report of the Secretarj' of 
State, on the 8th September, 1850, had 26 banks and one 
savings institution. The condition of the I anl;8 at that date 
was as follows— Z(V/?>i7!Y7>/t, capital stock, $9,518,810 ; bills in 
circulation, $1 .831.339; deposits on interest, $159,497 ; deposits 
not on interest, $1,133590; del)ts due other banks, $831. 79S; 
dividends unpaid, $21 ,409 ; and net profit^* on hand, .$592,709 ; 
and assetn: debts due from directors. $261,914; from stock- 
holders, $303.3J8; and others. $12,031,937; specie actually 
in bank, $177,078; bills of other b;inks, $525,464; deposits 
in other banks, $428,464 ; stock of bank, $1,484; and of 
other banks, etc., .$36,3,'>6; real estate, $131,867; and other 
property, $6.309— total $14.0ii0,193. The average semi-an- 
nual dividend amounts to 311-16. 

The retail trade of the city is extensive, and one of the 
main features in its economy. Stores of every description, 
exhibiting soods of the richest descriptions, are numerous, 
832 



and in the provision trade, both wholesale and retail, a 
large business is done. Many of the stores are equal to those 
of New York, Philadelidiia, and Boston, in the splendor of 
their assortments an<l the costly st\Ie in which they are fur- 
nished. The great bulk of the foreign goods sold here are 
brought from Boston and New York, with which places 
there is ample means of rapid communication by railroad 
and steamboat; and the conmiunieation with tlie interior, 
both for passengers and freight, is varied and commodious. 
Steamboats run rt-gnlarly to Warren, Bristol, Portsmouth, 
Newport, Fall River, and New York. The railroads di- 
verging from Providence arc the Boston and Providence 
R. R., the Stonington R. R., and the Prcn-idence and Wor- 
cester R. R., and others have been chartered to Bristol and 
Hartford to connect with the through lines. These railroads 
connect so as not to require change of cars in passing from 
one to the other. The station buildings are extensive, and 
near the centre of the business portion of the city. They 
are situated on three sides of a beautiful sheet of water of 
elliptical form, which constitutes the head of Providence r. ; 
and between this and the railroad buildings is a beautiful 
promenade, 80 feet wide, which is well laid out in gravel 
walks and grassed plots, and ornamented with shade trees. 
Tlie water is inclosed by a substantial stone wail and iron 
railing, with bridges to cross the sm.all rivers flowing into 
it, and also its outlet. Telegraph wires are extended from 
this city, and afford immediate communication with the 
whme Union. 

Providence was founded by Roger Williams in 1637. The 
flr.st landing-place, on crossing the Seekonk, he called 
"What Cheer," because the patriarch of the settlement was 
saluted by the Indians with '• what cheer," on his approach. 
The origin of the name of the city, Mr. Williams explains in 
a deed executed by him : ■' having a sense of God's mer- 
ciful providence unto me in my duties, I called the place 
Pr(n-u!fnce." The first house was built on what is now 
N(.rth Main Street; and near this spot it is supposed that 
Mr. Williams was buried, although the site of his grave is 
not ascertained. In 1640 a town government was estab- 
lished, and in 1649 it was incorporated. In 1832 it was 
chartered as a city. 

QriNXY, p. c.,and cap. Adams CO., III. : mostly on a high 
bluff, on the E. side of the Mississippi, 88 m. W. Springfield. 
It is a flourishing v., and contains a court-house, jail, etc., a 
U. S. land office, numerous warehouses, stores, and work- 
shops, and other establishments, indicative of its commer- 
cial importance. Several steamboats arrive and depart 
daily during the season. It is also noted for its hog-packing 
for exportation. The newspapers published here are the 
" People's Journal" (indep.), daily and weekly; the "Q. 
Whig" (whig), the "Q. Wochenblutl" (deni.), and the "Q. 
Herald and Argus" (d(>m.), all weekly, and the " Western 
Legal Observer" and the " Western Temperance Maga- 
zine," both monthly. This v. will be the W. terminus of the 
Northern Cross R. R., which will bring it in!o connection 
with Chicago, Springfield, and the whole North and East 
The neighborhood is thickly settled and highly cultivated. 
Pop. in 1850, 6,9 2. 

QuiNCY, t. and p. v., Norfolk co., Mass. : on Braintree 
bay, an arm of Boston Harbor, 8 m. S. by E. Boston. Sur- 
face pleasantly diversified and somewhat hilly; soil of ex- 
cellent quality and well cultivated. It contains large tracts 
of salt meadow. The v. is centrally situate and has several 
neat and some costly buildings. The town-house is a noble 
building of granite, 85 by 55 feet. A newspaper, the "Q. 
Patriot," is issued weekly. Quincy Point and Germ.antowu 
are well known places on the shore, and are eligibly situated 
for ship-building and the shore fisheries. Squantum is 
noted as having been tlie residence of the Indian sachem, 
Chichataubut, and is also a pleasant resort for fishing and 
bathing. Consi<ierable manufactures are carried on in the 
town, but Quincy is more celebrated for its granite quarries. 
About 2 m. back from the bay is a range of elevated land 



CHIEF PLACES OF T H P: UNITED STATES. 



in some parts more than 600 feet above the sea, containing 
an inexhaustible supply of that invaluable building mate- 
rial. This granite range extends into the neighboring 
towns. More than l,00tt hands are employed in these quar- 
ries, which supply a large amount of stone fir building in 
all the great cities. The columns of the new Custom House 
and Exchange at Boston are of this material, and much of 
it is used in New York city. Quincy has been the birtli- 
place of several noted patriots — John Hancock, Josiah 
Quiucy, John Adams, and John Quincy Adams were bom 
here, and have left to posterity names of imperishable re- 
nown. Pop. of t. 5,017. 

Eacine, t., p. e., and cap. Eacine co., Wise. : bordering 
on Lalve Michigan, 73 m. E. S. E. Madison. Drained by 
Koot r., which, passing through in a S. E. direction, flows 
into the lal;e. Surface undulating; soil of good quality. 
The V. is at the mouth ot Eoot r., in lat. 42° 49' 33" N., and 
long. S7° 40' 22" W. It contains the court-house, jail, and 
other public buildings ; store-houses and other places of 
business, of various descriptions, prinling-olfices, etc., and 
an Episcopal college has been established here — Roswell 
Parks, D.D., President. The imports for 1S51 amounted to 
$1.452,7.50, and the exports $650,950. The exports consist 
chiefly in wheat, of which a large quantity is raised in the 
t. and vicinity. Eacine is a flourishing place, and bids fair 
soon to become an important commercial point for the State. 
The public press consists of 5 papers — the " Commercial 
Advertiser" (dem.), " Old Oaken Bucket'' (Temp.), " Eacine 
Advocate" (dem.), and the " Democrattcn" (tlem.), all weekly 
issues ; and the " Wisconsin Farmer" (agri.), a monthly 
issue. The Green Bay, Milwaukie and Chicago E. E. 
passes through it. Population of the city 5,107i and of the 
town 5,887. 

Raleigh, p. city, and cap. Wake county, iV; Car, : and 
capital of the State of North Carolina, about 6 m. W. of 
Neuse r., in lat. 35° 47' N., and long. 78° 48' W.— 2SG m. from 
Washington. Smithfield, 27 m. S. E., is the ordinary point 
of navigation, but in high stages of the water, vessels come 
up within 8 m. of Ealeigh. It has an elevated and pleasant 
situation in a healthy country, and is laid out with great 
regularity. In the centre is Union Square, containing 
10 acres, from which extend four streets, 99 feet wide, 
dividing it into quarters. In the centres of these quarters 
are other squ.ires. each of 4 acres, intersected as the principal 
square by streets 66 feet wide. The public buildings are 
the State-house, court-house, the North Carolina Institution 
for the instruction of the deaf and dumb, county jail, a 
market-house, the Governor's house, ofl5oe of the Secretary 
of Slate, and 7 churches. The State-house, next to that of 
Ohio at Columbus, surpasses in architectural beauty, those 
of all other States. It is built after the model of the 
Parthenon at Athens, and is located on Union Square. 
The building is 166 feet long by 90 feet wide, and is sur- 
rounded by massive columns of granite, 5i feet in diameter, 
and 30 feet high. A beautiful dome surmounts the building. 
The chambers occupied by the Legislature are spacious and 
comnindious. The cost of erecting this noble structure, was 
about $500,000. The former State-house, containing a fine 
statue of Washington, by Canova, was destroyed by Are in 
1S31. The Institution for the Deaf and Dumb is located near 
the Stale-house on a four acre lot, and provision is also 
made for the erection of a State Lunatic Asylum. Ealeigh 
is a place of considerable business, and has numerous work- 
shops, stores, etc., 2 banks — cap. $450,000, and supports 10 
newspapers, 3 issued semi-weekly, the " Primitive Baptist" 
(relig.), the "Southern Advocate" (rclig.), and the " E. 
Register" (whig); 6 weekly, the "Recorder" (relig), the 
"Spirit of the Age" (temp.), the "E. Times" (whig), the 
" N. Car. Standard" (dem.), the " N. Car. Star" (whig), and 
the "E. Eegister,'' the last an edition of the semi-weekly of 
the same name; and 1 serai-monthly, the "Deaf Mute" 
(liter.). There are four good academies in the city, and 
eeveral common schools. Ealeigh is intersected by the 



North Carolina Central E. E., which connects itE. with the 
sea-bo.-xrd at Newbern, and W. with the S. Carolina railroads 
at Charlotte; and passing through fertile and populous 
counties, this road will have the effect of stimulating the 
trade of the cily itself. The Gaston and Ealeigh E. E. also 
terminates here, giving it access to the north. Pop. in 1S40, 
2,244, and in 1850, 4,513. 

Eeading, p. b., and cap. Berks county, Penn. : on the E. 
bank of Schuvlkill river, 50 m. E. Harrisburg. Laid out in 
1743 by Thomas and Richard Penn, pr(»prietaries and 
governors of the province, and settled chiefly by Germans, 
whose descendants constitute a large portion of its iiresent 
population. The streets are spacious and straight, crossing 
at right angles. In a central square stands a splendid 
court-house, 200 feet long by 220 deep, having an imposing 
portico with 6 columns of red sandstone— cost $59,000. Be- 
sides public oflRces, are a jail, 3 banks — capital $300,000, an 
academy, female seminary, 3 public liliraries, and 13 
churches. The Lutheran and the German Eeformed 
churches are large and handsome structures, with lofty 
spires, the former 201 feet high. The natural position of 
Reading, its facilities of communication with the interior 
coal region, and the sea-coast, and its highly industrious 
population, have made it the centre of an active trade and 
of extensive manufactures. The Schuylkill Navigation 
Canal, extending from Port Carixm in the anthracite coal 
region above Potlsville to Philadelphia, passes through 
Reading, and the Union Canal extends hence to Middle- 
town, on the Susquehanna. The Philadelphia and Read- 
ing R. E. (now extended to Pottsville) passes through the 
place. 53 m. from Philadelphia. A line of railroad is pro- 
jected to Harrisburg. There are various large manufacto- 
ries. One anthracite blast furnace has an annual capacity 
of 3.500 tons, and produced in 1849 3 250 tons, employing 
steam-power and 50 men. One hot-blast charcoal funiace 
has an annual capacity of 1,550 tons, using water-power, em- 
ploying 40 men, and produced in 1849 450 tons. One cold- 
blast charcoal furnace has an annual capacity of 1.100 tons, 
employing 100 men, using water-power, and made in 1849 
897 tons. One forge, employing steam-power and 14 men, 
has an annual capacity of 600 tons. There are 3 charcoal 
forges, employing 52 men ; and 2 rolling-mills, employing 
steam-power and 215 men, which made in 1849 2.600 tons. 
The manufacture of hats for the southern and western mar- 
kets is a large business. A cotton factory, making fine mus- 
lins, produces about 8,000 yards daily. There are also large 
flouring-mills, a nail factory, breweries, tanneries, a pottery, 
lumber yards, etc. White wines of excellent quality are 
manufactured. Reading is supplied with water by an 
aqueduct from a spring on Penn's Mount, conducted into 
a reservoir, and thence distributed through the streets in 
iron pipes. Two flne covered bridges cross the Schuylkill, 
here 600 feet wide, one of which cost $60,000. Iron ore and 
limestone are found in the vicinity. Water-power is fur- 
nished by the Schuylkill and Tnlpehochea creek. In 1850 
9 newspapers were published weekly, of which 4 were in 
German, viz., "E. Eagle" (dem.), "Berks and Schuylkill 
Journal" (whig), " Berks Co. Press" (dem.), " People's Ad 
vocate" (neut.), "Gazette and Democrat" (dem.), "Ham- 
burger Schnell Post" (nout.), " Liberal e Beobachter" (whig), 
" Der Geist der Leit" (dem.), and " Readinger Adlcr" (neut.) 
The citizens of Reading are noted for their general intelli- 
gence and refinement, as well as for industrial enterprise. 
Pop. in 1810, 3,463; in 1820, 4,332; in 18-30, 5,850; in 1840i 
8,410: in 1850, 15,748. 

Red Bank, p. v., Monmouth co., iV: Jer. : on 8. bank of 
Nevisink r., 36 m. E. by N. Trenton. This place is much 
resorted to in the summer, and a steamboat runs between 
it and New York several times a day during the season. 
Sea air, fishing, and rur.al sports are the attractions. The 
North American Phalanx have a settlement near this vil- 
lage, respecting which, and other societies of a like nature, 
the following letter from Charles Sears, secretary to the 

8S3 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



association, will prove of great interest and value to in- 
quirers : 

TuE North American Phalanx, | 
J{'e^v Jersey Apnl IZ, -[S53. ) 

Dear Sir— I received your letter of 9th inst., and, in 
accordance witli your suggestion, inclose herewith a sum- 
mary statement of our aims, organization, and statistics. It 
is brief as I could well nialie it. Ours, I Iielieve, is the only 
association in this country or in the world that adopts Fou- 
rier's formula of organization. A good many similar at- 
tempts have been made, but hitherto without success. 
There are other forms of association in this country, and 
those within my knowledge are : 

Hopeddle Comtnuniti/, in Milford, Mass., Eev. Adin Hal- 
low, leader. This is a non-resistant Christian fraternity, hav- 
ing many interests in common, and some separate interests. 

Raritan Bay Union, near Perth Amboy, New Jersey, is 
about organizing this spring. This body proposes to asso- 
ciate capital, and when expedient or desirable, they will co- 
operate industrially. George B. Arnold, resident director, 
Perth Amboy. 

Modern Times, Long Island, 40 miles from Brooklyn, 
Josiah Warren, leader. This is an attempt to organize, or, 
rather, to institute justice upon a scientific basis, viz., " In- 
dividual Sovereignty," recognizing competition, and repu- 
diating institutions, government, etc. 

The German societies, such as the Ebeneeer Society, near 
Buffalo, New York ; Tlie Society at Zoar, Ohio, under J. 
Bimeler; liapp'x Society, at Economy, on the Oldo, near 
Beaver, Penn. I believe these societies differ from each 
other, but I am not familiar with their distinetive principles. 

T/ie Tcarians, at Nauvoo, Illinois, under Caliet. 

The rerfectiordsts, at Oneida, New York, J. H. Noyes, 
leader. There are a number of these Christian communi- 
ties, claiming a scientific as well as a religious basis of or- 
ganization, and of all of which I believe that Mr. J. H. 
Noyes, of Brooklyn, New York, is tlie acknowledged head. 

Finally, The Shakers, who also are now in the field as 
propagandist reformers. 

I had forgotten to mention a society oi Sxnritualists, that 
went out last year under the direction of Eev. T. L. Harris, 
late of New York City. This place is called Mountain 
Cove, somewhere in Western Virginia. 

I am, very respectfully, yours, 

Charles Beaks, Secretary. 

E. S. Fisher, Esq., Brooklyn. 

The North American Phalanx Association. 
Monmouth Co., near lied Ba7ik, N. Jer. 

This Association was organized, not for the purpose of 
correcting any special form of evil, but to Institute Posi- 
tive Eights : which, being accomplished, wrongs conse- 
quently cease. 

Those who have been active in establishing this Institu- 
tion, believe with the associative school, that existing civil- 
ization, as well as the forms of society that preceded it, are 
phases in the growth of the Human Eace ; and that the 
present antagonism of interests and other disorders are, in 
turn, to be superseded by Organic Foums of SociErv, in 
which Men, Women, and Children shall, by the force of 
Society, be established in possession of the Eight of Labor 
and the fruits Ihcrcof— a Home; Social Culture; and a 
Practical Education in the Affairs of Life. The general 
purpose of the Association is expressed in the formula of 
Fourier as follows: Unity of Man with God, with Na- 
ture, AND WITH Man. 

Of practical Institutes, the following formula is adopted : 

Joint Stock I Cooperative Labor ; -j Association 
Property ; I (of I-'amUies ; 



Equitable j ^^^^^ / Honors 

Distribution V Guarantees; 1 according 
of Profits; ) t to usefulness; 

Integral Education ; Unity of Interests. 
884 



The Association organized in 1S48. Its domain consists 
of 673 acres of rolling land, upon the Greensand Belt in 
Monmouth County (near Eed Bank), New Jersey, about 40 
miles south of New York. The present population is about 
1.30 persons. Agriculture in its various branches is a lead- 
ing industry. Milling, and some mechanical branches are 
also carried on. 

In organization, the serial form is adopted, and the fol- 
lowing arc the principal departments, viz. : 

The Agricultural Seric The Domestic Serie 

" Stock " " Manufacturing Serie 

" Mechanical " " Festal " 

And within the past year the Educational Serie has been 
organized, in wliich it is proposed to Educate the young 
Integrally, that is, to develop the bodily powers, the affec- 
tions, and the intellect; and not to limit our Educational 
efforts mainly to the culture of the Intellect, as in the 
current method of Education. 

April, 1S53. 

Eed Sulvhue Springs, p. v., Monroe co., Yirg. : on Indian 
cr., 181 m. W. Eiehmond. The waters of these and other 
neighboring springs are highly recommended for certain 
curative effects. " The approach to the village," says a 
visitor, " is beautifully romantic and picturesque. Wending 
his way around a high mountain, the traveler is for a mo- 
ment charmed out of his fatigue by the sudden view of his 
resting-place, some hundreds of feet immediately beneath 
him. Continuing the circuitous descent, he at length reaches 
a ravine, which condulits him, after a few ragged steps 
to the entrance of a verdant glen surrounded on all sides 
by lofty mountains. The S. end of this enchanting vale, 
which is the widest portion of it, is about 290 feet in width. 
Its course is nearly N. for 150 yards, when it begins gradu- 
ally to contract and change its direction to the N. W. and W., 
until it terminates in a narrow point. This beautifully sc- 
cluiled Tempo is the chosen seat of the village. The S. 
portion, just at the base of the east and west mountains, is 
that upon which stand the various edifices for the accommo- 
dation of visitors. These buildings are spacious and con- 
veniently arrangsd ; the servants are prompt and obedient; 
and the table de hote is abundantly supplied with every 
thing that can temiji the appetite. The promenades are 
beautifully embellished, and shaded from the mid-day sun 
by large sugar maples, the natives of the forest." 

EiCHMOND, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Henrico county, 
Virg.: and capital of the State of Virginia; is situated on 
the N. E. bank of James r., at the lower falls at the head of 
tide water. Lat. (Capitol) 37° 32' 17" N. ; long, from Green- 
wich 77° 27' 28" W., and from Washington 00° 25' 58'' W. 
Distance by the most direct E. E. from Washington, 130 m. ; 
from Baltimore, 168 m. ; from Philadelphia, 266 m.; from 
New York, 344 m. ; from Boston, 580 m. ; from Ealeigh, 
174 m. ; from Wilmington, 24S m. 

The situation of Eichmon<l is highly picturesque. The 
city is divided into two unequal parts by a valley, through 
which passes the Shockoe creek to enter James r. It is 
chiefly built u]>on the hills and more elevatetl grounds on 
either side of this depression, which have a beautiful variety 
of surface, and afford in many parts highly picturesque 
situations for dwellings and for public edifices. Splendid 
views of the city and surrounding country are presented 
from different points, each varying the scene. The soil is 
red clay. The river flows over a bed of granite, of which 
there are inexhaustible quarries on its banks, extensively 
used for building and otlier purposes. The city is regularly 
laid out with streets crossing at right ai\gles. Its entire area 
embraces about 3i sq. m., of which the built portion is about 
3 m. long, and } m. wide. The dwelling houses are gener 
ally neat and convenient, of brick and wood. Many private 
residences are very elegant and costly. The capitol occupies 
a very commanding situation on an elevated plain called 
Shockoe hill, in the W. division of the city. It stands in 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Capitnl Square, a beautiful public grounil contafning about 
8 acres, oruameuted with trees, grass plats, walks, etc. It 
is a spacious and elegant building, surrounded on 3 sides 
by a lofty and imposing portico, in the Ionic order. It con- 
tains a statue of Washington, the only one ever taken from 
life, executed by Houdon, a celebrated Frencli artist, and 
erected in 17S8; a bust of Lafayette, etc. The City Hall, on 
Broad Street, fronting Capitol Square, is an elegant edifice 
of Grecian architecture, with a portico at each end of 4 Doric 
columns. The Governor's House is at the E. end of the 
square. The County Court-house is about 1 m. from the 
Capitol. The State Penitentiary, in the W. suburbs, is 300 feet 
long, and 110 broad, in the form of a hollow square, sur- 
rounded by extensive grounds. The Alms-house, a spacious 
building, is in the N. suburbs. The Armory is a large 
edifice 320 feet long by 2S0 feet wide. The Female Orphan 
Asylum is supported partly by the corporation, and partly 
by private munificence. There are about 25 churches, 
many of which are very han<lsome edifices. The Monu- 
mental Eiiiseopal church stands upon the site of the Kich- 
mond Theatre, which was destroyed by Are, Dec. 26th, ISll, 
and whereby 66 white and 6 colored persons lost their lives. 
The congregation of the African church is one of the largest 
in the Union. 

The Medical Department of Hampden Sidney College, 
founded 1S3S, in 1S50 had 7 professors, 90 students, and 
40 graduates. The Virginia Historical and Philosophical 
Society was founded in 1S31. St. Vincent's and liiclimond 
colleges, near the city, are flourishing academies. In 1850 
there were 15 newspapers and periodicals, viz., dailies, 
" E. Enquirer," " E. "Whig," " Dispatch," '• Times and Com- 
piler," " Herald," " Future Age," and " Eepublican ;" 
weeklies, "Eeligious Herald," "Watchman and Observer;" 
montidies, " Missionary Journal," " The Commission," 
" Baptist Preacher," " Southern Planter," " Literary Mes- 
senger;" quarterly, " Historical Eegister." 

The city government is vested in the mayor, recorder, 
aldermen, and city council. The city is lighted with gas, 
and generally well paved ; the markets are well supplied. 
The public water-works were commenced in 1S30, and cost 
about $120,000. By two forcing pumps, worked by water- 
power, 800,0110 gallons of water in 24 hours are lifted from 
James r. into 3 reservoirs, containing each 1,000,000 gallons, 
thence distributed over the city in pipes. 

The principal manuf;ictures are of tobacco, flour, iron, 
cotton and woolens. Water-power of unlimited extent is 
furnished by James r., which within a few miles above tlie 
city descends SO feet. Of tobacco there are 35 to 40 fiictories, 
and 10 or 12 stemmeries, together employing about 2,500 
blacks, and manufacturing 12 to 15,000 hhds. annually. 
Besides smaller mills, here are two of the most extensive 
flouring-mills in the world, " Gallego" and " Haxall," each 
running 20 or more pairs of stones, and capabl e of produci ng 
800 to 900 bbls. of flour daily. There are 3 iron rolling- 
mills, foundries of cannon, efc, and an extensive nail fac- 
tory on Belle isle, producing 75,000 lbs. of nails weekly. 
Four cotton mills work up nearly 3,000,000 lbs. of cotton 
per annum, and a woolen mill 600,000 lbs. of wool an- 
nually. Besides these, are large machine-shops, a paper- 
mill, etc. 

There are three b.anks, having an aggregate capital 
of $2,114,000, three insurance companies, and three savings 
banks. 

Fo'.ir lines of railroad here connect, viz., Eichmond, 
Fredericlt, and Potomac E. E., commencing at Aquia creek 
on the PotomiiC, 75 m. long ; Eichmond and Petersburg 
E. E., 22 m. long ; the Central E. E. to Covington, and Dan- 
ville E. E. completed to Keeseville, 73 m. The James Eiver 
Canal, completed in 1835 to Lynclit)urg, 146 m., and in 1S52 
to Balcony Falls, is the principal channel of trade with the 
interior. 

Tlie following statement exhibits the amount of tonnage, 
and its estimated value, imported into Eichmond ou the 



James Eiver and Kanawha Canal, during each of the 
5 years 1818-52, with its freight and tolls: 



Ye.ir endi.ig 


No. of 


Eslii 


nated 


Fiei?hts 


Oct. 31. 


Tons. 


Vill 


Je. 


and tolls. 



1S4S .... 125,054 .. . $4,230,532 IS . . . $1 92,750 33 

1849.... 140,696... 5,435,040 66... 247,86108 

1850 ... . 137,580 . . . 6,123,865 49 . . . 213,74 1 4T 

1851 . . . .140,924. . . 5,1.33,853 62. . . 184,839 88 

1852 .... 153,377 .. . 7,1 45,837 43 .. . 220,947 84 

Total (1848-5'2) 097,640 $23,009,1.35 33 $1,060,140 65 

The following table exliibits the amount of tonnage, with 
its value and freightage, imported into Eichmond, on the 
Eichmond and Petersburg E. E., during each of the 5 

years 1848-52. 



Sept 30. Tonnage. 
1848.... 20,301. 

1849.... 19,539. 
1850.... 22,861. 
1851.... 19,5-33. 
1852.... 27.9-32., 



Estimated value. 

. $632,557 99... 

. 695.742 40... 

. 1,377,665 45... 

. 886,412 40... 

. 1,26'2,248 85... 



$18,361 63 
18,159 71 
21,560 83 
18,314 12 
24,752 89 



Eiver, and | .153^377. .$7,145^887 43. .$220,947 84 
iwha CO. I 

19,252 OS 

.. 27,932.. 1,262,248 85.. 24,752 89 

j- . . 53,421. . 967,-336 00. . 37,919 45 



Total (1848-52) 110,166 $4,854,627 09 $101,149 18 

The following table exhibits the amount of tonnage, with 
its estimated value, and the freights and tolls on the same, 
imported into Eichmond during 1852, by the various works 
of internal improvement leading into the city : 

., f. „ . No. of Estimated Freielits 

Names of Companies. ^.^^^ ^^^^^ a„d tolls. 

James 
Kanawha co. 

E., Fredericksburg, )_ ^g^^^ 285,000 00. 
and Potomac E.E. ) 

Eichmond and Pe- 
tersburg E. E. 

Eichmond andDan- 
ville E. E. 

Virginia Central E. E.. 17,450.. 1,000,000 00.. 55,989 20 

Total 256,987 $10,660,422 28 $358,861 41 

The foreign export trade is chiefly in tobacco to all parts 
of Europe, flour and grain occasionally, and in flour to 
Brazil. The import trade direct from Europe, or other 
countries, is/iow inconsiderable, having gradually dimin- 
ished with the increased facilities of New York, by her 
regular packets and steamers to Europe. The channel of 
the r. is winding, which, with the distance from the ocean, 
is a considerable impediment to navigation. Vessels draw- 
ing more than 10 or 11 feet water ara prevented from 
coming up to the city by the bar, 7 m. below it, and such 
load at City Point, Bermuda Hundred, or Port Walthall. 
On June 30, 1850, the total tonnage of E. district was 
8,458 tons. The registered tonnage was 3,161 tons, of which 
1,588 tons were permanent, and 1,573 tons temporary. The 
enrolled and licensed tonnage was 5,297 tons, consisting of 
4,276 tons permanent, and 1,021 tons temporary, all of which 
were employed in the coasting trade. During the year 
previous, the number of clearances for foreign countries was 
69 — 24.331 tons ; no. of entrances do., 8 — 1,811 tons. Vessels 
built during the year, 8 (1 ship, 7 schooners)— 1,479 tons. 

The inspections of tobacco for several years are as follows : 



Hlids. Years. 



Hluls. 



1841... 18,267 

1842... 2-3,129 
1643... 22,829 



1844... 19,147 

1845... 21,903 
1846... 19,572 



Years. Hhds. Years, 
1847... 19,993 
1848... 15,7-33 
1849... 18,803 



Hhds. 

1850. . .17,986 
1S51... 15,678 
1852... 24,11 9 



In addition to which, from 10 to 16,000 hogsheads are here 
received from other inspections in the interior. 

The following exhibits the inspections of flour of late 
years : 
Years. Bbls. I Years. Bbls. I Years. Bbls. 

1846 289,000 1848 180,000 1850 336,430 

1847 159,100 I 1849 276,900 I 1851 — 

385 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



To which should be added 20 to 25 per cent, of inspections 
at Scottsville and Lynchbiirs, and brought to the. r.idimond 
market. The quantity of flour exported to Brazil for the 
year ending September 30, 1S4S, was 74,425 barrels; 1S49, 
12S,S80 bbls. ; 1^.50, 65.280 bbls. ; 1851, 9S,245 bbls. ; 1852, 
63,950 bbls. A considerable quantity of flour, destined for 
South America, ia sent coastwise for re-shipment from New 
York, Baltimore, etc. The anjount of other foreign ship- 
ments of flour in 1&51, was 15,G4G bbls., and increased m 
1852 to 18,122 barrels. 

Tlie coal trade is considerable, and steadily increasing. 
The best bituminous coal is mined from 8 to 20 m. above 
the city, and iron ore abounds in the country beyond. Ke*-- 
ular lines of steam packets run to Norfolk, Baltimore, and 
New York. 

The population has increased within the last 10 or 15 
years more rapidly than at any previous period. Of the 
present population, about two-fifths are blacks. Pop. in ISOO, 
6,53T; in 1810, 9,7S5; in 1820, 12,067; in 1S80, 16,060; in 
1840, 20,153; in 1850, 27,670. The exceedingly healthy lo- 
cation of the city gives it a very low annual rate of mortality. 
The cemeteries are noted for their beauty and their monu- 
ments. 

The site of Richmond was first visited by white men in 
1609; the town was founded in 1742, and made the capital 
of the State in 17S0. In 1787 it contained about .300 houses. 
In 1794 the canal around the falls was completed, which has 
added so much to its commercial advantages. lu 1811, 
December 20th, occurred the sad flre by which 72 persons 
lost their lives in the destruction of the Eichmond Theatre, 
among whom was the then governor of the State. 

Directly opposite to Eichmond are its suburbs of Man- 
chester and Spring Hill, which are connected with the city 
by three bridges. 

RociresTER, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Monroe county, 
If. Y. : is situated on both sides of Genesee r., 7 m. S. from 
its entrance into Lake Ontario; by railroad 252 m. W. of 
Albany, and 68 m. E. by N. from Buffalo. Lat. (Rochester 
House) 43° 08' 17" N. ; long. 77° 51' W. from Greenwich. 
The city is laid out with general regularity, having wide 
and handsome streets, many of which are lined with shade 
trees. Its site is somewhat uneven in surface. It rests upon 
a bed of limestone, but a few feet below the surface, and 
greatly used for building and other purposes. »In summer, 
at low water in the r., its bed of this limestone is exposed, 
exhibiting for a long distance a solid base of rock. The 
area occupied by dwellings is very large for the population, 
the houses for the most part being separate dwellings. The 
E. and W. parts of the city are connected by 5 bridges. 
The principal street, called Main Street, on the E. side, and 
Buffalo Street, on the "W. side, is a very long, broad, and 
handsome avenue, passing over the central bridge, and 
lined with the principal stores, hotels, etc. The blocks of 
stores, .and houses generally, arc noted for their neat 
appearance. Brick and stone are the principal building 
materials within the limits of the fire districts. Several 
large parks are reserved as public grounds, of which the 
principal is Washington Square. The Court-house, on Buf- 
falo Street, is a large and elegant structure, with hand- 
some granite portico, containing the county and city ofSces. 
The Arcade is a handsome marlde building, containing the 
post-offlce, and is a hull of great resort, with numerous 
business offices, etc. The Western House of Refuge for 
juvenile delinquents, a State institution, is a very extensive 
establishment, about 1| m. N. of the centre of the city, con- 
taining from 200 to 300 lads, confined for reformation. The 
building is a very large edifice of brick, presenting an im- 
posing appearance, and is surrounded by work grounds and 
farm of several acres. The hotels of the city are generally 
very large and handsome buildings. The public schools 
have fine buildings and are well conducted. Private schools 
are numerous, and there are several female aca<lemies. 
The University of Rochester, established in 1850, has 8 pro- 
886 



fessors, 109 studenis, and 3,000 volumes in library. The 

Rochcstir Theological Seminary (Baptist), also established 
here in 1850, ha<l, in 1S51-52, 2 professors, 29 stuilents, and 
3,000 volumes in libr.ary. The Alhenneum, a popular insti- 
tution, has a good library of 5,000 volumes, and annual 
courses of lectures. The periodical press, in 1850, consisted 
of 19 regular issues, viz., 3 dailies, " R. Democrat" (whig), 
" Advertiser" (dem.), " American" (whig), each of which 
also published tri-weekly and weekly editions; weeklies, 
"Rural New Yorker" (agric.), "Star of Temperance," 
"North Star" (anti-sla.), "Genesee Evangelist" (Presb.), 
"Christian Guardian" (Univers.), "Advent Harbinger" 
(Sec. Adv.); semi-monthlies, "Christian Sentinel" (Uni- 
vers.), "Flag of Freedom;" monthlies, "Genesee Farmer" 
(agric.) and " Eclectic Journal" (med.) There are about 30 
churches, some of which are fine structures, and 2 large 
orphan asylums. The city government is vested in a 
mayor, recoriler, and common council, all of whom are 
elected annually. The common schools are governed by a 
board of education, composed of two members from each 
ward. The city is divided into 9 wards, is generally well 
paved and provided with sewerage, and is lighted by gas. 
Water is abundant from wells. The principal city market 
is a commodious structure, on the W. bank of the r. The 
city alms-house is in the S. suburbs. 

The rapid growth and prosperity of the city have resulted 
from the natural advantages of great water-power here 
afforded by the Genesee river. Within the city limits ther. 
has a tot.ll descent of 268 feet, in which are 3 successive per- 
pendicular falls of 9G, 20, and 105 feet, and 2 mpids. The 
first great falls of 96 feet are a little N. of the centre of the 
city, and before they were disfigured by the construction of 
walls in the centre of the stream above for mechanical pur- 
poses, they afforiied at high water a very grand appearance. 
From a projecting point in its centre the notorious Sam 
Patch made his last and fat.il leap. Below the first cataract 
the r. flows broad and deep for IJ m- to the second, where 
it has a perpendicular fall of 20 feet, and thence pursues a 
noisy and rapid course for about 25 rods to the third and 
last fall, by which it descends 105 feet. Through the entire 
distance from the upper to the lower fall it flows through a 
narrow ravine, over 100 feet deep. The depression of the 
stream commences considerably above the first falls, and in 
i m. has a fall of 12 feet, easily used for manufacturing pur- 
poses. On each side of the r. canals have been extensively 
constructed for the mills. Another power of considerable 
amount is created by the feeder for the Erie Canal, which 
comes from the r. nearly 2 m. above. 

The immense water-power thus afforded is used by va- 
rious mills and factories, but chiefly by flouring-mills, which 
are the principal business establishments of the city. In 
1850 there were 22 mills, with 100 runs of stone, nearly all 
of which were employed on flour. An api)roximate esti- 
mate of the amount of flour manufactured annually is 
600,000 barrels, or 3,000,000 bushels. Of tins amount, about 
1,640.454 bushels are left here by canal and railroad, leaving 
1,859,546 bushels to be made up by receipts from wagons, 
and this is .ibout equal to the product of the county. The 
following table exhibits the amount left here by the Erie 
and Genesee Valley Canals for a series of years : 



Years. Buslie1,«. 

1844.... 884.141 

1845 .... 1,169,281 

1846 .... 1,503,546 



Years. Bushel.?. 

1847 ... . 1,778,116 

1848 .... 1.44:3,133 
18-19 .... 1,426,436 



Years. BuMipU. 

1850 .'... 1,21.5,759 

1851 .... 1,46.5,454 

1852 .... 1,438,301 



The quantities of flour shipped for the same series of years 
arc as follows : 



Years. Bbls. Years, Bbls. 

1844 400,388 1 1847 631,574 

1845 618,318 | 1843 684,426 

1846 540,232 1849 570,757 



Years. Bbl.. 

1850 552,729 

1851 500,,330 

1852 . ... 588,630 



To the amount uhippcd should be added the amount con- 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES, 



Bumed by 40,000 inhabitants, and the large population of the 
suburbs and vicinity. 

Other manufactures are extensively prosecuted. There 
»re several iron furnaces, casting principally stoves, agricul- 
tural implements, etc. ; and numerous large machinery 
works. The edge tool factory of Barton & Co. employs about 
two hundred men; and the scale factory of Duryee & Co. 
is also very large. A large stone cotton factory, 6 stories 
high, when in full operation, employs two hundred persons. 
There are several woolen factories, fulling-mills, large boat- 
yards, breweries, tanneries, last factories, large (iictories of 
cabinet furniture, etc. There are 5 banks, with aggregate 
capital of $930,000, 2 savings banks, and several insurance 
companies. 

Rochester enjoys good facilities for transportation of its 
imports and exports. The Erie Canal, giving it connection 
with the E. and W., here crosses the Genesee r. by a splen- 
did aqueduct, Si)4 feet long, resting upon 11 arches, erected 
at a cost of $80,000. The Genesee Valley Canal, completed 
to Dansville, 52 m., affords access to the interior. Though 
the r. is boatable above the city to Mount Morris, 45 m., it is 
little used for that purpose. The total value of property left 
at R. by both canals, during 1852, was .$5.236,994 ; value of 
amount cleared, do., $4,.304,762. The lines of railroads here 
centering are, Rochester and Syracuse R. R., 104 m. ; Ro- 
chester .and Syracuse direct R. R., along the line of the 
canal : Buffalo and Rochester R. R., 63 m, ; and Rochester, 
Lockpcirt, and Niagara Falls R. R., 76 m. The Genesee 
Valley R. R. is in construction. 

Rochester is the port of enlry for Genesee collection dis- 
trict. The river is navigable for steamboats, etc., from Lake 
Ontario to the landing, 2i miles below the center of the city. 
A line of steamboats from Oswego to Lewiston arrive and 
depart daily, and a line from Canada tri-weekly. The total 
tonnage of Genesee district, on June 30lh, 1S50, was 1,037 
tons, alt of which was "enrolled and licensed," permanent, 
and employed in the coasting trade. During the year pre- 
ceding, the number of clearances for foreign countries was 
215 — 4i>,077 tons ; number of entrances, do., the same statis- 
tics. Vessels built during the year, 1 schooner — .58 tons. 

Population— in 1812, 15; in 1315, 831; in 1820, 1,500; in 
1S25, 4,274; in 1830, 10,863; in 1835, 17,160; in 1840, 20,191 ; 
in 1845. 25,265; in 1850, 36,403. The E. side of the river 
has of late increased its population in greater ratio than 
the W. side. R. was laid out in 1812, incorporated as a v. 
in 1817, and as a city in 1834. In 1S12 it contained only 2 
wooden frame buildings. It has frequently suffered heavy 
losses by fire, but has overcome these reverses. The agri- 
cultural district surrounding it is among the most fertile in 
the Union, and has contributed greatly to its prosperity. 
The health of the city is affected by the proximity of the 
lake, and sudden changes of the weather, high westerly 
winds, etc. ; but is generally good. Mt. Hope Cemetery, in 
the S. suburbs, is an extensive inclosure of the most heauti- 
ftil grounds, improved by art, splendid monuments, etc. 

Rock Island City, p. c, and cap. Rock Island county, 
III. : at the junction of Rock river with the Mississippi 
river, .50 miles below Van Buren, and 131 miles N. N. W. 
Springflidd. It has been laid out on an extensive plan, is 
rapidly increasing, and promises to become a place of con- 
siderable importance. It contains a court-house, jail, etc. 
The position of the city is one of the best on the Upper 
Missis,'!ippi,and the country surrounding it affords fine agri- 
cultural facilities, timber, limestone, and coal in abundance, 
large quantities of which are transported to other points. 
The " Rock Island Advertiser"' (whig) is a weekly issue. The 
Chicago and Rock Island R. R. has its terminus at this 
point. Pop 1,711. 

RocKTON, p. v. and sta., Herkimer county, JV. T. : 91 m. 
Vt. N. W. Albany. Formi,rly called Little Falls. Surface 
of t. hilly and mountainous ; soil sandy and nrgillaceous 
loam, watered by Mohawk r., on the S. side of which nms 
the Erie Canal, and on the N. side the Utica and Schenec- 



tady R. R. The V. is beautifully situated on both sides of 
the Mohawk r., and is of some resort for its romantic scen- 
ery. The gap through which the r. passes is comparatively 
narrow, and on both sides the wooded hills rise from .350 to 
400 fi-et. Their bases are of sandstone, above which are ex- 
tensive beds of blue limestone, much used for building pur- 
poses. The canal here ascends in the space of a mile, by 4 
locks, about 40 feet. It is supplied with w.ater by a feeder 
carried across the r. by a handsome aqueduct of 3 arches, 
one of 70 feet, and two of 50 feet span. At one point the 
brow of a hill projects into the river, by which the canal was 
constructed, with expensive diggings and embankments, 
and by occupying a part of the river bed for the canal. 
The river has here a fall of 42 feet in half a mile, affording 
great water-power. Its bed is of granite gneiss, very hard, 
but easily quarried for building stones, and abounding with 
quartz crj'stals. The v. is principally on the N. side of the 
river, and contains several flouring, plaster, and paper 
mills, woolen factory, machine shop, several furnaces, and 
other manufactories ; 1 bank, capital $200,000, academy, 
and 5 churches. Two newspapers are issued weekly, 
" Mohawk Courier" (dem.), and " Herkimer Journal" 
(whig). The v. is supplied with water from a spring in 
the hills, 300 feet above the tops of the houses. Pop, of t. 
in 1840, 3,881 ; in 1850, 4,855. 

Rome, t., p. v., sta., and one of the caps. Oneida co., K Y. : 
on the Mohawk r., 91 m. W. N. W. Albany ; by R. R. from 
Albany 109 m. Surface of I. chiefly level, or gently undu- 
lating; soil a fertile clay and sandy loam. Drained E. by 
Mohawk r., on which is excellent land, and Wood cr., which 
flows W. into Oneida lake. These streams almost interlock, 
being only 1 m. separate, and were connected by a small 
canal before the construction of the Erie Canal, which was 
bought out when the latter was made. The v. on Mohawk 
r. is built upon the site of old Fort Stanwyx, built in 1758, 
and rebuilt in the Revolutionary War, and called Fort 
Schuyler. The Syracuse and Utica R. R. passes through it, 
14 m. from Utica, 38 m. from Syracuse. Here conmiences 
the Watertown and Rome R. R., completed to Cape Vin- 
cent, 97 m. The Erie Canal here receives the ecmnection 
of the Black River Canal, affording communicatiim by water 
with Lake Ontario, etc. The v., incorporated in 1819, is, 
withWhitcsboro', a half shire-town for Oneida co., and con- 
tains a court-house and jail, a flourishing female seminary, 
2 banks, with aggregate capital of $287,200, 6 churches, a 
cotton factory, blast furnace, flouring and saw mills, etc. 
Here is a United Slates arsenal, to which are attached a 
magazine and a number of workshops. Two newspapers 
are issued weekly, " R. Sentinel" (whig) and "Roman Citi- 
zen" (whig.) Pop. of t. in 1S4(I, 5,680 ; in 1850, 7,918. 

Rousk's Point, p. v. and sta., Clinton co., iV K .• on the 
W. side of Lake Champlain, 166 m. N. by E. Albany. It 
is about J m. S. of the Canada line. Soon after the war of 
1812, the United States commenced the construction of a 
strong fortiflcation, a short distance N. of the v., to guard 
the entrance of the lake. It was subsequently found that 
this site was within the Canada line, and the further con- 
struction of the work, upon which some $400,000 had been 
expended, was abandoned. However, this spot has since 
been ceded to the LTnited States, and this fine foitifloation, 
now in dilapidation, may at some period be completed. At 
this point, the great railroad route between Ogdeiisburg and 
Boston, here crosses the lake. Previous to the construction 
of the raiIroa<l, this place was of no importance. It is now 
a great dep6t for merchandise and produce, and inipcirtant 
landing-place for the boats on Lake Champbain. The rail- 
road crosses the lake by a permanent bridge, 5,000 feet long, 
and a draw-bridge on pontoons, 300 feet by 30, which is 
swung round when not in use, so as to give free navigation. 
The dock is 800 by 164 feet, and the depot .550 by li'4 feet. 
The improvements are all of the most permanent character. 
The Champlain and St. Lawrence R. R. extends hence to 
Montreal, 47 m. Rouse's Point is distant from Oerdensbiirg, 

887 '^ 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



by the Norlhorn R. K., US in. ; from Boston, by both routes, 
2SS ni. The v. is genL-rally flourishing, and increasing in 
population. 

EoxBUUY, t., p. city, and sta., Norfolk co., J/u.ss. .- 2 m. 
8. by W. Boston, with which it is closely connected by a 
narrow neck of land — " Boston Nock" — over which there 
are 4 broad and pleaeant avenues. The natural surface of 
the city was very uneven and rocky, which gave to it its 
name, from the abundance of rocks ; and though much 
changed by building improvements, is still much diversified. 
The soil is generally fertile and highly cultivated. The 
dwellings are noted for their elegance, and are generally 
surrouiidi'd by ornamental gardens. The entire appearance 
of the city is most delightlul, anil it is one of the most plea- 
sant suburbs of Boston, with which its business and wealth 
are most intimately connected, and can hardly be con- 
sidered as separate from the metropolis. It has, however, 
considerable trade of its own, and its manufactures are 
various and extensive. These consist of carpeting, cordage 
(the New England Company has a capital of $75,000, em- 
ploying 130 men). India-rubber goods, railroad iron, iron 
castings, fire-engines, steam-engines, ajid boilers ; sheet lead, 
■white lead, chemical preparations, turpentine, etc. ; worsted 
and silk fringes and lining ; patent leather, hats, shoes, 
cabinet-ware, etc. Steam-power is employed by about 30 
establishments. There is 1 bank, capital $150,000 ; one in- 
stitution for savings, 2 insurance companies, and G churches, 
several of which arc located on elevated positions, and make 
a beautiful appearance. The Boston and Providence K. E. 
passes through the city, and is niueh used by the citizens 
in passing to and from Boston. Several lines of omnibuses 
afford constant communication with the city. The " Nor- 
folk County Journal" (whig), and "Eoxbury Advertiser" 
(neut.), are issued weekly. 

Eoxbury was incorporated as a town Sept. 28, lOSO (in 
the same year with Boston); and as a city, March 12, 1S46. 
The territory of the city is 7} m. long, 2i m. broad, and 
comprises an area of 10,686 acres. It is governed by a 
Mayor, Board of Aldermen, and Common Council, elected 
annually. Excellent provisions are made for public 
schools, etc. 

In the W. part of the t. is an extensive level, on which is 
situated the beautiful p. v. of Jamaica Plains, near Jamaica 
Pond, from which Boston was, to a considerable extent, 
supplied with water, untU the opening of the Cochituate 
Aqueduct, in 1848. The Forest Hills Cemetery is situated a 
short distance from the city, on the Dedham turnj)ike. This 
beautiful city of the dead has an area of about 70 acres. 
Tho grounds are picturesquely diversified, and abounding 
■with trees, shrubbery, and flowers. Here are monuments 
of General Joseph "Warren, who fell at the battle of Bunker 
Hill, June 17, 1776 ; and of Eev. John Eliot, the " Apostle 
of the Indians," who was pastor of the first cluireh in Eox- 
bury for 58 years— from 1632 until his death, in 1090. The 
entrance is an ornamental structure, in the Egyptian style. 
On one of the highlands in the city still remains, in a very 
perfect state of preservation, the breastwork and intreneh- 
ments of a large military fortress constructed at that period. 
The population of Eoxbury at ditferent periods is as follows : 
in 1765, 1,487 ; in 1790, 2,226 ; in 1800, 2,765 ; in 1810, 3,669 ; 
in 1820, 4,135; in 1830, 5,247; in 1840, 9,089; in 1850, 
18,373. 

EtTTi.AND, t., p. v., Sta., and cap. Eutland co., Verm. : on 
Otter cr., 50 m. S. S. W. Montpelier. Surface of t. uneven ; 
soil various, from a strong loam to a light sand, but gen- 
erally fertile. Drained by Otter cr. and its branches, which 
afford water-power, and by a branch of Castleton r. Iron 
ore of good quality is found ; also lime, and a great abund- 
ance of white and beautifully variegated marble, of which 
several quarries are extensively worked. The t. was char- 
tered in 1761, and settled about 1770. During the Ecvolu- 
tionary War it was a frontier town, th/ough which was the 
only military road from Charleston, N. llamp., to Ticou- 
883 



deroga and Crown Point, on Lake Champlain. The t. is 
divided into two parishes. East and West ; the former con- 
tains Eutland village, the most important place ; in the 
latter are two small villages. West Eutland, and Ilookkin's 
Falls. Eutland village has an elevated situation, is well 
built, containing many handsome dwellings, and was incor- 
porated in 1S47. Three important railroads pass through 
it : Eutland and Burlington E. E., .53 m. from Bellows Falls, 
and 67 m. from Burlington; Eutland and Washington E.E. 
from Troy 85 m. ; and Western Vermont E. E. from Troy 
via N. Bennington, 83 m., the opening of which has given 
a powerful impetus to the prosperity of the village and 
town. It contains a court-house, jail, 1 bank, cap. $150,000, 
and 3 churches. Here are located the machine-slKips and 
engine-houses of the Western Vermont E. E.. and some 
large manufactories of marble, iron, slate, leather, cabinet 
furniture, etc. The " E. Herald" (whig) and •' Vermont 
Union Whig," are issued weekly. The town of Eutland 
ranks as the second in agricultural and the first in mineral 
productions in the State. Pcjpulation of t. in 184i), 2,708; 
in 1850, 3,715. 

Sackktt's Harbok, p. V. and port of entry, Jefferson co., 
JV. 1'. ; on Black Eiver bay, at E. end of Lake Ontario, 
154 m. N. W. Albany. Lat. 43^ 55' N., long. 75° 57' W. 
I'his harbor is one of the best and most secure on the lake, 
and was an important naval station during the last war with 
Great Britain. On 2Sth May, 1813, a sharp contest here 
took place between the American and British forces, result- 
ing in the defeat of the British ; and subsequently another, 
on 30th May, 1814, with the same success. During tho war 
the v. increased with great rapidity, and at its close expe- 
rienced a decline, from which it has now fully recovered. 
In 1814 the United States government here commenced the 
erection of the Madison Barracks, which consist of three 
extensive stone barracks, hospital, commissary's store-house, 
guard-house, and other buildings, affording accommodation 
for 2,000 troops, occupying a lot of about 40 acres, fronting 
on the bay. In the military burying grounds attached to 
the barracks is a monument to the brave General Pike, who 
fell on the N. frontier during the last war. The government 
has also a ship-yard and ship-houses, in one of which the 
New Orleans, a 110 gun ship, commenced during the war, 
remains upon the stocks. 

The v., incorporated in 1814, has considerable manufac- 
tures, and trade by the lake and the river St. Lawrence. A 
good water-power has been obtained by the construction of 
a canal from tho Black r., a distance of 12 ra., executed by 
the citizens at a cost of $25,000, and affording a fall of 30 
feet, iinproved by various mills, machine shops, etc. There 
are 3 churches, 1 bank — cap. $200,000, 4 hotels, 2 furnaces, 
etc. The "S. II. Observer" (whig) is issued weekly. A 
railroad is in construction, to connect at Pierrepont with tho 
Watertown and Eome R. E. On 30th June, 1850, the ton- 
nage of Sackett's Harbor district was 8,124 tons, all of which 
■was enrolled and licensed, permanent, and employed in 
the coasting trade. During the year preceding the number 
of clearances for foreign ports w-as 259 — 142,799 tons ; No. 
of entrances do., 279 — 153,169 tons; of all which tonnage 
about ten-elevenths was American. Vessels built during 
the year, none. During the year 1849 the value of the 
amount of trade of this port with Canada alone was — im- 
ports, $26,564; exports, .$26,446— total, $53,010. 

Saco, t. p. v., and port of enlry,Tork co.. Me. : on N. side 
of Saco r., 67 m. S. S. W. Augusta. Lat. 43° 31' N., long. 
70° 26' W. By Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth E. E., 13 m. 
from Portland, 38 miles from Portsmouth ; and thence by 
Eastern E. R., 92 m. from Boston. The surface of the t. is 
somewhat uneven, and abounds with romantic and beauti- 
ful scenery. It has fine interval land on the r., by which 
it is well drained, and is also watered by several small 
streams flowing from an immense bog, called the Heath, on 
one of which is a fine waterfall of 60 feet, surrounded by 
wild scenery. From the mouth of the r. a flue beach ex- 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



tends along the shore about 5 miles to the E., called Old 
Orchard Beach, which is of considerable resort in summer. 
Another fine beach, of less extent, connects Fletcher's Neck 
with the mainland, on which is a tavern. Saco v. is situ- 
ated about 8 m. from the moulh of the r., at the falls, where 
is a descent of 42 feet, presenting a beautiful appearance 
and affording great waler-powcr, and which has been ex- 
tensively improved. Just below the falls is a fine basin, 
where vessels take in their cargoes. The factories consist 
of 9 largo cotton-mills, 1 woolen-mill, numerous saw-mills, 
and various mechanical establishments. The York Manu- 
facturing Co. have a capital of $1,000,000, manufacturing 
colored and white cotton goods, running 25,000 spindles, 
850 looms, and annually consume 7,000 bales of cotton. The 
Saco Water-Power Co. have a capital of $2,000,000. The 
lumber business is very extensive, was commenced at a 
very early period, and for a long time was by far the chief 
business on Saco r. The v. contains 2 banks, with aggre- 
gate capital of $175,000, savings' institution, insurance com- 
pany, an academy, some handsome churches, etc. The 
" Maine Democrat" and " The Union" (whig) are issued 
weekly. The total tonnage of Saco district on 30th June, 
1850, was 2,723 tons. The registered tonnage was 1,570 
tons, consisting of 330 tons permanent, and 1,240 tons tem- 
porary. The enrolled and licensed tonnage was 1,153 tons, 
all permanent, employed as follows: coasting trade, 602 
tons; cod fishery, 308 tons; mackerel fishery, 248 tons. 
During the fiscal year preceding, the number of clearances 
for foreign countries was 4 — 496 tons ; No. of entrances do., 
2 — 213 tons. Vessels built during the year — 1 ship, 1,018 
tons. Pop. of town in 1830, 3,219 ; in 1840, 4,408 ; in 1850, 
5,794. The v. of Biddefonl, on the S. side of the r., in Bid- 
deford t., is connected with Saco by bridges, and closely 
united with it in business relations, an<l at a little distance 
the two villages appear as one settlement, 

Sacramento Crrv. canital of the State of Galifornia: 
on the Sacramento r., at the mouth of American r., in lat. 
SSO 30' 12" N., and long. 121° 20' OS" W., about 150 m. 
N. E. San Francisco and T5 m. N. E. Vallejo. Its site is 
a low, level plain and is naturally overflowed in the rainy 
season. To prevent as far as possible this inundation, 
a levee has been constructed on the river banks. It was 
formerly called " New Helvetia," and is laid out in right 
angles, on the site of, and embraces the celebrated " Sutter's 
Fort.V The streets running E. and W. are designated by 
the letters of the alphabet, and those running N. and S. 
by the numerals. The original forest trees still stand in the 
town, and give it a f>icturesque appearance, and many of 
the streets are lined with oaks and sjcamores 6 feet in di- 
ameter. It is a level and pleasantly situated place, embra- 
cing a square of about a mile and a half to the side, and 
derives its name from the river so called. From a fort and 
its outbuildings, which a few years since constituted the 
whole inhabited tenements, it has suddenly become a flour- 
ishing city, and is tiie grand dep3t for the supply of all 
the northern mines. In April, 1S49, there were 4 houses in 
the place. The original price of embarcadero, or river lots, 
was $500, they now command as many thousands. Every 
thing indicates that this place has received an impetus 
which other localities will find it difficult, if not impossible, 
to retard. According to the census of 1850, Sacramento 
City contained 323 stores of various kinds, 65 blacksmith 
shops, 6 steam-mills, 5 soda and syrup manufactories, 2 
breweries, 80 clothing stores, 8 cabinet shops, 8 livery sta- 
bles, about 150 eating saloons and hotels — some of the latter 
of the most costly description ; also 90 physicians, 70 law- 
yers, 6 churches — 1 Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian, 3 Methodist 
(1 colored), and 1 Baptist. A Roman Catholic church is in 
course of erection. The number of inhabitants in the city 
proper, or within the city limits, was 6,000 ; but had the res- 
ident population all been in the city, the number would 
not have fallen much short of 12,000, while in the country 
there are about 3,000 citLzens. Out of the whole number 



there are but 1,460 females of all kinds, grades, and complex- 
ions. The banks of the river in the. vicinity furnish one of 
the best farming regions in the State, though the crops on 
the low lands are exposed to great ravages from the period- 
ical floods. The gold diggings commence about 30 m. E. 
of the city, at the entrance of the hills, which rise rapidly to 
the eastward till they terminate in the high ridge of the 
Sierra Nevada. The gold was first discovered on the 8. 
fork of the American r., 50 m. from Sacramento, and all 
that neigliborhood is still much resorted to by miners. 
Steamboats ply daily between this city and San Francisco, 
I and considerable trade is carried on by sailing vessels. The 
river is navigable up to the town at all seasons of the year, 
and the trade is rapidly increasing. Like San Francisco, 
this city has suffered considerably by fire, which, although 
causing immense losses, has tended to beautify it, in the 
form of neater and more substantial buildings. In 1850, 
the public press consisted of the " Transcript," a daily and 
weel<ly ; the " Placer Times," daily and weekly (neut.) ; 
" Daily Index," daily ; and the " Tribune," a daily and 
weekly issue. The census of 1852 gives a pop. of 10,000. 

Sag Harbor, p. v. and port of entry, Suffolk co., N. Y. : 
on an excellent harbor so called, between Gardiner's and 
Great Peconic bays, 92 m. E. by N. New York city, 141 m. 
S. E. Albany. First settled in 1730, and incorporated in 
1803. The site is sandy and sterile. It sufiTered severely by 
a fire in 1845, but was soon rebuilt in a better manner than 
before. It contains 4 churches, an extensive clock liictory, 
several mills, 1 bank, cap. $20,000, a dry-dock for repairing 
vessels, and numerous stores. The " Corrector" is published 
semi-weekly and weekly. Considerable quantities of salt 
are manufactured in this vicinity by evaporation of sea- 
water in the open air. This place is extensively engaged 
in the whale and other fisheries. The return cargoes are 
chiefly taken to New York and other ports. In 1849, the 
imports here received, were 1,791 gallons sperm, and 
37,379 gallons whale oil; and 186,400 lbs. whalebone. The 
total tonnage of this district on 30th June, 1850, waa 
15,166 tons ; consisting of 10,954 tons in registered tonnage, 
and 4,212 tons in enrolled and licensed tonnage. The 
registered tonnage was all permanent, of which there waa 
in the whale fishery 2,575 tons. The enrolled and licensed 
tonnage consisted of- 8,776 tons permanently employed in 
the coasting trade, and 62 tons in the cod fishery ; besides 
374 tons " licensed under 20 tons" (319 tons in coasting trade, 
55 tons in cod fishery); of all which, 128 tons were pro- 
pelled by steam. During the year preceding, it had no 
foreign commerce. Vessels built during the year, 3 (1 brig, 
2 schooners) — 419 tons. Pop. 3,650. 

Saint Antrony's Falls, p. v., Kamsey co., Minn. Ter. : 
on the E. side of the Mississippi, 15 m. by water and 8 by land 
above St. Paul. It is laid out opposite and above the fiiUs, 
and is a beautiful town site. A handsome elevated prairie, 
with a gentle inclination to the r. bank, and of sufficient 
widtli for several parallel streets, extends indefinitely up and 
down the river. In the rear of this another table-land swells 
up some 30 feet high, forming a beautiful and elevated 
plateau. The houses are mostly frame built, and among 
them is numbered a large and well-furnished hotel for sum- 
mer travelers. This place has good prospects. The sup- 
plies for Fort Gaines, etc., create considerable traffic and 
travel both by land and water, and the return traffic consists 
of furs and peltries, with other Indian contributions. Pop. 
in 1S50, 656 -of the I. 538 additional. 

Saint Auocstine, p. eity, port of entrj', and cap. St. John's 
CO., Flor. : 170 m. E. by S. Tallahassee. Lat 29° 48' 30" N., 
long. 810 35' 00" W. The city is situated 2 m. back from 
the Atlantic on an inlet, in the rear of a small island, which 
protects it from the swell of the ocean, but which is low and 
does not obstruct the sea breezes or a view of the ocean. 
The inlet upon which it fronts, called Matanzas Sound, is 
an excellent harbor, J m. bro.ad, capacious, and secure. The 
bar at ila mouth at low tide has about 9 feet of water, and 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



within, 18 or 20 feet. The site of the city is somewhat penin- 
sular, since the sound and a river extends in its rear up into 
the mainland, and is low, being not over 12 feet above the 
level of the ocean. Its form is a parallelogram, 1 m. long 
and i ni. wide. The houses are not compactly built, and 
many of them have a very antiquated ai>pearance; they 
are generally two stories higli, with the second story pro- 
jecting over the first, the first story of sii.ne, stuccoed, the 
second story of wood. The streets are narrow, and many 
Of them very crooked. The climate is celebrated for its 
mildness, and has made the city a favorite resort for invalids 
from the Northern Stales. Tlie winter season sometimes 
passes without a single frost, and there are but one or two 
months in the year in which they ever occur. In summer, 
the heat of the day is tempered by the sea breezes, and the 
evenings are rendered cool and pleasant by the land breeze. 
An abundance of trees give the place a very rural appear- 
ance. There is a fine large public square in the E. part of 
the city, fronting on the sound ; on its W. side is the court- 
house ; on the N. side a splendid Catholic church, and on 
the S. side Trinity church, Episcopal, a neat Gothic edifice. 
There are two other churches and a neat market-place in 
front of the harbor. Here is a ITnited States land office 
and the station of a surveyor-general. In the S. part of the 
city, fronting the Matanzas, are extensive barracks. At the 
N. end of tlie city, and commanding the harbor, stands 
Fort Marion, formerly the old Spanish castle of St. Mark, 
which was completed about a century ago. It contains a 
number of Spanish guns, etc., which came into possession 
of the United States with the fort, one of which bears the 
date of 1 7:'5. One newspaper, " The .Ancient City," is issued 
weekly. The foreign commerce of St. Augustine, during 
the year ending June 80, 1S50, consisted in the entrance and 
clearance of one foreign vessel of 68 tons, having a crew 
of four men. During the year no vessels were built, and it 
has no tonnage whatever of its own. This is the oldest set- 
tlement in the Union, having been founded in 1564 by 
Spaniards. The present population is about one-half com- 
posed of Spanish, French, and citizens descendants of other 
foreign countries. Since the incorporation of the Slate with 
the Union, this portion of the populiition has been rapidly 
Americanizing. Pop. in 1S50, 1,934. 

Saint Louis, p. city, port of entry, and cap. St. Louis co., 
Mb. : on the W. bank of the Mississippi r., on the first bluff, 
20 m. S. of the confluence of the Missouri r.. and in lat. .3S° 
8T' 28" N., and long. 90O 15' 16" W. The distances by river 
course from New Orleans are 1,210 m. ; from the falls of St. 
Anthony, 863 m.; from St. Paul, 822 m.; from Galena, 395 m. ; 
from Alton, 22 m. ; from Pittsburg, 1,189 m. ; from Cincin- 
nati, 705 m. ; from Louisville and J<'ffersonville, 564 m. ; 
from mouth of Ohio r., 170 m. ; from Council Bluffs, 687 m. ; 
from Fort Leavenworth, 418 m.; from Independence, 371 m. ; 
and from Jefferson City, 157 m. It is the great commercial 
dep6t of the Upi>er Mississippi, the Ohio, and the Missouri, 
and their numerous tributaries, furnishing connected water- 
ways of upward of 8,000 m., and passing through countries 
rich beyond description in mineral, vegetable, forest, and 
animal product.s, and requiring for the support of their in- 
habitants a vast amount of manufactures and productions 
of foreign countries and the sea-board States. Next to New 
Orleans, it is the principal port on the Mississippi, and 
among western cities, is second only to Cincinnati in pop- 
ulation and wealth. 

St. Louis occupies the geographical centre of the Missis- 
sippi Valley. Its advantages, as a commercial dep6t, can 
not be excelled, and the resources of its immediate vicinity 
in Missouri are immense. In a circuit of less than 90 m. 
from the city, iron, coal, lead, and probably copper, are suffi- 
ciently abundant to supply the Union fir indefinite ages, 
and of this region St. Louis is the only outlet. Capital alone 
is wanted to develop these wonderful riches. Nor is this 
all ; the country around is a magniflcnt agricultural district, 
yielding abundantly of all the staples of the latitude, and at 
390 



this point the hunter, the miner, and overland emigrant, 
take in their supplies before setting out on their various 
adventures. 

The locality was first settled in 1764. The site is elevated 
many feet above the flood-marks of the Mississippi, and is 
favored in this respect in salubrity. It rises from the river 
by two plateaux; the first, the alluvial bottom, is 20 feet 
above the highest flood, and the second, a limestone bank, 
to the level of the back country, is 40 f<et higher than the 
first, extending away to the horizon. The ascent from the 
river to the first plain is rather abrupt, but to the upper ter- 
race it is more gradual, and from its highest elevation com- 
mands a grand prospect of the lower city, and the country 
on every side. 

As originally planned, the city occupied only the first 
terrace, and onsisted of three narrow streets, parallel with 
the river, but after its growth commenced, which was sub- 
sequent to its coming into the po.sscssion of the Americans, 
it soon expanded its limits, and encroaclied upon the pla- 
teau alMive. The streets in the newer portion are wide, and 
laid out at right angles. To the north and south of the city, 
which itself extends some two miles along the river, exten- 
sive suburbs have been laid out on the same plan. The 
city reaches back nearly three miles. Front Street, on the 
river bank, is built up of substantial stone warehouses, 
which have an imposing appearance, and are generally 
appropriated to heavy businesses. The street immediately 
behind this is the principal seat of the wholesale dry goods 
business, although this and the grocery business are not 
confined altogether to these localities. The city is generally 
well built of brick chiefiy, and sometimes of stone, the lime- 
stone of the neighborhood furnishing abundance of material. 
Many of the residences, hotels, etc., are magnificent and 
costly structures, and in the new city the private dwellings 
are mostly surrounded by garden plots and ornamental 
shrubl)ery. The whole area of the city covers about 86 
sq. m., about one-tenth of which is thickly built upon. 

The principal public buildings are those appropriated to 
the county business, as the court-house, jail, and offices ; 
the municipal buildings, as the City Hall, courts, markets. 
etc. ; the churches, literary institutions, schools, and charit- 
able foundations. The Court-house is an elegant building, 
situate on a public square, near the centre of the city. The 
City Hail, the basement of which is used as a market, is on 
a square at the foot of Market Street, and is a splendid brick 
edifice. Among the churches, the Roman Catholic cathedral 
is the largest and most costly : it is 136 feet long, by 58 feet 
wide, with a massive Doric portico in front, and its steeple 
contains a chime of bells, the largest of which weighs 2,G00 
pounds. Many of the churches of other denominations are 
remarkable for chaste and beautiful design. 

The annexed, an abstract of the late census, are the de- 
finite statistics of the churches of the city : 

Clmrrlies. No. Seats. Value. 



ClnircliPS. No. Se.-its. Value.- 

R. Cathol. 12. 10,862. $534,301) 
Methodist 12. 8,300. 171,000 

Presb 8. .5.900. 200,000 

Lutheran. 5. 3,.300 
Episcopal 5. 2,750 



Unitarian .2. .2,100. .$70,000 

Ev.angel. ..2.. 600.. 4,700 

Baptist.... 2.. 1,600.. 33,000 

44,500 { Boatman's. 1.. 500.. 15,000 

136,000 1 Jews 2 . . 470 . . T,000 



— making a total of 49 churches, containing 35,712 seats, and 
valued at $1,213,500. The Roman Catholic population is 
much more numerous than is indicated by the number of 
seats in the churches, as a very large portion of that de- 
nomination worship in the aisles and vestibules, and an 
average of three several congregations assemble at each 
church at the different hours at the several masses r>n Sun- 
day morning. St Louis Is the see of the Catholic archdiocese 
of the same name, and also of the Protestant Episcopal 
diocese of Mis.souri. 

Among the charitable institutions the most conspicuous 
are tlie Protestant and Catholic Orphan A.'ylums — the first 
under the direction of Protestant ladies, and the latter of the 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Sisters of Charity. There are also hospitals, dispensaries, 
and other charities, for the medical care of the destitute. 

Literary institutions are numerous. The University of 
Bt. Louis is some 3 or 4 miles north from the city, but for 
the accommodation of the medical department, there are 
appropriate buildings within its limits. The University was 
founded in 1832, and has 17 professors ; and in 1S50, had 
160 students, and a library of 1'2,000 volumes ; and at the 
same period the medical department had 7 professors and 
107 students. The Western Academy of Sciences is estab- 
lished here, and has a fine museum ; and besides this tliere 
is a museum of Indian antiquities, etc. According to the 
census of 1S50, there were within the city 44 common schools, 
with 2,847 pupils; 15 private schools, with 2,-378 pupils; 9 
Eoman Catholic schiwls, with 1,356 pupils ; a Catholic col- 
lege, with 250 pupils ; two medical schools, with 14 profes- 
sors, and 262 students. St. Louis is also the site of a United 
States arsenal, and a few miles below the city are Jefferson 
Barracks, with accommodations for a garrison of 700 men. 
The office of the Land District of St. Louis is located here, 
and also the office of the surveyor-general. The city is 
supplied with water from the river, which is raised by a 
steam-engine into a reservoir upon the summit of an ancient 
mound, and is thence distributed through iron pipes. The 
streets and public buildings are generally lighted with gas, 
which is supplied by a company. 

The public press of St Louis consists of 7 daily, 3 tri- 
weekly, 1 semi-weekly, and 13 weekly newspapers, and 6 
monthly periodicals. The "St Louis Times'' is issued in 
daily, tri-weekly, and weekly editions; the "St L. Intelli- 
gencer," daily and weekly ; the " Organ and Reveille," daily 
and weekly; the "St L. Kepublican," daily, tri-weekly, and 
weekly ; the " St L. Union," daily, tri-weekly, and weekly ; 
"Die Wochentliche Auseiger des Westens," daily; "Die 
■Wochlentliche Deutsches Tribune," daily ; the " St L. Price 
Current," the " Union Banner," the " American Banner," 
the " Shepherd of the Valley," the " Unfere Beit," the 
" Western Watchman," and the " St. L. Presbyterian," are 
issued weekly ; and the " Valley Farmer," the " St. L. 
Probe," the "Insurance Reporter," the "Western Journal," 
the " Bank Note Detector," and the " Signet," are issued 
monthly. As a general thing, the press of St. Louis is con- 
ducted with a high standard of talent, and occupies a first 
rank in the great department of journalism. Many of its 
issues have a wide circulation. 

The growth of St Louis, within the past 20 years, has been 
wonderfully rapid, and each great interest has kept pace 
with the whole. It is not alone in commerce that St. Louis 
is a great city, but in manufactures, the arts, and all other 
departments of industrial economy. Improvement has gone 
hand in hand with her general prosperity, and the old 
shanty of the settler has given place to the substantial dwell- 
ing of the resident In every thing the change has been 
great, and a city of grand proportions, with all the elements 
of future success, has gained a footing where so lately a 
scattered village, depending on Indian trade and the trap- 
per for support, alone existed. 

The census of 1S50 gave St Louis a population of TT,860 
of which 73,842 were white— 42,384 males, and 31,458 fe- 
males; 1,862 were free colored persons — 725 males, and 637 
females, and 2,656 were slaves. These numbers constituted 
13,161 families, and occupied 9. 662 separate dwellings. The 
population, in 1S30, was 4,377; in 1840, 16,469— increase 
280.9 per cent ; and in 1850, 77,680 — increase 172 7 per cent* 

The population of the city includes 23,774 Germans, 11,257 
Irish, 2,933 Fnglish, and 2,450 natives of other countries, mak- 
ing an aggregate of 40,114 natives of foreign countries, leav- 
ing 87,051 for natives of the United States. This presents 



* A census taken under the State autliorities in 1852, gave the popu- 
lation of the rity at 94,819, and of the county at 211.0^1— total, 123,85.3, 
of which 118,385 were white persons, 1,341 free persons of color, and 
4,069 slaves. The census of whita persona in the city gives 51,351 males 
and 4(1,791 females. 



even a greater disparity between the native and immigrant 
population that has been supposed to have existed. The im- 
migrants, however, constitute one of the principal sources of 
the wealth and prosperity of the city. They have added mil- 
lions to the value of its real estate, immensely increased the 
aggregate of the annual returns of its productive industry, 
and created an important market for the productions of the 
soil and the wares of the mechanic and the merchant 

The whole number of manufacturing establishments in 
operation on the 1st .June, 1850, and producing to the value 
of $500 and upward, annually, was 1,308, in which was in- 
vested a capital of $4,377,711 ; and these employed 7,-321 
males, and 1,130 females. The annual product of this branch 
of industry amounted to $15,400,340. The following table, 
showing the number of e.ach kind of business, the capital 
invested, etc., is compiled from the census of the year 
specified : 



Business, 



C.-ipital. 



104 Carpenters $150,265. . 

9 Stone-cutters 28,100 , , 

7 Shirt manufacturers 43,000, . 

106 Tailors 205,500, 

14 Hatters 26.700,. 

8 Carriage-makers 56,600 . 

9 Iron foundries 389,000, 

2 Brass foundries 17,000, 

71 Blacksmiths 72.4-30, 

16 Breweries 197,550, 

50 Cabinet-makers 72,760, 

35 Tinners & coppersmiths. 129,300. 

1 Type founder 61,800. 

10 Chandlers and lard oil i 
melters ) 

3 Tent and awning makers 1,709. 
7 Eope-makers 70,230 . 

50 Bakers 62,250. 

110 Boot and shoe makers . . 73,975. 

5 Gur^raiths 4,800. 

1 Fire-safe maker 700. 

28 Painters and glaziers . . . 67,1-30, 

7 Book-binders 7,300 , 

3 Plane-makers 5,300, 

3 Trunk-,makera 7,700. 

7 Locksmiths 3,710. 

1 Chair manufactory 1,500, 

6 Plumbers 12,500, 

6 Tobacco manufactories,, 23,000, 

3 Spirit gas distilleries 20,500, 

2 Drug and chem, factories 21,000 , 

1 Flouring-mill 600 , 

1 Shot factory ,.,,. 40,000, 

1 Bucket factory 4,000 , 

9 Tanneries 70,200. 

9 Saw-mills 115,000. 

22 Milk dairies 12,8.30, 

10 Upholsterers , . . , 49,960 , 

24 Saddlers.,. 83,916. 

6 Turners , 2,.330. 

2 Venetian blind makers. . 4,000. 
5 Wire- workers 16,800 . 

1 Gold-pen maker 1,000. 

19 Flour-mills 439.500 . 

3 Planing.mills 47,000 . 

3 Patent medi'nemanuf 8. 14,000. 

58 Coopers 32,485. 

2 Glass factories 50,000 , 

3 Sugar refineries 177,000, 

2 White lead, castor and 1 j4gooo 

linseed oil factory ) 

4 Soda-watermanufacto's. 16,000 

10 Confectioners 6,700 

t Whip-maker 600 



Males, 

.557. 
. 90. 



.268.. 
.181.. 
. 16., 



10. 



,.$1,171,580 
. , 122,700 
43,000 
650,550 
85,150 
1.30,000 
569,000 
25,000 
303,1.30 
285,925 
182,800 
287,328 
150,000 



99,300.. 126.. 100.. 493,950 



. 10. 
. 97. 
.122, 
.272. 
. 14. 
. 7. 
.170. 
. 27. 
. 15. 



13, 

5, 

30, 



7.. 
. 16,. 
, 2,. 
. 25., 
, 10.. 
78.. 
103.. 
, 25., 
, 46.. 
.178,. 
. 8,. 
, 5., 
, 15,, 
, 1.. 
.181,, 
, 85,. 
,,,8,. 
,248.. 
, 70.. 
.211., 

..160., 

91. 
28. 
T. 



6,300 

215.000 

276,640 

402,900 

10,360 

7,000 

217,000 

55,300 

48,000 

74.500 

12,6-38 

3,.500 

65,000 

67,000 

63,00b 

45,000 

8,600 

375,000 

6,000 

223,900 

243,000 

83,840 

122,800 

260,860 

12,800 

6,500 

26,000 

2,000 

2,367,760 

96,000 

96,000 

288,823 

64,000 

1,213,600 

600,000 



-^ . . 60,500 

— . . 57,500 

— . . 4,800 
891 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



BufiiaesB. 

4 Lime-kilns 

1 Cork manufactory 

88 Cigar-makers 

2 EcctifiiTS 

6 Machinists 

5 Starcli factories 

44 Brick-yards 

6 Sausage-makers 

1 Cotton-yarn factory 

13 Bricklayers 

2 Organ builders 

6 Cap-makers 

2 Jewelers 

3 Bandbox-makers 

3 Match factories 

40 Butchers 

1 Gas company 

1 Cotton batting factory . . 

1 Fire and Waterproof i 

roof manufactory . . . ) 

1 Spice-mill 

1 Lead pipe and sheet | 

lead factory ) 

2 Brush-makers 

2 Mustard factories 

1 Basket-maker 

1 Umbrella-maker 

7 Milliners 

2 Oil cloth manufactories . 

2 Saw factories 

3 Vinegar factories 

2 Bellows-makers 

5 Pork houses 

1 Woolen factory 

32 Wagon-makers 

1 Boat (yawl) builder 

2 Distillers 

4 Piano-makers 

1 Comb-maker 

2 Nailors 

1 Mill-stone factory 

6 Daguerreans 

2 MaUiematical instru- | 

ment makers ) 

2 Edge-tool makers 

1 Block and pump maker. 

2 Saddle-tree makers 

1 Ship (steamboat) yard . . 



„ .. , HanJs employed. 
Capital. jj.,|^5_ jlg^_ 

$2,330.. 14.. — .. 

2,500.. 8.. — .. 

20,180.. 92.. — .. 

4,000. 6.. — .. 

30,100.. 100.. — .. 

25,000.. 17.. — .. 

89,000.. 619.. — .. 

505.. 6.. — .. 

TO.OOO.. 40.. 80.. 

16,500.. 104.. — .. 

3,500.. 8.. — .. 

6,150.. 11.. — .. 

2,100.. 4.. — .. 

420.. 7.. — .. 

5,500.. 39.. — .. 

$49,920.. 111.. — .. 

220,000.. 40.. — .. 

32,000.. 85.. — .. 



9,000.. 10.. — , 
14,000.. 12..— 
35,000.. 11.. — .. 75,000 



Annual 
I'mJurt. 

$•21,200 

8,700 

80,270 

28,006 

98,000 

165,000 

301,470 

9,600 

170,000 

104,750 

9,200 

11,900 

5,000 

3,700 

16,800 

$349,650 

43,000 

73,000 

13,500 
50,000 



14,500 

2,100 

2,160 

7,500 

29,500 

30,000 

34,000 

12,500 

32,000 

799,522 

45,000 

146,585 

750 

82,000 

8,000 

1,000 

2,000 

10,000 

18,000 

7,600 

8,500 
9,000 
15,000 
125,000.. 85.. — .. 150,000 



2,500.. 20.. — . 

1,900.. 3.. — . 

400.. 2.. — . 

4,000.. 8.. 2. 

4,300.. 1.. 48. 

3,000.. 30.. — . 

16,500.. 16.. — . 

1,450.. 7.. — . 

1.500.. 3.. — . 

239,800.. 23.. — . 

20,000.. 15.. 10. 

27,275.. 121.. — . 

150.. 1.. — . 

89.000.. 37.. — . 

5,500.. 4.. — . 

600.. 1., — . 

300.. 3.. — . 

10,000.. 10.. — . 

8,000.. 8.. — . 



2,000.. 2. 

3,500.. 15. 

8,000.. 17. 

3,500.. 34. 



Total $4,377,711 7,321 1,130 $15,400,340 

St. Louis must, at nirdistant day, become important as a 
manufacturing city. The heaviest business, as shown above 
in this department, is that of iron-ware. The State boasts 
of her mountains of ore, and the coal region is at the im- 
mediate doors of the city. Within a few years past, the 
articles made of iron have multiplied beyond any expecta- 
tion ; railing, fencing for agricultural u.se, window-sashes, 
door-fronis, columns, caps, telegraph-wire, and water-pipe, 
are only a few of the uses to which iron has lately been 
applied ; and already speculation begins to whisper about 
entire buildings being constructed, and entire streets paved 
with it. The shops of St. Louis already compote with the 
best artisans elsewhere, for the manufacture of steam-engines, 
and of every species of machinery. A connection with 
Pilot Knob, and Iron Mountain, by railway, will obviate at 
once the difficulties of transportation, by placing the ore at 
the furnace, cheaply and expeditiously, and thus bring into 
general use this great metal. Missouri contains, then, within 
her own bosom, an element of wealth that has not yet been 
brought into requisition, and which is destined, at no distant 
day) to give a strong and vigorous pulsation to her growth 



in wealth. Besides this, lead and copper ore are abundant, 
exhaustless, and second in quality to the yield of no other 
region. The contiguity of these minerals to St. Louis, ren- 
der the mines of far more value than those of Lake Superior., 
and will bring a belter return for capital than the invest- 
ments made in the mines of that region. 

If St. Louis, during the ten years preceding 1'550, increased 
from a fraction over 16,000 to nearly 80,000 witlioul the im- 
pulse of railroads, and notwithstanding many drawbacks, 
what must be her progress, and what her population during 
the decade next succeeding, when, independent of other 
causes of increase, the city will have more railroads concen- 
trating within her limits, than Boston now has. To say that it 
will have half a million of inhabitants, and be the third cily in 
the Union in size, would be only relying upon what the past 
and present is proving, and what the future Indicates un- 
erringly. It has hitherto duplicated its population every four 
years, and hence the reader may easily calculate the result 
at the period alluded to. 

The people of St. Louis and of the State have decided for 
themselves what shall be their destiny. They have entered 
upon measures of public improvement, the vastness of which 
is only equaled by the wisdom tliat has planned them ; and 
such is the solid wealth, credit, and fixed purpose of the 
people, that they will certaiidy carry out what they have 
begun, and push on to completion the great railroads — the 
Pacific, the Hannibal and St. Joseph, the St. Louis and 
Northern Missouri, and others in various directions. 

Knowing its own resources, St. Louis views with no jealous 
eye, the efforts made in Illinois and elsewhere, to carry out 
railroad enterprises, such as the Central E. E. from Galena 
and Chicago to Cairo, and the various cross lines that are 
being extended from the lakes to the Mississippi — the latter, 
profitable as they may be to the parties interested, will yet 
mainly benefit St. Louis, by converting the thinly inhabited 
country tlmsugh which they pass into populous and flourish- 
ing districts, whose people will resort to her to exchange their 
products for her manufactures, and the various supplies 
which now reach her from the West Indies, from the south 
and the east; while the Central Eailroad, by developing a 
still greater region, comparatively unimproved, and sparsely 
settled, extending through Illinois north and south, will 
create and open to the trade of St. Louis a populous belt of 
country in front and to the right and loft, the main road 
through which will be reached in less than two hours' time, 
by the cross lines to the east. 

By virtue of railroad connections, St. Louis will thus be 
m.ade the immediate centre of commerce and manufacture 
of 1,500,000 people in Illinois and Missouri, while in ten 
years its own people, in all probability, will approach half a 
million, and itself be the acknowledged exchange mart of 
4,000,000 people. 

The receipts at St. Lmiis of principal articles of produce 
for the years 1849, '50, '51, and '52, were as follows : 

Articles. 1849. IS.'iO. l&M. 1852. 

Wheat bush 881,428 927,346 1,700,708 1,591,886 

Flour, per riv., bis 301,983 298,231 ) jgg ^^^ jg^ ggj 

" " wagon " — 32,852 i ' ' 

Corn sacks 142,182 484,014 1,840.900 344,720 

Oats " 126,835 84S.716 794,421 823,081 

Barley " 44,613 34,744 101,674 47,264 

Pork bbis 113,909 101,562 103,013 66,306 

" tierces — 1,873 15,793 2,704 

Salt sacks 2S9,.580 261,230 216,933 266,616 

" bbls 22,557 19,158 46,250 42,281 

Hemp bales 45,227 60,862 65,336 49.122 

Lead pigs 591 ,S51 573,502 503.571 409,314 

Tobacco ....hhds 9,664 9,055 10,371 14,053 

" ....bo.xes — — 8,380 12,388 

" bales — — — 300 

Beef bbls 14.837 6,049 8,S72 11,165 

" tierces .3,121 2,586 5.G40 6,546 

Dry Hides.... No. 68,395 94,228 99,736 42,201 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Articles. 

Nails kegs 

Whisky bbls 

Sugar hhds 

" bbls 

" boxes 

" bags 

Coffee sacks 

Molasses bbls 

Lard " 

" tierces 



Bacon tierces 

" ca^ks 

Bacon bbls 

" boxes 

" pieces 

" lbs 

" Bag'd Hams 

Bulk Pork . . casks 

" "... boxes 

" " ..pieces 

" " lbs 12, 

Lumber feet 24. 

Shingles " 7. 

Laths "10, 

Staves " 

Bagging ..pieces 
Bale Rope... coils 



1849. 

28,4T1 
22,814 
3,000 
3,004 

58,T02 

31,21T 

64,615 

11,041 

15,512 

2,195 

21,764 

1,040 

2,263 



,589,-360 
,188,651 
,334,500 
,290 



IS.iO. 

25,959 
25,796 
5,034 ) 
12,383 ) 

73,078 
29.518 
61,525 i 
17,925 I 
14,5-19 
7,087 
23,248 1 
3,019 ) 
1,330 I 
46,978 
82,496 
2,893 
1,096 
100 
301,381 
1,481,747 
14,676,099 
4,316,000 
283,000 
807,033 



18.'il. 

57,862 
47,991 
29,276 



97,148 
40,446 
35,283 



84,687 27,672 
— 31,745 



101,904 


96,240 


40,251 


54,935 


52,208 


42,515 


14,450 


11,815 


16,791 


11,285 


1,654 


1,790 


6,629 


18,809 



2,746 
84,088 



3,650 
42,121 



The commercial importance of the city is more readily 
made visible by a view of its shipping trade. Below will be 
found statements showing the arrivals, tonnage, etc., of 
steamboats and barges in the years 1847, '48, '49, '50, '51, 
and '52 respectively : 

Arrivals from 1S47. 1843. 1S49. 18,50. 18.M. I&i2. 

New Orleans 502. .. .426.... 313. ...303.... 800.... 330 

Ohio River 430. . . .429. . . .401 . . . .493. . . .401. . . .520 

lUinois River 658. . . .690. . . .686. . . .788. . . .634. . . .858 



Upper Mississippi. 717 697. 

Missouri River 314 827. 

Cumberland — — . 

Cairo 146. ...194. .. .122. . .. 75. . . .119. . ..223 

Other ports 202 ... .396 ... .217 .... 215 ... .175 .... 201 



806. ...635. ...639. ...705 
•355.... 890.... 301.... 317 
— .... — .... 43.... 30 



Total 2,969.. 3,159.. 2,975. . 3,2.39.. 2,612.. 3,174 

Tonnage... — .. —633,892 681,252.. — .. — 
Keel boats. — .. — .. 166.. 115.. — .. — 

The imports from foreign countries, according to the U. S. 
Treasury Reports in 1850. were valued at $859,643. Ton- 
nage owned in the district 28,907 tons, all of the class enrolled 
and licensed, and of which 24,956 tons were navigated by 
steam. Five steamers (1,354 tons) had been built during 
the year. 

The following is a statement of the principal transactions 
at the custom-house in the years 1851 and 1852 ; 

1852. 18.51. 

The foreign value of goods,wares, 
and merchandise, imported into 
St Louis from foreign countries, 
and entered for consumption at 
this port in 1852 $954,956 00 $757,509 00 

Foreign value of merchandise re- 
maining in public store on 81st 
Dec., ult 11,566 00 8,261 89 

The foreign value of merchandise 
entered at other porta for trans- 
portation hither, but not yet re- 
ceived, estimated 72,951 00 107,902 00 

Total $1,089,478 00 $878,672 89 



Of the above-mentioned goods, 
wares, and n\erchandise, enter- 
ed for consumption in 1852, the 
imports were from the following 
countries : From England, the 

foreign value of which was 

France 

Germany and Holland 

Spain and Dependencies 262,886 00 220,770 00 

Brazil 98,086 00 68,983 00 

Manilla (E. I.) 62,963 00 

Other countries 6,705 00 



$431,.343 00 .$406,118 00 
75,258 00 38,404 00 
22,695 00 23,2.39 00 



Total $954,946 00 $757,509 00 



1413,172 00 $2,S9,753 00 


118,276 00 


1.33,401 00 


182,894 00 


100,211 00 


80,729 00 


98,786 00 


59,826 00 


81,482 00 


110,814 00 


24.287 00 


32,985 00 


24,712 06 


520 00 


2,257 00 


756 00 


2,618 00 


5,733 00 





The general descriptions of mer- 
chandise imported and entered 
for consumption are, viz. : sugar 
and molasses, foreign cost 

Hariiware, cutlery, etc 

Railroad iron 

Earthen and glassware 

Tin-plate, tin, iron, copper, etc. . . 

Dry goods and fancy goods 

Brandies,wines, gins, cordials, etc. 

Burr stones 

Drugs and medicines 

Cigars 

Total $954,946 00 $757,509 00 

Amounts of duties on imports col- 
lected $290,168 85 $239,818 68 

Hospital moneys 8,129 89 2,941 03 

Total amount collected in 1852 $293,298 74 $243,259 Tl 

Amount expended in 1852 for re- 
lief of sick and distressed sea- 
men $3,162 01 $5,44144 

Tonnage on steam vessels remain- 
ing on 81st Dec, 1852 86,372 00 

St. Louis is divided into six wards, and is governed by a 
mayor, aldermen, and common council. Besides the ordi- 
nary State courts, it has also a separate court of common 
pleas, with jurisdiction very similar to the circuit court, a 
criminal court, a court of probate, and a recorder's court. 
These are local courts, exercising jurisdiction only in the 
county, and the reconier's jurisdiction is confined to small 
offenses within the city limits. The following is the valua- 
tion of the old and new limits of each ward in 1851, together 
with the tax which each ward paid in that year. 

YAUTATION IS 1851. 
Wards. Old Limits. 

First Ward $501,794.... 

Second Ward .... 652,021 .... 

Third Ward 6.263.644.... 

Fourth Ward 6,379,725 .... 

Fifth Ward 2,920,098.... 

Sixth Ward 861,992.... 



New Limits. 


Total. 


$3,267,984... 


$3,769,723 


834,265... 


1,486,286 


2,519,861 . . . 


8,783,505 


1,952,429... 


8,832,154 


1,287,420... 


4,207.518 


4,790,021... 


5,152,013 



Total $17,079,274 $14,651,930 $31,731,204 

TAXES IN 1851. 
Wards. Old Limits. New Limits. Total. 

First Ward $5,696 $36,696 $42,892 

Second Ward 40,681 9,286 49,967 

Third Ward 68,999 21,654 90,653 

Fourth Ward 70,404 27,790 98,194 

Fifth Ward 82,824 15,044 47,368 

Sixth Ward 4,026 53,988 58,014 



Total $222,130 $164,458 $386,588 

A list embracing the names of those citizens who own 
property within the city limits exceeding $100,000 in value 
has been compiled from the assessment books. No one 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



will misconceive the sense of the list. The figures opposite 
every name indicate, not the assessed value of all their real 
estate, nor the total of their wcallli, but the value of their 
properly within the city limits only, as affixed by the city 
tissessor : 



Allen, Thomas 
Ashley, Elizabeth.. . 

Benoist, Louis A 

Berlhold,I5. est 

Biddle. John 

Bogy,L. V 

Boyce, Octavia 

Brant, J. B 

Carr, Wm. C 

Chamber, Charles... 

Chouteau, P., Jr 

Chouteau, Henry.. . . 
Clemens. Jame.s, Jr. 
Deaver, Larldn, est.. 
Ewing, Benoist, et al 
Finney, J. and AV... 
Gaty, McCune & Co. 

Gay, J. H 

Graham, Eiohurd. .. 



$3"4.610 
r21,.3U0 
200,000 
101,600 
115,700 
191,000 
310,000 
312,600 
128,000 
125,000 
290,000 
185,500 
342,000 
115,300 
113.000 
163,000 
171,000 
11.5,800 
200,000 



Harney, W. S. 

Harney, Mary 

Lindell, Jesse G.. . . 

Lindell, Peter 

Lindell, P. and J. 6. 

Lucas, James II 

Lucas & Hunt 

MuUanphy, Bryan.. 
O'Falton, Col. John. 

Page, D. D 

Pratte, Bernard 

Rankin, Kobert, est. 

Shaw, Henry 

Slickney & Scollay.. 

Tyler, Robert 

Waddingham, Wm. 

Walker, Isaac 

Walsh, J. and K. . . . 
Wood, James 



$181,900 
266,000 
102,700 
420,000 
148,400 
452,000 
593,000 
291.000 
328,300 
427.500 
118,200 
155.700 
204,100 
132,000 
337,000 
110,600 
307,500 
166.500 
107,000 



Besides the above, there are 273 persons whose property 
is severally valued from 20,000 to 99,000 dollars. 

The thirty years since 1S20 have effected vast changes in 
the wealth and general circumstances of St, Louis, and an 
exhibit of the assessment of that day along with one of the 
present time can not prove altogether without interest. 
Many wealihy citizens of the old times have now, from 
some cause or other, dwindled into poverty, and many 
others who a few years since did not own a foot of real es- 
tate, have become millionaires to-day. The contrast, if in 
some cases painful, is at all events curious. Only those tax- 
payers whose representatives, or who themselves are still 
living, are noticed in the following list. Of the 429 tax-pay- 
ers that there were at that time, the names of only the prin- 
cipal 85 are given. 



Basseroa, Charles $6,225 

Berthold, Bartholomew 7,600 

Bates, ¥.dv.\\ 1.000 

Bobb, John 2,800 

Benoist, Toussain and 

Seraphim 1,200 

Chensa, Antoine 9,175 

Clark, Gov. William.. . 9,9.30 
Chambers, William... 1,200 
Chouteau, Sr. Pierre. .13,025 
Choute.au, Sr. Augnste 9,105 
Duchoquette, Baptiste. 3.500 
Duehoquette. Francois 1,245 

Duncan, Pvobert 1,865 

Everheart, George 720 

English, Elkanah 1,020 

Essex & Hough 3,600 

Forsyth, Thomas 2,215 

Farren & Walker, Drs. 1,700 

Farrar, Barnard G .3,700 

Furgusnn, Peter 1,925 

Finney, John 240 

Geyer, Henry S 4,330 

Gratoist, Charles 8,300 

Gamble, Archibald 2.500 

Giddings, Salmon 1,200 

Hunt, Wilson P 600 

Hawkin, Jacob 5-30 

Hanley. Thomas 8,530 

Hunt, Theodore 1,200 

Hammond, Samuel... 7,900 

Keimerly, James 6,125 

894 



Kennerly, Jas. & Geo.. $8,000 

Kerr, Bell & Co 20,000 

Kerr, Matthew 3,600 

Lisa's, est 10,065 

Labadie, Maria Antoin- 
ette, est 5,000 

Lindell, J. & Co., com- 
posed of P., J., &,T.L. 5,050 
Labeaume, Louis, est. . 300 

Laveille, Francois 415 

Long, G.abriel 2,000 

Lakenan, James 1.720 

Lee, Mary Ann 1,720 

Lane, William Carr. , . 1,000 
Labbadie, Joseph L, . , 1,525 

Landreville, Andre 7,875 

Lecompte, Margaret. . . 9,305 

Lucas, John, B. C 10.000 

Mullanphy, John 8,100 

Mackay, James 1,,500 

Moore, James 1,2S0 

M'Nair, Alexander 6,400 

M'Guire, Thomas 1,910 

M'Knight & Brady 8,300 

O'Fallan, John 2,450 

Papin, Alexander 8,715 

Provencher, J. L 1,500 

Provencher, Peter 1,215 

Prim, John 1,200 

Paul, Rene 4,6S0 

Paul, Gabriel, 4,850 

Papin, Hypt. and Sylv. 5,985 



Papin, Theodore $2, 

Phillibert, Joseph 4. 

Paul & Ingram 20, 

Pratte, B, and Jos 11, 

Price Eisdon H 8. 

Phillipsen, Jos 11, 

Pratte, Bernard 10, 

Quarlas, Robert 3, 

Reed, Jcs.?e 4, 

Rector, Wm 10, 

Rankin, Robert 

Roubidox, Jas. and P. 9, 

Reed, Jacob, est 1, 

Rector, Elias 1, 

Riddock. Thomas F... 7, 

Reynard, Hyacinth 7, 

Sullivan, William 2, 

Sarrade Jean 1, 

Smith, William, est 5, 

Scott, Moses 1. 

Smith, Oliver C 2. 

Simpson, Robert 4, 



Sarpy, John B $6 

Sanguinette, Marianne G 

Stokes & Ashley 4 

Scott, Alexander 2, 

Thornton, John. .. 
Tisson, Louis H. . . 

Tesson, Michael 9, 

Town & Dent 2 

Tracy AWahrendorff.. 3 

Vcmphul, Henry 5 

Valnis, Francois 3. 

Wiggins, Samuel 1 

Whetmore, Alphonzo, 1 

White, Isaac W 

White, Joseph 

Wolford, Ann 2. 

Walker, David C 2,: 

Wilier i& Page 1 

Wherry, Mackay 1. 

Wash, Robert 3. 

Yosle, Theaste 4, 



8T0 
,415 
000 
,500 
5C 
800 
,<?62 
000 
,570 
.460 
015 
,200 
,387 
412 
800 
,115 
345 
,150 
,035 
,975 
,790 



For the year 1821 the total taxes levied on property situ- 
ated within the town limits and precincts, is -f3.8'23 SO. St. 
Louis at that period contained only some 867 buililings, and 
but sixty stores. The total number of slaves w-as 316. 

The history of St. Louis is one of great interest On the 
loth February, 1764, La Clede and his party landed at the 
.«pot now occupied by the city, and proceeded to draw tho 
town limits, which he named St. Louis, in honor of Louis XV. 
of France, a town which subsequently became the capital 
of Upper Louisiana, and which is now the commercial 
capital of Missouri. For long years after this perioil, the 
beasts of the forest afforded nourishment to the settlers, and 
rude huts on the ground and scaffolding in the trees shelter 
and protection to the daring peo])le who first exposed the 
bosom of the soil to the genial influences of soci;U industry. 
From the time of its establishment up to the year 1763, St. 
Louis had grown apace, and every thing connected with its 
position and ])rospects warranted the anticipatiim of a 
peacefid existence under a mild and patriarchal form of 
government. In the mean time, however, the fact of the 
cession of Louisiana to Spain became known, and disturb- 
ance at once interrupted the tranquillity of the settler,s, who 
rebelled against the change of masters. The inhabitants 
clung closely to their loved government of France, and it 
was not until 1708 that St. Louis was occupied by Spanish 
troops. From this period, the settlements made but little 
progress. Upon the transfer of the country from Spain to 
the United States in 1803, the immigration of the Anglo- 
Americans commenced, and the population slowly but 
steadily augmented in numbers. On the 26th March, 1S04, 
the country was constituted a District of the United States, 
under the name of the District of Louisiana, and on the 
19th October of the same year, W. H. Harrison, then 
governor of Indiana, instituted the American authority. On 
the 4th July, 1S05. it was erected into the Tt'rritori/ of 
Louisiana, and on the 4th July, 1S12, it received the name 
of the Territory of Missouri. " We have now arrived at a 
period," says Wilson Primra, in an address on the anniver- 
sary of the founding of the city in 1851, when a new era was 
to dawn, not only on St. Louis, but on all her norlhern and 
western dependencies, when a power greater than that of 
the fabled lamp of Aladdin was to be brought into requisi- 
tion, and by its magic, to mature as It were in a day, in the 
western wilds of America, an existence, which on the shores 
of the eastern continents, the lapse of centuries had not been 
able to procure. In 1817, the ' General Pike,' the first steam- 
boat that ever ascended the Mississippi, made its appearance 
at St. Louis."' The " Independence" was the first steamboat 
that ascended the Missouri (May, 1819). Passing over 
the fierce discussions which eventuated in the establishment 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



of Missouri as one of the confederacy in 1820, we come to 
the year IS'2'2, when St. Louis was erected into a city. Since 
that time what wonderful changes have talien pl.ice. Worlv- 
ing its way to importance and greatness, St. Louis has still 
maintained its onward and upward flight. The advantages 
of education, the lights of science, the blessings of religion, 
placed within the reach of all ; the establishment of a wise 
and vigorous municipal government, under the auspices of 
which its liuiita have been enlarged, and its interior im- 
proved and embellished ; the erection of manufactures, the 
extension of the arts, the regulation of commerce — all these 
results have derived themselves from the natural resources 
of the city, and the intelligence and enterprise of its inhab- 
itants. St. Louis has now a name and reputation at home 
and abroad of which all may be proud. 

Saint Paul, p. v., and cap. Ramsey co., Minn. Ter. : on 
the left bank of the Mississippi, 15 m. by water and 8 m. by 
land below the Falls of St. Anthony, and about half that 
distance below the mouth of Minnesota r., lat. 44° 52' 4G" N., 
and long. 930 04' 54" W. It is situate on two broad benches 
of laud, the lowest of which is 50 feet above the high water 
mark of the Mississippi, which river flows past the town in 
an K. by N. direction. The town site is flanked by beauti- 
ful blu(5s, from which issue springs of cold clear water, and 
nature has done every thing to make it a romantic and 
healthful situation. The first store, or trading house, was 
built in 1S42, and seven years later it was the site of a 
Catholic mission, surrounded by stunted copse, and looking 
across the river from his elevated table rock, the pious re- 
cluse saw a gloomy and silent forest I'niwning upon the slug- 
gish waters and rising with the river hills, falling back for 
miles into the prairie, presenting an aspect of interminable 
woodlands reaching to the distant sunset. The town has 
risen from this wilderness as if by magic. It has now an 
imposing State-house, 139 feet by 53 feet, a court-house, 
with metallic dome, glittering in the sun like a fairy castle, 
jail, nine churches for Cliristian worship, 518 dwellings, of- 
fices and shops, 70 manufactories and business houses, 4 
hotels, 4 school-houses, public and private. In machinery 
of various kinds, including a fiouring-mill, an iron foundry, 
a plow factory, 4 wagon shops, etc., .$177,000 is invested ; 
and stocks of merchandise of all descriptions are valued at 
$790,000 — the last sum including the amount invested in 
the Indian trade. These statistics refer to the spring of 
1853, at which period it contained between 2,500 and 3.000 
inhabitants. In 1S50 its population numbered only 1,135. 
Lines of steamers, coming and going daily, omnibuses, 
coaches, etc., and yet St. Paul's is in the wilderness. Look 
where you will, and the primitive features of the surround- 
ing country remain unchanged, and the wild animal and 
Indian still haunt the grounds to which ages of occupancy 
have given them a prescriptive right. This new town, how- 
ever, will "go ahead," and must eventually become a dep8t 
of a vast interior commerce. It will receive and distribute 
the merchant ware of the Upper Mississippi and the whole 
valley of the Minnesota, which is now being opened to set- 
tlement. Already the annual arrival of steamers from below 
averages 200, bringing to the rising State a wealth of labor 
that will soon level the forests and make the land glad with 
its burden of agricultural profusion. " The society at St. 
Paul's," says a recent writer, " is a peculiar conglomeration 
of attractive and repellant elements, reaching through all 
shades of color, from the bronzed savage to the smoothly 
polished Circassian ; and that confusion of tongues which 
distracted the builders of Babel is no comparison to the St. 
Paulian jarg<m. The Sioux, the French, the Patois, Dutch, 
German, Norwegian, Irish, English, and American alter- 
nately salute you in the street. * * * There are but few 
drones here ; every body is busy, with no idle moneyed 
aristocrats to tyrannize over the industrious poor. * * * 
All here are strangers from different parts — all adventurers ; 
all industrious, generally very orderly, and consequently 
very prosperous and happy." 



Salem, p. city, port of entry, and one of the caps. Essex 
CO., Muss. : on Salem harbor of Massachusetts bay, 14 m. 
N. E. by N. Boston. Lat. (E. 1. M. Hall) 42° 31' 18" N., 
long. 70° 5.3' 53" W. It is chiefly built on a narrow penin- 
sula, formed by two inlets from the harbor, called North and 
South rivers. The latter forms the main harbor, which 
affords good anchorage ground, but vessels drawing more 
than 14 feet of water must be partially unloaded bef ire they 
can come to its wharves. The site of the city is low, but 
pleasant and healthy. Its compact portion is about IJ m, 
long and | m. wide. Its streets are quite irregular, but of 
late many of them have been much improved. It is gener- 
ally well built, and many of the houses and public buildings 
are very handsome structures. "Washington Square is a 
fine public park of eight acres, ornamented with trees, etc. 
The principal public buildings are, the City Hall, built in 
1837, a very fine building, with granite front; the Court- 
house, a new edifice, handsomely situated ; the Custom- 
house, Mechanic Hall, market-house, alms-house, and jail. 
The Museum of the East India Marine Society is a cele- 
brated collection of about 5,000 curiosities of nature and art, 
collected from almost every part of the world, kept in a spa- 
cious hall built by the society. This society was formed in 
1799 of those who, as captains or supercargoes, had doubled 
the Cape of Good Hope or Cape Horn, and in 1823 tho 
number of its members residing in Salem was 160. There 
are 20 churches, of which several are very handsome edi- 
fices. Much attention is given to education, and the public 
schools are of superior excellence. The Salem Atlien»um, 
incorporated in 1810, has a spacious hall in Lawrence Place, 
with a very valuable library of 11,000 volumes. The Essex 
Institute has 2,500 volumes, with other collections ; the Me- 
chanics' Library contains 1.200 volumes ; besides which there 
are two other libraries. In 1850 the periodical press con- 
sisted of 6 issues ; viz., 1 tri-weekly, " Salem Gazette" 
(whig); 2 semi-weekly, "S. Register" (whig) and "Essex 
County Freeman" (F. S.) ; 3 weekly, " S. Observer" (neut), 
"S. Mercury" (neut.), and the " Villager" (fam.). 

The manufactures of Salem are considerable. The 
Naumkeag Cotton Manufacturing Company have a capital 
of $1,000,000, run about 28,000 spindles, employ about 600 
operatives, and annually manufacture 5,000,000 yards of 
gi^ods. There are 2 cordage factories, each employing 
about 60 hands, 3 twine factories, an iron factory, brass 
foundry, and 4 large machine shops. The manufactures of 
leather, boots and shoes, chemicals, and gum copal is very 
extensively carried on. There are 7 banks, with an aggre- 
gate capital of $1,759,000 ; 6 insurance companies, with total 
capital of $900,000 ; 1 marine insurance company, and an 
institution for savings. The lines of railroad leading from 
Salem are — Eastern R. R., passing through it from Boston 
to Portland ; Essex R. R., from Salem to Lawrence, 21 m. ; 
Salem and Lowell R. R., 24 m. ; South Reading Branch R. E. 
to Boston, via South Reading, 19 m. ; and the Marblehead 
Branch R. R., 4 m. 

In foftign commerce Salem was for a long period the 
second town in New England, and was especially distin- 
guished for its East India trade, by which it was very 
greatly enriched. In ISIS the number of vessels employed 
in this trade, belongirig to Salem, was 53, the tonnage of 
which was 14,272 tons. This trade is not now carried on so 
extensively as formerly from this port, but many vessels 
therein engaged are owned here, and deliver their cargoes 
in Boston and New Tt)rk. Tho total tonnage of Salem dis- 
trict on 30th June. 1850, was 28.9 IC tons. The registered 
tonnage was 20,317 tons, of which 19,710 tons were perma- 
nent, and 607 tons temporary. The enrolled anil licensed 
tonnage was 8,599 tons, all permanent ; of which 8,430 tons 
were employed in the coasting trade, 97 tons in cod fishery, 
and 72 tons in the mackerel fishery. In neither class of 
tonnage was any portion employed in steam navigation. 
During the year preceding, the number of clearances for 
foreign countries was 372—35,003 tons. The number of 

395 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



entrances during the same period, as given in tlie U. 8. 
TrL-asury reports, are united witli tliose of Beverly district, 
and their united total is 330—36,790 tons. Of the entire 
foreign commerce about flve-twelftlis of tlie tonnage was 
American, seven-twelftlis foreign. During the year 1 ship 
was built— 299 tons. An U. S. naval officer is stationed at 
this port. 

The city government is vested in the mayor, board of 6 
aldermen, and common council, composed of 24 members, 
6 from each of the 4 wards. The city school committee is 
composed of 2t members. The territory of the city, includ- 
ing islands, contains 5,429 acres. An aqueduct supplies the 
city with excellent spring water. The city alms-house, 
erected in ISIO, is on the Neck, surrounded by a large farm. 
A bridge over the North r., 1,481 feet long, connects Salem 
with Beverly, N. of which is also the railroad bridge. 

The population at different periods has been as follows : 

year. Pop. Year. Fop. Year. I'op. Year. Pop, 



1637.. 


. 900 


1765. 


. 4,427 


1T90. 


. 7,921 



1800... 9,457 
1810... 12,613 
1820... 12,731 



1830...13,S95 I 1845... 16,762 
1836... 15,002 1850... 20,264 
1840... 15,082! 



Salem was settled in 1626, incorporated June 29, 1629, 
made shire town November 9, 1644, and incorporated as a 
city March 23, 1S36. Its Indian name w as Nauuikeag. In 
1629 it contained 200 inhabitants, and the first church was 
then formed. In July, 1630, 17 ships arrived, with 1.500 
persons, by some of whom Boston was founded. In 1692 
the witchcraft delusion prevailed, during which 19 persons 
were condemned and hanged as witches. In 1774, when 
Boston was a closed port. Gen. Gage ordered the removal 
of the general court to this place, which called out great 
remonstrance from its citizens. During the Revolution it 
was distinguished for patriotism, and especially for its va- 
rious naval achievements. In the course of the war it fitted 
out about 60 vessels, manned by about 4,000 men. At the 
end of the war it commenced the East India trade. The 
first vessel thus engaged was at the Cape of Good Hope in 
1784, and at Canton in 1786. In 17S2 was established the 
first regular stage communication with Boston, which was 
tri-weekly; the railroad to Bo-iston was opened August 28, 
ISoS. The usual time at present of passing over it to Boston 
is 45 minutes. On December 23, 1847, the telegraph wires 
were completed to this place from Boston. 

Salf.m, p. v., and cap. Marion co, and capital of the Ter- 
rltory of Oregon : is situated on the E. bank of the Willa- 
mette river, and contains the State buildings, etc. 

Salina, t. and p. v., Onondaga county, K. T. : 133 m. 
W. N. W. Albany. Drained by several small streams flow- 
ing into Onondaga lake, which bounds it on the W. Sur- 
face rolling ; soil of great fertility, and well cultivated. It 
is celebrated for its s.alt manufactures — the Onondaga Salt 
Springs, owned by the State, being located here, mostly on 
the " Onondaga Salt Spring Reservation," consisting of de- 
tached lots of various dimensions, situated promiscuously in 
the town. They are the largest and best in thg United 
States. The making of salt, both by solar evaporation and 
by artificial heat, is carried on extensively in the villages of 
Salina, Syracuse, and Liverpool. The principal sjiring is 
at Salina v., which affords an inexhaustible supply of water, 
yielding to every 40 gallons about one bushel of pure salt. 
The water is forced up by hydraulic engines into a large 
reservoir, from which Syracuse and other places are supplied 
by means of pipes. In 1850, there were manufactured at the 
Salina works 46,546 bushels of coarse salt, 1,866,435 bushels 
of fine, and 262,730 bushels of ground or dairy salt — total, 
2,175,711 bushels. The amount of duty accruing to the State 
from these works was $14,364. The v. is located on the E. 
bank of the lake, and on the Oswego Canal, 2 m. N. Syra- 
cuse. It was incorporated in 1824, and contains — besides a 
number of stores and groceries, flouring and other mills — 
an e.xtensive machine shop and a furnace worked by steam, 
for the [lurpose of manufacturing steam-engines and fine 
896 



castings, several other machine shops, etc. Population of 
t. 2,142. 

Salisbukt, t. and p. v., Litchfield county. Conn.: 41 m. 
N.W. Hartford. Bounded on the N. by Connecticut r., E. 
by the Ilousatonic r., .and on the W. by New York. Im- 
mense hydraulic power is derived from the Housatonic and 
Salmon rivers, and it is well watered by several lakes and 
ponds. The surface is formed by lofty elevations and deep 
valleys, but the soil is well adapted to all kiuds of grain and 
to pasturage. Limestone predominates in the valleys, and 
the hills are of granitef. Iron ore is the chief staple com- 
modity, inexhaustible quantities of which, celebrated, for its 
superior quality, are here found, an<l the manufactures of it 
are exteasive. Wood, also, is abundant, large quantities of 
which are turned into charcoal, and with other materials 
found here, used for smelting the ore. The " Old Ore Hill," 
located near the New York line, has been worked since the 
year 1732. The first furnace was erected in 1762, and a 
large amount of cannon-balls and bomb-shells were manu- 
factured here during the Revolutionary War. There are 
now in Salisbury several furnaces, forges, puddling estab- 
lishments, manufactories of guns, anchors, scytlies, engine 
cranks, hoes, trip-hammers, etc. The forges and puddling 
establishments produce an immense quantity of wrought 
iron, which is used for anchors, car axletrees, musket bar- 
rels, etc. Some of the oldest guns in our navy were made 
at the old furnace here, and muskets are still being made 
from the products of these mines. The ore is the brown 
hematite, and yields 40 per cent, of pig iron. The v. of 
Salisbury is located on Salmon r., and is a pleasant place. 
Pop. of t. 3,103. 

Salt Lake City, or City of the Great Salt Lake, p. city, 
and cap. Salt Lake co., UUth Ter. : on Jordan river, a strait 
between Utah and Great Salt lakes, 105 m. N. by E. Fillmore 
City. This settlement of the Mormons is situated at the west- 
ern base of the Wasatch Mountains, on an elevation of more 
than 4,000 feet. The Mormon communion w.as first org.an- 
ized in 1830, under the auspices of Joseph Smith, the 
prophet and founder, and the settlement commenced at this 
place under Brigham Young, his successor, in July, 1847 ; 
soon alter which it was laid out in streets and squares for a 
large city, and a fort or inclosure erected for defense against 
attacks by Indians. The streets are well planned, running at 
right angles S rods wide, with sidewalks of 20 feet, the blocks 
40 rods squ.are, divided into 8 lots, each containing one acre 
and a quarter. The houses are built principally of sun-dried 
brick, and present a neat appearance. In October the col- 
ony was strengthened by the arrival of from 3,000 to 4,000 
persons, since which time building and agriculture have been 
prosecuted to such an extent that it is now a place of con- 
siderable note. Agriculture and the raising of stock are the 
chief pursuits of the inhabitants; but establishments are 
being erected for the manufacture of woolen goods, sugar, 
etc. ; wood, iron ore, and alum is found in the vicinity, and 
salt is m.-mufactured from the waters of the lake, which con- 
tains 20 per cent, of pure salt. By an Act of Congress, a 
mail line has been established from this city through the 
principal cities and towns to San Diego (California). A 
school for the education of teachers has been commenced, 
school-houses built for the instruction of children, a univer- 
sity is in contemplation (the site of which has been selected 
on one of the terraces of the mountain, overlooking the 
city), and altogether it is in a flourishing condition. P 6,157 

San Antonio, p. v., and cap. Bexar co., Tex. : near the 
source of the river so called, 73 m. S. S. W. Austin City, 
lat. 29° 25' 22" N., and long. 98° 29' 15" W. It is located on 
both sides of the river, about 20 m. above its junction with 
the Medina, and is one of the oldest towns in North 
America, containing many ancient structures. The Alamo 
in the N. E. part of the t. on the left bank of the river, is a 
large oblong walled inclosure, of about an acre in extent, 
once used as a fortress, but now in a ruinous condition. This 
t. is celebrated in history as the scene of several battles, and 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



the Alamo was gallantly defended by Col. Travis for two 
weeks. A United States arsenal is located here, and an 
Ursuline convent, and several other Catholic institutions. 
The Mexican Gulf E. K. will verge from this place, and 
connect with Saluria (Calhoun co.). The " Western Texian" 
is a weekly issue. Pop. 3,4S8. 

San Diego, p. v., and cap. San Diego co., Odif. : near 
the S. boundary of California, in lat. 32° 41' 5S" N., and 
long. 117° 1.3' 25" W., 425 m. S. E. San Francisco, and 455 
from Vallejo. It is on a wide and spacious bay, the S. 
shore of which is low and sandy. From the opposite side a 
narrow strip of shingle beach projects into the sea, forming 
a natural breakwater, having an entrance of not more than 
300 yards wide, and is, with the exception of Acapulco, the 
finest harbor on the Pacific. The r., which is small, is on a 
plain 3 m. from the anchorage, which is at the foot of the 
hills jnst inside the bay, and from which it is scarcely visi- 
ble. It was the first place occupied by the Spaniards in 
Upper California. There is a fort in the v., which is occu- 
pied by a U. S. garrison. Coal is found in the vicinity.. 
Population 700. 

Sandusky City, p. v., port of entry, and cap. Erie co., 
Ohio: on the S. side of the bay so called, fronting the open- 
ing inter, and 3 m. from. Lake Erie, N. \ E. Columbus. The 
V. is based on an extensive quarry of excellent stone, which 
has been used to a great extent as a building material in the 
city, as well as an article of export to other places. The 
ground on which the v. is built has a gradual rise from the 
water for about half a mile, thereby affording a fine view of 
the hike. The wharves are substantial and commodious, and, 
with the exception of a short time in the winter season, are 
thronged with steamboats and other lake vessels arriving 
and departing with travelers and merchandise. There are 
ship-yards situated here, at which vessels and steamboats 
are built to a considerable extent. It is connected with 
Cincinnati by the Mad Kiver and Lake Erie K. E. 21S 
miles, and to Newark by the Sandusky, Mansfield, and 
Newark E. E. 116 miles distant, by which means a heavy 
transportation business is carried on with the interior and 
the Ohio river. Other roads are projected, and will ere long 
be built, as the Lake Shore line, etc. 

From a detailed statement of the commerce of the port of 
Sandusky, and other places in the district, published in the 
'• Commercial Eeporter," the following statistics are com- 
piled, which exhibit a large increase in the business of 1852, 
as compared with that of 1S51 : 

COMMEECE OF SANDUSKY CITY. 
Imports. Exports, Total Commerce. 

1852 $40,896,085 $18,789,814 $59,085,899 

1851 13,917,564 4,755,729 18,07-3,293 



Increase. $26,978,521 $14,034,085 $41,012,606 

COMMEKCE OF OTHJin P0KT8 OF DKTKICT. 

Imports. Exports. Total Ccmimerfi 

1852 $4,176,321 $1,2.37,267 $5,413,583 

1851 1,411,918 1.160,1.53 2,572,071 



Increase . . $2,704,403 $77,114 $2,841,517 

TOTAL OF SANDUSKY DISTRICT. 
Imports. Exports. Totsl Comrr.erce. 

1852 $45,072,406 $20,027,081 $65,099,487 

1851 16,-329,4S2 5,915,882 21,245,364 



Increase. $29,742,924 $14,111,199 $43,854,123 

To account in part for this great increase, it is proper to 
state, that the exhibit of the commerce for 1851 did not in- 
clude money packages by express, which are included in 
that of 1852. 

The number of arrivals and departures for the same year, 
comparatively, were as follows : 

Arrivals.' Departures. Total. 

1852 8,242 3,250 6.492 

1851 1,998 1,990 3,998 

.... 2,494 



Increase 1,344 1,260 



The Sandusky District extends from Black river to Port 
Clinton, and has a coast line of 50 miles. The shipping 
places are Vermilion, Huron, and Port Clinton on the lake, 
the city of Sandusky, and Seneca within Sandusky bay, 
and Fremont, 30 miles up Sandusky river. The shipping 
owned in the district in 1850 was 7,3'28 tons. The port has 
also some small intercourse with the British provinces. 

Sandusky was originally laid out in 1817 by two gentle- 
men from Connecticut, and the first dwelling erected in tlie 
fall of that year. The first church was built in 1830. It 
now contains the county eourt-house, jail, and other public 
buildings, several churches, an academy built of stone, three 
stories high, a large number of stores, several commission 
houses, extensive machine shops, at whicli arc manufactured 
iron for railroad cars ; two banks, printing-offices, hotels, 
and other establishments. A short distance back from the 
bay is a public square, around which are the principal pub- 
lic buildings and churches. On the whole, Sandusky is a 
well-planned and flourishing city, and rapidly increasing in 
importance. There are five papers published here, the "S. 
Mirror," (dem.) daily and weekly, " Commercial Eegister" 
(com.) daily, " S. Clarion," weekly (whig), " Daily San- 
duskian" daily (whig), and " The Gleaner" monthly (neut.) 
Pop. 5,088, which includes Portland. 

San Francisco, p. city, port of entry, and cap. San Fran- 
cisco CO., Calif. : on a narrow neck of land between the bay 
of the same name and the Pacific Ocean, fronting eastward 
on the bay, and having the ocean five miles on the west. 
Lat. of the Presidio, 37° 47' 35" N., and long. 122° 26' 15'' W. 

The year that gave birth to the great Western Eepublic 
on the Atlantic shore also witnessed the first permanent set- 
tlement on the coast of California. In 17T0, two Catholic 
missionaries — Francisco Palou and Benito Cambon — landed 
on the Bay of San Francisco, and proceeded to establish a 
central point for their operations in civilizing and Christian- 
izing the native tribes. Finding a fertile tract, capable of 
irrigation, near 2 m. S. of the present city, they chose that 
for their home, and founded the Mission Dolores, a name 
commemorative of the sulTerings of the Virgin. The mis- 
sions of San Josg, Santa Clara, San Eaphael, and others, 
were established subsequently, and were dependent on that 
of San Francisco. On the present site of the city a few 
houses were erected about the same time. This settlement 
was called Yerha Bueiia — " good herb," because a herb of 
that name, reputed medicinal and sometimes used as a sub- 
stitute for Chinese tea, was found in abundance on the sur- 
rounding hills. The town retained this name until occupied 
by the Americans. All the buildings were of adobes. The 
presidio, three miles W. of the town, and near th'fe entrance 
of the bay, was built about the same time for government 
purposes. Soon after its organization the mission flourished 
rapidly ; the Indians learned to repose confidence in the 
padres, and embraced with avidity the new religion and 
many of the arts of civilization ; they lived in small com- 
munities, and were occupied in tilling the earth and other 
employments under the direction of the missionaries. Some 
idea of the extent of the operations of the padres may be 
formed from the fact that there belonged to the mission at 
one period 20,000 head of cattle, 8,000 horses, and 30,000 
sheep. In 1810 the number of Christian baptisms had 
reached 3,890, and in 1831, the period of greatest prosperity, 
the whole number had amounted to 6,883. From this date the 
mission declined, and the Indians were driven off by political 
disturbances. From 1881 to 1819 the number of baptisms 
was only 408. Of the entire list, it is computed that nine- 
tenths were Indians, and the remainder Californians or im 
migrants and their descendants, principally from Mexico. 
In the mean time the town was slowly increasing, some im- 
portance being attached to it in consequence of the hides 
and tallow which it exported. In 1839 it was laid out as a 
town by Captain John Vioget, the few houses being pre- 
viously scattered without regularity. In 1845 it contained 
150 inhabitants. About this time it began to attract the at- 

397 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES, 



tention of some adventurous Americans, and the population 
increased in two years to nearly OUO. It was, in fact, an 
American settlement long before it fell a conquest to the 
United States. 

The bay on which the city stands extends S. of it some 
60 m. parallel wilh the sea, from which it is only separated 
by a narrow slrij) of land, varying from 5 to 25 ra. in breadth. 
The city is on the e.\treme point of this peninsula. Its site 
is handsome and commanding, being on an inclined plane 
half a mile in extent from the water's edge to the hills in 
the rear. Two points of land — Clark's Point on the N., and 
Kincon Point on the S., one mile apart — project into the 
bay, forming a crescent between them, which is the water 
front of the city, and which has already been filled in and 
covered with buildings for the extent of half a mile. Those 
points and the lofiy hills, N. and W., upon which the 
city is rapidly climbing, alTord a most extensive and pic- 
turesque view of the surrounding country. Standing on 
Telegniph Hill, to Ihe N. of the city, and looking E., the 
spectator sees the spacious bay, 8 m. in width, crowded 
with ships of all nations, and the fertile coast of Contra 
Costa beyond, with its new city of Oakland, behind which 
rises hill on hill, to the red wood forests on the summits — 
towering ovur the rest, the conical peak of Mount Diabolo, 
at a distance of 30 m. To the N. is the entrance from the 
ocean, and Saucilito, 6 m. distant, at the foot of the opposite 
hills. The northern arm of the bay also stretches away till 
lost in the distance, studded wilh smoking steamers on their 
way to the numerous points on the Sacramento and San 
Joaquin rivers. To the S. is the busy city, the Mission 
Dolores, the southern arm of the bay lost in the horizon, 
and the dim, distant coast-range running parallel on the E. 
Facing W. is seen the narrow strait through which the rest- 
less ocean ebbs and flows, and into which the sea-breeze 
sweeps daily with its chilling but purifying mists — the 
Golden Gate, the Presidio, the fort, and the great ocean 
beyond. 

The Bay of San Francisco, says Fremont, has been cele- 
brated, from the time of its first discovery, as one of the finest 
in the W(irM, and is justly entitled to that character, even 
under the seaman's view of a mere harbor. But when all 
the accessary advantages which belong to it — fertile and 
picturesque dependent country ; mildness imd salubrity of 
climate; connection with the great interior Valley of the 
Sacramento and San Joaquin ; its vast resources for ship- 
timber, grain, and cattle — when these advantages are all 
taken inio account, with its geographical position on the 
line of communication with Asia, it rises into an importance 
far above^hat of a mere harbor, and deserves a particular 
notice in any account of maritime California. Its latitudinal 
position is that of Lisbon ; its climate is that of Southern 
Italy ; settlements upon it for more llian half a century at- 
test its healthiness ; bold shores ami mountains give it 
grandeur; the extent and fertility of its dependent country 
give it great resources for agriculture, commerce, and pop- 
ulation. (See .article Califoknia.) 

The city, as it now exists, is regularly laid out into streets 
and squares, and contains a vast mmiber of wholesale and 
and retail stores, well built, many of brick, and in its public 
buildings is not behind the maj<prity of Atlantic cities in 
point of architecture and ornament. All is being built on a 
magnificent scale commensurate wilh the greatness of the 
golden lands of which it is the commercial dep6t. lis facil- 
ities for shipi)ing are excellent, and its anchorage safe and 
commodious. It would, however, be useless to describe 
such a place; its daily progress and general advancement 
render such an attempt nugatory, as a description of to-day 
would give but a poor idea of its condition on the morrow. 
To sum up its past and give its latest statistical returns 
is all that can be required. The city is governed by a 
mayor, aldermen, and recorder, and has various municipal 
courts, in which justice is regularly disi»ensed. The streets 
Which so lately were mere sand-tracks, are now paved and 
893 



lighted, and in regard of its police an unparalleled efrt -imcy 
is maintained. There are many things in San Francisco, 
however, which would not be tolerated in New England; it 
has its gaming houses and swindling shops of every degree, 
aTid many of its hotels are absolute hells ; but tlic.-ie are the 
inciiients of its peculiar situaticm. The recei)tacle of the 
"fast men" of all countries, and the thre.adbare characters 
of the Atlantic Slates, it is only wonderful that it is not 
worse than it really is said to be. But this position of af- 
fairs can only be temporary, and will be gradually removed 
as a permanent population is attained. 

The corporation of San Francisco consists of a mayor, 
recorder, marshal, controller, treasurer, tax collector, city 
attorney, street commissioner, three county assessors, county 
justice, constable, eight aldermen, and eight assistant alder- 
men. The police force consists of a captain, assistant cap- 
tain, and thirly-two men. Several of the heavy mercantile 
houses employ special policemen, maintained at their own 
expense, but clothed with authority by the mayor and inar- 
slial. The health department levies one doll.ar from each 
passenger landing by sea, which enlitles the sick to admis- 
sion into the City Hospital free of charge for the subsequent 
six months. 

The general condition of the city in 1852 maybe gathered 
from the Slate census of that year, and other returns refer- 
ring to other late periods. 

Total population— 34,876 ; of which 34,820 were whites— 
29,160 males, and 5,154 females; 312 were negroes— 260 
mail's, and 52 females ; 132 were mulattoes — 99 males, and 
•33 femaUs; 12 domesticated Indians — 6 males, and 6 fe- 
males. Persons over 21 years of age — Americans, 11,371 
negroes, 275, mulaltoes, 103, and foreigners, 15,937. The 
total number of foreigners was 18,854, of which 16,144 were 
males, and 2,710 females. 

The following are the statistics of the arrivals from East- 
ern domestic ports during the year, with the ports from 
which they sailed, the tonnage, etc. : 

Whence. Vessels. Tons. A v. passage, 

Boston, M.iss 47 34,241 14S} days 

New York, N.Y 99 83.339 150 " 

Phil.adelphia, Pa 7 2,839 161 " 

Baltimore, Md 6 1,890 179 " 

Frankfort, Me 1 199 156 " 

New London, Ct 1 135 185 " 

Richmond, Va 3 2,007 159J " 



The arri\ 


als during the dilTerent months of the year were 


as follows : 








Mon:lis, Ves. 


Tons, Av. days. Montlis, Ves. 


Tons. A 


V. days. 


Jan... 6. 


. 5.941... 140 


July.. 18.. 


. 14,4.39.. 


. 146J 


Feb... S. 


. 8,2.'«... 14.5i 


Aug. .17.. 


. 12,4-'4.. 


. 14Si 


M,ir... 7. 


, 4,.'i57... 132 


Sept. . 13.. 


. 10,022.. 


. lo6i 


April .13. 


. 10,2117... 137i 


Oct. .. 27.. 


. 19,441.. 


. 160 


May.. 11. 


. 7,695... 149 


Nov. . 22 . . 


. 1.5,877.. 


, 161 


■Tune.. 3. 


. 2,804... 129 


Dec. .18.. 


. 12 285.. 


. 158i 



Subjoined is a statement of the number of vessels which 
have sailed from the Atlantic States for California, each 
month, since the discovery of gold. 



Montll. 


ISJS. 


1841). 


IS,-)0. 


IS.'il 


ISBS. 


January 


. ., — .. . 


,. 83... 


.. 82... 


... 26.. 


.. 14 


February 


... — ... 


.. 64... 


., 83.,. 


... 11.. 


.. 20 


-March 


. .. — ... 


.. 53... 


.. 109.,, 


... IS.. 


.. 24 


April 


., — 


., 21,,., 


,, 69... 


.. 3.. 


.. 16 


May 


,, — 


.. 23..,, 


.. 33... 


... 4.. 


.. 23 


.Tune 


.. — 


,, 34.... 


., 32... 


... 5.. 


.. 28 


July ,, 


,. — 


.. 42.... 


.. 25 .. 


.. 6.. 


.. 15 


August 


,, — 


,, 50,,.. 


., 20,,, 


.. 4.. 


., 27 


September , , 


... — ... 


,. 40.... 


,, 23.,, 


... 4.. 


.. 31 


October 


... 8.., 


.. 74.... 


,, 37.,. 


.. 10.. 


.. 34 


November. . . 


,.. 6.., 


.. 105.... 


. . 41 . . . 


.., 14.. 


.. 26 


December. .. 


.. 11... 


., 89.... 


.. 21... 


.. 11.. 


.. _ 



Total. 



20 



678 



686 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



The number of passengers arrivin<; and clearing by sea 
at San P'rancisco, during the year ending '2Sth Dec., 1852, 
was as follows: 



Males 57,316 , 

Females 5,223 

Children 1,651 



Total 64,190 22,9-t6 

—excess of arrivals 41,214. The arrivals overland and at 
other piirts may be set down at 10,000, which would give to 
flie State an increase of upward of 50,000 in the year, irre- 
spective of natural increase. 

Statement showing the national character, number, and 
tonnage of vessels which arrived and chared at San Fran- 
cisco during the year ending 31st December, 1852, and the 
countries of departure and destination : 



lOl 



ENTRANCES. 
Americ.-in. 



Dep.,rtur.. ^^^^ 

U.S. Pacific Ports.... 183 
N.W. Coast of Amer.. 5 

Mexico 23 , 

Centra! America 36 , 

New Gtanada 6-t , 

Peru 9 . 

Chile 17 . 

Bociety Islands 32 . 

Sandwich Islands. .. . 31 . 
Other Pacific Ports... 12 . 

Philippines — . 

China 21 . 

East Indies 1 . 

Australia 5 . 

France 1 . 

Spain — . 

Belgium — . 

Holland — . 

Hanse Towns — . 

Portugal — . 

Oreat Britain — . 

IT. S. Atlanlic Ports ..152 . 
All other Countries. . . 2 . 



Total 



CLEARANCES. 



Tona. 

, 73,721 . 
981 . 

4.803 . 
22.080 ., 
58,248 ., 

1,671 .. 

5,003 .. 

3,922 .. 

5,658 .. 

3,599 .. 

11.527 .. 

197 .. 

1,53-2 .. 

309 .. 



..123,770 
271 




.594 ....317,262 .... 990 ....444,515 



Total. 



Vei 



■""" Vesa. Tons. 

U. S. Pacific Ports .... 696 ... 122,993 

N.W. Coast of Amer.. 12 .... 2,398 

Mexico 15 .... 8.594 

Central America .36 .... 23,.587 

New Granada 57 .... 57,733 

Peru 13 .... 5.507 

Chile 21 .... 7,455 

Society Islands 22 2,755 

Sandwich Islands 47 13,444 

Other Pacific Ports... 27 ... 5.665 

Philippines 18 .... 12.174 

China 80 .... 59,368 

East Indies 82 .... 21,307 

Australia 17 .... 5,709 

France — .... — 

Spain — — 

Belgium — — 

Holland — . . . . — 

Hanse Towns — — 

Portugal — — 

^Great Britain — — 

U. S. Atlantic Ports.. 24 .... 15,403 

All other Countries . . 3 1,349 

Total 1,121 . . .861,166 . . . .1,528 



196 ....122,993 

19 .... 3,219 

73 .... 15,652 

46 .... 26,179 



65 
47 

115 
29 
80 
42 
24 

137 
68 
57 



60,322 
23,209 
36,663 
3,620 
17,875 
11,048 
14,863 
85,699 
.39,976 
15,104 




.491.578 



The twelve shortest passages of the year were as follows: 

Name. From. Datenfarr. Days. 

Sword Fish New York Feb. 10 92 

Flying Fish Boston " 15 98 

Staffordshire " Aug. 13 101 

Sov. of the Seas.. . New York Nov. 15 103 

Comet " Jan. 13 104 

Wild Pigeon " " 28 104 

.John Bertram Boston Mar. 26 105 

Shooting Star " Aug. 17 105 

Cdestial New York Feb. 17 107 

Courier Boston Ap. 28 108 

Eclipse New York " 22 103 

SeaWitch " Dec. 9 108 

The following table, taken from ITunVs " Merchants' Mag- 
azine" for May, 1853, though differirig somewhat from the 
above, will nevertheless bo most valuable on account of its 
showing the character of the shipping, both entered and 
cleared, at the port : 

ENTRANCES, 1852. 

mm fureign porta. 



Character. 



American. 
Coastwise. 
No. Tons. 

Steamers. 57. 46,046 



No 



Ions. ISu, Ions. 

72,441. 1.. 389.. 127. 118,876 
Ships . . . .139.119,055. .28. .16,275. 93. .52.3^2. .260.187,712 
Barks.... 58. 17,6S6.. 38.. 10,279. 141. .51,844.. 237. 79,809 
Brigs.... 64. 11.221.. 64. .11,233.112. .19.782. .240. 42,286 
Schooners 26. 2,783.. 53.. 6,666. 60.. 6,892.. 139. 16,321 

Total ..344 196,781 252 116,944 407 131,2891,003 445,014 

CLEARANCES, 1852. 
American. For foreign ports. 

Character. Co^>stwi.ie. American. Foreign. Total. 

No. •runs. Ko. Tons. No, Tons. No. Tons, 

Steamers. 90. 57,758. 66. 68,511. 2.. 778.. 158. 127,047 
Ships.... 22. 18,739.141.112,1.35. 93. .51,4->S. .256.182,302 
Barks.... 43. 12,170. 74. 21,868.134. .52.577.. 256. 86.615 
Brigs.... 92. 16,416. 64. 11,625.107. .18.477.. 263. 45,518 
Schooners453. 29,424. 46. 5,545. 59.. 6.728.. 558. 41,657 

Total ..705 1.33,507 391 219,644 405 129,9831,491 483,139 

The amount of gold dust shipped by steamers from the 
port of San Francisco, during the year euding 31st Dec, 
1852, was, according to a table carefully prepared by Adams 
& Co., $45,587,803 ; of which .$39,007,367 was destined for ' 
New York, $470,783 for New Orleans. $6,020,027 for Lon- 
don, $46,000 for Panama, and $43,626 for San Juan. The 
shipments for the several months were, .$2,905,770 for Jan., 
$1,770,122 f>r Feb., $2,173,304 for March, $3,467,293 for 
April, $5,470,923 for May, $3,570,266 for June, $4,119,509 
for July, $3,619,929 for Aug., $4,108,6.30 for Sept., $5,067,386 
for Oct., $5,253,499 for Nov., $4,056,172 for Dec. 

The amount of gold dust manifested and shipped by sail- 
ing vessels during the same time was $213,518 ; of which 
$97,907 was sent to Valparaiso, $22,611 to Hong Kong, 
.$47,000 to Canton, $7,000 to Shanghae, and 39,000 to ports 
in China. 

The amount of coin manifested during the same time was 
$455,253; of which $185,061 was shipped to Hong Kong, 
$12,000 to Whampoa, $25,000 to Shanghae, $75,350 to ports 
in China, $32,432 to Valparaiso, $49,8.!>0 to Manilla, $4,000 
to Punta Arenas, and $71,000 to Honolulu. 

The total amount of gold dust and coin manifested and 
shipped on board steamers and sading vessels during the 
year 1S52 was $46,256,574. This, of course, does not show- 
all the gold dust exported during the year, as many vessels 
are in the habit of taking large amounts abroad without 
noting them on their manifests. To obtain the actual export 
it would be necessary to add these unknown shipments, and 
also an estimate for the amount taken away in the hands of 
passengers. This last may safely be put down for the year 
at $10,000,000, showing a total export of gold from California 
during the year 1852 of about $56,000,000. 

The history of San Francisco since the American occu- 

899 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



pancy, is full of inlerest and instruction. Within the brief 
space of 5 or 6 years, it has risen from a comparatively 
small village, to a mighty city, commatiding the trade of the 
world, and the destined port of a large moving population. 
The war with Mexico, which brokt; out in 1S46, gave a first 
impulse to its commerce, by requiring the shijiment of sup- 
plies for military purposes. In March, 1S47, there were in 
the harbor the extraordinary number of six vessels — the 
imports for the last quarter of that year amounted to $49,600, 
and the exports to $53,600. At tiiis period, the number of 
inhabitants, exclusive of Indians, was 875. Eight months 
later, when a census was taken by the Board of School 
Trustees, the number exceeded 800, of which CO were of 
scholastic age. This increase of more than 100 per cent, in 
eight months, took place before the discovery of gold, and 
when California was sought merely for agricultural and 
commercial purposes. The first school-house was completed 
in Dec, 1S47, and the town council passed a resolution, that 
"not exceeding $400 be appropriated to the payment of the 
teacher of the public school of this place, $200 to be paid at 
the expiration of the first six months, and $200 to be paid 
at the expiration of twelve months, from the commencement 
of the school. This was the day of small things. Gold was 
a scarce article, except as a hidden treasure. The first 
American school in California was duly opened on Monday, 
8d April, 1S4S. It appears that the early settlers were bent 
on reducing the town to the order and decorum of some 
Atlantic cities. Ordinances were passad in 1S47 imposing 
a fine of $5 on any person allowing hogs to run at large, 
and a fine of $20 on any person discharging fire-arms 
within a mile of the public square. Complaints wore even 
made in the newspaper, against the practice of smoking 
cigars in the magistrates' office and other public places. In 
January, 1S47, an ordinance was published, directing that 
the name of Yerba Buena, as ajiplied to the town, be changed 
to San Francisco, in all public documents and records. On 
the 13th Sept., the first election was held, for six members 
of council. The number of votes polled was 200. The 
"steamboat" made its experimental- trip on the 15th Nov. 
of that year. This pioneer in steam navigaticm was a 
diminutive vessel, the name of which is not given. In 
April, 1S47, a semi-monthly mail was established to San 
Diego and other southward points. On the 1st of April next 
"year, tlie " California Star Express'' left by the overland 
route. This formidable enterprise, the first regular convey- 
ance to the States, was announced to go through, as far as 
Independence, in 60 days. The postage on a letter was 
50 cents. Early in 1848, an excitement appears to have 
taken hold of the public mind, in regard to the supposed 
mineral treasures of the country ; but it is worthy of remark, 
that gold was the metal least thought of. The quicksilver 
mines near San Jos6 had long been known and worked. 
Copper was discovered somewhere, saltpetre and sulphur 
also, a quarry of limestone was opened, and coal had been 
found near San Francisco. Silver it was said had also been 
discovered. To this metal, indeed, more than any other, 
was expectation directed, and people seemed to have an 
idea that the land was underlaid with silver ore. The first 
discovery of gold was made near Sutter's Fort, .30 miles from 
New Helvetia, in Dec, 1847, and by the ensuing spring, the 
" yellow fever" as it was facetiously called, had carried off 
the greater part of the population. Stores were closed, and 
houses left tenantless, and every thing wore a desolate and 
sombre look. Lawyers, merchants, grocers, carpenters, and 
cooks, rushed in one motley assemblage to the mines. The 
newspapers ceased their issues. This .suspension of trade 
and business, however, was soon succeeded by the most 
extraordinary activity. Adventurers from all nations, and 
merchandise of all kinds began to pour into the town, on its 
way to the mining regions. The forsaken buildings re- 
ceived a new tenantry, and the store-houses were in demand 
for mercantile purposes. In August, emigrants began to 
arrive at the rate of 500 a month, and in the middle of 
400 



September, the harbor is described as crowded with ship- 
ping, the wharf lined with goods, and the streets filled with a 
busy throng. In the first two months of the golden ago, the 
amount of dust brought into San Franeisap was estimated 
at $250,000 ; and in the next two months, at $600,000. In 
Sept., 1848, an era took place in the history of the city: a 
square-rigged vessel — the brig Belfast, from New York, had 
arrived, laden with a valuable cargo. She hauled up at 
Broadway wharf, the only one accessible to such a vessel, 
and there discharged. No sooner was she known to be 
landing her cargo, than real estate rose 50 per cent. A 
vacant lot on the corner of Washington and Montgomery 
streets, at that time bordering on the water, which had been 
offered for $5,000 and refused, sold readily the very next 
day for $10,000. The first brick building was erected at the 
corner of Montgomery and Clay streets, in Sept., 1S4S. 

About this time projects were started for establishing a 
temperance society and rflyceum, but most persons thought 
that a theatre was most the suitable moral exponent ; a pro- 
position was also made to establish a hospital for miners 
etc In November, at a public meeting, the Eev. T. D 
Hunt was elected " chaplain for the city." At the election 
in October, 1848, 158 votes were polled ; in December, 1848 
the voters numbered 347, and in the August next year 1,519 
votes were polled. In December, 1848, the public school 
was re-opened. In November, 184S, when the people re- 
turned from the mines for the winter, the effects of the gold 
discovery were most generally felt. Lota that in the spring 
were sold at from $100 to $2,000, now ranged from $1,000 
to $15,000, and rents had quintupled. In February, 1849, 
the population was estimated at 2.000. The duties collected 
at the custom-house in 1848 were — 1st quarter, $11,9.31 ; 2d 
quarter, $8,885; 3d quarter, $74,827, and 4th quarter, 
$100,480. The exports of merchandise amounted to about 
$1,000,000, and the imports of coin to about the same amount, 
while the exports of gold dust for the last six months were 
$2,000,000, or something less than the quantity regularly 
exported every two weeks fonr years after. The first fire, for 
which incidents San Francisco has become famous, occur- 
red in January, 1849, burning the Shades Hotel, and in 
June, the ship Philadelphia was burnt in the harbor. On 
the 1st February of the same year the "California," the first 
steamship in the mail service, arrived. On the 18th of May 
arrived the ship Grey Eagle, of Philadelphia, having made 
the passage in 117 days — thus far the quickest passage. It 
was computed that the number of emigrants in the country 
in June of this year was 15,000, of whom the greater portion 
had debarked at this port. Sixty-four vessels were in the 
harbor. In the month of July there arrived by sea 3,614 
souls. Some idea of the rapid march of the country in those 
times may be formed, from the fact that, on a single day, the 
1st July, there arrived 17 vessels with 889 passengers. In 
August the population was computed at 5,000. The num- 
ber of arrivals during the month had been 3,895. In Sept., 
5,802 arrived, and in October about 4,000. The Baptists 
built the first Protestant house of worshq) in California, and 
dedicated it on the 5th .Vugust, 1849. Central wharf was 
finished in the latter part of this year. In October a little 
iron steamboat was launched, and was placed on the route 
to Sacramento. On one of her trips she brought a number 
of salmon from Sacramento, which sold readily at $1 per 
pound, and some of the fish brought as high a price as $45. 
The steamboats MKim_ and Senator were shortly after put 
on the same route. All these vessels were crowded with 
passengers. An election to adopt the constitution, and to 
choose State officers, was held on the 13lh November, when 
the number of b.allots cast was 3,169, of which only 5 were 
in the negative. In the winter of 1819-50 the business of 
San Francisco was almost suspended on account of the im- 
p.nssable condition of the streets from rain, and in nuraerousA 
instances persons are said to have perished in the mud. 
At this period the most motley population in the world was 
congregated in San Francisco, and the capricious taste of 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



the citizens, in regard of dress, served to ndd to Mie ap- 
parent diversity. Every man had liis own standard of 
fashion entirely independent of the rest of the world. As 
the female population increased, however, the costume of 
the men began to approach a more uniform standard, and 
now, even the slouch hat, which so long distinguished the 
Californian, has given place to trim and formal modes from 
Broadway and Chestnut Street. In those days the humor 
of the people inclined them not in the slightest degree 
toward intellectual pursuits. From the multitude of gam- 
bling and drinking houses, and the crowds that filled them, 
one might have inferred that drinking was a universal 
habit, and that gambling was a regular occupation of one- 
half of the people, and the nightly diversion of the other 
half. In the progress of civilization and refinement, during 
the winter two theatres were kept in operation, and a por- 
tion of the citizens began to amuse themselves with con- 
certs, balls, dinner parties, and military suppers. The first 
rush homeward took place in this winter. Driven from the 
mines by the weather, many of the most fortunate adven- 
turers looked toward their distant friends. All tickets for 
the steamers being taken, extraordinarj' prices were offered 
for them — for steerage tickets, the original cost of which was 
$1.50, as much as $450 was frequently given. 

The first of the series of calamitous conflagrations that have 
marked the history of the city, broke out on the 24th Dee., 
1S49, and consumed, in houses and merchandise, property 
valued at $1,000,000. The Are of Nov., 1S52, burned over a 
portion of the same ground, tjut with less destruction. Early 
in 1S50 an express wagon made its appearance in the streets ; 
and in January of this year, a curious incident transpired, 
in the public sale of three females from Sidney, to pay their 
passage money. They were sold for five months at $15 
each — the captain of tlie vessels pocketing the money with 
entire satisfaction. In March was formed the " Stranger's 
Benevolent Society," for the relief of the indigent sick. 
From the 12th April, 1849. to the 29th Jan., 1S50, a period 
of little over nine months, there arrived by sea at San Fran- 
cisco, 39,3SS immigrants, of whom 1,421 were females. Of 
S05 vessels from which they landed, 4S7 were American and 
318 foreign. In the year ending 15th April, 1850, there had 
arrived 62,000 passengers in 695 American and 418 foreign 
vessels. The winter of 1849-50 witnessed the first step to- 
ward the formation of the present enormous debt of the city. 
The expenditures for December were $135,000, and the re- 
ceipts $175,000, being a balance in the treasury of $40,000. 
In January and February the expenditures were $201,000, 
and the receipts only $137,000, leaving a deficit of $24,000, 
which was the nucleus of the present debt. Two-thirds 
of tl'.e receipts were from the sale of city lots. The debt 
then begotten increased rapidly, and in a little more than a 
year readied the enormous sum of $1,000,000. When the 
treasury was exhausted, scrip was issued, bearing interest 
at 3 per cent per month. The credit of the city growing 
worse and worse, the scrip depreciated until it would not 
command over one-third of its nominal value. Persons 
having claims against the city drew up bills for two or three 
times the amount of the claim, so that they might realize 
from the sale of the scrip the full amount of the debt in 
cash. Thus a tradesman furnishing a $1,000 worth of sup- 
plies to the hospital would present his bill for $3,000, and 
receive that amount in scrip bearing interest as above. 
When the debt was funded and converted into 10 per cent, 
bonds, he received bonds equal to the amount of the scrip 
and interest, that is to say, if the scrip had nm six months 
the city paid him $3,540 in bonds, with an annual interest 
of $354, or more than one-third the original debt. A more 
extraordinary specimen of financiering can scarcely be con- 
ceived. In the course of the year 1850 the principal streets 
were graded and laid with planks. Commercial Street, 
from Montgomery to Kearny, was first completed. Antici- 
pating another winter like the past, the preparation of the 
streets was hastened as the autumn advanced, and when 

Z 



the season of rain arrived, the chief thoroughfares were ef- 
fectually covered with wood. The winter, however, brought 
but little rain, and the fires of May and June following, de- 
stroyed a large portion of the costly expenditure which had 
added largely to the debt of the city. After introducing the 
subject, says Dr. Gibbons, from whose " Brief Sketch of 
San Francisco" the greater part of this article has been re- 
duced, it would not be right to pass without commendatory 
notice, the arrangements finally adopted to redeem the 
credit of the city and to pay off the million and a half of 
dei:)t. The funding of the debt and the issuing of bonds 
bearing interest at 10 per cent, per annum, has already been 
mentioned. The bonds were made payable in twenty years, 
and provision was made to redeem apportion annually. 
The citizens co-operated earnestly in the movement, and 
submitted cheerfully to the imposition of a heavy tax for 
the purpose. The credit of the city was at once restored, 
and the bonds rapidly approaclied to their par value. The 
transition from utter and hopeless bankruptcy to a basis of 
secure.and permanent credit, and that, too, after the disas- 
trous fires of May and June, 1850, and the still more ruin- 
ous conflagrations of May and June, 1S51, which laid the 
city in ashes a second time, was rapid and extraordinary, 
exhibiting a degree of energy and courage rarely met with 
in the history of municipal governments. In the spring of 
1S50 there were three daily papers published in the city, 
the " Alta Californian," the " Pacific News," and the " Jour- 
nal of Commerce." To tliese were added during the year, 
the " Evening Picayune," the " Herald," and the " Courier." 
In less than a year after there were eight daily papers ex- 
isting in San Francisco. 

San Jose, p. v., Santa Clara CO., Calif. : the former seat 
of government ; is located in one of the most pleasant 
and healthy valleys in the State, 50 m. from San Fran- 
cisco, and 100 m. S. VaUejo. It is an agricultural place, 
and its advantages for garden fruits and grains are of the 
highest order. There is a wharf here, and it is the dep6t 
where the small craft that ply to and fro in the bay deposit 
and take in their freights. The vessels range from 10 to 20 
tons. The principal quicksilver mines in the State are 
about 20 m. S. of this place. Pop. 1,200. 

Santa Fe, p. city, and cap. Santa Fe co., and capital of 
the Ternionj of New Mexico : is situated about 20 m. E. 
from the Rio Grande. Lat. 35° 41' 6" N., long. 106° 02' 03" 
W. Its site is a wide plain, surrounded by lofty mountains. 
Its elevation above the sea is about 7,047 feet. A small 
creek, rising in the hills, and flowing past the city to the 
Eio Grande, supplies it with water. The land around is 
sandy, poor, and destitute of timber, but the mountains are 
covered with pine and cedar. The climate is delightful, 
without extremes ; the sky is clear, and the atmosphere dry. 
The streets are irregular and narrow. The houses are built 
of adobes, one story high, with flat roofs, and in square 
form, with an area in the centre. There are two churches 
(Catholic) with steeples, but of ordinary construction. The 
inhabitants are chiefly a mixture of Spaniards and Indians, 
with a few Americans. Their manners and customs are 
those of the whole country, and similar to those of other 
settlements of Spanish origin. For many years this place 
has been the main point of trade in this region, and many 
of the companies engaged therein have amassed large for- 
tunes. In 1850 two newspapers were published, " The New 
Mexican," weekly, and " Santa F6 EepubUcan," tri-weeldy. 
Pop. in 1850, 4,846. 

Santa F6 was founded about 1581. Its history, with that 
of the territory, previous to belonging to the United States, 
is a continuous record of barbarism and tyranny. It was 
taken by Gen. Kearney, on September 8th, 1846. 

Saratoga Spkings, t., p. v., and sta., Saratoga co., N. Y.: 
86 m. by railroad N. Albany. Drained by several smaU 
streams flowing into Kayaderosseras cr., which bounds it on 
the S. Surface on the N. hilly, elsewhere level ; soil sandy 
loam. It contains some manufactures, a number of miUs, 

401 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES, 



mechanic shops, etc. This is the most celebrated watering- 
place in tlie United Stales. Located closely together are a 
number of mineral springs with various properties, princi- 
pally me<licinal. The v. on the N. is located on a sandy 
plain, surrodnded in part by pine groves. Its principal 
street is upon the W. margin of a narrow vale, in which 
the springs are found. On this broad street the principal 
hotels, churches, and other public edifices are located. The 
hotels, etc., are numerous, and gome of them large, and 
fitted upon a grand scale; the United States is the most 
conspicuous, being located within a short distance of all the 
principal mineral springs; it is built of briclc, four stories 
high, with ample acconimoilations for 400 persons. Con- 
gress Hall and Union Hall, both popular establishments, 
are on the S. of the v., near Congress Spring, the most copi- 
ous and most salubrious of all the springs in Saratoga. It 
■was discovered in 1792 by a member of Congress named 
Gillman; the Pavilion, on the site of a spring so called, 
near the Flat Eock, Is surrounded by highly cultivated 
grounds, and as is the case with a number of others, is only 
kept open during the summer months for the accommoda- 
tion of visitors. A number of other hotels and boarding- 
houses are kept open throughout the year. High R(ick and 
Black Kock springs were first discovered in 1773, being 
then the resort of invalids ; and now there are 10 or 12 im- 
portant mineral fountains, most of them located near the 
margin of a brook which runs through 'ho v. on the E , 
in whose w'aters the mineral elemeuls of so<la, magnesia, 
lime, and iron, with others of no less volume, are combined, 
in different proportions, with carbonic acid gas. The pre- 
vailing character is that of saline and chalybeate waters. 
Congress, Washington, Putnam's, Pavilion, Iodine, Hamil- 
ton, Empire, Flat Eock, and High Rock springs are the 
most celebrated for their medicinal quahties. Located east 
of Saratoga Springs is a cluster of mineral springs known 
as "Ten Springs," the most celebrated of which is called 
Union Spring, Large quantities of these waters are annually 
exported to different parts of the country, bringing in a 
handsome income, most of them being owned by private 
individuals. The waters are highly efficacious in many 
inveterate cases of disease, and has an effect on the healthy 
system to renovate and invigorate its energies when relaxed 
from long confinement, etc. Their medicinal properties arc 
of the cathartic and tonic kinds. The following is an anal- 
ysis of several of the springs, taken from a work by Vr. 
K. L. Allen, a physician resident at Saratoga: Congrens 
Sprmgs. — To one cubic gallon: chloride of sodium, grs. 
390.246; hydriodate of soda and bromide of potassium, 
6.000; cartwnate of soda, 9.213; carbonate of magnesia, 
100.9S1 ; carbonate of lime, 103.416 ; carbonate of iron, 1.000 ; 
silex and alumina, 1.036; solid contents, 611.892; carbonic 
acid gas, SS6.1SS ; atmospheric air, 3.261. Gaseous contents, 
8S9.449. nigh Rock Spring.— To one gallon: chloride of 
sodium, grs. 180.223; carbonate of magnesia, 62.100; car- 
bonate of lime, 71.533; carbonate of soda, 2.177; silex and 
alumina, 2.500; hydrobromate of potash, a small quantity. 
Solid contents, 351.197. Carbonic acid gas, 831. CG6; atmos- 
pheric air, 2.000. Gaseous contents, 833. 6C6. Hcmtinon 
Spring.— To one gallon: chloride of sodium, grs. 290.500; 
carbonate of soda, 33.500 ; carbonate of lime, 95.321 ; car- 
bonate of magnesia, 38,000 ; carbonate of iron, 4,500 ; hydri- 
odate of soda, 3.500; bromide of potash, a trace; silex and 
alumina, 1,000. Solid contents, 466.321. Carbonic acid gas, 
340.777; atmospheric air, 2.461. Gaseous contents, 343.233. 
Temperature of the water, 48°. Putnani's Spring.— To 
one gallon: chloride of sodium, grs. 220.ii00; carbonate of 
soda, 15 321 ; carbonate of magnesia, 45,500 ; carbonate of 
lime, 70,433 ; carbonate of iron, 6,333 ; hydriodate of soda, 
2,500; bromide of potash, a trace; silex and alumina, 1.500, 
Solid contents, 370,587. Carbonic acid gas, 317.753 ; atmos- 
pheric air, 3.0S0. Gaseous contents, 320.S-33. Temperature 
48°. Iodine Spring. — To one gallon : chloride of sodium, 
grs. 147.665 ; carbonate of magnesia, 73.848 ; carbonate of 
402 



lime, 28.955; carbonate of soda, 3.000; carbonate of iron, 
9li0; hydriodate of soda, 3.566. Solid contents, 257.484. 
Carbonic acid gas, 344.ii00 ; atmospheric air, 2.500. Gaseous 
contents, 8.465. " The freedom of this water from iron is 
such that it can be drank by a certain class of in\ alids, with 
whom iron proves a decided injury." Pavilion Spring. — 
To one gallon: chloride of sodium, grs. 183. 814; carbonate 
of soda, 6.000; carbonate of lime, 59.593 ; carbonate of mag- 
nesia, 58.266; carbonate of iron, 4.133 ; iodide, sodium, and 
bromide of polassa, 2.566 ; sulphate of soda, l.Ooo; alumina, 
a trace; silex, 1,000, Solid contents, 316.373. Carbonic 
acid, 860.166 ; atmospheric air, 3.3.33. Ga.seou3 contents, 
372.499. Empire Spring. — To one gallon : chloride of so- 
dium, grs. 21.5.755; bi-carbonate of lime, 24.678; bi-carbon- 
ate of magnesia, 113,459; bi-carbonate of soda, .33.584; 
hydriodate of potassa, 9.600; iron, 0.500; silex and alumina, 
1.800. Solid contents, 399.877. Carbonic acid gas, 260.132 ; 
atmospheric air, 8.314. Gaseous contents, 263.486. 

The Troy, "Whitehall, and Castleton R. K., Saratoga and 
Schenectady E. E,. and the Saratoga and Washington E, E,, 
all connect in this village. Distance from New York city 
by E. E. 1S2 m., from Troy 22 m., from Schenectady 22 m., 
and from Eutland, Verm,, .39 miles. The village was incor- 
porated in 1S26, and contains an insurance office, a bank, 
an academy and female seminary, and other institutions 
of instruction, iron foundries, machine shops, an exten- 
sive carriage manufactory, printing-offices, etc. The " Sar- 
atoga Whig" is a daily and weekly (whig) issue, and 
the " Saratoga Eepublican" weekly (dem,) Pop. of t. 
4,650. 

Sault de Ste Marie, t., p. v., and cap. Chippewa CO., 
Mic/i. : bordering on St, Mary's r, or strait, 255 m. N. 
Lansing. The v. has an elevated location on the border of 
the r.,at the Falls of Ste Marie, and is an old .Tesuit mission- 
ary station. It is a famous fishing-place, immense quantities 
of white fish being caught and salted there for the markets 
of the West. The falls are merely r.api<l3, with a fall of only 
20 feet in a mile. It contains a court-house, jail, and other 
public buildings. At Fort Brady is a U. S. military post, and a 
storehouse of the American Fur Company, and there is also 
a U. S. land office located here. Vessels come to the foot 
of the rapids, and the cargoes arc transported three-fourths 
of a mile by land to the head of the rapids, ami re-shipped 
The inhabitants are composed of Americans, French, and 
Indians. They employ themselves chiefly in trading for 
furs, and in the fisheries. In 1S50 Sault de Ste Marie had 
1^0 dwellings, 890 inhabitants, 15 of whom were colored ; 
and the value of real estate owned, $101,930. The imports. 
for same year amounted to $151,131, and the exports 
$340,800. The ''Lake Superior Journal'' is a weekly (min- 
ing) issue. A canal is in course of construction around the 
Falls, to be 100 feet wide and 12 deep, with locks 250 feet long 
an<l 60 feet wide, the whole length to be one mile, so that 
the navigation of the lower lakes may pass readily these falls 
into Lake Superior. Population 898. 

Savannah, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Chatham co., 
Ga. : on the S. side of the r. of the same name, IS m. from 
the ocean, and in a direct line 157 m., or by railroad 187 m. 
E. S. E. MiUedgeville. Lat. 32° 04' .56" N., and long. 81° OS' 
IS" W. Its site is on a dry sand bluff, elevated some 40 feet 
above low-water mark, from E. to W., extending along the 
river upward of a mile, terminating abruptly at either ex- 
tremity. Opposite the city, lies Hutchinson's Island. 

The ordinary elevation of the tide in the Savannah r. is 
about 8 feet, and the salt water approaches usually within 4 
or 5 m. of the city. In its course to the ocean the river is 
divided into numerous channels by small marsh islands. 
The bar at its mouth is the deepest and most accessible of 
any on the Southern Atlantic coast, and its channel is from 
a half to three-fourths of a mile wide. The average depth 
is 19 feet at low water, and hence with a full tide a frigate 
may pass in safely. Just inside of the bar is Tybee Island, 
abreast of which, about 4 m. from the bar, is good anchor- 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



iige in 5 or 6 fathoms ofwatur. Fntm tliis anchorage to 
Venus' Point, 9 m. from the city, there is a depth of 18 feet; 
from the " Point" to " Five Fathom," 2 J m. from the city, 
there is a depth of IT feet, and thence to the city, a depth of 
15 feet. The Savannah is navigable for steamboats of mod- 
erate draft to Augusta, 230 m. above its mouth. The port 
of Savannah has several light-houses, which are noted in 
the List of Ligiit^houses. 

Savannah, as a city, is one of the healthiest and most 
beautiful on the Southern coast. It is laid out with regular- 
ity, the streets crossing each other at right angles, and 
having between every second street a public square ; these, 
about IS or 20 in number, are generally incloseil and orna- 
mented with shade trees, and many of the streets are orna- 
mented in the same manner, which gives them a beautiful 
and rural appearance. The present dimensions of the city 
are about a mile by three-quarters of a mile. The number 
of dwellings in the city is about 2,000, chiefly of wood, but 
the warehouses and st(5res, in number about 400, are almost 
without exception brick buildings. This preponderance of 
wooden structures had exposed the city to several serious 
conflagrations : the year IS'20 is memorable for the destruc- 
tion by fire of 463 liuildings, which with their contents were 
valued at $400,000; but since this event brick has more 
generally been used as a building material. The ware- 
houses are ranged along the river front, 3 or 4 stories high 
toward the river, accessible to the lower story from the 
wharves, and to the upper stories from the city. 

Among the public buildings, the most conspicuous are 
the Court-house, Jail, Custom-house, Exchange, Arsenal, 
United States Barracks, City Hall, a market-house, several 
hospitals and asylums, a theatre, etc. The Exchange is a 
heavy Gothic structure, 5 stnriea high. The new Custom- 
house is in length 110 feel, depth 52 feet, and in height, from 
Uie pavement to the ridge of the roof, 52 feet. Tlie base- 
ment story is devoted to the post-oflice an<l the appraiser's 
department ; the first or principal fioor for custom-house 
purpnses, and the tliird or upper floor for United States 
court- rooms. There are four banking institutions in Savan- 
nah—the Bank of the State of Georgia, capital $750,000 ; 
the Planters' Bank, capital $535,4!i0 ; the Marine and In- 
surance Bank, capital *4no.0!i0, with privilege to increase it 
to $800,000 : the Central Railroad and Banking Company, 
capital $2,549,165, of which if 205.000 is devoted to banking 
purposes. The total banking capital of these institutions, 
appropriated to the trade and commerce of Savannah, is 
$1,890,400. There is also the Savannah Institution for 
Savings. Fourteen foreign insurance companies have 
agencies in Savannah. 

The churches of Savannah, numbering in all 14 or 15, are 
many of them handsome structures. The Independent 
Presbyterian Church is one of the most splendid buildings 
of the city ; it is built of light-colored granite, and cost 
$100,000. The Episcopalians have 2 churches, the Roman 
Catholics 2, of which that of St. John the Baptist is the 
metropolit.in church of the diocese; and the Methodists, 
Lutherans, Unitarians, and other principal denominations 
have severally places of worship. There is also a Mariner's 
Church and a Jews' Synagogue. 

Savannah, in all that appertains to the education of youth, 
is not behind her sister cities. It is true, public education 
has not received that attention it has in many other places, 
still she has always had a respectable number of private 
seminaries, and has sent to institutions in other parts of the 
State and country hundreds of her youth of both sexes. 
Much, however, can be done for public education ; but 
Savannah is no location for large institutions of a scholastic 
nature, which are well supplied by more eligible inland 
towns. 

The newspaper press of Savannah consists of three dai- 
lies and one weekly. The dailies are the " Georgian" 
(dem.), the "Republican" (whig), and the "Daily News" 
(indept.) ; and the weekly is the " Friend of the Family" 



(literary). The circulation of these varies from 800 to 1,200 
copies at each issue. 

According to a census of the city, taken in 1852, the total 
population amounted to 18,301 souls, distinguished into 
castes and sexes in the following proportions : 

Castes. Males, Females, Total. 

White persons 6,551 5,653 12,204 

Colored persons, free 248 376 624 

" " slave 2,205 3,208 5,473 



Total 9,004 



9,297 



,18,301 



The number of inhabitants, according to the federal 
census of 1850, was 15,312, and an enumeration, matie in 
1S48, showed the population to be then only 13,575. In- 
crease from 1348 to 1850, 2,485, or 18.3 per cent. ; and in- 
crease from 1S50 to 1852, 2,241, or 13.9 per cent.; and increase 
in the four years ending 1852, 4,726, or 34.8 per cent. The 
decennial progress of the city from 1810, has been as follows : 



rears. Total Population. Absolute. 

1810 5,195 — .... 

1S20 7,523 2,328. . . . 

18.30 7,776 253.. .. 

1S40 11.214 8,438. . . . 

ISoO 15,312 4,098. . . . 



Kelaliv 



..44.8 
.. 3.4 
..44.2 
. .30.5 



The city is divided into 26 wards, and is governed by a 
mayor and 12 aldermen, annually chosen by the people, 
who, together, are stj led the City Council. The police con- 
sists, besides the above, of a marshal, 6 constables, and the 
city watch, consisting of 64 members, with a captain and 
other officers. ' A Board of Health, consisting of two persons 
from each ward and district, is appointed by the mayor, on 
the 1st of May of each year. All subordinate officers are 
chosen by the City Council. 

The occupations of the citizens comprise almost every 
calling found in large cities. The enumeration of 1848 clas- 
sifies the male adult white population thus — 263 merchants, 
factors, and wholesale dealers, 136 shopkeepers and retail 
grocers, 253 clerks, 15 druggists, 23 pilots, 24 bank officers, 
28 captains of steamers and vessels, 1 captain revenue ser- 
vice, 24 butchers, 22 bakers, 22 connected with railroads, 58 
seamen, 8 connected with hotels, 4 auctioneers, 5 lumber 
measurers, 6 clothing stores, 13 connected with steam and 
cotton presses, 2 lottery offices, 3 sailors' boarding-house 
keepers, and 1 of the sailors' home, and 164 laborers, 50 
planters, 14 master builders, 1 marble and stone manufac- 
turer, 3S0 mechanics, 15 ministers of the gospel, 4 judges 
iif courts, 36 physicians, 31 attorneys-at-law, 6 U. S. army 
anil naval officers, 24 U. S. civil officers, 1 civil engineer, 30 
engineers, 15 teachers, 5 teachers of music, 8 magistrates, 
7 county officers, 27 boot and shoe makers, 14 printers, 3 
booksellers, 8 watchmakers and jewellers, 18 painters, 6 
manufacturers of tin-ware, 3 editors, 4 dentists, 2 artists, 4 
lirickmakers, 3 dyers, 7 cigar-makers, 4 public stables, 6 bar- 
bers, 1 soiip and candle manufacturer, 1 engraver, 9 bar- 
rooms, 4 watchmen at banks, 5 saddle and harness makers, 
6 millers, 6 lumber and wood yards, 9 steamboat yards, 4 
U. S. soldiers, 9 constables, 12 city officers, 2 ice-houses, 1 
keeper of hospital, a jailor, and a deputy, 70 connected with 
the city watch. 

Of the Colored population, 34 fl'ce, and 73 slaves, were 
mefhanics, 2 free and 5 slaves butchers, 5 free and 1 slave 
barbers, 2 free and 4 slaves engineers and pilots, and 3 free 
preachers. 

From the above returns, it will be seen that Savannah is 
well represented in all the great departments of industry — 
at least two-thirds of the population are immediately or re- 
motely connected with the commerce and trade, and the 
greater part of the remaining third with her manufactures 
and mechanic arts. The le.nrned professions are also amply 
represented. Only 164 persons among the whites are noted 

403 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



as laborers, while among the colored 129 only are other than 
laborers and servants. 

Savannah is one of the great commercial cities of tlie 
South, and as a market fur cotton, rice, and lumber, ranks 
among the first. Its exports of cotton for tlie years 1S51 and 
'52, ending 1st September of each year, were as follows : 

1851-52. 1850 r,l. 





Sea Island 


Upland. 


Sea Island 


Upland. 


Liverpool 


. 6,052 . 


. 96,364 


. 7,410 . 


. 122,228 


Other British ports . . . 


. 501 . 
. 6,553. 


6,461 


. 397 . 

. 7,807 . 


7,108 


Total Great Britain 


102.S25 


120.836 


Havre 


. 1,052 . 


11,541 


. 690 . 


10,546 


Other French ports . . 


. 1,052 . 


— 


. 690 . 


590 


Total France 


11,541 . 


11.136 


Other foreign ports. . . 


— • 


2,4S3 . 


• — • 


4,678 


Total foreign ports. 


. 7,605 . 


116,849 . 


. 8,407 . 


145,150 


Boston 


. lOS . 


30,291 


. 205 . 


22,632 


Providence 


— . 


3,074 . 


— . 


1,633 


New York 


. 2,42T . 


145,877 . 


. 2,599 . 


118,828 


Philadelphia 


— . 


17,951 . 


— . 


10,835 


Baltimore & Norfolk . 


. — . 


4,527 . 


— . 


8,366 


Charleston 


. 1,121 . 


17,63S . 


. 341 . 


3,308 


Other U. S. ports .... 


. 3,656 . 


5.600 . 


. 3.145 . 


40 


Total coastwise 


224.95S . 


160,642 


Total foreign ports. 


7,6U5 . 


116.S49 . 


. 8,497 . 


145,150 



Grand total... 11,261 341,807 11,642 305,792 

The following exhibits the number of bags exported in 
^e past years, commencing 1842 : 

Years. Foreign Porta. Coastwise. Total, 

1S42 142,380 79,SGS 222,254 

1843 193,099 87.727 2S0.82G 

1844 130,964 113,611 244,575 

1845 182,073 122,471 304,544 

1846 77,852 108,454 186,306 

1847 119,.321 114,830 234,151 

1848 127,760 115,473 243,233 

1849 — — — 

1850 — — — 

1851 153,647 163,787 317,434 

1852 124,454 228,614 353,068 

The export of rice in tierces for the last twelve years, has 
been as follows : 



Years, Tierces, 

1840-41 23,537 

1841-42 22,065 

1842-43 26,263 

1843-44 28,543 

1844-45 29,217 

1845-46 32,147 



Years Tierces, 

1846-47 31,789 

1847-i8 30,136 

1848-49 37,.348 

1849-50 42,792 

1850-51 35,602 

1S51-52 39,929 



The lumber business has rapidly increased within the 
few last years, and it will be seen from the annexed tabic 
that the exports for the last-named year have exceeded 
those of any previous one by several millions of feet. There 
are six large steam saw-mills in the immediate vicuiity of 
the city : 



Years. Feet, 

1840-41 14,275,200 

1841-42 8,-390,400 

1842-43 7,519,550 

184.3-44 5,93.3,351 

1844-45 8,270,582 

1845-46 18,585,644 



Years. - Feet. 

1846-47 10,731,388 

1847-48 16,449,558 

1848-49 15,880.300 

1849-50 17,719,100 

1850-51 17,764,300 

1851-52 25,508,500 



The foreign commerce of the collection dislrict of which 

Savannah is the fiort of entry, for the year ending June 

80th, 1S50, is thus summed up in the U, S. Treasury Report. 

Value of exports $7,551,943, and of imports $636,964. En- 

404 



trances, 118 vessels, 57,017 tons and 1,940 men in crowa ; 
and clearances, 141 vessels, 72,563 tons and 2,285 men in 
crews. Tonnage of the district 19,931 tons, of which 10,437 
tons were employed in foreign trade and 9,296 tons in coast- 
ing. The steam tonnage was 6,473 tons. The steam ma- 
rine in 1852, according to the returns of the U. S. inspector, 
amounted to 27 vessels, 5,750 tons, of which 12 were high- 
pressure vessels and 15 low pressure, which report indicates 
a decrease in the steam marine. The number of vessels 
built in 1860 were 5 (3 being steamboats), measuring to- 
gether 684 tons. As the foreign commerce of Georgia all 
centres at Savannah, the progress of the commerce of 
Georgia, as exhibited In the description of the State, will 
also be that of Savannah. 

The commerce of the city has thus become of great mag- 
nitude, and its growth of late years has been more rapid 
than previously. The developments thait are now making 
of the resources of the State, together with the increased 
facilities for transporting the products of the interior to this 
one seapnrt must insure a more rapid increase of business 
for the future than has occurred during any period of the 
past. 

The port has regular communication with Florida on the 
S. and New York on the N., and other points liy steam 
navigation. To the interior, the Savannah r., on which nu- 
merous steamboats are constantly plying, and the great line 
of railroad reaching into Tennessee and Alabama, give it 
facile access, and bring down to it for exportation an im- 
mense tonnage. Another railroad is being built to Albany, 
on the Flint r. ; and the Savannah and Ogeechee Canal has 
been thoroughly repaired. These will give it greater facil- 
ities than it has ever enjoyed, and open to its commerce the 
products of wide regions hitherto beyond its reach. 

Ilintonoal Notices of Savannah. — The first settlement of 
Savannah was made in the month of February, 1733, by 
General Oglethorpe and some 80 families. On the 7th of 
July following, the settlers assembled on the strand (the 
bay) for the purpose of designating the lots. In a devo- 
tional service they united in thanksgiving to God " that the 
lines had fallen to them in a pleasant place, and that they 
were about to have a good heritage." The wards and 
tithings were then named, e.ich ward consisting of lour 
tithings, and each tithing of ten houses, and a house and lot 
was given to each freeholder. After a dinner provided by 
the governor, the grant of a Court of Eecord was read, and 
the officers were appointed. The session of the magistrates 
was then held, a jury impanneled, and a case tried. This 
jury was the first impanneled in Georgia. The to^^•n was 
governed by three bailiflfs, and had a recorder, register, and 
a town court, holden every six weeks, where all matters, 
civil and criminal, were decided by grand and petit juries, 
as in England. No Lawyers were allowed to plead for hire, 
nor attorneys to take money, but (as in old times in En- 
gland) every man could plead his own cause. In October, 
1741, the government of the colony was changed from bail- 
ifls to trustees. In 1750, the number of white persons in 
Georgia was computed at about 1,500. The first royal gov- 
ernor of Georgia, John Keynolds, Esq., arrived in Savan- 
nah in Oct., 1754. The first printing-press was established 
in 1763, and the " Georgia Gazette" printed on the 7th April 
of that year. In 1760, the city consisted of 400 dwelling houses, 
a church, an independent meeting-house, a council-house, a 
court-house, and a filature. In 1770, the city extended on the 
west to what is now Jefferson Street, on the cast to what is 
now Lincoln Street, and on the south to what is now South 
Broad Street, and contained six squares and twelve streets, 
besides the bay. On the 5th June, 1775, the first liberty- 
pole was erected in Savannah. The first attack by the 
British on Savannah was made on the 3d March, 1776. It 
ended in the discomfiture of the regulars, under Majors 
Maitland and Grant. On the 29th December, 1778, Savan- 
nah was taken by the British. In October, 1779, an unsuc- 
cessful attempt was made by the French and American 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



armies to recapture Savannah from the" British. Count 
D'Estaing and General Lincoln were the commanders. Six 
hundred and thirty-seven of the French, and two hundred 
and forty-one of the continentals and militia were killed and 
wounded. In this attack Tulaski fell. The spot where he 
was shot down is about one hundred rods from the present 
dep6t of the Central I!. E. On the llth July, 1TS3, Savannah 
was formally given up by the British to the Americans. 
The first session of the Legislature of the State was held in 
Savannah in January, 17S4, in the brick house now stand- 
ing in South Broad Street. In December, 17s9, a law was 
passed by the legislature making Savannah a city. The 
first mayor (elected in 1790) was John Houstoun. In Nov., 
1796, the first destructive fire occurred in Savannah. It 
broke out in a bake-house in ISIarket Square, and destroyed 
229 houses, besides out-houses, etc. Estimated loss of prop- 
erty, .$1,000,100. In May, 1S14, arrived in tlic waters of 
Savannah the United States sloop-of-war Peacock, Lewis 
Warrington commander, bringing in as a prize H. B. M. 
brig-of-war Epervier, Captain Wales, of IS guns. The 
Epervier had on board $110,000 in specie, which was con- 
demned and distributed according to law. In x\pril, 1S19, 
arrived the steamship Savannah, from New York. This 
steamer was projected and owned in Savannah, and was 
the first steamship built in the United States, and the first 
that ever crossed the Atlantic. She left Savannah in May 
for Liverpool, and afterward proceeded to St. Petersburg. 
In January, 1820, occurred the largest fire which ever 
ravaged the city. It commenced on the east side of Old 
Franklin Ward. Four himdred and sixty-three buildings 
were destroyed, besides out-buildings. Loss upward of 
$4,000,000. 

Schenectady, p. city, and cap. Schenectady co., JV. Y. : 
on S. side of Mohawk r., 17 m. N. W. Albany. Lat. 42" 48' 
N. ; long. 73° 55' W. This is one of the oldest cities in the 
State, having been first settled by the Dutch about 1620, 
and chartered March 26, 179S. On February 8, 1690, the v., 
then consisting of 63 houses and a church, was taken at 
night by the French and Indians, sacked and burned, who 
murdered 63 inhabitants and took 27 captives. The city 
contains a city hall, and jail, county offices, market, lyceum, 
female academy, and 10 churches. Its manufactures are 
considerable, chiefly of flour, paper, cotton goods, iron, 
leather, and machinery. One broom factory in the vicinity 
makes annually about 1,800,000 brooms. There are 2 banks, 
with aggregate capital of .$315,000, and 1 savings bank. 
The Erie Canal passes through the city, and 4 lines of rail- 
road here connect, viz., Albany and Schenectady Iv. E., 17 
m. ; Troy and Schenectady E. E., 20 m. ; Saratoga and 
Schenectady E. E., 22 m. ; Utica and Schenectady E. E., 
T8 m. The "S. Cabinet" (whig), and "S. Eeflector" (dem.) 
are issued weekly. Union College, located here, was 
founded in 1795, is pleasantly situated on an eminence over- 
looking the city, with spacious grounds and several large 
edifices. In 1850 it had 12 professors, 2,725 alumni, 266 
students, and 15,000 volumes in its library. Pop. in 1840, 
6,784 ; in 1850, 8,921. 

SiiAEox Springs, p. v., Schoharie co., JV. V. : near the 
boundary line of Schoharie, Otsego, and Montgomery coun- 
ties, 49 m. W. by N. Albany. It is located on an eminence, 
surrounded by numerous caverns of much interest. Near 
the v. are the celebrated Sharon Springs, greatly resembling 
the White Sulphur Springs of Virginia, and are highly effi- 
cacious in rheumatic, dyspeptic, and other complaints. 
There are two springs, the sulphur and magnesia, situated 
at the foot of a hill, about a half mile N. of the turnpike 
road. These waters have an exhilarating effect on the 
spirits, invigorating the system, and in many respects pos- 
sess medicinal and healing qualities unsurpassed by any 
other in the country. They are much resorted to during the 
summer months, and there is a commodious hotel here, 
called the Pavillion, which is usually thronged with visitors. 
From an analysis, made by Dr. Chilton, of New York, the 



result from one gallon of this water is : sulphate of mag- 
nesia, grs., 42.40; sulphate of lime, 111.62: chloride of 
sodium, 2.24; chloride of magnesium, 2.40 ; hydrosulphuret 
of sodium, hydrosulphuret of calcium, and vegetable ex- 
tractive matter, 2.24; total grs., 160.94. Sulphuretted hy- 
drogen gas, 16 cubic inches Pop 2,642. 

Spkingfield, p. v., and cap. Sangamon co.. III. : and cap- 
ital of the State of Illinois : 4 m. S. from Sangamon r., 174 m. 
S. W. by S. Chicago. 84 m. N. N. E. St. Louis, 186 m. W. 
Indianapolis. Lat. .39° 4S' N., long. 89° 3.3' W. Its site is a 
level plain, on the borders of a broad and beautiful prairie, 
which is adorned with fine groves and some of the best 
farms in the State. It was laid out m Feb., 1822, according 
to a regular plan, with a public square in the centre, and 
wide streets crossing at right angles. The older portion 
of tlie V. was purchased at the land sales in Nov., 1823, at 
which time it contained about 30 families, living in small 
log cabins. For several years its increase in population, 
etc., was slow. In 1837 the legislature selected it as the 
State capital after July 4th, 1839, since which period it has 
been steadily increasing in business,wealth, and importance. 
The surrounding counties are very fertile, and their prod- 
ucts are brought here to market. The railroads now pass- 
ing through Springfield are — Great Western Central E. E., 
extending centrally across the State, from the E. to the W. 
boundary, of which the portion completed, viz., from Spring- 
field to Naples, 55 m., was formerly styled the Sangamon 
and Morgan E. E. ; and Chicago and Mississippi E. E., of 
which 132 m. (from Alton to Bloomington) will be com- 
pleted in July, 1853, and the entire road will be completed 
to Chicago, 257 m., in the spring of 1854. The Massac and 
Sangamon E. E., from Springfield to Metropolis, on the 
Ohio r., passing through Vandalia, Salem, Frankfort, etc. 
is in construction. The capitol occupies the centre of the 
principal square, which hajj an area of 3 acres. It is con- 
structed of hewn stone, 3 stories high, with handsome por- 
ticoes, and cost about $180,000. The v. also contains a court 
house, U. S. land office, marketrhouse, jail, 3 banks, severa' 
academies and other schools, with 8 churches, some of 
which are handsome edifices. The v. has some manufac 
tures, an iron foundry, etc. The newspapers published iu 
1850 were — "Illinois Journal'' (whig), issued daily, tri 
weekly, and weekly ; '■ Illinois State Eegister" (dem.), daily 
and weekly ; and " Illinois Organ" (temp.), weekly. Pop. 
in 1840, 2,579 ; in 1850, 4,583. 

Spkingfield, t., p. city, and cap. Hampden co., Ifass. : on 
E. side of Connecticut r., 81 m. W. by S. Boston ; by rail- 
road 98 m. from Boston, 102 m. from Albany, 138 m. from 
New York. Lat. (Court-house) 42^ 06' 04" N., long. 73° 35' 
45" W. Its site along the river is a rich alluvial plain, back 
of which the ground rises gradually to a considerable ele- 
vation, called Armory Hill, terminating in a plain which 
extends E. for several miles. Its general appearance is 
very beautiful, and it is surrounded by delightful scenery. 
The houses are generally well built, and many are elegant. 
The streets are generally paved, and the city is lighted with 
gas. The business part of the city is chiefly on and adjoin- 
ing Main Street, which runs parallel with the river at some 
distance from it, is between 2 and 3 m. long, quite broad, 
and generally intersected at right angles by cross streets, 
and contains many handsome buildings, with the principal 
hotels and railroad station-house. From the position of 
Springfield, and its great railroad connections, it has be- 
come one of the greatest inland thoroughfares of travel in 
the Union. Four railroads here connect at the central de- 
p6t from the four cardinal points, viz. : Western E. E., from 
Worcester 54 ra. and from Albany 102 m. ; New Haven, 
Hartford, and Springfield E. E., 26 m. from Hartford and 
62 m, from New Haven ; Connecticut Ei ver E. E., 17 m. from 
Northampton and 50 m. from South Vernon. The great 
number of trains arriving and departing daily render the 
vicinity of this dep6t strikingly interesting to the passing 
traveler. The hotels of the city established to accommodata 

405 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



the traveling public are nunicmus, of which several are of 
great repute. The city conti)iMs a court-house, jail, and 12 
churches, some of which are haiulsome edifices. These are 
— 4 Congregational, 1 Baptist, 1 Episcopal, 2 Methodist, 1 
Unitarian, 1 Catholic, 1 Universalist, 1 African. The prin- 
cipal cemetery is beautifully laifl out and adorned. There 
are 5 banks, with an aggregate capital of .|l,lol),000, and 2 
institutions for savings. The nianufaetures of the city are 
of considerable importance. There is a large manufactory 
of cars, locomotives, railroad machinery, steam-engines, etc. ; 
also several factories of sheetings, satinets, etc. ; also 1 pis- 
tol factory. The "Springfield Eepubliean" (whig), and 
'•Hampden Posf (dem.), publish each daily and weekly 
editions. 

The U. 8. Armory located here is situated on Armory 
Hill, about one-half mile K. of Main Street. The buildings 
are of brick, handsomely arranged around a square, pre- 
senting a fine appearance. From 12,000 to 15,000 muskets 
are manufactured annually. The arsenal, a very large brick 
building 4 stories high, contains about 176.000 muskets. 
Some of the machine shops are located on Mill r.. in the 
S. E. part of the t., and comprise 5 shop.s, with 18 water- 
wheels, 10 trip hammers, and 30 forges. The whole estab- 
lishment employs from 250 to 300 workmen, and has con- 
tributed very much to the prosperity of the city. 

Springfield was settled in 1035, then called by its Indian 
name Agawam; it received its present name in 1640, and 
■was incorporated in 104(>, and received its city charter May 
25th, 1S52. In 1TS6, during Shay's rebellion, it was in part 
the theatre of his movements. Since the construction of 
the railroads which now so closely connect it with other im- 
portant cities, it has rapidly increased in population, wealth, 
and importance. Pop. in 1810, 2,T67 ; in 1820, 3.914 ; in 
18-30, 6.734 ; in 1840, 10,985. "When the census of 1840 was 
taken, it was a much larger township than at present, then 
comprising also Chicopee Falls, Cabotville, Williraansett, 
etc., now embraced in ('liicopee township, the population 
of which with that of Sjiringfleld in 18.50, amounted to 
21,602. Tlie sep.irate population of Springfield t., in 1850, 
and as at present constituted, was 11,706. 

Springfield, t., p. city, and cap. Clark co., Ohio: on S. 
side of E. fork of Mad r., 43 m. W. by S. Columbus. It has 
great water-power, well improved by a variety of mills and 
manufacturing establishments. It contains a handsome 
court-house, and other county buildings, 2 banks (one is a 
branch of the State bank), several academies, and 7 
churches. Newspapers in 1S50: "Republic" (whig), tri- 
weekly and weekly ; and 3 other weeklies, "Gospel Herald," 
" District Expositor" (dem.), and " M-ad li. Gazette" (whig). 
Here are located the Wittenberg College, and Theological 
Seminary, both founded iu 1845. In 1850 the college had T 
instructors, 37 students, and 4,500 volumes in library ; while 
the Theological School had 2 professors and 8 students. 
Several important lines of railro.ad pass through the city, 
viz.. Mad River and Lake Erie R. R., 134 m. from Sandus- 
ky, and 24 m. from Dayton, 84 m. from Cincinnati ; Little 
Miami R. R., from Cincinnati, 84 m. ; Springfit-ld, Mount 
Vernon, and Pittsburg li. R.. in construction to Loudouville, 
on the Ohio and Pennsylvania R. E., 115 m. ; and the 
Springfield and Columbus R. R., 19i m. to connection at 
Loudon with Columbus and Xenia R. R.. 43 m. to Colum- 
bus—all of which have connections with other principal 
railroads. Pop. of city in 1840 (then a village), 2,0(j2 ; in 
1850, 5,108. Pop. of t. in 1840, 2,349; in 1850 (including 
City), 7,814. 

Steubenvii-lk, t, p. v., and cap. Jefferson county, Ohio: 
on an elevated plain on right bank of the Ohio river, -30 m. 
above Wheeling, Virg.^Vl'i m. E. N. E. Columbus. Drained 
by a tributary of the Ohio r. The v. is neatly and regularly 
laid out, was incorporated in 1835, and has many fine man- 
sions, several churches, a neat and commodious court-house, 
and other county buildings, a bank, and considerable manu- 
factures, a rope-walk, boat-yard, and printing offices. Itis 
406 



altogether a handsome village, and an important one. 
The manufacture of woolen and cotton goods, steam en- 
gines, silver-plating, glass, etc., is carried on ; there are also 
iron and brass foundries. In the vicinity the raanufacinries 
of copperas yield 160 tons per annum. Over a thousand 
persons are employed in the factories, and the town is fast 
increasing year by year. Much attention is paid in the 
neighboring country to the raising of Merino and other su- 
perior breed of sheep. Inexhaustible beds of stone coal are 
found throughout a great portion of this region. The v. 
contains 6.140 inhabitants. It has several academies of re- 
putation, and IS amply provided with common schools, etc. 
The newspapers published here are the " Messenger" and 
" Herald," semi-weekly and weekly issues, and the " Amer- 
ican Union," a weekly. Steubenville is on the E. and W. 
line of railroads connecting Pennsylvania and Ohio, and it 
is also connected with Cleveland on the one hand and 
Wheeling on the other by an extension of the Cleveland 
and Pittsburg R. R. The t. of Steubenville in 1S40 had 
5,203 inhabitants, and in 1850, 7,224. 

Stockton, p. v., and cap. San Joaquin co., Calif. : on the 
Stockton slough or canal (which contains the "back wa- 
ters" formed by the junction of the Sacramento and San 
Joaquin rivers) about 3 m. from its junction with the San 
Joaquin. 100 m. E. by water from San Francisco, and 59 m. 
direct from Vallejo. This is one of the principal cities of 
the State, ranking next to San Francisco and Sacramento. 
First settled in 1844, by C. M. Weber, who obtained a grant 
from the then governor of Calilbrnia for a largo section of 
country; made a pueblo in 1845, when there were seven 
residences, and was abandoned in the succeeding year. In 
1848 the settlement was successfully established, .ind in 1819 
it was a c.invas city of 1,000 inhabitants, with a fleet of mer- 
chant vessels lying before it. The Stockton slough is divided 
into three branches ; the city occupies the peninsula between 
the two northern, and extends also S. to the third branch. 
The ground on which it is built is liigh, and not subject to 
overflow, and is in the centre of the two great tracts of ara- 
ble land which constitute the valleys of the San Joaquin 
and Sacramento rivers. The San Joaquin is navigable at 
all seasons to this place for vessels drawing not over nine feet 
of water, and such is the peculiar formation of the bank that 
they can hiy directly along it and discharge their cargoes. 
It is the dep6t for the supply of all the southern mines, and 
every thing indicates that this point is destined to become 
one of the great inland martsof this wonderful and growing 
country, and it is believe<l by some that it will outstrip all 
its rivals in the race of prosperity. The largest-sized brigs 
and schooners, and a great number of launches, etc., are 
engaged in the carrying trade, and steamers ply here regu- 
larly. The mines are situated among the hills and mount- 
ains forming the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, com- 
mencing some 20 m. E. of the city, and extending thence 
E. to the banks of the river. Two papers are published, 
and a military post is located here. A State hosi)ital is 
erecting, which will be an ornament to the city. Pop. 3,000. 

Stonington, t., p. b., and port nf entry. New London co., 
Conn. : 51 m. S. E. Hartford, 53 m. E. New Haven. Bound- 
ed 8. by Long Island Sound, E.by Pawcatuck r., separating 
it from Rhode Island, and W. by Mystic r., both of which 
afiTord water-power. This is a large t., with rocky and un- 
even surface, but moderately fertile soil, and contains three 
villages. The borough is on a narrow and rocky )ioint of 
land^ extending about \ m. S. into the sound. The harbor 
is protected by a break-water, constructed by the United 
States government at a cost of $50,000. It is handsomely 
laid out, well built, and was incorporated in 1801. Its citi- 
zens are noted for commercial enterprise, especially in the 
whaling and sealing business, in which a large aggregate 
capital is employed. Many vessels are owned here, which 
bring their cargoes into New York and other ports. It has 
a marine railway and lighthouse at the entrance of the har- 
bor, etc. The total tonnage of Slonington district on 80th 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



June, 1S50, was 19,913 tons. The registered tonnage 
amounted to 13,1S9 tons, and all permanent, of which 3,861 
tons were in the whale fishery. The enrolled and licensed 
tonnage amounted to 6,724 tons, consisting of 6,102 tons 
permanent, 14i tons temporary, employed as follows — coast- 
ing trade, 4,020 tons; cod fishery, 1,655 tons; mackerel 
fishery, 571 tons; steam navigation, 67 tons; an<l the ton- 
nage " licensed under 20 tons," viz. : 89 tons in coasting- 
trade, 3S9 tons in cod fishery. The number of clearances 
for foreign countries during the year preceding was 9 — 2,591 
tons ; number of entrances do. 10—2,894 tons. The number 
of vessels built during the year was 9 — 1,034 tons; viz., 2 
ehips, 1 selionner, 5 sloops, and 1 steamer. During 1849, 
the whale fisliery imports of Stonington were — 1,628 bbls. of 
sperm oil, 15.334 bbls. whale oil, and 97,500 lbs. whalebone. 
The town contains several manufactories, of which three 
are extensively eng.oged in malving plaid and plain linseys, 
etc. The b. contains 2 banks, with aggregate capital of 
$160,000, 1 savings bank, 2 academies, 4 churches, etc. 
Here commences the Stoningtou E. R. to Providence, 50 m., 
connecting with daily steamboats to and from New York. 
This place IS of considerable resort in summer. The Wad- 
dawannuck House, the chief fashionable hotel, is kept in 
first-class style. Pop. of t. in 1840, 3,898 ; in 1850, 5,4.34. 

SirisuN, v., Solano cc, Calif. : is laid out on the W. bank 
of the Sacramento r., about 80 m. from San Francisco, half 
way between it and Sacramento City, and 30 miles E. from 
Vallejo. The country surrounding the town, and the site 
itself, is the first healthy and high ground after passing the 
tide marshes which lie at the junction of the 8acr.Tmento 
and San Joaquin. The town was surveyed and laid out by 
C. S. Lyman, and is a very pretty place. Large squares are 
reserved for a university and other public edifices, and lots 
are reserved for churches of every denomination. A com- 
modious square on the river is appropriated to the purposes 
of a m.irket and a steamboat landing. The streets are very 
broad, and altogether it forms a picturesque appearance. 
It is not supposed that this will ever become a great com- 
mercial position, but the beauty of the climate and scenery, 
and the agricultural capacities of the surrounding country, 
will eventually make it the "Hyde Park" of California. 

Syracuse, p. city, and cap. Onondaga county, N. Y. : on 
E. bank of Onondaga cr., near its entrance into Onondaga 
lake; from Albany, 130 m. W. by N. (direct) ; by railroad, 
148 m. It is regularly laid out with wide streets crossing at 
right angles, and is for the most part handsomely built of 
brick. Many of the public buildings and churches are 
handsome edifices. The hotels are noted for their size, 
elegance, etc., and good fare. Its manufactures, besides 
the salt-works, are extensive, the principal of which are 
iron castings, machinery, and flour. According to the 
Report to the Bank Department of the State, for Oct. 25th, 
1852, there were then eight banks in Syracuse, with an ag- 
gregate capital of .$1,040,000. The construction of the vari- 
ous canals and railroads which pass through Syracuse have 
made it the centre of a vast domestic trade with all parts of 
the State : these are, the Erie Canal, 171 m. from Albany, 
193 m. from Buffalo; Oswego Canal, extending hence to 
Oswego, 33 m. ; Syracuse and Utica U. E., 53 m. ; Roch- 
ester and Syracuse R. E., 104 m. ; Rochester and Syracuse 
Direct R. R., 68 m. ; Oswego and Syracuse E. R., 35 m. 
The Syracuse and Binghampton R. R. is in constraction, 
and the Syracuse and Newburg E. E. has been pro- 
jected. These great avenues of intercourse and trade 
have very rapidly increased the population and general 
prosperity oi the city, and will continue to develop its 
permanent greatness and importance among the large 
cities of the State and of the Union. The newspapers pub- 
lished in 1^50 comprised 17 issues, viz., 4 dailies: "Onon- 
daga Standard" (dem.), "8. Journal" (whig), "S. Star" 
(whig), "Transcript" (neutral), each of which published 
weekly editions (the "Star" also a semi-weekly); 6 other 
wes'-iies : "Onondaga Sentinel" (whig), "Religious Re- 



corder," " Free-School Clarion," " Liberty Party Paper" 
(abol.), "Archimedean," "Central New Yorker;" 1 semi- 
monthly, the " Temp. Protector ;" and 2 monthly, " Syra- 
eusean" (indep.), and " Literary Union" (lit.) Pop. in 1S80, 
2,5G5; in 1840, 6,502; in 1850, 22,271. 

Syracuse is celebrated for its great salt works. The salt 
water is conveyed in pipes from the springs or wells to the 
works. The coarse salt is produced by solar evaporation ; 
fine salt by boiling, and other modes of applying artificial 
heat. The springs are pierced through the alluvial, and 
terminate on gravel. The wells generally used are excava 
ted about 18 or 20 feet deep. In one case a boring of 250 
feet deep w.^s made without finding fossil salt, but tho 
strength of the brine increased (as generally) with the depth 
of the well. From the strongest spring a cubic foot of wa- 
ter will afford 14 pounds of salt. In 1840, a new salt spring 
of great strength was discovered by boring to a depth of 265 
feet, from which largo quantities of salt are now m,-;nufac- 
tured, 80 gallons of the water producing one bushel of fine 
salt. From recent experiments in salting beef for the pur- 
pose of comparine; the relative merits of Onondnga and 
Turks Island salt, it has been satisfactorily ascertained that 
the Onondaga is fully equal in all respects to the Turks 
Island salt, and in some respects superior. The quantities 
of salt here manufactured during the year 1850 were as fol- 
lows : 287.882 bushels of coarse salt, 843,882 bushels of fine 
salt, 53,600 bushels of ground or dairy salt — total, 1.134,928 
bushels. This total is about one-half of the total of salt 
manufacture in Salina during 1S50, and about one-fourth 
of the aggregate amount manufactured in 1850 in this salt 
district. 

Tallahassee, p. oity, and cap. Leon county, Flor. : and 
capital of the State of Florida. Latitude 30° 28' N. ; 
longitude 84° 36' W. from Greenwich. It is situated on a 
coumianding eminence, and is regularly laid out ■with 
several public squares. Its settlement was commenced in 
1824, upon its selection as the State capital. The legislature 
held its first session here in 1825, and incorporated the city. 
It contains the State-house, court-house, U. S. land office, 
market-house, jail, academy, and three churches. Two 
newspapers are published weekly, " Sentinel," and " Flor- 
idian and Journal." The Tallahassee and St. Miirks R. E., 
connecting it with Port Leon on Appalachee bay, will be 
extended N. to Thomasville, Ga., to connect with the pro- 
posed Brunswick and Florida R. R. A good mill-stream 
flowing from several springs, runs on its E. border, falls 15 
or 16 feet into a pool scooped out by its own current, and 
after running a short distance, sinks into a cleft of the lime- 
stone. In the winter, it is a place of considerable resort. 
Pop. in 1860. 1,391. 

Taunton, t., p. v., and one of the capitals of Bristol co., 
Mass. : on Taunton r., 33 m. S. Boston. Lat. (Trin. Cong. 
Ch.) 410 54' 11" N., long. 71° 05' 55" W. The t. contains 
some good land, which is well cultivated, but the inhabit- 
ants are chiefly engaged in manufiictures. The v. is well 
built, and contains many handsome buildings and private 
residences. Taunton Greea is a fine public ground, orna- 
mented with trees, etc., fronting which is the court-house, a 
handsome edifice, with four Doric columns. There are 10 
churches, several of which are beautiful structures, a town- 
house, jail, etc. The Mount Pleasant Cemetery is beauti- 
fully laid out, and contains, among other fine monuments 
one to the memory of Miss Elizabeth Poole, a chief founder 
of this place. Some of the hotels are noted for their excel- 
lence, and in summer accommodate many persons here 
spending the season. The Taunton Branch R. E. diverges 
at Mansfield from the Boston and Providence R. R. (11 m. 
to Mansfield, 85 m. to Boston, 30 m. to Providence), and 
here connects with the New Bedford and Taunton R. R. 
(20 m. to New Bedford), which intersects at Myrick's sta. 
6 m., with Fall River R. R. The T.aunton r. is navigable to 
this place for small vessels, and some shipping is here 
owned, which is employed in the coasting trade andfiab- 

40T 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



eries. The manufactures for which Taunton is noted are 
various, but the largest arc of printing cloths, castings, ma- 
chinery, hardware, nails, etc. Great water-power is afford- 
ed by Taunton r. and its branches, Canoe and Kumford 
rivers. Iron works were establislied here as early as 1652. 
Britannia ware, of superior quality, is extensively manu- 
factured. Among the principal factories of printing cloths 
are the "Whittenton Mills, capital $100,000, and Hopewell 
Factory, capital $75,000, each making over 1,200,000 yards 
annually. There is a large manufactory of railroad cars, 
steam-engines, etc. The village also contains 3 banks, with 
aggregate capit.il of $500,000, and 2 institutions for savings. 
Newspapers : " Taunton Daily Gazette" (dem.), " Taunton 
Democrat" (dem.), weekly, and " American Whig," weekly. 
Pop. of t. in 1820, 4,520 ; in 1830, 6,042 ; in 1S40, 7,645 ; in 
1860, 10,441. 

Terue Haute, p. v., and cap. Vigo co., Ind. : on the left 
bank of Wabash r., 73 m. W. Indianapolis. Its site is a high 
bank, from 50 to 6» feet above the river, and 15 or 20 feet 
above the adjacent prairie. This is one of the most im- 
portant towns in the State, and being located on the Wabash 
and Erie Canal, and on the most available line of railroad 
travel east and west, is destined to become a principal cen- 
tre of internal commerce. Among the public buildings, 
the most conspicuous are its fine court-house, town hall. 
State banking house, 13 churches, several good hotels— the 
Prairie House being one of the best in the State, etc. ; and 
the dwelling houses amount to over 800, of which about 
one-half are of brick, and many are built with much taste. 
The business, wholesale and retail, carried on at this point 
is extensive and valuable. There are 98 retail stores and 
groceries, 3 book-stores, 4 printing-offices, and several large 
warehouses and wholesale concerns. The principal manu- 
facturing establishments are 2 foundries, a plow manufac- 
tory, 8 carriage and wagon factories, 2 soap factories, an oil- 
mill, 3 steam flouring and 1 steam saw mill, 2 breweries, 2 
distilleries, 13 coopers' shops, 4 large slaughter-houses, and 
the same number of packing establishments. The number 
of hogs packed at Terre Haute in 1849-50 was 59,000, valued 
at $300,000. Among the religious establishments almost 
every denomination is represented. The means of educa- 
tion are ample, viz. : 2 seminaries, 4 select schools, and 5 
district scools. Here are also three societies for mutual ira- 
provenieut. The public press consists of 6 newspapers, 
viz. : the " Wabash Express" (whig), the " Wabash Cour- 
ier," the " T. H. Journal" (dem.), the " Prairie City," the 
"Independent" (relig.), and the "Indiana Universalist" 
(relig.) — these are issued weekly. The railroads centering 
here are, the Terre Haute and Eichmond E. E. and the 
Atlantic and Mississippi E. E., forming links in the line 
from St. Louis to the East ; the Terre Haute and Alton E. E. 
via Paris to Alton; the Evansville and Illinois E. E. to 
EvansviUe, on the Ohio, and several others projected to dif- 
ferLiit points. In the vicinity are rich beds of coal and iron, 
whioi), with the completion of the grand works connecting 
at Terre Haute, will become a source of great wealth to the 
coun'ry generally, and build up within the town a manu- 
facturing interest equal to the wants of the neighborhood. 
Terro Haute was founded in 1816 : in 1S30 it contained 600 
inhabitants, in 1840 about 2,000, and in 1850 4,051. 

Toledo, p. city, and port of entry, Lucas co., Ohio: on 
W. bank of Maumee r. 5 m. from its entrance into Maumee 
bay, 117 m. N. by W. Columbus. The built portion of the 
city extends for more than a mile along the bank of the 
river, but it is most compact at its upper .ind lower extremi- 
ties or landings, which were originally two distinct settle- 
ments, called Port Lawrence and Vistula. The rapidly 
increasing population is fast filling up with houses, whatever 
of ground remains unoccupied between these points. The 
city contains many fine blocks of warehouses, stores, and 
dwellings, with some hand-some public buildings, and 
numerous churches. Its settlement was commencid about 
1831 ; and it was incorporated as a city in 1836. It has had 
408 



a very rapid growth, chiefly developed from its connection 
with the Wabash and Erie canal, which extends from 
Manhattan, 4 miles below Toledo, to Evansville, Indiana, 
on Ihe Ohio river, 407 m. The railroads here centering 
are, Toledo, Norwalk, and Cleveland E. E., Ill miles; 
Erie and Kalamazoo E. E. to Adrian, 32 m. ; Dayton and 
Michigan E. 11. ; and the Junction E. K., to Cleveland via 
Sandusky. 

The total tonnage of Miami district, of which Toledo is 
the port of entry, on June 30th, 1850, was 2,629 tons, all 
permanent and etnployed in the coasting trade ; of which 
539 tons were propelled by steam. The total tonnage of 
same on June 80, 1861, was 3,236 tons; of which 1,153 tons 
were propelled by steam. During the year ending June 
Soth, 1S50, it had no foreign commerce or ship-building. 
The following exhibits the value of the total amount* of 
imports and exports during the years mentioned. 

Yeur. Imports. Eximrts. Total Commerce, 

1847 $4,033,985 $3,848,248 ,$7,882,233 

1848 7,852,021 5,263,464 18,115,485 

1851 22,987,772 7,847,808 30,8:35,580 

1852 87,565,029 19,738,928 57,803,952 

The value of the principal articles in the above, during the 

year 1852, were as follows : 

IMPORTS COASTWISE. 



Salt $235,.523 

Lumber, pine 200.592 

E. E. Iron 1,793,275 

Cir wheels, etc 136,185 

Locomotives 196,000 

E. E. cars 42,650 

R. E. materials 120,120 

Machinery 52,780 



Nails $70,171 

Iron 04,291 

Stoves, etc 93,193 

Hardware 465,n00 

Marble 174.760 

Leather 441,600 

Sug.ir 171,612 

Molasses 228,505 



ESP0KT8 COASTWISE. 

Wheat $2,250,092 | Beef $187,990 

Flour 504,033 ^ Tallow 180,665 

Corn 2,177,154 Spirits 456,484 

Pork 702,162 Tobacco 120,925 

Hams 575,010 ! Butter 44,786 

Bacon 194,760 Staves 98,900 

Lard ; 482,958 : Pearl and potashes . . 137,425 

Lard oil 107,112 , Oilcake 93,816 

Live Hogs 336,798 j Wool 190,893 

Cattle 111,640 ; Furs 210,000 

The amount of duties collected at this port during 1852, 
on goods entered here, and on articles entered at New York 
and brought here in bond, was $80,001 38. The arrivals 
and departures during 1852, were as follows: 

Arriv.ils. Dep.'xrturea. 



Vessels. Numlier. Toiiiuige. Numlier. Tonnage. 

Steam 926 494,111 928 495,021 

Sail 1,127 179,182 1,129 179,597 

Total 2,053 673,293 2,067 674,618 

The British tonnage in the above, consisted of 1 steam 
vessel, 156 tons, and 10 sail vessels, 1,001 tons. 

The increase of the total number of vessels and their 
tonnage, which entered and cleared from Toledo, during 
1852, over 1851, was as follows : 

Tonnage. 



Year. Vessels. Steam. 

1851 3,212 579,076... 

1852 4,110 989,132 . . . 



Sail. Tot.ll. 

...259,768 838,8*1 

...858,779 1,847,911 



Increase... 898 410,050 99,021 509,077 

The total tonnage arriving at, and departing from, Toledo 
by the Wabash and Erie canal, during 1850, was 184,400 tons, 
and during 1851, 250,000 tons. Of this, by far the largest 
quantities brought to Tok-<io were those of wheat, tlour, and 
corn ; and of those sent from Toledo, the largest was rail- 
road iron, of which the amount cleared in 1551, was 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



13,SS9,921 pounds ; and in 1S52, 41,933,592 pounds. The 
increase of grain, flour, and pork brought by the canal ftom 
the interior during 1852, was 50 per cent, over the amount'^ 
brought daring 1S51. The receipts of grain and other 
produce brought by railroad during 1852, were more than 
twice the amounts in 1S51, or any year preceding; and this 
■was also the case with the receipts by wagon. Toledo prom- 
ises to long retain its present pre-eminence over the other 
lake ports, as the leading njarket and exporting town of the 
great staples of N. W. Ohio. 

The city is divided into 4 wards of nearly equal population. 
Its newspaper press in 1850 consisted of the " Toledo Blade" 
(whig), and "Toledo llepnbiican" (free-soil dem.), each 
issuing daily, tri-weekly, and weekly editions. Pop. in 1S40, 
1,222 r in 1S50, 3,829 ; in 1853, 6,512 ; in 1854. 8,40T. 

ToNA WANDA, t., p. v., and sla., Erie co., N. Y.: 269 m. 
W. by N. Albany. Surface of t. level ; soil fertile. Drained 
by Tonawanda creek. Grand island belongs to this town. 
The village is situated on E. side of Niagara r., at mouth of 
Tonawanda creek. Through it pass the Erie Canal ; Buffalo 
and Niagara Falls K. R., 11 ni. from Buffalo, and 11 miles 
from Niagara Falls; and the Buffalo and Lockport K. E. 
From the dam here in the creek there are outlet locks to 
Niagara river. It has a good harbor for steamboats and 
other vessels. Considerable manufacturing is carried on. 
The '■ T. Commercial" (neut.) is published weekly. Pop. 
of t. in 1840, 1,261 ; in 1850, 2,072. 

Tkenton, p. city, and cap. Mercer co , N. Jer., and cap. of 
the State of New Jersey: is situated on the E. side of Dela- 
ware r., at the mouth of Assunpink cr., opposite the lower 
falls, and at the head of steamboat and sloop navigation. 
Lat. 40O 14' N., long. 740 46' 30" W. from Greenwich, and 
2° 15' E. from Washington. Its distance by the most direct 
railroad from Boston is 293 m., from New York 5S m., from 
Philadelphia 29 m., from Baltimore 127 m., from Washing- 
ton 165 m. 

The city is pleasantly located on ground somewhat un- 
even, and is laid out with general regularity. Many of the 
public buildings are handsome edifices The State House, 
heautil'ully situated near the Delaware, commanding a fine 
view of it and of the vicinity, is built of stone, 100 feet hmg 
and 60 feet wide, and stuccoed to resemble granite, with a 
handsome portico of 6 columns, and beautiful dome. The pub- 
lie offices are fire-proof buildings. The Governor's House 
is a plain but commodious building. The Court-house is 
a handsome edifice of brick, stuccoed, in Grecian architec- 
ture, with a portico of Ionic columns at each end, and sur- 
mounted with a balcony. The State Lunatic Asylum is a 
very fine building, with ample grounds, etc. It was opened 
for patients May 15, 1848. In January 1, 1851, it contained 
163 patients (86 males and 76 females). During 1851 it re- 
ceived 102 and discharged 93 patients, leaving on January 
1, 1S52, 171. The expenses of the asylum during 1S51 were 
$27,170, receipts $22,076. The State Prison, in South Tren- 
ton, is well situated in an area of 4 acres, inclosed by walls 
3 feet thick and 20 feet high. The number of prisoners on 
December 31, 1850, was 210, on December 31, 1851, 207. 
Earnings of the prison in 1851, $18,698, exjienses of do 
$11,858, balance paid the State $6,840. The city also con- 
tains a public library, established in 1750, a lyceum, and 10 
churches. Newspapers in 1850 — " True American" (dem.), 
" Trentonian," and '' New Jersey State Gazette," each pub- 
lished daily and weekly ; also the " New Jersey Weekly 
Visitor." 

The railroad and steamboat connections of Trenton have 
made it a great thoroughfare and the centre of extensive 
trade. The New Jersey R. R. here connects with tlw Phil- 
adelphia and Trenton R. R., constituting the principal route 
between New York and Philadelphia. The Trenton Branch 
K. E. extends hence to Bordentown, 6 m., connecting with 
Camden and Amboy R. R. The Belvidere Delaware 
E. E. extends hence to Belvidere, 63 m. The Delaware 
and Earitau Canal affords sloop navigation from Brunswick 



to this place. It is 42 m. long, 75 feet wide, 7 feet deep, 
and was finished in 1834 at a cost of $2,000,500. It is here, 
entered by a feeder taken from the Delaware, 23 m. above 
the city, and crosses the Assunpink cr. in a fine stone aque- 
duct. The Delaware r. is navigable above the falls at 
Trenton, for largo boats, as far as Easton, which adds much 
to the commercial advantages of the city. 

Trenton possesses a fine site for manufacturing purposes, 
with abundance of permanent water-power, olitained from 
the falls on the Delaware, and greatly increased by artificial 
means; also some water-power furnished by Assunpink cr. 
Among the principal manufactures are paper, leather, and 
lumber; there are also several flouring, grist, and saw mills, 
with various other establishments. The city contains two 
banks, with an aggregate capital of $310,000. The Dela- 
ware r. is here crossed by an excellent covered bridge, 
1,100 feet long, resting on 5 arches supported by stone piers, 
which was built in 1806 at a cost of $180,000. The adjoin- 
ing villages of Mill Hill, Bloomsbury, and Lamberton are 
suburbs of the city. Trenton was first settled about the year 
1720, and was incorporated as a city in 1792. It is memor- 
able for the " Battle of Trenton," on the night of December 
25th, 1776, when Gen. Washington crossed the Delaware, 
and suddenly captured 1,000 Hessians of the British army, 
which signal event, in that gloomy period of the Revolu- 
tion, greatly encouraged the American forces. Pop. in 
1840,4,035; in 1850, 6"^461. 

Troy, p. city, and cap. Rensselaer co., N. Y. : on E. side 
of Hudson r., 6 m. N. by E. Albany. Lat. 42° 44' N. ; long 
730 40' W. It is built chiefly upon an idluvial flat, extend- 
ing along the r. for about 3 m., ami H ni. broad, aud partly 
upon the hills in the E. part of the city limits. It is very 
regularly laid out, with streets crossing at right angles, 
which are generally 60 feet wide, ornamented with fine 
shade trees, well paved, with good side walks, and kept 
remarkably clean. The main business street, called River 
Street, conforming to the Hudson river, is, however, some- 
what curved. The city plat is somewhat elevated above the 
river, affording good drainage. The high hills (of which 
the principal summits are called Mount Ida and Mount 
Olympus) afford most extensive and delightful prospects, 
embracing the city of Albany, the villages of West Troy, 
Lansingburg, Waterford, and Cohoes, the Cohocs Falls, the 
Hudson r. and its beautiful valley for miles, a long extent 
of the Erie Canal, with the various railroads here center- 
ing, combining a variety of the most interesting sceuery, 
rarely presented in the vicinity of any large city. From 
these hills descend two considerable streams, Poestenkill 
and Wynantskill, which have picturesque cataracts and cas- 
cades, and afford very great water-power to numerous mills, 
factories, etc. The blocks of stores and houses are generally 
built of brick, with considerable regularity and much taste. 
The more retired streets contain many elegant dwellings, 
surrounded by flower gardens, etc. The city is lighted with 
gas, and supplied with water from Piscawin creek, of which 
the reservoir, situated in the N. part, and about ^ m. E. of 
the Hudson, is 90 feet above tide water, and thus naturally 
forcing the water above the highest houses, renders it most 
serviceable for every purpose. Of the public buildings the 
court-house is the most splendid ; it is built of Sing Sing 
marble, in Grecian architecture, with fine front of the Doric 
order. Several of the church edifices are costly structures. 
The principal market buildings are well-built and very 
commodious. Hotels of large size are numerous, and sev- 
eral of those of the first class are mited for excellent accom- 
modations. The Troy City Hospital, under the direction- 
often Sisters of Charity, has four attending physicians, and 
received during the year 1851-52, 689 patients. 

Much attention is given to general education in the public 
schools and other academies. The Troy Female Seminary- 
is one of the most popular institutions of the kind in the 
Union. It was established in 1821 (having been com- 
menced in Middlebury, Vermont, in 1814, and removed to 

409 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Waterford in 1821), at which time it received from the city 
corporation $4,000 for the erection of suitable buildings. It 
is beautifully situated in the central part of the city, wilh 
finely ornannntt-d grounds, commodious buildings, etc. 
The Eenssalaer Institute is a polytechnic school of high 
repute. The Young Men's Association has a large library 
and reading rnoni, with cabinet of curiosities, etc., and 
annual courses lA' It-cturcs. Tlie Lyceum of Natural History 
have valuable cabinets, a good library, etc. Newspapers in 
1850, "Northern Budget" (dem.) daily, and 4 weelilies, 
" Troy Whig,'' " Troy Post," " Family Journal" (temp.), and 
"New York Slate Republican" (whig). 

Troy is pre-eminently distinguished for the business en- 
terprise of its capitalists and citizens generally. lis situation 
for trade and conuncrce has some natural advantages, but 
these have been wonderfully improved and increased by 
the various important railroads and canals which, centering 
here, have i;i:u!e this a great lh(jroughfare of travel and 
trade, and ■ (vdoped Ihe nianufacturin.' interests of the 
city. It directly connects by the Hudson wit!i the Erie Ca- 
nal at West Troy directly opposite, and with the Chaniplain 
Canal at Waterford, 4 m. above. The lines of railroad en- 
tering the city are — Hudson Eiver E. E. from New York, 
150 m. ; from Worcester, 156 m. ; from Boston, 200 m. ; Troy 
and Boston E. E., which is completed to North Hoosick, 
27 m., and connects at Eagle Bridge with Eulland and Wash- 
ington E. E., and at North Hoosick with Troy and Benning- 
ton R. E., and is in construction to Greenfield, Mass. ; Eens- 
eelaer and Saratoga E. E., 32 m. ; and Schenectady and 
Troy E. E., 20 m. ; all of which directly connect with other 
extended and important railroads. The railroad bridge 
across the Hudson is a fine structure, 1,650 feet long. Troy 
is at the head of tide-water on the Hudson, and of its natu- 
ral navigation. Steamboats, sloops, etc., come to its wharves. 
The trade of the city with New York is very great, emi)loy- 
ing an aggregate of several hundred vessels, and daily 
Steamboats of the first class ply between the two cities. Be- 
sides the immense amounts of merchandise received from 
the railroads and canals, it also receives from the very fer- 
tile rural districts surrounding (with which it is well con- 
nected by good plank and macadamized roads), very large 
amounts of agricultural and dairy proiluce, etc., for shipment 
to New York and oilier markets. By nieaiis of the State 
dam sloop navigation is secured to Lansingburg, etc. 

The mamifacturesof the city comprise nearly all the lead- 
ing branches of such industry, but the largest interests are 
those connected with iron, machinery, hardware, and cut- 
lery, etc. Cotton factories, tanneries, and flouring mills are 
numerous. There are also several breweries and paper fac- 
tories: and a large amount of capital is invested in numer- 
ous lumber-yards. The railroad-car manufactory of Eaton, 
Gilbert, & Co. employs a very large number of operatives, 
and is of wide celebrity for the number and superior excel- 
lence of the cars made. The iron rolling mills and nail fac- 
tories in the city and suburbs are extensive establishments, 
as also Iho.^e furnaces engaged in making stoves, castings 
for agricultural implements, etc. Immense water-power is 
here easily obtained from the two large streams from the 
hills on the E., and from a dam near the N. boundary of the 
City, built by the State across the Hudson, which makes a 
fall of IH feet, affording unlimited hydraulic power, besides 
securing navigation to Ihe river above. There are 6 banks in 
the city, with an aggregate capital of $1,768,000 ; also several 
insurance companies and institutions for savings. 

The first settlement of Troy was commenced about 1720, 
in which year Derick Vanderheyden leased 490 acres ol the 
proprietor of Eensselaerwyck. This grant now constitutes 
the most densely populated portion of the city. This settle- 
ment bore the name of Vanderheyden's Ferry until 17S9, 
when it received its present name, and was then laid out. 
It was made the county seat in 1791, incorporated as a village 
In 1796, and as a city in 1816. In June, 1820, a great con- 
flagration consumed the wealthiest and most important oart 
410 



of the city. It recovered from this severe calamity in a (•■■w 
years, has since rapidly advanced in general prosi)enty, and 
now promises to long retain its present distinclicm as one 
of the most enterprising cities in the Union. Top. in ISIO, 
3,895; in 1820,5,264; in IS-SO, 11,405; in 1840, 19,334; in 
1850, 28,785. The large and thriving village of West Troy, 
pop. 7,514, on the opposite side of the Hudson, though in 
Albany co., is in all business interests a part of Troy. 

Tkoy, p. v., and cap. Miami co., Ohio : on tlie W. bank 
of Ihe Great Miami r., 63 m. W. Columbus. It contains a 
coxirt-house of brick, jail, and other county buildings, and 
publishes 2 weeklies, the "Troy Times" (whig), and "The 
Touchstone" (F. S. D.) The Daytim and Michigan E. R., 
the Columbus, Pequa, and Indiana E. E., and the Miami 
Canal pass through this place. Pop. 1,956. 

Tuscaloosa, p. city, and cap. Tuscaloosa co., Ala. : on 
S. E. bank of Black Warrior r.. 94 m. N. W. by W. Mont- 
gomery. Lat 320 12' N., long. S70 42' W. It is situated ou 
an elevated plain at the lower falls, and heail of steamboat 
navigation on the river, and is regularly lai<l out with broad 
streets crossing each other at right angles. This city was 
until 1847 the capital of the State. It contains the for- 
mer State-house, a court-house, jail, a Masonic, hall, an 
academy, lyceum for boys, seminary for young ladies, the 
Alabama Institute, 5 churches, stores, etc. The University 
of Alabama, here located, has 5 buildings, with several 
houses for professors, which present a fine ai)pearance. 
This institution was founded in 1331, in 1S50 it had 9 in- 
structors, 197 alumni, and 91 students, with 7,123 volumes 
in its libraries. In 1S50, 3 weekly newspapers were here 
published, " Independent Monitor"' (whig), " Tuscaloosa Ob- 
server" (dem.), and " Crystal Fount"' (temp.) Pop. in 
1840,1,949; in 18.50, 2,961. 

Utica, p. city, Oneida co., iV. Y. : on S. side of Mohawk 
r., 84 m. W. N. W. Albany, direct, by railroad 95 m. Lat. 
(Dutch church) 43° 00' 49" N., long. 753 13' W. The city is 
built upon ground rjsing from the river toward the S., and 
commands a beautiful prospect of the Mohawk valley. It 
is laid out with general regularity, with spacious streets, 
many of which are 100 feet wide, and is well built, having 
many fine blocks of stores and elegant dwellings. It con- 
tains a court-house, 20 churches, 2 orphan asylums, a good 
public market, 5 banks, with aggregate capital of $1 ,610,200, 
1 savings bank, and 2 insurance companies. The State 
Lunatic Asylum is located about 1 m. W. of the centre of 
the city, on elevated ground, with splendid buildings, sur- 
rounded by a farm of 160 acres. In 1S50 it cotilained 449 
inmates, 226 males, and 223 females. The total cost of these 
buildings at completion, according to the plan proposed, 
will be about $500,000. Much attention is given to educa- 
tion in the pubUc schools, private academies, etc. There 
are two flourishing incorporated seminaries, one for males, 
and the other for females, of which the latter especially has 
a high reputation ; also three liter.try associations. 

Utica is surrounded by one of the best agricultural and 
manufacturing districts in the LTnion. Its connections by 
the Eric and Chenango canals, and the great line of rail- 
roads from Albany to Buffalo, which pass through the city, 
give it great advantages for trade. By railroad, it is 73 m. 
from Schenectady, 53 m. from Syracuse, 225 m. from Buffalo. 
The Erie Canal has here been enlarged to 70 feet wide and 
7 feet deep, presenting a fine appearance from several beau- 
tiful bridges by which it is spanned. A culvert between the 
canal and the river cost about $100,000. The principal 
manufactures carried on in the city arc those of iron and 
machinery, leather, carriages, and flour; but the sm.aller es- 
tablishments are very numerous and \-arious. The news- 
paper press in 1850 comprised IS issues: viz., 4 dailies, 
"Evening Observer" (dem.), "Oneida Whig," "Oneida 
Herald" (whig), and " Utica Gazette" (whig), each of which 
issued weekly editions; 5 other weeklies, "Utica Democrat" 
(free soil), "Gospel Messenger" (free soil), "American Bap- 
tist," " New York Baptist Register," and " American Mes- 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



senger'' (relig.) ; 3 temperance papers, " Utica Teetotaller," 
" Cadet's Banner," and " Central City Cadet," the last two 
Bemi-raontlily ; and 1 monthly, "The Mirror" (relig.) 

Utica stands upon the site of old Fort Schuyler, erected 
in 175S, during the French War. In 1794 it contained four 
inferior houses ; in 179S it was incorporated as a village, and 
received its present name ; in 1S17 it was incorporated as a 
town, and in 1S32 received its city charter. It is divided 
into six wards, and governed by a mayor and 12 aldermen, 
elected annually. Pop. in 1830, 8,-323; in 1S40, 12,782; in 
1850, 17,565. 

Vandalia, p. v., and cap. Fayette co., III. : on W. bank 
of Kaskaskia r., 66 m. S. E. by S. Springfield. Lat .38° 50' 
N., long. 89° 02' W. Its site is high, undulating, and was 
originally a timbered tract. It was selected by commis- 
sioners, with 4 sections of land, granted by Cungress in 
1818, for the seat of government for 20 years. The capital 
was removed to Springfield, July 4th, 1839. It was regu- 
larly laid out, with streets SO feet wide, and crossing at right 
angles. In the centre is a public square, on elevated groun<l, 
containing the public buildings formerly used by the State. 
It also contains a U. S. land-ofBce and several churches. 
The " Fayette Yeoman" is published weekly. From the 
important railroad connections which Vandalia will soon 
have with all parts of the State, it promises to become one 
of the greatest thoroughfares of trade and travel in Illinois. 
The railroads already in construction to pass through it are, 
Illinois Central E. E. ; Massac and Sangamon E. E. ; and 
Mississippi and Atlantic E. E. The National Road has pre- 
viously been of much benefit. The surrounding country 
near the river is heavily timbered, and a few miles back 
are extensive prairies. Pop. 419. 

Veegennf.s, p. city, Addison co., Yenn. : is beautifully 
situated on Otter cr., at the head of navigation, 7 m. from its 
mouth, 33 m. W. by S. Montpelier. Otter er. is here about 
500 feet wide, and is divided by two islands, forming three 
channels, and separate falis of 37 feet each, furnisliing im- 
mense water-power. The city is neatly built, and presents 
a very picturesque appearance. The factories, mills, and 
tanneries, improving the water-power of the cr., are numer- 
ous. The manufacture of iron, obtained from Monkton, is 
carried on extensivel}'. The city contains 1 bank, cap. 
$100,000, an academy, an United States arsenal and ordi- 
nance depot, and 3 churches. The Eutland and Burling- 
ton E. E. passes through, 98 m. from Bellows Falls, 22 m. 
from Burlington. Otter cr. is somewhat crooked between 
the city and the lake, but vessels of 800 tons can come 
to the wharves. Vergennes was first settled in 1706, and 
incorporated in 1783. Here was fitted out the squadron of 
M'Donough, which achieved the celebrated victory of Platts- 
burg, Sept. 11th, 1814. The " A''ergennes Vermonter" (whig) 
is published weekly. Pop. in 1840, 1,017; in 1850, 1,378. 

ViCKSBURG, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Warren CO., 
Miss. : on E. bank of Mississippi r., 41 m.W. by N. Jackson. 
It is principally built on a high bluff, 200 feet above high- 
water mark, but the more business part of the city is on the 
bottom, along the river. About 21 m. above the city are the 
Walnut Uills, which rise to an elevation of 500 feet above 
the river, presenting very fine scenery. The city contains 
a court-house and jail, 1 large public school, several private 
academies, and 5 churches. An orphan asylum is about to 
be established. The business interests of the city arc chiefly 
commercial. Immense quantities of cotton are annually 
sent fVom this place to New Orleans and other points on the 
Mississippi. There is an excellent harbor for steamboats, 
with very convenient landings. The surrounding country 
is remarkably fertile, having a black loamy soil, well 
adapted to the cultivation of cotton, tobacco, and grain. 
The Vicksburg, Jackson, and Brandon E. E. extends hence 
through Jackson, 46 m. to Brandon, 60 m., and will ulti- 
mately form a link in the Alabama and Mississippi E. E 
from Montgomery and Selma westward ; and Vicksburg 
will also be a starting point for one of the lines of railroad 



toward the Pacific, via Shreveport and Texas. Tlie ton- 
nage of Vicksburg district on 30th June, 1S50, was 400 tons. 
The quantities of cotton brought to this port by railroad from 
the interior has been as follows: in Ihe year ending 81st 
May, 1849, 59,682 bales; in 1860, 29,878 bales; in 1851, 
55,880 bales ; in 1852, 70,523 bales ; and in 1853, 97,868 b.ales. 
The newspaper press in 1850 consisted of the " V. Sentinel" 
(deni.) and the '• V. Whig," each issuing tri-weekly and 
weekly editions. Vicksburg w.«is incorporated as a town in 
1825, and as a city in 1836. Pop. in 1850, 3.678. 

ViNCENNES, p. v., and cap. of Kuox co., Tnd. : on E. bank 
of Wabash r., 100 m. S. W. Indianapolis. Lat. 38° 4-3' N. ; 
long. 87° 25' W. The v. has a fine site along tlie river bankj 
and is regularly laid out, with wide streets crossing each 
other at right angles. It contains the county buildings, a 
fine town hall, good market-house, a U. S. lanil oifiice, and 
several churches. The Catholic cathedral is a spacious and 
well-finished edifice. Considerable attention is given to 
education. Of the principal institutions several are Eoman 
Catholic, viz., an ecclesiastical seminary, female academy, 
with 150 pupils, and 2 orphan asylums, which, in 1852, con 
tained 73 girls and 60 boys. The v. contains a branch of 
the State Bank of Indiana, cap. $147,200, and has some 
manufactures. The Wabash r. is here ^ ni. wide, and is 
navigable to this place for steamboats. The railroads pass- 
ing through Vincennes are — Evansville and Illinois E. E. ; 
and Ohio and Mississippi E. E. ; to which may be added a 
projected road, extending hence to Indianapolis. The 
" Vincennes Gazette" is here published This place is the 
oldest settlement in the State, and is invested with much 
historical interest. The French established a trading post 
about 1702. A Catholic church had been established here 
as early as 1749, in which year it received its name. In 1788, 
all the families in the place were of French origin, except 
twelve. A considerable proportion of the present popula- 
tion is their descen<lants. In 1805, the first territorial 
legislature assembled here, and, among other acts, incor- 
porated Vincennes as a borough. In 1813, the seat of gov- 
ernment was removed to Corydon. The country around is 
very fertile prairie land. Pop. 2,070. 

Washington, p. city. District of Coltmibid: and cap. 
of the United States, beautifully and conveniently situate 
on the N. bank of Potomac r., between Eock creek and Ihe 
AnacJsti or Eastern Branch. Lat. 38° 55' 48" north, and 
ling. 77° r 30" west from Greenwich. It is the first meri- 
dian of American geographers. 

The site has a gently undulating surface. The city extends 
N. W. and S. E. about 4J m., and E. to S. about 21 m. The 
public buildings occupy the most elevated situations. The 
streets run N. and S. and E. and W., crossing each other at 
right angles, with the exception of 15, which point to the 
States, of which they severally bear the names. The 
Capitol commands the streets called Maryland, Delaware, 
and Pennsylvania avenues ; the President's House, Penn- 
sylvania, Vermont, New York, and Connecticut avenues, 
and all these different intersections form 1,170 squares. 
Pennsylvania avenue, which stretches in a direct line from 
Georgetown to the Eastern Branch, passing the President's 
House to the Capitol, is 4 m. in length, and 160 feet wide 
between those edifices, and beyond them 130 feet. The 
streets, which are from 70 to 100 feet wide, will give a 
fine appearance to the city ; but as yet few are built upon. 
The whole area of the city is about 8,016 acres, and its 
periphery about 14 miles. 

Washington is nearly surrounded by a fine amphitheatre 
of hills of moderate elevation, covered with trees and 
shrubbery, and commanding ft-ora many points picturesque 
scenery, and extensive views of the " Eiver of Swans," which 
descending from the Alleghany mountains and winding 
its way for nearly 400 m. through a fertile and most attractive 
country, expands into Chesapeake bay. The environs of 
the city abound in the most eligible sites for villas and 
country seats, and such will doubtlessly be multiplied, as 

411 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



the great advantages of the metropolis become more ex- 
tensively known. 

The first record in regard to the laying out of the city, is 
from the pen of Washington, dated 11th Maroh, 1771, and 
iu a letter dated 30th April of the same year, he calls it the 
"Federal City." Its present name was adopted by the 
commissioners appointed to lay it out. The original pro- 
prietors, in consideration of the benefits they expected to 
derive from the location of the seat of government, conveyed 
in trust to the commissioners, for the purpose of establish- 
ing the city, the whole of their respective lands which 
were included within the city limits, upon condition that 
after retaining for the public the ground of the streets, and 
any number of squares that the president might think 
proper for public improvements or other public uses, the 
lots should be equally divided between the public and the 
respective proprietors. By this means the public obtained 
possession of more than 10,000 lots, from which, in adilition 
to a donation of $192,000 from Maryland and Virginia, funds 
were to be raised to defray the expenses of the public build- 
ings, etc. The city was founded, and the corner-stone of 
the Capitol laid with Masonic honors, on the ISth Sept., 1793, 
and the city was first occupied as the seat of government 
in ISOO. 

The public buildings of Washington are the Capitol, the 
Executive Mansion, the State Offices, Treasury Buildings, 
War Offlees, Navy Offices, Offices of the Secretary of the 
Interior, Post-office, Office of the Attorney-general, Nation- 
al Observatory, the Arsenal, Navy Yard, Smithsonian Insti- 
tute, National Medical College, Columbian College, Coast 
Survey Otfico, City Hall, National Institute, numerous 
churches, the hotels, and many others devoted to a variety 
of useful, liter.ary, and benevolent purposes. 

The Capitol is situate on an area of 30 acres, inclosed by 
an iron railing. The building stands on the western por- 
tion of this plat, and is so elevated as to eomraand a view 
of the entire city, including Georgetown Heights, the wind- 
ings of the Potomac, and the city of Alexandria. It was 
commenced in 1793. During the embargo the works were 
suspended, and as the British subsequently demolished 
much of what had been accomplished, the government in 
1815 found it necessary to reconstruct the whole edifice. 
The exterior exhibits a rusticated basement of the height of 
the first story, the two other stories are comprised in a Co- 
rinthian elevation of pilasters and columns ; these columns, 
which are 30 feet in height, form an advancing portico on 
the east, 160 feet in extent, the centre of which is crowned 
with a pediment of 80 feet span ; while a receding loggia, 
100 feet in extent, distinguishes the centre of the west front. 
The building is surrounded by a balustrade of stone, and 
covered with a lofty dome in the centre, and a flat dome on 
each wing. The dimensions of the building are: length of 
front 352 feet 4 inches, depth of wings 121 feet 6 inches, and 
the height to the top of centre dome 145 feet. The cost up 
to 182S, when it may be said to have been completed, was 
nearly $1,800,000. During the session of Congress 1850-51, 
appropriations were made for the further enlargement of 
the Capitol l)y the addition of two new wings of 238 by 140 
feet each wing; and when these are completed, the whole 
Capitol, including the space between the wings and the 
main building, will cover an area of four and one-third 
acres. The corner stone of the extension was laid by Pres- 
ident Fillmore, on the 4th of July, 1851, with Masonic cere- 
monies, on which occasion the Hon. Daniel Webster deliv- 
ered a brilliant oration. 

The Senate Chamber is in the second story of the north 
wing, of a semicircular form, 75 feet long and 45 high ; a 
Ecreen of Ionic columns, with capitals, support a gallery to 
the east, forming a loggia below; and a gallery of iron pil- 
lars and railings of a light structure projects from the circu- 
lar walls, and the dome ceilings are enriched with square 
caissons of stucco. The walls are partially covered with 
drapery, and columns of breccia, or Potomac marble, sup- 
412 



port the eastern gallery. The only painting which adorns 
the Senate Chamber is a portrait of Washington. 

The Hall of liepresentati ves is also of a semicircular form, 
and of course much larger than the Senate Chamber. It is 
in the second story of the south wing, 9G feet long and CO 
feet high. It is .surrounded with 24 columns of tUe variega- 
ted Potomac marble, with capitals of white Italian marble 
of the Corinthian order, and surmounting a base of free- 
stone, and the dome of the hall is painted in imitation of 
that of the Pantheon of Pvomc. From the centre of the 
dome hangs a massive gilt chandelier, and high over the 
speaker's chair, which is elevated and canojiied, is placed 
the model of a colossal figure of Liberti/, supjiortod by an 
eagle just ready to fly, the work of Italian artists named 
Causici and Yalaperti. In front of the chair, and immedi- 
ately over the main entrance, stands a statue in marble rep- 
resenting History recording the events of the nation. She 
is placed on a winged car, rolling around a globe, on which 
are delineated the signs of the Zodiac, and the wheel of the 
car is the face of the clock of the hall ; and this is also the 
work of a foreign artist named Franzoni. Two full-length 
portraits— one of W.ashington and one of Lafayette — adorn 
the walls on either side of the chair, and in every direction 
are displayed ample folds of crimson draf)ery. The galle- 
ries of this hall are so extensive as nearly to encircle it, and 
the general arrangement of the room is such as to render 
the members and the audience as comfortable as possible. 

The Eotundo occupies the centre, and is 96 feet iu diam- 
eter and the same number of feet high. The dome is hem- 
ispherical and filled with large plain caissons; the room in 
its circuit is divided into eight panels, intended for paint- 
ings, seven of which are already filled ; and stationed be- 
tween these panels are four bas-relievos of historical sub- 
jects, one representing the Preservation ofCupt. Smithhr/ 
PocaJiontas, one the Landing of tJie Pilgrims on Ply- 
inoutlt Pock, one the Conflicts between Daniel Boone and 
the Indians, and the olher Pe?v?i's Treati/ with ike Indians. 
In addition to these, specimens of sculpture are also dis- 
played, encircled with flor.il wreaths, the heads of Columlmg, 
Paleigh, La Salle, and Cahot — all these productions of the 
chisel being from the hands of Causici and CajH'Uano. In 
niches on the outside of the east door are also two statues of 
colossal size representing Peace and War, from the chisel of 
Persico. Of the paintings, four are by Col. John Trumbull, 
one by Weir, one by Vanderlyn, and one by Chapman 
— the order for the remaining vacancy not having yet been 
filled. The subjects of Trumbull's pictures are, the Decla- 
ration of Independence, the Surrender of General Bur- 
goijne, the Surrender of the British Army, commimded 
by Lord Cornwallis, at Yorktcnai, in Virginia, and the 
Resignation of General Washingtwi at Annapolis. The 
subjects of the remaining pictures are W\(i Embarkation of 
the Pilgrims from Lcyden, by Weir; the Landing of Co- 
lumbus, by Vanderlyn ; and the Baptism of Pocahontas, 
by Chapman. As these illustrate scenes connected with 
the very earliest history of our country, none but the lead- 
ing figures are to considered in the aspect of authentic 
portraits. 

The Congressional Library is unquestionably one of the 
chief attractions of the Capitol. The principal room, of 
which there arc three, faces the W., and is a large and hand- 
some affair, 92 feet long, 34 wide, and 86 high ; divided 
into twelve alcoves, ornamented with fluted pilasters, and 
in every direction are displayed portraits and busts, cases 
of medals, and other works of art. The number of volumes 
which it contains is about 50,000. The original library, 
which was collected under the direction of Mr. Gallatin 
and Mr. Mitchell, in ISOO, was destroyed by fire during the 
last war, and that which now enriches the Capitol, was 
founded upon one which was purchased by Congress,' in 
1814, of Thomas Jefi'erson, for $23,000. The yearly average 
increase is about 1,800 volumes. The sum of $5,000 is an- 
nually appropriated by Congress for miscellaneous books, 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



and $1,000 for law books. In 1S51 the library lost many 
valuable works from an accidental fire. 

The apartment for the accommodation of the Supremo 
Court is an ill-arranged, inconvenient, and badly lighted 
room, in the basement under the Senate Chamber. It is 
semicircular in shape, with manifold arches ; and on the 
wall is an emblem of Justice, holding her scales, in bold 
relief, and also a figure of Fame crowned with the rising 
sun, and pointing to the Constitution of the United States. 
The meiiibers of the bar are accommodated with seats and 
desks in the body of the room ; and the justices occupy a 
row of elevated seats, and appear in their official capacity 
clothed in black silk gowns or robes. 

In addition to the apartments of the Capitol already spe- 
cified, it should be mentioned, that there is also a large 
number of ordinary, but well-furnished rooms, which are 
occupied by the Vice-rresident, the Speaker of the House, 
and other officers, by the Postmasters of Congress, the Pub- 
lic Documents, and the committees of the two houses. 

The Capitol grounds are not only extensive, but are kept 
in the yery neatest order, constituting one of the pleasantest 
and most popular resorts for promenading to be found in 
the metropolis. They command mo.sl charming prospeols 
of the surrounding country, are adorned with a great variety 
of American trees, fountains and basins of pure water en- 
liven them in various parts, and an air of superior refine- 
ment is given to them by a number of pieces of statuary, 
the most attractive specimens being a statue of Washington, 
by Greenough, and a pair, of Columbus and an Indian 
Woman, by Persico, the former occupying the centre of a 
square east of the Capitol, and the two others appropriate 
places on the eastern portico. 

Near the western entrance of the Capitol stands a monu- 
ment erected by the officers of the navy to the memory qf 
their brother officers who fell in the war with Tripoli. It is 
of marble, rises out of a pool or basin of water, and is 40 
feet high. On one side of the base is a view of Tripoli and 
the American fleet, on another the words, "To the memory 
of Somers, Caldwell, Decatur, Wordsworth, Dorsey, Is- 
rael," and on another side, a brief l)ut comprehensive his- 
tory. At the base of the column are four marble emblem- 
atic figures— Mercury, Fame, History, and America; the 
column has also appropriate embellishments, and is sur- 
mounted by an eagle. 

The Executive Mansion is situated at the west end of the 
city, at the intersection of Pennsylvania, New York, Con- 
necticut, and Vermont avenues. It occupies the centre of 
a plot of 20 acres, and has an elevation of 44 feet above the 
waters of the Potomac. The grounds are partially laid out 
in gardens, etc., but are still in an unfinished state. The 
mansion is 170 feet front and 86 feet deep, built of white 
freestone, with Ionic pilasters, comprehending two lofty 
stories of rooms, crowned with a stone balustrade. The 
north front is ornamented with a lofty portico of four Ionic 
columns in front, and projecting with three columns. The 
outer inter-eolumniation is for carriages to drive under, and 
place company under shelter ; the middle space is for those 
visitors who come on foot — the steps from both leading to a 
broad platform in front of the door of entrance. The gar- 
den front is varied by having a rusticated basement story 
under the Ionic ordonnance, and by a" semi-circular pro- 
jecting colonnade of six columns, with two flights of steps 
leading from the ground to the level of the principal story. 
The interior arrangements of the Executive Mansion are, 
of course, elegant and convenient, well adapted to the va- 
rious purposes to which the building was designed. 

In the centre of the small square immediately in front of 
the President's House, stands a bronze statue of Thomas 
Jefferson, executed by whom we know not, but presented 
to The government by Capt. Levy of the United States Navy, 
the present proprietor of Monticello, the former abode of 
Mr. Jefferson. It is a handsome piece of statuary, and in 
its oresent position has quite a commanding appearance. 



Directly across Pennsylvania Aveiuie from the above-men- 
tioned square, is Lafayette Square, which has recently been 
laid out in fushionalile style, and planted with new shrub- 
bery. Mills' equestrian statue of General Jackson, which 
occupies its centre, is a work of superior merit. It is in 
bronze, and cast from certain cannon captured by General 
Jackson in some of his military engagements. 

The State Department, which stands north-east of the 
President's House and within the same inclosure, is a plain 
brick building, two stories high, IGO feet long and 55 wide, 
with a broad passage on both floors, and containing in all 
32 rooms. It contains a handsome library of books, maps, 
and charts, numbering perhaps some 15,000 distinct works, 
which are indispensable in the performance of the exten- 
sive and varied duties of the department. In addition to 
this collection, the Copyright Bureau contains some 10 or 
12,000 volumes published in this country, which are kept 
with care as i)art and parcel of the archives of the govern- 
ment. It is the department through which alone the diplo- 
matic corps and all foreigners can hold any intercourse 
with the government of the United States, and is of course 
the head-quarters of all the American ministers and consuls. 

The Treasury Department stands at the eastern extrem- 
ity of the President's Square, so called, and is a stone edifice, 
painted while, 340 feet long, and 170 wide, but when the 
northern and southern wings are added, it will be 457 feet 
in length. In front is an imposing colonnade, stretching 
the entire length of the building. It has throe floors upon 
which business is transacted, on each of which are nearly 
fifty apartments. This is the department where all the 
financial and commercial affairs of the country arc attended 
to. A good legal library is attached to this department. 

The War Department building occupies the north-west 
corner of the President's Square, and is precisely similar in 
design to the State Department. It is the head-quarters of 
all the officers of the army, and the mainspring of all the 
military movements. This department comprises the War 
Office proper, the Quartermaster's Department, the En- 
gineer's Department, Bureau of Topographical Engineers, 
Ordnance Office, Subsistence Department, Pay Depart- 
ment, Medical Department, Office of Adjutant-general, and 
the head-quarters of the Major-general or military Com- 
mander-in-chief of the Army. The War Department is 
furnished with a valuable library of .some 10,000 volumes. 

The Navy Department building lies directly west of the 
President's House, and in the rear of the War Department- 
It has five bureaus, exclusive of the Secretary's office, viz. : 
Bureau of the Navy Yards and Docks, Bureau of Construc- 
tion, Equipment, and Repair ; Bureau of Provisions and 
Clothing, Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography, and 
Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. 

The Department of the Interior, or Home Department, ia 
the most extensive connected with the government. The 
building which it is destined to occupy is yet unfinished, but 
when completed, it will be the most extensive and most in- 
teresting in the metropolis. A portion of it is already occu- 
pied by one of the bureaus of the department (the Patent 
Office), and also by the museum of the National Institute. 
The titles of the bureaus connected with the Interior De- 
partment are as follows : Land Office, Patent Office, Indian 
Office, and Pension Office. As its name Indicates, this de- 
partment has to do exclusively with all those matters bear- 
ing upon the internal economy of the United States, and is, 
of course, increasing in importance with every successive 
year. A library of some 5,000 volumes is attached to this 
department. In the second story of the building now occu- 
pied by the Patent Office, are the invaluable relics of Wash- 
ington, including his camp chest, the Original Declaration 
of Independence, the gifts presented from time to timeto 
the government by foreign powers, Franklin's printing 
press, a collection of Indian portraits by King, tbe treasures 
of the National Institute, interesting memorials of the late 
James Smithson, and the extensive and rare treasures se- 

413 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



cured by the tj. S. Exploring Expedition, under Captain 
Wilkes, in almost every department of national history and 
human ingenuily. Every thing here is open to the inspec- 
tion of the public. In the first story oT the same building 
are collecte<l all the models of the machines which have 
been patented since the foundation of the government. 

The Post-office Department is of white marble, and after 
the Corinthian order. It is 3 stories high, and 204 feet long, 
and 102 deep ; it contains 27 rooms on each floor, making 
81 in all. It occupies a central position in the city, near the 
Department of the Interior, both of which are about half a 
mile from the President's Square and the other depart- 
ments. 

With regard to the OflBce of the Attorney-general, which 
we have classed with the Executive branches of the govern- 
ment, we have only to say that it derives its chief attraction 
from the person who may occupy it, who must be, of neces- 
sity, a man of distinguished ability. Rooms are assigned to 
him in the Treasury building, and it is to him that all knot- 
ty questions, in all the departments, are submitted for final 
settlement. 

The National 01)servatory is situated on the banks of the 
Potomac, in an oblique direction from the President's 
House, toward Georgetown. The site is a beautiful one, 
having a commanding view of Washington and George- 
town, of the Potomac river, and surrounding country as 
far down as Fort Washington, opposite to Mount Vernon. 
It is a naval institution, under the control and management 
of Lieutenant M. F. Maury, U. S. N. The force employed 
at it consists principally of naval officers. Besides the as- 
tronomical duties of the establishment, here are kept all the 
nautical books, charts, and instruments belonging to the 
navy. The apartment in which the chronometers are kept 
is a very inter .sling one. Before one of these instruments is 
purchased by government, it is required to be put on trial by 
the Superintendent of the Oliservatory for one year; during 
which period it is compared daily with the great astronomi- 
cal clock of the Observatory, which regulates the time for 
the whole city. The temperature of the room in which it is 
kept is also carefully observed, and recorded every day. 
The test is a severe one, and in case the instrument fails to 
come up to it, it is returned to the maker at the end of 
the year. The observations on the temperature in connec- 
tion with the performance of the chronometer, enable the 
maker to improve the instrument, ami on a second trial of 
another year it rarely fails to pass. There are from CO to 
100 chronometers always in this room, all of which are 
daily wound, and compared and treated in the manner de- 
scribed. Thus a complete and minute history is kept of 
each one. Here also are conducted the celebrated re- 
searches eonnecte<l with the " wind and current charts," 
the habits of the whale, and a variety of phenomena con- 
nected with the great deep. The National Observatory of 
Wa.shington occupies a high rank among the observatories 
of the world, there being but two — those of Russia and 
Greenwich — superior to it. The largest telescope, called 
the equatorial, is a 14 feet refractor, with an object-glass of 
9 inches. It is mounted in the revolving dome on the top 
of the main building; and is so arranged with clock-work 
and machinery, that being directed to a star in the morning, 
it may be left ulone, when on returning to it in the evening, 
it will h.ave followed the path of the star so exactly, that it 
will be found still pointing to llic star, and the star will be 
visible through it. With its powers the stars are visible at 
mid-day. In one room below are the meridian and mural 
circles ; in another, the transit instrument; in another, the 
prime vertical instrument ; and in another yet, the great 
refraction circle, invented by the superintendent : it is made 
by Ertel & Son, Munich, and taken altogether is, perhaps, 
one of the finest instruments anywhere to be found. But 
perhaps the most wonderful object at this interesting estab- 
lishment is the electro-chronograph, invented by Dr. Locke, 
of Cincinnati. It is in the room with the transit instrument, 
414 



and is so arranged, by its connection with an electrical bat- 
tery in the building, that its ticks may be heard in any part 
of the country to which the magnetic wires leail, provided 
they be put in connection with it. Thus it may be made of 
itself to record the time, and in such a manner, that the as- 
tronomer in Boston, New Orleans, or elsewhere, will know 
it, and tell the time of day by his clock, as well as one who 
stands before it and reads the hands on its face. The Ob- 
servatory regulates the time for Washington and George- 
town by the falling of a ball. At ten minutes before mean 
noon every day, a large black ball is hoisted to a ling staff, 
standing on the top of the dome. This is to give warning 
for those who wish to get the eieact time of the day to look 
out. Precisely at twelve the ball drops. The whole city is 
informed of the exact time. 

The Arsenal occupies a fine position on the extreme 
southern point of the city (called Greenlears Point), at the 
junction of the eastern branch with the Pi>toinac, com- 
manding a beautiful and extensive view, over a broad ex- 
panse of water, toward the cities of Washington and 
Georgetown on the N., and Alexandria on the S. The 
channels of both rivers running near the Arsenal shore, 
afford all requisite facilities for receiving and shipping ord- 
nance and other military stores. Although this site was 
("■riginally reserved for the purpose of an arsenal, it was not 
occupied by any building of importance until after the 
peace of 1S14, when the building of the present establish- 
ment was commenced under the direction of the late Col. 
George Bomford. From the small square eiiibracod in the 
first plan, the buildings have been gradually extended until 
they occupy nearly the whole reservation, and form one of 
the principal arsenals of construction in the United States. 
The workshops contain much useful and ingenious machin- 
ery, propelle<i by steam, fur manufacturing gun-carriages 
and equipments for artillery, and for preparing ammunition 
of all kiiuis. Among these may be noticed particuhirly the 
machines for planing and boring iron and wood, those for 
tenoning and morticing the spokes and hubs of wheels; 
Blanchard's ingenious" lathe for turning irregular forms in 
wood, such as spokes, axe-handles, etc. ; the machinery for 
making leaden bullets by pressing them out of the bar-lead 
instead of easting them ; and, above all, the beautiful ma- 
chine for making and charging percussion caps for small 
arms, invented by Mr. George Wright, a workman at the 
Arsenal. By this last-mentioned machine, a sheet of cop- 
per being inserted on one side, and some percussion pow- 
der put in a hopper on the other, the finished caps are pro- 
duced without any further agency of the workmtui. In the 
spacious storehouses of the Arsenal are to be seen arms and 
equipments for the troops ; also a large number of gun-car- 
riages, and other apparatus for the service of the artillery in 
the forts and in the field, from the ponderous Columbiad for 
the defense of the coast, to the little mountain howitzer, 
which may be transported, with its miniature smith's forge, 
on the back of a mule. The model office contains a collec- 
tion of models or patterns of the various arms and military 
equipments used In our service, and also of such of those 
used in the armies of other nations as have been obtained 
by the ordnance department. Here may also be seen some 
specimens of old and new inventions, repeating arms, re- 
volvers, etc., which have been suggested at home or abroad 
by the organ of destructiveness. In the (/im lot arc ar- 
ranged many pieces of ordnance and pilesof balls, mosilyof 
heavy calibre for the armament of the forts. In front of the 
old Arsenal Square a small collection of foreign brass can- 
non will attract the notice of the visitor, who will perceive 
by the inscriptions that'some of them are tMphies of the 
success of our arms at Saratoga, Yorktown, Niagara, and 
Vera Cruz. Tlie guns and cannons of Duncan's field-bat- 
tery, which performed distinguished services on nearly 
every field of battle in the Mexican War, are likewise pre- 
served at the Arsenal as a saluting battery. On the W. side 
of the Arsenal grounds, near the river, are 2 pyramidal 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



structures, which often attract the curidsity of visitors, and 
of persons passing by the Arsenal. These buiWiiigs con- 
tain an apparatus called a Ballistic Pendulum, which is 
used for testing the force of gunpowder when fired in heavy 
ordnance, and also fur trying many other interesting experi- 
ments in gunnery. 

The Navy Yard is situated on the " Anaeostia," a branch 
of the Potomac r., at the southern termination of Eighth 
Street, east. It was estaljlished in the year ISOO. The area 
covers about 20 acres, and is inolosetl by a substantial brick 
■wall, having a principal entrance at tlie foot of Eighth 
Street, through a handsome arched gateway. Several com- 
fortable residences have been erected for the accommoda- 
tion of the commodore, the executive officers, the first lieu- 
tenant, surgeon, sailing-master, boatswain, and gunner, 
whose official duties require their constant attendance in 
the yard. The mechanical operations of this establishment 
are various and extensive, and the skill of the workmen and 
the excellence of the materials employed have been satis- 
factorily tested in every sea. Anchors of all sizes, for the 
naval service, are manufactured by the use of two heavy 
steam hammers (termed the "Nasmylh Hannner"), one of 
■which weighs 3,600 pounds, the other 2,240 pounds. The 
forges for this work are kept in blast by a fan-blower at- 
tached to the steam-engine in the machinist's department. 
There is also in operation, in the anchor department, a direct 
action steam-hammer (called the ' Kirk Hammer"), in con- 
nection with a blast-furnace for working up into looms and 
bars all the scrap iron of the navy. The massive chain- 
cables are made in another shop, which is provided with a 
powerful hydrostatic press for testing their strength. These 
cables are highly esteemed for their superior finish, great 
strength, and durability. Another department is engaged 
in the manufacture of galleys, cabooses, and copper powder- 
tanks, and of the various kinds of brass work appertaining 
to ships of ■war. The different machines employed in mak- 
ing these articles are driven by a eteam-engine of about 15 
horse-power. A brass foundry is connected with this range 
of buildings on the eastern side of the yard. A large and 
extensive iron foundry has recently been erected of suffi- 
cient capacity and with the necessary facilities for molding 
and casting the heaviest work. Connected with this foun- 
dry are the machines for boring, turning, and planing the 
steam cylinders and other massive machinery required for 
the naval service. Adjoining the iron foundry are the ord- 
nance and boiler-making departments, ■«'hich are provided 
■with a steam-engine of about 12 horse-power. The ord- 
nance department is engaged in the fabrication of light 
brass ordnance, howitzers for boat and land service, of shot 
and shells, percussion-caps, musket and pistol balls, etc. 
Some of this machinery is very ingenious and highly inter- 
esting. The boiler shop contains all tho machinery neces- 
sary for the construction of boilers. Close by this range of 
buildings is a very extensive machine-shop, in which are 
placed all the tools required in the manufacture of steam- 
engines and machinery of every description. When com- 
pleted it ■will afford room for the employment of from 150 to 
200 workmen. Attached to this shop is. an engine of 60 
horse-power, which also gives motion to the block-making 
machinery, and to the fan-blowers of the anchor-making 
department. On the western side of the yard is the pyro- 
technical laboratory, in which are prepared all the articles 
for the navy appropriate to this department. There are 
two large ship-houses for building ships, under one of 
which is about to be constructed a marine railway for 
hauling up steamers for repair. The grounds are beauti- 
fully laid out, the avenues shaded with fine trees, the plats 
neatly inclosed, and the whole preserved in handsome 
order. 

The Smithsonian Institution was founded upon a bequest 
of more than half a million of dollars made to the United 
States by an Englishman named James Smithson. The 
object of the bequest, according to his will, was " to found 



at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion, an establishment for the increase and dift'ii.'sion of 
knowledge among men." On the Ist of July, 1836, Con- 
gress solemnly accepted this important trust, and the money 
was paid into the Treasury of tho Unit<-d Slates in 1S3S. 
The Act of Congress establishing the Institution as it now 
exists, was passed in 1846. The Institution is situated on 
the Mall, below the Capitol ; and though the edifice is yet 
in an unfinished state, it presents a noble appearance, and 
is unquestionably one of the great attractions of the metrop- 
olis. The style of the architecture is the llomanesque, the 
material a reddish freestone of fine grain ; its-extreme length 
is 450 feet, its width 140 feet, and it has nine towers, varying 
in height from 75 to 150 feet. The grounds which surround 
it are very extensive, and arc now in progress of being 
beautified. The library room is capable of holding 100,000 
volumes. The building is supplied with a lecture-room, 
which will seat 1,200 persons ; and its nmseum is 200 feet 
long ; its rooms for chemical experiments are more spacious 
and convenient than any to be found in the country ; and in 
the western wing, which is 120 feet long, will hereafter be 
located a gallery of art. 

The Washington Monument stands on the Mall, between 
the President's House and the Potomac, and embraces the 
idea of a grand circular colonnaded building, 250 feet in di- 
ameter, 100 feet high, from which springs an obelisk shaft, 
70 feet in diameter at the base, and 500 feet high, making a 
total elevation of 000 feet. The vast rotundo, Ibrming the 
grand base of the monument, is surrounded by 30 colunma 
of massive proportions, 12 feet in diameter, and 45 feet high, 
elevated upon a base of 20 feet in height and 300 feet square, 
surmounted by an entablature 20 feet high, and crowned 
by a massive balustrade 15 feet hi height. The terrace out- 
side the colonnade is 25 feet wide, and the walk within the 
colonnade 25 feet. The front portico is adorned with a tri- 
umphal car and statue of the illustrious chief; and over 
each column around the entire building are sculptured es- 
cutcheons, coats of arms of each State of the Union, sur- 
rounded by bronze civic wreaths, banded together by fes- 
toons of oak-leaves, while the centre of the portico is em- 
blazoned with the coat of arms of the United States. Ariund 
the rotundo are stationed statues of the Signers of the Dec- 
laration of Independence : in niches prepared for the pur- 
pose, statues of the Fathers of the Eevolution, cotemporary 
with Washington; and directly opposite to the entrance is 
placed a statue of Washington himself. The interior of the 
shaft is embellished with a great variety of inscriptions ; at 
one point it is ornamented with four of the leading events 
of Washington's career, sculptured in bas.so t'elievo, above 
which is placed a single star, emblematic of the glory which 
the name of Washington has attained : and in the centre of 
the monument v.'ill be placed the tomb of the Father of his 
Country. 

The National Medical College, instituted in 1823, is now 
in successful operation. It was, until a few years past, 
known as the Medical Department of the Columbian Col- 
lege, from which institution it derives its authority to con- 
fer degrees, under an act of incorporation from the Con- 
gress of the United States. The requisites for graduating 
are, that the candidate shall have attended the lectures of 
each professor two full courses, or one full course in this 
school, and one full course in some other respectable insti- 
tution. He must have a fair moral character, and he shall 
have dissected during at least one session. He shall have 
entered his name with the dean of the faculty as a candi- 
date for graduation, and delivered to him an inaugural 
dissertation upon some medical subject, thirty days before 
the close of the session, and pass a satisfactory examina- 
tion. 

The Columbian College, which was incorporated in 1821, 
is beautifully situated on an eminence, adjoining the City 
Corporation, on the north, and on Fourteenth Street, west 
It is a fine brick edifice, four stories high, and overlooks the 

415 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES, 



city, the Capitol, and other public buildings; and com- 
mands a fine view of the Potomac, with the s\irrounding 
country, for many miles in extent. In beauty and health- 
fulness of position, it is unsurpassed ; and its local advant- 
ages are such as no other situation in the country can afford. 
The College has a good library, a valuable philosopliical 
apparatus, and othi-r means and facilities for pursuing a 
thorough and liberal course of studies. The last catalogue 
(1S50) embraces a president, and twelve professors and 
teachers— including those of the National Medical College, 
which is under the same corporation — 100 students, and be- 
tween 200 and .300 alumni. 

The Coast Survey Office Buildings, occupied for the use 
of the United States Coast Survey, are situated on the west 
side of New Jersey Avenue, about a sixth of a mile from the 
Capitol. They consist of four old houses, in a blocic, pre- 
senting a decidedly rusty exterior, and in no way looking 
like pubhc buildings. 

The National or Congressional Burial Ground, situated 
about one mile east of the Capitol, embraces about ten acres, 
commands an extensive view of the country, and is well 
inclosed with a brick wall, laid out with taste, and beautified 
with trees and shrubbery. It was located in 1S07, and has 
since been in the keeping of an incorporated company. The 
monuments are manifold, and many of them beautiful; and 
in addition to several private vaults is one spacious and 
■well constructeil. Inclosed by a neat railing, built by the 
order and the expense of Congress, as a place of deposit for 
the dead whose remains it may be the purpose of friends 
subsequently to remove. 

The City Hall, the official home of the City Fathers, was 
commenced in 1820, and finished in 1S50, it having remained 
a kind of ruin during most of the intervening time. It is a 
large and handsome edifice, and occupies a commanding 
position on Judiciary Square, is 200 feet in length, and after 
the stucco style of architecture. The Circuit and Criminal 
Courts hold their sessions in this hall ; also the members of 
the City Councils. The mayor has his office here, and so 
also have a large number of the city attorneys. 

The Public Schools of Washington are quite numerous: 
of free public schools there are four, with quite a large 
retinue of primary schools, which are carried on at an 
annual expense of about $12,000. Select schools and sem- 
inaries for the education of both sexes also exist in different 
parts of the city, several of them of a high and established 
character. Public attention has been strongly directed to 
these institutions, and perhaps in no other city are there to 
be found superior advantages of education, which are an- 
nually on the increase. There are also several excellent 
boarding-schools in Washington,, and two or three in 
Georgetown. 

The National Institute was founded in 1840, and has for 
its object the promotion of science in all departments. It 
holds its meetings and has its head-quarters at the Patent 
Office. It has a miscellaneous library of nearly 4,000 vols., 
pamphlets, maps and charts, with a few interesting man- 
uscripts, and in the cabinet are many medals and coins. The 
library is always open to the inspection of the public. 

The -Metropolis is well supplied with churches, and con- 
sidering its extent is quite as well supplied with eloquent 
preachers as any city in the Union. Of Baptist churches 
there are four — one on Tenth Street, one on E., and two on 
Virginia Avenue ; their congregations are all large, and their 
pastors popular. Of Catholic churches there are four — St. 
Matthew's, on H. street ; St. Peter's, on Second ; St. Patrick's, 
on F. ; and St. Mary's, on Fifth. Of Episcopal churches 
there are five, viz. : Christ church, on G Street; St. John's, 
on II ; Trinity, on Third ; Epiphany, on G ; and Ascension, 
on II. The Trinity church edifice is the handsomest, 
devoted to religion, in the city. In this church, as indeed 
in all other churches of tho city, a certain number of pews 
are assigned to strangers. St. .John's church stands directly 
in front of tlie President's Uouse. There is also one Quaker 
416 



meeting held in the city on I Street; and two Lutheran 
churches, the English on 11 Street, and the German on G 
Street. Of Methodist churches there are seven in the city — 
one on 4th, one on 14th, one on 5th, one on Massachusetts 
Avenue, one on Maryland Avenue, one on 9th Street, and one 
on Virginia Avenue. Of Presbyterian churches there arc 
six — one on F Street, one on 8th Street, one on 4i Street, 
one on II, and two on 9th Street. There is also one Uni- 
tarian church in the city, on D Street ; and of colored 
churches, there are some half dozen scattered about the city. 

Hotels are quite numerous, but not sufficiently so, even 
now, to accommodate the public. With one or two unim- 
portant exceptions, they are all situated on Pennsylvania 
Avenue. The names of the principal ones are the National 
Hotel, Brown's Hotel, Willard's Hotel, Gadsby's Hotel, the 
Irving Hotel, the United States Hotel, the Potomac Hotel, 
and Tyler's Hotel. The finest hotel edifice in Washington 
is that recently erected by Mr. Brown, which is very large 
and has a beautiful marble front. All these hotels are 
supplied with the best of a first-rate market, and with 
numerous and generally accommodating servants. From 
the doors of each, the stranger may at almost any moment 
step into a convenient and elegant omnibus, and go to 
almost any part of the city he may desire. Pop. in ISOO, 
3,210; in isiO, 8,208; in 1S20, 13,24T; in 1S30, 18,827; in 
1840, 23,864; and in 1S50, 40,001. 

The general statistics of Washington will be found under 
the caption of District of Columbia. 

Washingtox, p. v., and cap. Daviess co., Ind. : 4 m. E. 
of W. fork of White r., 90 m. S. W. by S. Indianapolis. It 
contains good county buildings and 5 churches. It was 
laid out in 1S17. The " Literacy Journal" is here published. 
Pop. 2,578. 

Washington, p. v., port of entry, and cap. Beaufort co., 
A\ Car.: on N. side of Tar r., at its entrance into Pamlico 
r., 91 m. E. by S. Raleigh. It contains the court-house, jail, 
3 churches, and 2 banks, cap. $300,000. Tho " North Slate 
Whig" is issued weekly. Vessels drawing 9 feet water can 
come to its wharves. The total tonnage of Washington dis- 
trict on June 30th, 1 850, was 5,703 tons, chiefly employed in 
the coasting trade. Pop. 2,015. 

WATEi'.r.uKY, t., p. b., and sta.. New Haven co., Conn.: 
on both sides of Naugatuck r., 19 m. N. N.W. New Haven, 
25 m. S. W. Hartford. The Naugatuck E. E. passes through 
the V. 32 m. from Bridgeport, 30 m. from Winsted. The t. 
has generally a rough surface. The Naugatuck r. and its 
branches afford great water-power, well improved by nu- 
merous factories. Of these, the principal are — that of the 
" American Pin Company," which (with another at Pough- 
keepsie, are the only ones of the kind in the Union) has 
a capital of $100,000, employing 150 operatives ; three fac- 
tories of gilt and plated buttons, silver ware, etc. ; India- 
rubber webbing factories; rolling mills of brass and copper, 
making articles of all sorts, and the woolen factories. The 
manufacturing interests of this place have for several years 
been steadily and rapidly increasing. During 1851 and '52, 
21 manufacturing establishments were organized with an 
aggregate capit.al of over $1,000,000. The capitalists thus 
interested, and the citizens generally, are among the most 
enterprising in the State. The b. is generally well built, 
with many elegant dwellings. It contains a bank, with a 
capital of $510,000, two first-class hotels, a good high-school, 
with fine building, and 6 churches, of which the Episcopal 
Society has a superior church edifice. The " Waterbury 
American" (fam.) is issued weekly. Pop. of t. in 1840, 3,668.; 
in 1850, 5,137. 

Wateeforp, t., p. v., and sta., Saratoga co., iV. 1'. .• 10 ra. 
N. Albany. Bounded E. by Hudson r., and W. by Mohawk 
river, which unite at S. end of the t. Surface rolling; soil 
alluvial and sandy. The v. is on W. bank of Hudson r., at 
the head of sloop navigation. The Champlain Canal passes 
through it, and communicates with the Hudson by locks. 
The Ecnsselacr and Saratoga E. E. also passes through, 4 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



miles from Troy, 28 m. from Saratoga. The trade carried 
on by these annually is very extensive. The manufactures 
of the V. are also of large amount and importance. Here 
are 5 clnirches, 2 academies, and 1 bank, capital |50,000. 
The V. is connected with Lansingburg by a bridge across 
theHurlson. The " Sentinel" is here published. Pop. of v. 
about 1,S00. Pop. of t. in 1840, 1,S24 ; in 18.50, 2,683. 

Watertow.v, t., p. v., and cap. Jefferson co., iV. Y. : on 
S. side of Black r., at the falls, U5 m. N. W. by W. Albany. 
Surface of t. gently uneven ; soil sandy loam and clay, very 
fertile, and well cultivated, lying upon limestone foundation. 
Drained by Black r. on the N. and by Sandy and Stoney 
creeks flowing S. W., and Lake Ontario. Black r., in pass- 
ing the v., descends 88 feet in 1 m. by 5 natural cascades 
and T artificial dams, creating an immense water-power, 
unrivaled in the Union for its natural availability, and of 
which only a small portion is yet used. The factories al- 
ready erected are chiefly engaged in making woolen and 
cotton goods and paper ; but there are also extensive flour- 
ing, grist, and saw mills, besi<les tanneries, iron furnaces, 
and a large variety of smaller manufacturing establish- 
ments. The V. was first settled in ISOO. and incorporated 
in 1S.31. It contains a court-house and jail, of stone, 2 flour- 
ishing academies, a State arsenal, of brick, and 9 churches. 
There are 5 banks, with aggregate capital of $600,000. The 
Watertown and Rome R. E. extends through this place, 
71 m. from Rome, to Cape Vincent 25 m. The construction 
of a line of railroad hence to Stockholm, on the Northern 
E. R., is contemplated, also a railroad to Utica through the 
valley of the Black r. Five newspapers were here publish- 
ed in 1S50 — " Northern New York Journal" (whig), " Dem- 
ocratic Union," " Jeffersonian" (dem.), Jefferson County 
Democrat," and " New York Reformer" (temp.) Pop. of t. 
inlS40, 5,02T; in 1S50, 7,201. 

Waterville, t., p. v., and sta., Kennebec co., 31e.: on 
W. bank of Kennebec r., 17 m. N. N. E. Augusta. Surface 
diversified ; soil alluvial and well cultivated. The Kenne- 
bec r. is navigable to the v., handsomely situated at the 
Ticonic Falls, which extend across the river, are 18 feet 
high, and aflTord immense water-power. The other water- 
power in the vicinity is very great, and could be improved 
by a very large number of factories. The v. contains va- 
rious mills and manufactories, 2 banks, capital $125,000, an 
academy, and 4 churches. "Waterville College, located here, 
is a Baptist institution, founded in 1820, which in 1850 had 
5 professors, 267 alumni (of whom 82 had entered the min- 
istry), 88 students, and a library of 15,500 volumes. The 
Androscoggin and Kennebec R. E. extends to this place 
from Portland 82 m. ; the Kennebec and Penobscot E. E. 
is in coiistruction to Bangor, and the Kennebec and Port- 
land E. E. will also extend hence to Augusta. Pop. of t. in 
1840, 2,971 : in 1850, 3,964. 

Watervlikt, t. and p. o., Albany co., iV. Y. : 5 m. N. 
Albany. It occupies the N. E. corner of the county, being 
bounded N. by Mohawk r., and E. by the Hudson. At the 
confluence of these rivers are numerous islands breaking 
the mouth of the Mohawk into several channels. Surface 
level or undulating; soil generally sandy or swampy, ex- 
cept on the Hudson, where are extensive and fertile flats. 
The Erie and Champlain canals separate in this t., and in 
the former are many locks to overcome the Falls of Cohoes. 
The Troy and Schenectady E. E. runs along the S. bank of 
the Mohawk. West Troy, the site of the U. S. Arsenal, Is 
in Watervliet, and occupies about 130 acres, inclosed by 
walls and iron paling. There is also in this town the cele- 
brated Shaker .jettlement "Niskayuna." of which a detailed 
description is appended. The manufactures of this t. em- 
ploy upward of a million dollars capital, and embrace many 
valuable branches of industry in the fabrication of iron, cot- 
ton and woolen goods; and there are also numerous flour, 
grist, and saw mills. Pop. of t. in 1840, 10,141 ; and in 1850, 
16,675 — increase in the decade, 64.4 per centum. 
The following is a description of the Shaker settlement in 

AA 



this town, as communicated (24th May, 1S53) by S. Buck- 
ingham, a member of the society : 

" 7'he United Society.'" — The founder of this Society, or 
peculiar sect of people, commonly called " Sha/cers," was 
Ann Lee, daughter of John Lee, a native of Manchester ia 
England, was born on the 29th of February, in the year 
1736. She, with her little company of followers, embarked 
for America in 1774, where they arrived the 6th of August. 
Those that came over with her as companions and fellow- 
laborers in the work of her calling, were eight in number. 

In the year 1776, as many of her followers as had kept 
their rectitude and remained with her, took up their resi- 
dence at Watervliet, 8 miles N. W. from the centre of 
Albany, in a wilderness country, which required great toil 
and labor to render useful either to man or beast, or pro- 
ductive of the necessaries of life ; but by their industry, zeal, 
and frugality, together with the additions, culture, and im- 
provements of their successors, up to the present time, a 
permanent settlement has been established, much admired 
by those who visit the place ; and though once a dreary and 
solitary spot of earth, is now a situation becoming an indus- 
trious and enlightened people, productive of nearly all the 
ordinary comforts of life. 

This branch of the " United Society" possess and occupy 
about 2,540 acres of land, much of which is tillable, and 
produces com, grass, wheat, rye, oats, barley, potatoes, 
pease and beans, to tolerable advantage ; and by manuring, 
may be rendered highly productive. They have also fine 
orchards, yielding an abundance of fruit in fiivorable sea- 
sons, such as apples and peaches, with some plums and 
pears ; and much of the smaller kinds, as currants, goose- 
berries, and strawberries, which are raised in their gardens. 
A small stream of water, called the Schulune kill, runs 
through the south and easterly part of the village, and flows 
northward into the Mohawk r. On this creek they have 
several artificial ponds, which afford their main privileges 
in water-power. The land bordering upon this stream is a 
deep, mucky soil, but the upland is of a sandy and gravelly 
quality. 

About 300 acres of the most valuable part of their land lie 
upon the banks of the Mohawk r., in the town of Niskayu- 
na, near the mouth of the Schulune kill, a little above Fast's 
Ferry, and in the town of Rotterdam, a short distance 
above the city of Schenectady, where is raised the principal 
part of their broom-corn, which they manufacture into 
brooms of the first quality, and vend them in the public 
markets throughout the country. By the overflowing of 
the river upon its banks, the low land along here is ren- 
dered highly productive without manuring, and is thereby 
made profitable to those who possess it. 

The population of the Society numbers some 300 or more, 
being divided into four distinct families, located from a 
half to three-fourths of a mile distant from each other, a 
little back from the main road leading from Troy to Sche- 
nectady, so that the village is somewhat central between 
the above-mentioned places and the city of Albany, and 
may be approached within two and a half or three miles by 
railroads, connecting the aforesaid cities. 

As you pass along the village from east to west, you 
ascend a moderate rise of land from which an agreeable 
scenery springs to view, extending from the Helderberg 
Mountains on the west to the Kayaderosseras Mountains on 
the north, and the Green Mountains on the east, overlook- 
ing the valleys of the Hudson and Mohawk rivers. 

The whole number of buildings in the village may be 
estimated at some 150 or 160, many of which are built of the 
best materials, and are quite valuable. Among the num- 
ber there is a commodious building for divine worship, 
erected in the year 1848 ; besides which there are three 
offices for the transaction of all public business, two school- 
houses, eight dwelling houses, suitable to accommodate 
from fifty to one hundred persons each, and many work- 
shops and storehouses, built ia the most commodious style. 

417 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



They have also two grist-mills, three saw-mills, and three 
machine-shops, in which various branches of mechanical 
business are carried on, such as carding wool, l\iriung 
broom-handles, turning iron, and sawing firewood. 

Their principal domestic employments being agriculture, 
horticulture, the manufacture of brooms, and various kinds 
of medicines, they have buildings and machinery appro- 
priated to each branch of business suflBcient to render each 
profitable ; and the many articles they manufacture for sale 
are noted for tlieir neatness, durability, and good quality. 

No pains is spared in the raising and preparing of their 
garden seeds, of which they raise a general assortment ; and 
the boUmical herbs, roots, barks, and extracts which they 
procure for market are prepared in the most punctual and 
faithful manner. Their brooms, also, have an extensive 
sale, which need but be used to receive commendation. 
Thus, all the articles manufactured by them and offered for 
sale are of the most durable quality, and may be relied on 
as genuine and pure. 

They generally perform the most part of their own 
black-smithing, joiner, and carpenter work, tailoring, and 
shoe-making; and the females are not less indnstHous in 
their various branches of business, including dressmaking, 
spinning, weaving, braiding whip-lashes, manufacturing 
Donnets, small fancy baskets, fans, brushes, with a variety 
of other small saleable articles. 

The society generally keep from forty to fifty good horses, 
eighty cows, sixteen yoke of oxen, five hundred sheep, and 
young cattle and other stock in proporticjn. 

The manner of life by them adoi>ted seems not at all 
deleterious to longevity, for from their statistical reports of 
the ages of those who have deceased in their society since 
its first establishment in this country, show an average of 
flfty-fiiur years. It is a fact, that these singular people 
strictly adhere to a life of chastity and virgin purity, and do 
neither marry, nor are given in marriage, but believe 
that true Christianity consists in purity of heart, and a life 
devoted to God in all things — being ingrafted into the true 
vine, and living the life and imitating the example of Ilim 
who overcame the world, with all its affections and lusts. 
Consequently, they have nothing to do with war and blood- 
shed, and the political strifes of the world, but choose to live 
in peace with all men. They are temperate and sober la 
their habits, discarding entirely the use of ardent spirits 
and its attendant evils, excepting occasionally in medicinal 
preparations. 

In lliis society, as in other branches of their community, 
equal rights and privileges are enjoyed, as no one claims 
aught as his own ; but each and all receive according to 
their needs and circumstances, possessing all things in com- 
mon, whether of a spiritual or temporal nature. 

The first established and largest Society of Shakers is at 
New Lebanon, Columbia county, New York, 2i m. S. of 
Lebanon Springs. There is also another small Society in 
this State, at Groveland, Livingston county. 



The following is a brief statement of the several societies 
located in the other States. 

Mas^acluiHetts. — Hancock, Berkshire county, 5 m. W. 
of rittsfield. — Tyringiiam, in the same county, 16 m. S. of 
Hancock. — Harvard, Worcester county, 80 miles N. W. 
from Boston. — Suirlby, Middlesex county, 7 miles W. from 
Harvard. 

Netc IlampHhire. — Canterbury, Merrimac county, 12 m. 
N. by E. from Concord.— Enfield, Grafton county, 12 m. S. 
from Dartmouth College. 

Connecticut. — Enfield, Hartford county, 5 ra. E. of the 
Connecticut r., and 18 m. N. E. from Hartford. 

Maine. — Alfred, York county, 30 m. S. W. from Port- 
land.— New Gloccesteb, Cumberland county, 25 m. N. W. 
from Portland. 

Ohio. — Union Villagf,, Warren county, 4 m. W. from 
Lebanon, and 27 m. N. by E. from Cincinnati; this is the 
418 



oldest and largest Society in the Western country. — Also, 
Watervliet, Montgomery county, 6 m. S. E. from Dayton. 
— Wuitewatek, Hamilton county, 22 m. N. W. of Cincin- 
nati. — North Union, Cuyahoga county, 7 m. S. E. from 
Cleveland. 

Kentucky. — Pleasant Hill, or Suakertow:^, Mercer 
county, S m. E. from Harrodsburg ; pop. 342.— South I'nion, 
Logan county, nearly central between Kussellvillc and Bow- 
ling Green, 14 m. from the latter, and 50 ra. N. of Nash- 
ville {Tenn.) ; pop. in 1850, 245. 

West Point, p. v.. Orange co., N. Y.: on W. bank of 
Hudson r., 91 m. 8. by W. Albany. Lat. 41° 23' 31. 2" N. 
long. 73° 57' 03" W. The U. S. Military Academy, here lo- 
cated, was established in 1802. Its site, with 250 acres at- 
tached, was ceded by New York to the United States in 
1S26. It occupies an elevated plain, commanding most de- 
lightful views of the river and vicinity, and is surrounded 
by high hills. The buildings are numerous, and hand- 
somely built of stone. The number of cadets is 250, of in- 
structors 35. The course of instruction, chiefly military and 
scientific, is of the highest order, and occupies four years. 
Upon graduation, the cadets are immediately appointed as 
officers in the U. S. army. The average annual appropria- 
tion of Congress for this academy is .$160,000. This place 
is of great historical interest, from its connection with the 
Revolution. In 1777 it was fortified and occupied by the 
American army, and during the war was garrisoned by a 
strong division of troops. Avery massive chain was here 
stretched'across the Hudson, thus preventing, with the aid 
of the forts, the British from ascending the Hudson and 
communicating with the Canadian provinces. The niins 
of Fort Putiuim are still seen. In 1794 a military school 
was here commenced, but the building was destroyed by 
fire two years afterward, and the school suspended until 
1802, when the present academy was organized. 

West Troy, p. v., Albany county, N. Y. : on W. bank of 
Hudson r., 6 m. N. by E. Albany. This flourishing village 
was incorporated in 1S36, and has had a rapid growth. 
The Erie Canal here connects with the Hudson r, by lateral 
canals and locks, and transfers to it a large proportion of 
the canal-boats with their freight of produce, merchandise, 
etc., unbroken, which are thence towed by steamboats to 
New York. A large number of steam-barges, sloops, and 
schooners are here owned and employed in transportation. 
The surplus waters of the canal afford very great water- 
power, improved by numerous factories and mills. Other 
manufacturing establishments using steam-power, are also 
numerous. The Meneely bell foundry is the most extensive 
of the kind in the Union. The general interests of this 
place are directly connected with Troy, of which it is prop- 
erly a suburb. It also contains 10 churches, and the Water- 
vliet arsenal, established here in 1813 by the United States. 
This is the largest arsinal of construction in the Union, 
comprising about 40 buildings upon its grounds of 100 acres, 
employs about 200 men, and at all times has on hand im- 
mense quantities of munitions of war. The " W. Troy Ad- 
vocate" (neut.) is issued weekly. Pop. 7,564. 

West Winsted, p. v. and sta., Litchfield co.. Conn. : on 
Mad r., a br.inch of Farmington r., 23 m. N. W. by W. 
Hartford, 45 m. N. by W. New Haven. Here terminates 
the Naugatuck Pv. R., 62 m. from Bridgeport. This v. is 
noted chiefly for its manufactures. Water-power is fur- 
nished by the outlet of Long Lake, an interesting pond 8^ 
m. long, i m. wide, which lies in an elevated plain, nearly 
} m. above the plain below. This outlet is but a small 
stream, in a narrow cb.^nnel, but affords great and perma- 
nent power to the factories on its banks. Among these are 
an extensive cutlery establishment; one coach axle do. ; a 
large machine shop ; a tannery 140 feet long, and 4 stories 
high; various establishments making hoes, shovels, edge 
tools, sashes, and blinds; also large scythe factories; 2 
woolen do., making satinets and cassimeres ; an iron foun- 
dry, etc. The flourishing condition and prospects of Win- 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



steel have most favorably affecled its growth, and many new 
buildings are erecting to accommodate tlie increase of pop- 
ulation ; among which is a fine hotel, containing over 100 
rooms. The Winsted Banli has a cap. of $100,000. 

"Wheeling, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Oliio county, 
Vii'Cf. : on E. bank of the Ohio r., 24T m. N.W. Richmond— 
lat. 4<P 07'N. ; long. 80° 42' W. It occupies a fine site on 
a high bank of the river, along whi<h it extends about 
2 m., but its extension W. is restrained by high hills. It is 
divided by Wheeling cr., here emptying into the Ohio, over 
which here is a beautiful stone bridge. The Ohio river is 
crossed by a wire suspension bridge, which is one of the 
finest structures of the kind in the world, and has the fol- 
lowing measurements : length of span, from centre to 
centre of the stone supporting towers, 1,010 feet; height 
above low-water mark, 97 feet ; height of towers on 
Wheeling side, 153i feet above low-water mark, and 160 
feet above the abutment on which they stand. It is sup- 
ported by 12 wire cables, laid in pairs, 3 pairs on each side 
of the flooring, each of which is 4 inches in diameter, com- 
posed of 550 strands, and 1,3S0 feet long. It has a carriage 
■way 17 feet wide, and 2 footwalks, each 3i feet wide. The 
wire used in its conslruction was manufactured by D. Rich- 
ards & Co., of Wheeling. It is capable of supporting a pres- 
sure of 618 pounds to the square foot, and cost $210,000. In 
front of the city lies Zane's island, which contains 350 acres, 
and to which a bridge is constructed. 

Wheeling is distinguished for enterprise in manufactures 
and trade. In the city and vicinity flouring-mills are very 
numerous, and form the leading interest of manufactures. 
The next roost important manufactures are those of glass, 
nails, stoves, and all kinds of iron castings, steam-engines, 
woolen and cotton goods, white and sheet lead, paper, etc. 
The Virginia Iron Works, here located, make about 1,100 
kegs of nails per week. The silk factory of J. W. Gill is 
the largest in the Union ; but is in operation oidy 3 months 
during the year, because of scarcity of stock. The city early 
experienced the advantages of its position for navigation on 
the Ohio, and its connections E. and W. by the National 
Road. The Baltimore and Ohio R. R. here terminates, 
380 m. from Baltimore. The Central Ohio R. R., now com- 
pleted below Columbus and Zanesville, will here connect 
with the Hempfield R. R., now in construction to junction 
with the Pennsylvania R. R. at Greensburg. The Cleveland 
and Pittsburg R. R. is also being extended to Wheeling. The 
tonnage of Wheeling district on June 30th, 1850, was 5.934 
tons, all of which was of the cla.ss " enrolled and licenseil," 
permanent, employed in the coasting trade, and propelled 
by steam. Vessels built during the year preceding, 4 
steamers, 835 tons. In 1S52, .38 steamboats, all high pres- 
sure, were here owned, with aggregate tonnage of 6,843 tons. 

The city contains, besides the county buildings, 13 
churches, several academies, and 2 banks, with aggregate 
capital of $969,100. Its newspaper press in 1850 consisted 
of the "Wheeling Gazette" (whig), and "Wheeling Even- 
ing Argus"' (dem.), each issuing daily and weekly editions; 
and the " Virginische Staats Zeilung" (dem.) in German 
language, issued weekly. Pop. in ISIO, 914 ; in 1820, 1,567 ; 
in 1S30, 5.221 ; in 1840, 7,885; in 1850, 11,435. 

WiLLiAMSBUEG, p. City, Kings co., N. V. : on E. b.ank of 
East river, 2 m. E. by N. City Hall, New York, 145 m. S. 
Albany. This flourishing city occupies a handsome and 
elevated site, is planned and laid out with regularity, and is 
increasing in population and general prosperity correspond- 
ing to the growth of New York, of which it is properly a 
suburb, being connected by the most intimate ties of busi- 
ness. It is well built and paved, and lighted with gas. It 
was incorporated as a village in 1827, and chartered as a 
city April 7, 1S51. Its situation for business is most favor- 
able, and its manufactures are varied and very extensive. 
The ship-yards in its N. W. part are among the largest and 
most important in the vicinity of New York, employing sev- 
eral hundred men. A very large proportion of its citizens 



are engaged in daily business in New York, to which four 
steam ferries have boats constantly plying. The general 
municipal government is vested in a mayor and twelve 
aldermen (four from each of three wards), who hold office 
for two years. The police. Are, and other departments are 
constituted upon plans similar to those of New York, but 
varied by the particular wants of this city. The City Water- 
Works, commenced in 1853, are in progress toward com- 
pletion. The churches are about thirty in number, many 
of which are very commodious and handsome edifices. 
Among the public buildings, the Odeon is the principal 
hall for public entertainment, etc. Its public schools, ar- 
ranged according to the general State system, are well con- 
ducted, and considerable interest is manifested in education 
by the citizens generally. The newspaper press, in 1850, 
consisted of four dailies, viz., '• W. Gazette" (whig), '-W. 
Times" (neut.), " Independent Press" (dem.), and " Demo- 
cratic Advocate." In 1853, the construction of avenue rail- 
roads and other improvements, are operating with most 
beneficial influence upon the growth of the city. Pop. in 
1835, about 3,000; in 1840,5,094; in 1845, 11,338; in 1850, 
30,730. The population at the present time (July, 1854) ia 
perhaps little less than 50,000. 

Wilmington, p. city, port of entry, and one of the caps. 
Newcastle co.j Del. : is pleasantly situated between Bran- 
dywine and Christiana creeks, 1 m. above their confluence, 
2 m. W. Delaware r., 37 miles N. Dover. Lat. 39° 41' N. ; 
long. 750 28' W. Distance by railroad from Washington 
108 m. ; Baltimore, 70 m. ; Philadelphia, 28 m. ; New York, 
115 m. Its site is pleasant and healthy, on ground rising 
gradually to the height of 112 feet above tide-water. It is 
regularly laid out, with wide streets crossing at right angles, 
and is well built, chiefly of brick. It is supplied with water 
from the Brandy wine, by extensive water-works, constructed 
like those of Philadelphia. It contains a city hall, several 
county buildings, an arsenal, 2 market-houses, several ex- 
cellent academies, and 19 churches. The hospital, located 
upon a fine eminence, is 126 feet long and 3 stories high. 
There are 4 banks, with aggregate capital of $700,000. The 
manufactures of Wilmington are various and most exten- 
sive. Great water-power is afforded by the falls of the 
Brandywine, and improved by mills and factories of all 
kinds. The flouring-mills are, however, the most numer- 
ous and extensive, and among the largest in the Union. 
The making of gunpowder has f(;r many years been exten- 
sively carried on in the vicinity. The navigation interests 
of Wilmington are also large. Vessels drawing 14 feet 
water come to its wharves in Christiana cr., and Brandy- 
wine creek admits those drawing 8 feet water. The total 
tonnage of this district on June 30th, 1850, was 9,460 tons. 
The register tonnage amounted to 1,651 tons, viz., 681 tons 
permanent, and 970 tons temporary. The enrolled and 
licensed tonnage amounted to 7,809 tons, mostly perma- 
nent, and all employed in the coasting trade, of which 1,429 
tons were propelled by steam. During the year preceding 
it had no foreign commerce. Vessels built during the year, 
16 (12 schooners, 3 sloops, 1 steamer) — 1,849 tons. In 1852 
it had among its vessels 11 steamboats — 2,681 tons. The 
general business and prosperity of this city are steadily in- 
creasing. It is surrounded by a very fertile agricultural 
district, has great natural advantages for manufacturing, in- 
dustry, and trade, and its connections by railroad insure 
constant communication with the great cities of the nation. 
Its newspaper press in 1850 consisted of "Delaware Re- 
publican," " Del. State Journal," each publishing tri-weekly 
and weekly editions; "Del. Gazette," semi-weekly and 
weekly ; and 2 weeklies, " Blue Hen's Chicken" (whig), 
and '■ Independent Delawarian" (dem.) Pop. in 1810, 4,416; 
in 1820, 5,263; in 1830, 6,628; in 1840, 8,367; in 1&50, 
13,979. An enumeration taken in 1853 gives the following: 
6,587 white males, 7,389 white females, 920 colored males, 
1,257 colored females— total 16,153. 

Wilmington, p. city, port of entry, and cap. New Haiiover 

419 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



county, iV. Car. : on Cape Fear r., near the confluence of 
the N. E. and N. W. branches, about 35 m. from the Atlantic 
Ocean; 12S m. S. S. K. lliiU-igh. Latitude 84° 11' N. ; 
longitude 78° 10' W. Its site is rather low, and considered 
somewhat unhealthy. Ila favorable position for trade has, 
however, secured a large population, and permaiient busi- 
ness interests. In 1S19, it suflerud most severely by a con- 
flagration which destroyed 200 buildings, at a loss of over 
$1,000,000. It contains a court-house, jail, several churches, 
and 3 banks, with aggregate cap. of .$1,050,000. It is lighted 
by gas distilled from wood. In 1850, its newspaper press 
comprised 6 issues, viz., " Commercial" (whig), tri-weekly 
and weekly; 2 send- weeklies, "Aurora" (neutral), and 
" Journal" (dem.) ; 2 weeklies, " Chronicle" (whig), and 
"Eeligious Intelligencer" (Bapt.). 

The railroads entering Wilmington are, Wilmington and 
Weldon E. E. (from Weldon 162 m.) ; and Wilmington and 
Manchester E. E. (from Manchester 15G m.) ; both of which 
are very important avenues of travel and trade. The harbor 
has a shoal at its entrance, but admits vessels of 300 tons. 
The r. is divided into 3 channels by 2 islands, which are 
the finest rice fields in the State. The total tonnage of this 
district on June 30lh, 1850, was 15,198 tons. The registered 
tonnage amounted to 9,123 tons, consisting of 1,406 tons 
permanent, and 7,717 tons temporary. The enrolled and 
licensed tonnage amounted to 6,075 tons, all permanent, and 
employed in the coasting trade, of which 2,949 tons were 
propelled by steam. lis foreign commerce during the year 
preceding, consisted of 175 clearances — 31,098 tons, and IIS 
entrances, 20,070 tons. Vessels built during the year, 4 
(1 brig, 1 schooner, 2 steamers) — 4S3 tons. The principal 
exports of Wilmington during 1852, were as follows : 

Coastwise. Foreign. Total. 

Lumber feet . . 17,135,889 . . 15,201,000 . .32,336.889 

Timber " .. 1,025,202.. 2,383,814 .. 3,409,016 

Turpentine ..bbls. .. 63,071.. 83,596.. 96,663 

Eosin " .. 320,219.. 18,981.. 839,200 

Tar " .. 17,522.. 2.137.. 19,659 

Pitch " .. 6,660.. 1,146.. 7,806 

Peanuts bush... — .. — .. 93,255 

Cotton bales.. — .. — .. 4,136 

Value $3,991,561.83 $548,107.74 $4,540,069 

In 1852, the number of steamboats of this port was 15 
(10 high pressure, 5 low pressure), with aggregate tonnage 
of 3,014 tons. An U. S. naval officer is stationed at this 
port. Pop. in 1830, 2,700 ; in 1840, 4,744 ; in 1850, 7,264. 

Winchester, p. v., and cap. Frederick co., Virg. : 116 m. 
N. N. W. liichmond. It is regularly laid out, with streets 
crossing at right angles, which are generally well paved. 
It contains the county buildings, lyceum, academy. Masonic 
hall, and 14 churches. Its manufactures and trade are ex- 
tensive and increasing. The Winchester and Potomac E. E. 
extends hence, 32 m., to Harper's Ferry and junction with 
the Baltimore and Ohio E. E.. The v. also contains the 
Winchester Medical School, having 5 professors; 2 banks, 
with aggregate capital of $080,000, and 1 savings' institu- 
tion. The " W". Eepublioan" (whig) and the "Virginian" 
(dem.) are issued weekly. This place was founded in 1752, 
and is of considerable historical interest Pop. in 1840, 
3,454 ; in 1850, 3,857 

WiNNSBOKo', p. v., sta., and cap. Fairfield dist., S. Car. : 
on the Charlotte and S. Carolina E. E., 24 m. N. by W. 
Columbia. It has an elevated and healthy site, and is 
generally well built. The counly buildings are handsome 
Btructiires. It also contains 5 clmrehes, 4 academies, and 
the Furman Theological Seminary (Baptisl), founded in 
1826, which in 1850 had 2 professors, 30 sludeuts, 30 alumni, 
and 1,000 volumes in library, and occupies 4 handsome 
buildings of granite on a pleasant location. The " Fairfield 
Herald" (dem.) is issued weekly, and the " Christian Maga- 
zine (relig.) monthly. Pop. about 1,050. 

WoBCESTKR, p. city, and cap. Worcester co., Mass. : 45 m. 
420 



by railroad, W. by S. Boston. Lat. (Ant. Hall) 42° 16' 17" N. ; 
long. 710 4S' 13" W. It is pleasantly situated in a valley, 
surrounded by hills of gentle acclivity, its soil is generally 
fertile, and is drained by branches of Blackstone r. Its 
surface is somewhat diversiflied, affording a picturesque 
variety in its general appearance. Many of its streets are 
very handsome, of which the most important is Main Street; 
which is about 2 m. long, straight, broad, ornamented with 
beautiful shade trees, and contains the principal hotels, 
stores, banks, churches, public buildings, with several 
splendid ))rivate residences. In the S. part of the city ia a 
spacious public green. Many of the principal buildings are 
fine structures. The hall of the American Antiquarian 
Society is a large and handsome edifice, erected in 1820, at 
cost of $10,000, and contains 7,000 volumes. The State 
Lunatic Asylum is finely situated on an eminence E. of the 
city, and surrounded by extensive and beautiful grounds. 
It consists of a large central edifice, 4 stories high, with 
wings 3 stories high, and 1-34 feet long. This noble institu- 
tion was founded in 1833, and usually contains from 460 to 
500 inmates. The College of the Holy Cross (Eoman 
Catholic) has a fine location on a rounded hill, 1 J m. S. W. 
of the city, but its buildings were lately destroyed by fire. 
In 1S50. it had 4 professors, 120 students, and 4,220 volumes 
in its library. Great attention is generally given to educa- 
tion in the public schools and private academies, which arc 
of the best order. The newspaper press, in 18.50, consisted 
of the "Massachusetts Spy" (f. soil), daily and weekly; 
" Daily Tribune" (neut.) ; 4 weeklies, " National jEgis" 
(whig), " Palladium" (dem.), " Mass. Cataract" (temp.), 
" Christian Citizen" (reform.) ; and 1 monthly, " N. E. 
Temperance Journal." 

Worcester is one of the most important thoroughfares in 
New England. The railroads here centering are five in 
number: viz., Boston and Worcester E. E., 45 m. long; 
Western E. E., 57 m. to Springfield, 156 m. to Albany ; 
Providence and Worcester E. E., 43 m. ; Norwich and 
Worcester E. E., 66 m. ; Worcester and Nashua E. E., 
45 m. ; and Fitchburg and Worcester E. E., 26 m., which 
uses between Worcester and Sterling Junction, 8 miles, 
the road of the Worcester and Nashua E. E. These very 
important avenues of intercommunication have efit'ctually 
secured to Worcester the greatest facilities for inland trade, 
and have greatly developed and increased its manufactures 
and general prosperity. Its manufactures embrace nearly 
all branches, and form an aggregate annual product of 
about $2,500,000. There are five banks, with aggregate 
cap. of ^1,000,000, and 2 institutions for savings. 

The aggregate wealth of Worcester is very great, show- 
ing an unusually large average amount per head. The 
general increase of the city in wealth during the last 
20 years has also been very rapid, hardly surpassed in New 
England. The following table exhibits the valuation of 
property in various years, ft-om 1800 to 1852, inclusive : 

Years. Val. (jf prop | Years. Val. ofprop. , Years. Val. of prop. 

ISOO $296,542 1840. . . .$4,288,950 1848. . . .$8,721,100 

ISIO 1,476,3^3 1846. . . . 6,004,050 1849. . . . 10,760,232 

1820 2,016,750 1846. . . . 7,116,700 1851 .... 11,925,055 

1S30 2.747,800 I 1847. . . . 7,690,850 I 1S52. . . . 12,575,566 

In 1S49, the number of persons whose property amounted 
to $20,000 and upward, was 91 ; and 99 persons were 
assessed for $10,000 and upward, but below $20,000. 

The settlement of Worcester was commenced in 1675, but 
owing to the Indian border warfare, was not made perman- 
ent until 1713. In 1718, it contained " 5S humble dwelling 
houses." In 1765, its citizens instructed their representatives 
to join in no measure countenancing the " Stamp Act ;" and 
soon again manifested their patriotic spirit by prompt action 
upon many matters of national concern. During the revo- 
lutionary struggle it sustained a most honorable part. Ita 
c;ircer of prosperity during the last thirty years is the 
natural result of the intelligent enterprise of its citizens. 
They have ever been among the foremost ia the State, in 



CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



contributing to the construction of works of internal im- 
provement, in building up home manufactures, and in the 
promotion of agriculture ; aud they are now receiving their 
just reward. The city was incorporated in 184S. Its 
government is vested in a mayor, 8 aldermen, and common 
council of 24 members (being composed of 3 members from 
each of the 8 wards). The appropriation of city expenses 
in 1851, was $75,500; in 1S52, $S5,T00. The population at 
different periods has been as follows : 



Year. Pop. I Year. Pop. 

1765.... 1,478 I 1800.... 2,411 
1776.... 1,925 I 1810.... 2,577 
1790.... 2,095 i 1820.... 2,962 



Year. Pop. 

1830... 4,173 

1840... 7,497 
1S45... 11,556 



Year. Pop. 

1S47... 15,643 
1850... 17,049 
1853... 20,271 



Yazoo Crrr, p. city, and cap. Yazoo co., 3fus. : on E. side 
of Yazoo r., 40 m. N. by W. Jackson. It is situated on a 
low bluff, which, back of the city, rises to a very consider- 
able elevation. The main street follows the river in bend- 
ing course, but the rest of the city is laid out with general 
regularity. The county seat was removed to this place 
from Benton in 1852. The court-house is an elegant struc- 
ture of brick. There are 5 churches, of which the Episcopal 
Society has a handsome edifice. The houses are chiefly 
built of wood, and are not characterized for liieir elegance- 
The trade of the city is almost exclusively in cotton, of 
which from 75,000 to 100,000 bales are shipped annually to 
New Orleans. There are 3 steam saw-mills, wilh no other 
manufacturing establishments. A plank-road extends hence 
to Benton, 10 miles. Two newspapers, the " Yazoo Dem- 
ocrat" and " Yazoo City Whig," are issued weekly. Pop. 
about 2,000. 

YoNKKRS, t. and p. v., Westchester co., 2^. Y. : 182 m. S. 
Albany. Drained by Bronx r. on the E., and by Saw-Mill 
or Nepperhan r., an affluent of the Hudson, which latter 
forms itsW. border. Surface somewhat uneven and broken ; 
soil clay and sandy loam, generally well cullivated. It is 
one of the pleasantcst and most healthy towns on the Hud- 
eon, and of late years lias been selected by great numbers 
of the merchants of New York city as a suitable residence 
for their families. The v., on Nepperhan r., has been rapidly 
built up with substantial and splendid dwellings, and has 
also se\'eral extensive manufacturing establishments aud 
mechanic shops. A steam bedstead factory, one of tlie 
largest in the Union, and two very extensive hat factories, 
are found here; while on the river are two grist-mills and 
many shops which are operated by water-power. Yonkers 
has six churches— 1 Roman Catholic, 1 Episcopal, 2 Baptist, 
and 2 Presbyterian. There are also iu the v. two academies 
for females, and one for boys, and two public schools. The 
business of the place is extensive, it being a point of supply 
and deposit for a rich back country. It has an ample river 
front and several landings, which afford every facility to 
steamboats and river craft; and the Hudson Kiver E. It., 
which passes through the t. on the immediate bank of the 
river, secures frequent communication with New York city, 
14 or 15 passenger cars passing up and down during the 
day. Three steamboats ply daily on the Hudson between 
the two places. For the accommodation o£ visitors, there 
is a splendid hotel at the corner of Broadway and Mechanic 
Street, fronting on both, and containing between 500 and 
800 rooms. Attached to the hotel is a flue hall, used for ex- 
hibitions, theatricals, lectures, etc. There are other hotels 
and taverns in various parts. Broadway is the principal 
seat of retail trade, and not a few of the stores rival in aa- 
eortment and elegance tliose of New York city. On the 
same avenue stands the market-house, which is well pro- 
vided with substantials and luxuries in their seasons. The 
Croton Aqueduct passes through the v., and some of the 



streets are arched over for that purpose. Yonkers, indeed, 
has all the charms of a fine and varied country, and at thr 
same time all the accommodations of a city ; and society al 
this place has many ornaments, and is endowed with all the 
advantages of wealth, learning, and refinement. Pop. of t. 
in 1840, 2,968, and in 1850, 4,160. The village at the present 
time (1854) is supposed to have a population equal to that 
of the whole town in 1850. 

YoRKTOWN, p. v., port of entry, and cap. York co., Virff. : 
on S. side of York river, 55 miles E. S. E. Richmond. 
Lat. 37° 13' N. ; long. 76° 34' W. It contains the county 
buildings and several stores. The tonnage of Yorktown 
district on June 30th, 1S50, was 4,807 tons, all of which was 
employed in the coasting trade. Vessels built during the 
year preceding, 2, schooners — 61 tons. Yorktown was in- 
corporated in 1705. Among its buildings are some of the 
oldest in Virginia. It is ever memorable in American 
history, as the place where Lord Cornwallis surrendered to 
the American forces, October 19th, 1781, which glorious 
event was the means of terminating the Revolutionary War. 

ZANES^aLLB, p. v., and cap. Muskingum co., Ohio : on E. 
bank of Muskingum r., opposite the mouth of Licking r., 
51 m. E. Columbus. This flourishing v. has experienced a 
rapid growth, and is one of the most thriving places in the 
State. The Muskingum r. in passing the t. has a natural 
descent of 9 feet in 1} miles, which, by means of a dam, is 
increased to 16 feet, thus affording efficient water-power. 
The manufactories improving this great privilege are of all 
kinds, and many of them are extensive. The number of 
factories using steam-power is also large, arising mainly 
from the abundance of bituminous coal supplied from the 
surrounding hills. The Muskingum has been made navi- 
gable for steamboats to Dresden, 15 miles above, where a 
navigable side-cut, 2^ m. long, connects with the Ohio Canal, 
thus affording to Zanesville the advantages of direct con- 
nection with the great canals of the State. Steamboats ply 
regularly from this place to Pittsburg and Cincinnati. The 
lines of railroad passing through Zanesville are. Central 
Ohio R. R., now completed from Columbus to this village, 
59 m., and in construction to Wheeling; Cincinnati, Wil- 
mington, and Zanesville E. E.,125 m., in construction; and 
the Cleveland, Zanesville, and Cincinnati E. R., formerly 
Akron Branch E. E., which will be completed in 1S54. The 
village contains very handsome county buildings, 3 banks, 
and 14 churches. The general interests of education are 
well provided for iu excellent public schools and numerous 
private academies. Among the former are 2 higli schools, 
one for males and one for females, which are of high repute, 
and among the latter is an academy liberally established 
and endowed by the late John M'Intire, the founder of 
Zanesville. The citizens have an enviable reputation for 
general intelligence, as well as for business enterprise. A 
popular Athenreum, having a library of 10,000 volumes, with 
reading-room, etc., and annual lectures, is well sustained. 
The newspapers here published in 1S50 were, " Zanesville 
Courier" (whig), issuing daily, tri-weekly, and weekly edi- 
tions, "Z. Gazette" (neut.), and "Z. Aurora" (dem.), each 
issued weekly ; " Clarion of Freedom" (free soil), " Western 
Eecorder" (Meth.), " Family Quarto" (Presby.) ; besides 
which, the " Annual Register" is a regular publication. 
The V. is abundantly supplied with water, which is raised 
from the Muskingum by a powerful forcing-pump, into a 
reservoir on a hill 160 feet high, and containing 750,000 
gallons, and is thence distributed through the village in iron 
pipes. Bridges connect the v. with Putnam, South Zanes- 
ville, and West Zanesville, which are intimately connected 
with the business interests of Zanesville. Pop. of v. in 
1840, 4,766 ; in 1850, 7,929. 421 



LIGHT-HOUSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



(Names in Italics are " Floating Lights.") 



Portland Maine 

Seguin " 

"Whitehead " 

Frankhn Island " 

"Wood Island " 

"West Quoddy Head " 

Petit Manan " 

Pond Island " 

Bnrnt Isl.and " 

Libby Island " 

Monhegan '• 

Owl's Head " 

Moose Peak " 

Matiaieus Rock " 

Pemaquid Point " 

Baker's Island '• 

Cape Elizabeth " 

Dice's Head " 

Hendrick's Head " 

Mount Desert Kock " 

Brown's Head " 

Marshall's Point " 

Goat Island " 

Negro Island " 

Fort Point " 

Boon Island " 

Eagle Island Point " 

Nashe's Island " 

Bear Island " 

Saddleback Ledge " 

Little River " 

Prospect Harbor " 

Grindel's Point " 

Beauchiimp Point " 

Portsmouth (or Newcastle) N.IIamp. 

"White Island {red and white) " 

"Whale's Back (2 lights) " 

Boston Mam. 

Thatcher's Island (2 lights). . " 

Baker's Island (2 lights) " 

Plumb Island (2 lights) " 

Cape Cod (Ilighlaiids) " 

Plymouth (2 lights) " 

"Wigwam Point " 

Scituate (2 lights) » 

Race Point. " 

Long Island Head " 

Ten Pound Island " 

Billingsgate Island " 

Sandy Neck " 

Long I'oint " 

Gloucester Point " 

Strailsmouth Haven " 

Marble Head « 

Ipswich (2 lights) " 

Gay Head " 

Clark's Point " 

Cutterhank Island " 

422 



GeographicJil Posilii^n. 



Portland Head, off P. Harbor, S. side 4-3 89 OOj TO IT 00 

On S. Island, off mouth of Kennebec River 43 41 86,69 44 00 

On W. Island, S. "W. of "W. entrance to Penob. Bay 43 5T 00 69 04 00 

On N. end of F. Isl., and W. of ent. to St. George's B. 43 52 Ool69 19 00 



Astronom. Positiou. 



Liglit 



On W. Island, near entrance to Saco Harbor 

OnW. Q. H., near Eastport,& S. side ent. toW. Q. Bay 

On S. end of P. M. Island 

On V. Island, W. side of entrance to Kennebec River 
On B. Is!., W. side of Townsend Ilarb., Lincoln co. 

()n L. Island, entrance of Machias Bay 

i')n M. Island, Lincoln co. (red and white) 

Off Thomaston Harb.,"W. side W. ent. of Penob. Bay 
On Mistake Isl., S. W. of "W. ent. to Bay of Fundy 

On "W. Rock, off Penobscot Bay 

On P. Point, S. AV. of entrance to Bristol Bay, etc. 43 
OnB. Is., off Mt. Desert, &S.ofent. to Frenehn's Bay 44 

On t'. E., S. S. E. of Portland (two lights) 

t )n D. Head, near Castine 

I )n H. Head, mouth of Sheepscot River, E. side . . . 
On M. I). Rock, about 20 m. S. S. E. Mt. Desert Isl. 
On S. Fox Isl., E. side W. entrance to Penobscot Bay 

On M. Point, Lincoln co 

\t mouth of Cape Porpoise Harbor, N. side 

N side of entr. to Camden Harbor, Penobscot Bay 
( )n Olil F. P., above Castine — ent. Prospect Harbor 

On B. Island, off York Harbor 

( )n E. Is., head of I. au Ilaut Bay,N. E. ent. to P. Bay 

< )ff mouth of Pleasant River, E. side 

On 15. 1., one of the Cranberry I., 5 m.N.W. Baker's I. 
Near S. W. end of I. au Haut, E. side of ent. to Bay 
On an island at the mouth of L. R. Harbor, in Cutler 

On Goat Island, in P. Harbor 

.\t Gilkey's Harbor, in Penobscot Bay 

On Indian Isl. — entrance to Camden Harbor 

W. side of inner entrance to Portsmouth Harbor 
On W. Isl., the S. "W. island of the Isles of Shoals 
N. and E. side of outer ent, to Portmouth Harbor. . 

N. side main outer entrance to Boston Harbor 

On T. island, about 2 m. off Cape Ann 

On B. island, S. side of N. E. ent. to Salem Harbor 
On P. island, 8. side of entrance to Newburyport. . 

Outside of Cape Cod — Truro 

On Gurnet Point, N. side of ent. to Plymouth Harb. 
On. "W. Point, E. side entrance to Squ.am Harbor. . 
On Cedar Point, N. side of ent. to Scituate Harbor 

On R. Point, N. W. point of Cape Cod 

On N. end of Long I.,and S. side inner ship entrance 
On Ten P. Isl., in Cape Anne or Gloucester Harbor 

On B. Island, W. side entrance to "Wellfleet 

W. side of entrance to Barnstable H.trbor 

On L. P. Sh'l, ins. C. Cod, & "W. side of ent. to P.Har. 

On G. Point, E. side of entrance to G. Harbor 

On S. Island, N. side of Cape Ann 

E. entrance of M. Harbor, S. E. side 

On Patche's Beach, S. side entrance to I. Harbor. . 

On Gayhead, W. point of Martha's Vineyard 

On C. Pt.,'W. side entrance to New Bedford Harbor 
On S."W. point C. Isl., S. of "W. ent. to Buzzard's Bay 141 



43 
44 
44 
43 45 00 69 46 00 



2T 00 
49 18 
22 00 



TO IS 
66 59 00 
6T 49 00 



54 00 

44 30 
03 50 
23 00 
46 24 

45 00 
13 20 
33 36 

23 12 
4T 30 

55 Oil 
05 00 
53 20 
21 00 
11 00 

OS 00 

24 00 
2T 00 
16 00 
59 00 



03 30 
58 00 
(13 Oil 
19 41 
3S 21 
32 12 
4S 29 

02 23 

00 12 
39 43 
12 IT 

03 44 

19 4S 
35 10 
51 3S 
4:3 21 

01 50 
."4 49 
89 41 
82 03 
41 08 

20 .54 
85 34 
24 52 



22 00 
18 00 
00 00 
31 09 
49 00 
29 80 
08 00 
11 36 
49 30 
89 00 
00 30 
46 00 
13 00 
25 00 
59 00 



TO 29 00 
68 46 00 
6T 43 00 
6S 12 00 
68 36 30 



43 00 
8T 30 
41 00 
58 4:3 
84 48 
4T 28 

49 05 

03 55 
86 21 
41 12 
43 15 
15 53 
5T 41 
40 00 

04 82 
IT 09 
10 50 
40 10 
35 86 

50 05 
46 IT 

50 26 
54 21 

51 17 



Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Revol'g 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Revol'g 
Fixed 
Kevol'g 
Fi.\ed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
F. & R. 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
FLved 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Revol'g 
Fixed 
Revol'g 
Fixed 
FLxed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Revol'g 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
F. & R. 
Revol'g 
Fi.xed 
Fixed 



feet. 



80 
166 
53 
60 
63 
90 
53 
52 
55} 
60 
170 
117 
531 

m 

64 

69 1 
140 
116 

39 

56i 

80 

80 

33 

50 

90 

70 
100 

47 

95 

62 



87 

58 

90 

90 

81 i 

&4 
ISO 

90 

50 

40 

32 

SO 

45 

40 

40 

85 

57 

40 

40 

40 
172 

52 



LIGHT-HOUSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Geograpliical Position. 



ABtronom. Position. 



Latitude. Long'ude. 
d. m. H d. m. 8. 



Light. 



feet. 

70 

40 

55 
70 
70 
60 
80 
31 

as 

80 
4.3 
50 

90 

30 

150 



27 



45 
38 
50 
40 
98 
73 
74 
43 
56 

88 
53 

95 
111 
93 

74 



85 
44 
71 
40 
62 

45 

134 
54 

67i 
S9i 



Nantucket 3Rw$. 

Nantucket Beacon " 

Nantucket Harbor Light " 

Cape Poge " 

Chatham (2 lights) " 

Point Gammon " 

Holmes's Hole " 

Tarpaulin Cove " 

Bird Island " 

Monomoy Point " 

Nobsqiie Point " 

Dumpling liock " 

Edgartown " 

Ned's Point " 

Nauset Beach (3 beacons) ... " 

Mayo's Beach (Wellfleet) " 

Nantucket ClifT (2 beacons). . " 

Sankaty Head " 

Hyannis " 

Wing's Neck " 

Palmer's Island ,. . . " 

Minot's Eock " 

Parmet Harbor (2 lights) " 

Brandywine Shoal (129 tons) " 

Tuc/cerruick Shoal " 

Vineyard Sound " 

JPoUoek^s Hip " 

Newport Ji.M. 

Watch Hill " 

Point Judith " 

Goat Island " 

Dutch Island " 

Warwck Neck " 

Nayat Point " 

Block Island (2 lights) " 

Poplar Point " 

Juniper Island Verm. 

New London Conn 

Faulkner's Island " 

Lynda Point " 

Stonington " 

Morgan's Point " 

Five Mile Point " 

Stratford Point « 

Fairweather Island " 

Norwalk Island " 

Great Captain's Island " 

North Duni]ilin " 

BartMfs A>eef{Ub tons) .... " 

JEel Grass Shoal (41 tons) ... " 

Eaton's Neck Jf. Y. 

Execution Rocks " 

Sand's I'oint « 

Old Field Point « 

Fire Island Inlet " 

Throgg's Neck « 

Stony Point " 

Fort Tompkins « 

Coxsackie " 

Four Mile Point " 

riaugerties " 

Stuyvesant « 

Eondout Creek " 

Montauk « 

Little Gull Island " 

Plumb Island " 

BufTalo (on pier) " 

Portland Harbor « 

Dunkirk « 



On Great or Sandy Point, the N. point of N. Island 

On Brant Point, Nantucket Harbor 

Nantucket Harbor, S. side 

N. E. Point, Martha's Vineyard 

Chatham Harbor, inside 

On S. side of Capo Cod, inside of ent. Hyannis Har. 

On W. chop of Holmes's Hole Harbor 

W. side Tarpaulin Cove, Vineyard Sound 

On B. Isl., in Buz. Bay,E. side of ent. to Sippic'n Har. 

On Sandy Point, S. extremity of Cape Cod 

On N. point of Vineyard Sound 

Buz. Bay, S. S.W., N. Bedford, & of Clark's Pt. Light 

At entrance to E. Harbor, Martha's Vineyard 

Near Mattapoissett, E. New Bedford 

E. side Cape Cod 

Harbor Light, inside C. Cod, head of Wellfleet Bay 

In Nantucket Harbor — 2 harbor beacons 

On S. head, S. E. end of Nant. Isl. (flashes li & 3 m.) 

At entrance H. Harbor, Barnstable co 

On Wing's Neck, Sandwich, in Buzzard's Bay 

On N. E. end of P. Island, in New Bedford Harbor 

On Cohasset Eocks, 9 m. S. E. i E. Boston 

On N. side of P. Harbor, S. end of Tower of Truro . 

(Two lamps, 12 cylindric wicks each) 

On Cross Eip, N. W. of Nantucket (1 lamp & 8 wicks) 
Near " Sow and Pigs" Eocks (2 lamps, 9 wicks ea.) . 

Ofl" Chatham (1 lamp and 9 wicks) 

On Beaver Tail, S. point of Canonicut Island 

On W. Point, S. E. of Stonington, about 2 m 

On S E. point of Narragansett Shore 

On N. end of Goat Island, Newport Harbor. 

On S. end of Dutch Island 

On S. end of Warwick Neck (bay light) 

On N. Point, Providence River (bay light) . . 

On N. end of Block Island 

Wickford, North Kingston (bay light) 

On J. Isl., L. Champlain, 8. side cut. to Burlington 

W. side of entrance to River Thames 

On Faulkner's Island, off Guilford Harbor 

Mouth of the Connecticut River, W. side 

On point E. side entrance to Stonington Harbor. . . 
On N. side of Fisher's Island Sound, near Mystic. . 

Entrance to New Haven Harbor, E. side 

At entrance of Stratford Harbor 

Entrance to Black Eock Harbor, Fairfield 

At entrance of Norwalk River 

On G. C. Island, near Greenwich Pt., Fairfield co. 
On North Dumplin Island, in Fisher's Island Sound 

Off New London (1 lamp, 9 wicks) , 

On Eel Grass Shoal (1 lamp, 12 wicks) 

On E. side of Huntington Bay, Long Island 

Off Sand's Point, Long Island Sound 

On Sand's Point, E. entrance to Cow Bay 

On O. F. Point, N. side L. Isl., opposite Strat. Light 
On E. side of F. Island Inlet, S. side of Long Island 
On S. E. point of Throgg's Neck, E. of Hell Gate 
On W. side of Hudson River, below West Point. . . 

On Staten Island, W. side of Narrows 

On the W. side of Hudson River, near Coxsackie. . 
At F. M. Point, 4 m. from Hudson, W. side of river 

At mouth of Saugerties Creek 

Near Stuyvesant, on E. side of Hudson River 

Oppos. mouth of E. Cr. and ent. Del. & Hud. Canal 

E. end of Long Island 

On L. G. I., near N. E. end of L. I. S., S. side of m. ent. 
NearN. E. end of L. I. S'd, and N. of Gardiner's Bay 

At junction of Buffalo Creek and Lake Erie 

At Portland, S. E. shore of Lake Erie 

At Dunkirk, S. E. shore of Lake Erie 



41 23 24 
41 17 24 
41 16 00 
41 25 IS 
41 40 16 
41 36 35 
41 23 5T 
41 28 07 
41 45 09 
41 33 35 
41 30 67 
41 32 17 
41 23 27 
41 41 01 

41 51 40 

42 55 00 

41 16 5S 
41 38 00 



42 16 08 



41 26 .30 
41 IS 09 
41 21 35 
41 30 00 
41 29 30 
41 34 00 
41 44 00 
41 13 24 
41 35 00 
44 27 00 
41 18 55 
41 12 3S 
41 16 13 
41 i9 34 
41 IS 54 
41 14 
41 09 02 
41 03 27 
41 02 50 
40 58 52 



40 57 09 

40 51 52 
40 53 33 
40 37 46 
40 48 15 

40 37 57 



41 04 10 



70 03 01 
70 05 51 
70 06 00 
70 27 19 

69 57 12 

70 16 16 
70 36 27 
70 45 45 
70 43 21 
09 59 56 
70 39 37 
70 55 36 
70 30 29 
76 02 00 

69 57 21 

70 02 00 

69 58 16 

70 IS 00 



70 45 55 



71 24 24 
71 52 03 
71 29 25 
71 19 50 
71 26 00 
Tl 29 00 
71 22 00 
71 35 04 

71 26 40 
73 13 00 

72 05 56 
72 89 46 
72 20 59 
71 54 52 

71 59 54 

72 54 47 

73 06 46 
73 13 31 
73 25 43 
73 37 59 



73 24 IS 

73 44 21 
73 07 41 
73 13 33 

73 48 01 

74 03 50 



71 51 5S 

41 12 18,72 06 57 
11 10 21 [72 13 14 

42 50 00 1 78 59 00 
42 32 41 — 

m 



Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fbced 

Eevol'g 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fi.xed 
Fi.xed 

Eevol'g 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 

Eevol'g 

F.&E. 



Fixed 
Eevol'g 
Eevol'g 
Fixed 
Fi.xed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fi.xed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fi.ved 
Fixed 
Eevol'g 
FLxed 
Eevol'g 
Fixed 
Fixed 



Fixed 
Eevol'g 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Eevol'g 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Eevol'g 
Fixed 
FLxed 
Fixed 



89 



160 
50 
63 
47J 



LIGHT-HOUSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



GaUoo Island J^. Y. 

Oswego Beacon " 

Cattaraugus Beacon " 

Dunkirk Beacon " 

Genesee (t-e»ip. beacon) " 

Sodus Bay and Beacon " 

Tibbctfs Point " 

Horse Island " 

Niagara Fort " 

Stony Point " 

Ogdensburg " 

Prince's Bay " 

Esopus Meadows " 

Bobbin's Reef " 

Cedar Island " 

Silver Creek " 

Salmon Kiver " 

Eock Island Beacon " 

Sunken Rock Beacon " 

Conover Island Beacon " 

Cumberland Head " 

Split Rock " 

Stratford Paint (100 tons) . . " 

Sa7idij Ilooh (230 tons) " 

Sandy Hook (light and 2 b'ns)iV^. Jer. 

Highl'ils of Nev'sink (2 lights) " 

Barnegat Shoals " 

Cape May " 

Egg Island (gas) " 

Cohanzey Creek (gas) " 

Tucker's Beach (red shades) " 

Bergen Point " 

Maiu-ice River " 

Passaic River " 

Presquc Island Penn. 

" " Beacon " 

Fort Mifflin " 

Brandy wine Shoal " 

Cape Henlopen Del. 

Cape Henlopen Beacon " 

Bombay Hook " 

Mahon's Ditch " 

MispiUion Creek " 

Christiana River (gas) " 

Eeedy Island (gas) " 

Breakwater (red) " 

Five Fathom Rock (195 tons) " 
Upper Middle Shoal (131 tons) " 

Bodkin Island Jl/S. 

North Point, No. 1 " 

" " "2 " 

Thomas' Point " 

Pool's Island « 

Smith's Island " 

Concord Point " 

Cove Point " 

Point Lookout " 

Lazaretto Point " 

Clay Island " 

Turkey Point " 

Pincy Point " 

Sharp's Island " 

Greenbury Point " 

Hooper'' Shoals (72-i tons). . . " 

Cape Henry Virg. 

Old Point Comfort " 

Smith's Point •' 

New Point Comfort " 

Smith's Island " 

424 



Geographical Position. 



On W. point of G. Island, E. part of Lake Ontario 

On end of W. pier, at entrance of 0. Harbor 

On pier, Cattaraugus Creek, Lake Erie 

Dunkirk Harbor, Lake Erie 

Entrance to port of Genesee, Lake Ontario 

W. .side entrance to Sodus Bay, Lake Ontario 

S. E. side of S. entrance to St. Lawrence River . . . 
On W. end of H. Isl., and "W. of Sackett's Harbor. 
At junction of Niagara R. ami Lake Erie, E. side. 

On Stony Point, E. end of Lake Ontario 

On St. Lawrence River, mouth of Oswegatchio R.. 

On Staten Island, near S. E. end 

Opposite Esopus, W. side of Hudson River 

Off the N. end of Staten Isl., S. W. part of N. Y. Bay 

Near N. end of Long Island, in Sag Harbor 

Entrance to Silver Creek Harbor, on Lake Erie . . . 

N. side of entrance to Port Ontario 

On R. I., one of the Thousand Isles, St. Lawr'nce R. 
On S. E., or Rush I. (1,000 isles) St. Lawrence R.. . 

On C. I (Thousand Isles), St. Lawrence River 

Near Plattsburg, on Lake Charaplain 

Near Essex, on Lake Chaniplain 

Off St. Pt., on middle ground, L. I. Sound (2 lights). 
7 m. outside S. Hook, in 15 fathom water (2 lights). 
S. of ent to N. Y. Har. (main light and 2 beacons) 

On II. of N. to S. of Sandy Hook lights 

S. sfde of B. Inlet and N. end of Long Beach. . 
S. W. point of C. M. and N. of entrance to Del. Bay 
Del. Bay, N. side, nearly N. N. W. of Cape May 
W. side Cohangy Creek and N. side Delaware Bay 

Near Medway, between Old and New Inlets 

On a block at the end of a reef of rocks of B. point 
On the bank of M. R. Cove and S. W. side Hays'k I. 

Near head of Newark Bay 

At entrance of Presque Island Bay, Lake Erie 

On pier in Delaware River, opposite Eort Mifflin. . 

On Brandywine Shoal in Delaware Bay 

On Cape Henlopen, S. side of entrance to Del. B. . 

About three-fourths of a mile from main light 

N. W. end of Bombay Hook Isle, in Delaware Bay 

On Mahon's Ditch, S. side Delaware Bay 

At mouth of M. Creek, in Delaware Bay, S. side. . 

At mouth of Christiana River, N. side 

On Reedy Island, entrance of Delaware River 

On Delaware Breakwater 

On Sandbank off Cape May (2 lights) 

N. W. of Brandywine Shoal, near middle of Del. B. 
On B. Island, S. side of entrance to Patapsco River 

On N. side of ent. to Pat. E. and Port of Baltimore \ 



3. of entrance to Annapolis 

In Chesapeake Bay, N. E. of North Point 

In Chesapeake Bay, opposite entrance to Potomac 

At entrance of Susquehanna River 

N. side of entrance to Patuxent River 

N. side of entrance to Potomac River 

N. side of entrance to Baltimore Harbor 

N. extremity of Tangier S'nd, mo'th of Nanticoke E. 

At entrance of Elk River, W. side 

On Potomac River, E. side, 14 m. from its mouth . . 

Off the entrance of Choptank River 

N. side of entrance to Annapolis Harbor 

In Chesapeake Bay, E. side and S. of Hooper's Isl. 

S. side of entrance to Chesapeake Bay 

N. side of entrance to Hampton Eoads 

Near the mouth of Potomac River, S. side 

18 m. N. of 0. P. C. and W. side Chesapeake Bay 
N. E. of C. Charles and of N. ent. to Chesapeake B. 



Astronom. Position. 



Latitude. 
d. m. s. 



4:3 



51 00 

23 00 



12 80 
19 00 
09 00 



45 00 
30 22 



89 21 

02 IS 



42 00 
12 00 



27 39 
23 40 
45 54 
55 45 
10 2& 
20 15 
30 17 



42 08 14 



83 46 85 

3S 47 21 
39 21 43 
39 10 13 

38 56 34 
89 43 12 

39 29 57 
83 47 50 



39 08 
39 00 
39 00 
33 54 
39 17 
87 53 
39 32 
33 23 
33 02 
39 15 
33 13 
39 26 



38 87 42 



36 56 00 

37 00 00 
37 51 00 
87 13 00 
3T 13 00 



Long'ude, 
d. m. 6. 



76 30 00 
74 13 24 



74 04 30 
72 16 06 



73 20 00 
73 18 00 



74 00 42 

73 59 42 

74 06 50 

74 53 83 

75 03 56 
75 22 12 
74 17 31 



75 05 37 
75 05 44 
75 31 13 
75 24 3S 
75 19 24 
75 81 50 
75 34 44 
75 07 08 



76 25 50 
76 27 17 
76 26 54 
76 27 34 
76 16 -21 

13 76 14 39 
30 76 05 42 
00 76 23 17 

14 76 19 43 
89 76 84 33 
52 75 5.- 50 
55 76 00 54 



76 22 36 



76 04 00 
76 22 12 
76 22 00 
76 21 00 
75 52 00 



I.ifht. 



Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 

R. & F. 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 

Revol'g 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
FLxed 
Fixed 
Fi-xed 
Fixed 
Fi.\ed 
Fixed 
FLxed 
FLxed 



Fixed 
R. & F. 
Fixed 
Revol'g 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 

Fixed 
Fi.xed 
Fi.xed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 



Fixed 



FLxed 



Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fi.xed 
Fixed 
Fixed 



Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Revol'g [ — 



25 



106 

66 

32 
2T 
52 



45 
110 



60 



46 



50 



81 



120 



85 



LIGHT-HOUSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Geographical Position, 



Astronom. PoBition. 



Latitude. Long'ude. 
d. m, 6. d. m. s. 



Light. 



Back River Point Vivg. 

Assatcaque Island " 

Little Watt's Island " 

Smith's Point (120 tons) " 

Craiwy Island (70 tons) " 

WUlortghby's Spit (400 tons) " 

Wol/tra}) Shoals (ISO tons). . " 

Windmill Pol nt(V15 Ions.)... " 

Bo^oler's Pock (54 Ions) " 

Upper Cedar Point (72 tons) " 

Loioer Cedar Point (72 tons) " 

Bald Head N. Car. 

Federal Point " 

Cape Hatteras " 

Pamptico Point " 

Body's Island " 

Ocracoke " 

Cape Lookout " 

Oak Island (2 beacons) " 

Orton's Point " 

Price's Creek (2 beacons) .... " 

Campbell's Island " 

Long Shoal {lib Ujm) " 

S. W.pt. ofR.Shoal (140 tons) « 

Mn^ Feet Shoal (70 tons) ... " 

Mtndh offense P. (125 tons) " 

£ra7i t Inland Shoal (1 25 tons) " 

Sdrbor Inland (72 tons) " 

Wade's Point Shoal (76 tons) " 

Poanoke Island {"12 Ions)... " 

3Io uth Roa n oke P. (130 tons) " 

Horse Shoe (72 tons) " 

Charleston (and beacon) S. Car. 

Raccoon Key " 

North Island " 

Morris' I. (2 beacon lights) . . " 

Sullivan's I. Beacon, No. 1 . . " 

" " Beacon, No. 2. . " 

St. Helena Bar (72 tons) .... " 

Tybee Ga. 

Tybee Beacon " 

Fig Island Beacon " 

St. Simon's Island " 

Sapelo Island " 

Wolf's Island Beacon, No. 1. " \ 

" " Beacon, No. 2. " ) 

Little Cumberland Island " 

Oyster Beds Beacon " 

Cockspur Island Beacon " 

Tybee Channel (125 tons). ... " 

Tybes I. Knoll (72 tons) " 

St. Augustine Flor. 

St. John's River " 

Cape Canaveral " 

Cape Florida " 

Dry Torlugas " 

Sand Key " 

Key West " 

Cape St. George " 

St Mark's « 

Pensacola " 

Amelia Island " 

Cape St. Bias « 

Dog Island « 

Egmont Key " 

Carysfort Reef (225 tons) « 

Key West (145 tons) « 

Sand Key (140 tons) " 



iVbout 5 m. N. E. O. P. C. and S. side of cnt, to B. R. 
On an isl. between C. Hen. and C. Char, on the ocean 
On L. W's I., E. side of C. B., N. E. of S. ent. T. 8. 
S. E. of S. P. in Chcs'ke B. and of m'th of Potomac 
Near C. I., W. side of cnt. to Eliz. R. and Norfolk 

S. side of entrance to Hampton Roads 

Between mouths of York and Rappahannock Rivers 
Off W. P., N. side of entrance to Rappahannock R. 

Near said rock in Rappahannock River 

Off said Pt., b. the Narrows, and 44 m. b. Mt. Vernon 
Between said P. and Yate's P. above Kettle Bottom 

Near mouth of 0. Fear River, E. side 

On Federal Point, N. side of inlet to C. Fear River. 
On C. Hatteras, about 1 m. N. of high-water mark. 

S. side of entrance to Pamptico River 

On said Island, 1} m. S. of a new inlet made in 1S47 
S. W. of C. Hatteras, and E. side of Ocracoke Inlet. 

Near the end of the Cape 

Lights range with chan. on entering Cape Fear R. 

On W. bank of Cape Fear River 

On W. bank of C. Fear R., mouth of Price's Creek 
On 0. I., in C. Fear R., S. W. cor. of its lower end 

On E. point of Shoal, in Pamlico Sound 

On pt. of Shoal, Pamlico S'd. W., 9 m. from Ocracoke 
4 m. N. by W. of Ocracoke, & N. E. side of Royal S. 
Near ent. of R. into Pamlico Sound, off Marsh Pt. 

On point of Shoal in S. part of Pamlico Sound 

On H. Isl. Bar, between Pamlico and Cove Sounds 
S. side of Pasquotank River, on Albemarle Sound 
Near R. I., between Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds 

Near its entrance into Albemarle Sound 

On II. S., bet'n N. in. and Price's Cr. in C. Fear R.. 
Oh Lighthouse Isl., and W. of ship chan. to harbor 
On C. Romain, 10 m. S. W. of ent. to Santee River 
On S. end of N. Isl., E. side of ent. to Peedee River 
On M. Isl., for the overall channel to Charleston. . . 
Back of S. Isl., ) ^^ . jg ^^gj. Charleston Bar ■! 
S. of F. Moultrie, ) I 

Off the entrance to St. Helena Sound, etc 

N. E. end of T. I., and S. side of ent. to Savannah E. 

\ m. E. light-house 

On E. end of F. I., in Savannah River (red shades) 
On S. end of St. S. Isl., and N. side ent. to the Sound 
On S. end of S. Isl., and N. ent. to Doboy Sound. . 

E. side, near N. end W. Isl., i brick ) 

and S. 8. E. of Sapelo Light ( wood S 

S. side of ent. to St. Andrew's Sound and SantiUa R. 

On Oyster Beds in Savannah River 

On a knoU connected with C. Isl., in Savannah R. 

At Martin's Industry 15 m. E. Tybee Light 

Off the knoU N. of T. Island, in Savannah River . . 
On N. end of Anastatia I., and S. side of ent.to St. A. 
Near mouth of St. John's River, S. side of entrance 

On Cape Canaveral, S. S. E. of St. Augustine 

Off S. E. point of Florida or on Key Biscayne 

On Bush I., one of the Westernmost of Florida Reef 
About St m. S. W. by S. Key West (destroyed 1846) 

Key West Island, S. W. of Cape Sable 

About 2} m. E. of W. pass to St. George Sound. 

E. side of entrance to St. Mark's Harbor 

E. side ent. to P. Bay, N. W. of fort on St. Rosa Isl. 
S. side of ent. to St Mary's River, N. end of island 

On C. St Bias, about 2 m. from its S. point 

On Dog Isl., E. side of middle ent of Tampa Bay 
On Egmont Key, entrance of Tampa Bay 

About 1° E. of Cape Sable (two lamps) 

At N. W. passage, near 12 m. from Key West. . 
At Sand Key (temporary) 



37 05 00 76 

7 54 36 75 

37 45 00 



33 51 30 

33 56 30 
35 15 00 

35 47 21 
35 06 30 

34 37 00 



32 42 00 

33 01 00 
33 07 30 

32 46 51 
32 45 29 



31 OS 00 
31 21 30 

31 20 00 
30 56 00 



29 52 18 

30 20 30 

25 41 00 
24 37 20 
24 23 80 
24 32 32 



21 00 
21 45 
04 00 



Revol'g 
Fixed 
Fi.xed 



59 30 

55 00 
30 00 



i 81 39 

i 53 00 
: 33 00 



54 12 
24 00 
01 30 

53 00 
52 55 



SO 52 00 



30 04 00 
30 20 48|87 
30 42 00 81 

29 46 20 84 



Fi.ved 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 

Revol'g 

Revol'g 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 

1 Ip. 9 w. 

1 Ip.llw. 

1 Ip. 9 w. 

1 Ip. 9 w. 

1 Ip. 9 w. 

1 Ip. 9 w. 

1 Ip. 9 w. 

1 lp.l2w. 

1 Ip. 9 w. 

Ilp.l2w. 

Revol'g 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 

I Fixed 

1 lp.l2w. 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Revol'g 
J Fixed 
I Fixed 
34 00 Revol'g 
Fixed 
Fixed 
1 Ip. 4 w. 
1 Ip.l2w. 
25 00 Fixed 
Fixed 
Revol'g 
05 00 — 
52 22 Fixed 
49 30 Revol'g 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
17 00 Revol'g 
30 Revol'g 
Revol'g 
38 09 Revol'g 
Fixed 
1 lp.l2w. 
llp.]2w. 
91p.l2w. 
1 lp.l2w. 
425 



36 00 
24 00 



81 24 30 

81 



32 00 



48 30 



84 11 00 



LIGHT-HOUSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Geographical Position. 



Mobile Point Ala. 

Choctaw Point " 

Sand Island " 

Cat Island Mi-ss. 

Pass Christian '• 

Eound Island " 

Biloxi " 

Bayou St. Jolin L(7. 

Frank's Island " 

South-Wcst Pass (2 lights) ... " 
South Point (Gordon's Island) " 

Pleasanton's Island '• 

Tchefuncta River " 

Point de Fer " 

Port Ponteliartrain " 

Pass Manchac (red) " 

New Canal " 

Vermillion Bay " 

Bon Fonca " 

Chandeleur Island " 

Proctorsville TJeaeon " 

Merrill's ShtllBank (401) tns.) " 
Ship Sfi.Pleusonton (IGO tns.) " 

Atcha/alat/a Binj {72 Ions).. " 

Grand Pviver Ohio. 

Grand River Beacon " 

Cleveland " 

Cleveland Beacon " 

Vermillion River Beacon " 

Turtle Island " 

Sandusky " 

Port Clinton " 

Conneaut River Beacon " 

Mouth Huron River Beacon. " 

Mouth Black River " 

Ashtabula Beacon " 

Cedar I'oint Beacon " 

"Western Sister Island " 

Fort Gratiot Mich. 

Windmill Point " 

Monroe « 

Bols Blanc " 

St Joseph's River " 

Thunder Bay Island " 

Gibraltar •' 

Grand River " 

8. Manitou Island " 

New Buffalo (and beacon)... " 

Presquc Isle " 

Kalamazoo River " 

Pottawottamie " 

Saginaw Bay " 

Clinton River " 

Point aux Barques " 

Detour « 

"White Fish Point " 

Copper Harbor " 

Eagle Harbor " 

Manitou Island " 

Grass Island Beacon " 

Mamajuda Beacon " 

Skillagalee Rock " 

Mackinaw Straits (121 tons) " 

Michigan City Ind. 

Chicago (and beacon) HI. 

Little Fort " 

Mil waukie (and beacon) Wise. 

Boot River (Racine) « 

426 



jE. side of entrance to Mobile Bay 

On Choctaw Point, a little S. of Mobile 

About 3 m. S. S. W. fi-om Mobile Point 

On "W. point of 0. Isl., E. of cnt. to Lake Borgne. . 
On mainland, about 6 i m. N. W. of Cat Island light 

On Round Island, off Pascagoula Bay 

In Biloxi village, W. of W. entrance to Biloxi Bay 
Mouth B. St. J., on L. Ponteliartrain, 5 m. N. Orleans 
On F. I., at mouth of Mississippi R., N. E. pass, N. s. 
Entrance of Mississippi River, S. W. pass, W. side 
Entrance of Mississippi R., near S. Pass, 8. "W. side 
E. of L. Pontehartrain, near mouth of Pearl River 

Lake Ponteliartrain, near Madisonville 

At entrance of Teche R. or Atchafalaya Bay 

Near E. end of railroad 

S. side m. P. M.,b. Lakes Manrepas & Pontehartrain 

Lake Pontehartrain, entrance canal 

On March Island, near S. W. entrance to V. Bay. . 

Near mouth of Bayou Bon Fouca 

On N. end of said island 

On Lake Borgne 

At Merriirs Shell Bank (iron-boat) 

W. end S. I. Shoal, in 5 fath. water, near Dernier I. 

In Atchafalaya Bay 

Month of Grand li., Fairport, Lake Erie 

On pier, mouth of Grand River 

Cleveland Harbor, Lake Erie 

On pier Cleveland Harbor, Lake Erie 

On ])ier Vermillion Harbor, Lake Erie 

On Turtle Island, mouth of Maumee Bay 

Near entrance to Sandusky Bay 

On Lake Erie, N. "W. of Sandusky Bay 

On Lake Erie, on pier, N. E. corner of Ohio 

On Lake Erie, Huron co., on pier 

On Lake Erie, Lorainc co., on pier 

On Lake Erie, Ashtabula co., on pier 

Entrance to Sandusky Bay (on Keeper's House). 
On "Western Sister Island, "W. part of Lake Erie. 

^ m. al50ve outlet of Lake Huron 

Near head of Detroit River, "W. side 

W. end of Lake Erie 

N. side of Bois Blanc Island, near Mackinaw 

At nuiuth, E. side Lake Michigan (& beacon on pier) 

Lake Huron, N. E. of Saginaw Bay 

Mouth of Detroit River 

E. side of Lake Michigan 

N. part of Lake Michigan 

Near S. end, E. side of Lake Michigan 

N. "W. shore of Lake Huron 

E. shore of Lake Mieliigan 

On Pottawottamie Island, entrance Green B.iy .... 

In bay at mouth of Saginaw River 

Mouth of Clinton River, in Lake St. Clair 

Mouth of Saginaw Bay 

At D.. where the R. Sault St Marie enters L. Huron 

On "White Fish Point in Lake Superior 

'it Copper Harbor, in Lake Superior 

In Eagle Harbor, in Lake Superior 

On Maniton Island, in Lake Superior 

On Grassy Island, in Detroit River 

On Mamajuda Shoals, in Detroit River 

On Skillagalee Rock, Lake Michigan 

At junction of Lakes Huron and Michigan 

S. end of Lake Michig.an 

S. bank C. River, Lake Mieliigan (beacon on pier) 
In L. F. v., S. side of r., 9. "W. shore L. Michigan 
Mouth of Milwaukie River, "W. side of L. Michigan 
Mouth of Root River, "W. aide of Lake Michigan . . 



Astronom. Position. 



Latitude. Long'ude. 
d. m 



30 13 

30 44 
30 13 
.30 13 
30 IS 
30 20 

30 03 

29 OS 
28 58 
28 59 



42 87 58 00 Revol'g 
00 SS 12 00 Fixed 



SS 10 53 
89 05 00 
89 10 26 
88 40 00 



29 19 30 



41 23 
41 21 



90 00 00 
89 01 24 
89 20 00 
89 07 24 



91 33 00 



81 23 00 



31 51 00 



42 55 00 



42 49 33 



82 22 00 



8T 40 22 



Fixed 
Fi.xed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
FLxed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 

Revol'g 

Fixed 

Fi.xed 

Fixed 

Revol'g 
Fixed 
Fixed 

Revol'g 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 

1 lamp 

2 Ips. i 

1 lp.l2w. 
Fixed 
Fixetl 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Flxe<l 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Revol'y 
Fixed" 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixod 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fi.xed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixod 
1 lp.l2w 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
Kovol'g 



roet. 



30 
45 

35 
91 
24 
140 



41 
60 
45 

40 
40 
40 
37 

74 

46 
112 
65 
45 



LIGHT- 


HOUSES OF THE UNITED STATES 


• 








Geographical Poaition. 


Astronom. Position. 


Character 

of 
Light. 


o d 


Names. 


Latitude, 
d. m. s. 


Long'ude. 
d. m. B. 


if 

feet 


Sliebojgan Wise. 

Manitouwoc " 

South Port (Kenoaha) " 


Mouth of Sheboygan lliver, "W. side Lake Michigan 

Mouth of M. Eiver, W. side Lalce Michigan 

On Warrington Island, in Southport 


8T 49 22 


122 28 33 


Fixed 
Fixed 
FLxed 
Fixed 
Fixed 
FLxeil 
llp.9w. 
Fixed 


— 


Tail Point » 






Port Wasliington " 

PortdeMort " 


At Port Washington, N. E. part of Green Bay 


- 


Galve.'iton Bar (145 tons) T«p. 


On Bar, off Galveston 


35 


Point Lobos Ctilif. 


S. side of entrance to San Francisco Harbor 


892 



BKITIBH LIGnX-HOUSBS IN THE BAY OF FUNDT, ETC. 



Cape Enrage. — Fixed light: 161 feet above high tide. Lat. 

45° 36', and long. 64° 4©' 40". 
^ijcico.— Eevolving lights (white and red): 70 feet above 

high tide. Lat. 45° 19' 33", and long. 65° 31' 54". 
St. John ffarhor.— On Partridge Island. Fixed light : 119 

feet above high tide. Lat, 45^1 14' 03", and long. 66° 35'. 
St. Joh n Uurlior.— Beacon tower. Fixed light : 41 feet above 

high tide. Lat 45° 15', and long. 66° 03' 36". 
Point Zepreaii. — Two fixed lights, 2S feet apart: SI and 53 

feet above high tide. Lat. 450 03' 50", and long. 66° 27' 30". 
Canipo £e!lo Island. — Fixed light : 64 feet above high tide. 

Lat. 440 57' 40", and long. 66O 53' 55". 
St. Anrlreio's Paint. — Fixed light : 42 feet above high tide. 

Lat. 450 04' 13", and long. 67° 03' 4S". 
Machiun Seal Islands.— East Isl. Two fixed lights, 200 feet 

apart : 43 fl. above tide. Lat. 44° 30' 03", long. 67° 06' 10". 
Gannet Rock. — Revolving (20 seconds) : 56 feet above high 

tide. Lat, 44° 30' 40", and long. 66° 52'. 
Bryer Island.— West part. Fixed light : 92 feet above high 

tide. Lat. 440 15' 51", and long. 66° 23' 02". 
Annapolis Gut. — Fixed light: 76 feet above high tide. Lat. 

440 40' 50", and long. 65° 47' 20". 



B/yer Island Light Beao >".— At S. entrance to Westport. 

Two white lights: 40 feet above high tide. 
Barrington Light— On Cape Latour. Eevolv'g light : 50 feet 

above sea level. Lat. 43° 26' 09", and long. 65° 2S' 07". 

And the following lights are on the outer coast of Nova 
Scotia : 

». M. B. J>. M, 5. 

Pictou Rarhor Lat. 45 41 30 Long. 61 29 20 

Cansco Gut " 45 41 49 

Guysboro'' Harbor " 45 22 00 

Canseau " 45 20 00 

Sidney « 46 16 16 

Scatarie Island " 46 02 17 

Louisliurg Harbor " 45 53 00 

Beaver Islands " 44 49 00 

Halifax Harbor " 44 36 05 

Sambro Island " 44 26 17 

Lunenburg Bay " 44 22 00 

Liverpool Bay « 44 01 50 

Shelhourne Harbor. " 43 37 31 

Seal Island " 42 23 50 

Yarmouth " — 



61 29 20 

61 31 00 
60 51 46 
60 10 00 
59 40 00 
59 50 00 

62 51 00 

63 35 40 

63 35 16 

64 06 00 

64 40 49 

65 16 SO 

66 00 20 

427 



RAILROADS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1853. 



NAMES. 



Aj.abama. : 

Alabama and Florida 

Alabama and Mississippi 

Alabama and Tennessee River 

Ci'lunibus and Opelika 

F(irt Gaines and I'onsacola 

Girar.l an.t M.)bilc 

Memphis and Charleston 

Mi)bile and Ohio 

Monlfiomery and West Point 

Na.-h\ille and Florence . ; 

Knme and .Taeksonville 

Will's Valley 

Winchester and Alabama 

Arkansas: 

Arkansas Central 

Helena and Little Rock 

Little Rock and Texas 

Little Rock and F.>rt Smith 

White River Valley 

California: 

Marysville and Benicia 

Oro City and Bear River 

Pacific and Atlantic 

Connf.cticut: 

CoUinsvillc Branch 

Danbury and Norwalk 

Haiilord, Providence, and Fishkill 

HoiisaUmic 

Middletown Branch 

Naugatuck 

New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield 

New Haven and Ncirthamplou. . . 

New Haven and New London . . 

N. London, Willimantic, an<l Palmer 

New York and Boston (air line) 

New York and New Haven 

Norwich and Worcester 

Plainfield 

New London and Stonington 

Di'laware: 

Delaware Central 

Newcastle and Frenchtown 

Newcastle and Wilmington 

Philail., Wilmington, and Baltimore 
Florida: 

Atlantic and Gulf Central 

Brunswick and Florida 

St. Joseph's 

St. Mark's and Pensacola 

Georgia : 

Athens Branch 

Blue Ridge 

Brunswick and Florida 

Burke County 

Butler Branch of South- Western . . . 

Central 

Eat' >nton 

East Tennessee and Georgia 

Georgia 

La Grange 

Macon and Western 

Milledgeville and Gordon 

Musci igee 

Pensacola 

Rome 

Rome and Jacksonville 

Savannah and Albany 

Sav:inM:ih River Valley 

South-Western 

Warreiiton Branch 

Western and Atlantic 

Wilkes County 

Illinois : 

Alton, Mount Carrael,and N. Albany 

Aurora Branch 

Aurora E.\tension 

Belleville and IlUnoistown 

Beloit Branch 

Central Illinois 

Central Hlinois and Indiana 

Central Military Tract 

Chicago and Milwaukie 

Chicago and Mississippi 

Chicago and Rock Island 

Chicago, 8L Charles, & Mis. (air line) 

Chicago and Savannah Junction 

Danville and Paris 

428 



pJeted. gress'g, 



21 
121 
91 

83 
171 

53 
101 

IT 

50 

20 



50 

4 

140 



72 
100 



142 
30 

29 
129 
55 



10 



80 



59 



A 14 

20 

593 



192 

85 
80 



Total 
Length, 



164 
118 
182 
30 

78 
225 

2ii4 
83 
8S 
19 
42 
82 
21 



112 
153 
127 
116 

85 

43 

11 
24 

146 
74 
10 
62 
62 
56 
50 
66 

100 
63 
66 
33 
10 

43 

10 

6 

22 



126 
28 
26 

40 
97 

164 
51 
21 

191 
20 

110 

171 
81 

101 
17 
50 

20 
42 

208 

109 

4 

140 

18 

182 
13 
86 
14 
20 
699 
145 
l'-'5 
92 
257 
180 



NAMES. 



pletcd. 



Pro- I Total 
grcBB'g. Lengili. 



Illinois — Cantinued : 

Fox River Valley 

Galena and Chicago Union 

Great Western Central 

Illinois and Wisconsin 

Mississippi and Atlantic 

Mississippi and Rock River Junction 

Naples and Decatur 

Northern Cross 

O'Fallon's Coal Bluff 

Ohio and Mississippi 

Paducah and Vinceiines. 

Peoria and Bureau Valley 

Peoria and Oquawka 

Peoria and Warsaw 

Rockford and Rock Island 

Sangamon and Massac 

Savannah Branch 

St. Charles Branch 

Terre Haute and Alton 

Wabash Valley 

Western Branch, G. and Ch. Union 
Indiana : 

Auburn and Eel River 

Aurora and Indianapolis 

Central Illinois and Indiana 

Cincinnati and St. Louis 

Cincinnati and Indianapolis 

Columbus and Shelbyville Branch.. 

Eel River 

Erie, Wabash, and St. Louis 

Evansville and Illinois and Branches 

Evansville, Indianapolis, & Cleveland! 

Fort W ay ne and Chicago 

Fort Wayne and Lafayette | 

Fort Wayne and Mississippi (air line) 

Fort Wayne and Southern 

F(jrt Wayne, Union, and Cincinnati . 

Goshen Branch 

Indiana Central 

Indianapolis and Bellefontaine 

Indianapolis and Springfield 

Jefferson ville 

Junction 

Kosciusko, Elkhart, and Miami 

Lafayette and Indianapolis 

Lawrenceburg and Upper Mississippi 

Logansport and Chicago 

Madison and Indianapolis 

Marion and Mississinewa Valley 

Martinsville 

Michigan City Branch 

New Albany and Salem, etc 

Gosport and Indianapolis Branch. 

Newcastle and Richmond 

Northern Indiana 

Ohio and Indiana 

Ohio and Mississippi 

Peru and Chicago 

Peru and Indianapolis 

Shelbyville and Knightstown 

Sliell ly ville Lateral 

Shelbyville and Rushville 

Terre Haute and Richmond 

White River Valley 

Iowa: 

Cedar Rapids Branch of M. and M. . 

Dubuque and Keokuk 

Lyons, Iowa City, and Council Bluff 

Mississippi &, Missouri (N. Missouri). 

St. Louis and Northern 

Kentucky : 

Columbus Branch 

Covington and Lexington 

Covington and Louisville 

Knoxville and Cincinnati 

Lexington and Big Sandy 

Lexington and Danville 

Lexington and Frankfort 

Louisville, Clarkesville. and Memphis 

Louisville and Nashville 

Louisville and Frankfort 

Louisville and Newport 

Maysville and Big Sandy 

Maysville and Lexington 

Mobile and Ohio 

Nashville and Henderson 

Paducah Branch 



27 
14 
172 



113 



55 



172 



130 130 



32 
120 
137 
176 
146 



84 

8 

147 

130 

98 
120 

38 
198 

85 

7 

172 

239 

48 



132 
21 

235 

150 
94 

109 
78 
65 
10 
72 
84 
62 

107 
39 

64 
91 



27 

14 
286 

103 
113 
21 
152 

73 

27 
16 

20 
73 



138 
288 
300 
200 

5 

96 
100 
123 
125 
120 
29 
102 
180 
65 
73 
91 
67 



APPENDIX.— RAILROADS. 



Louisiana : 

Clinton and Port Hudson 

Mexifiiin Gulf 

Mllnebiirgand Lake Pontchartrain.. 
Nashville and New Orleans ... 
New Orleans and Carrolton .. . . 
N. Orleans, Jackson, & Gt. Northern 

New Orleans and Mobile 

N. Orleans. Opelousas, & Gt. Western 

Brar.eh to Hreaux Bri<lge 

Vieksliurg, 8hreveport, and Texas 

West Feliciana 

Maine: 

Androscoggin 

Audroscogsin and Kennebec 

Atlantic and St. Lawrence 

Bangor and Millord (Penobscot) .. 
Bangor and Piscataquis, and Branch 

Belfast and Waterville 

Belfast and Moosehead Lake 

Bath Branch 

Boston and Maine 

Buckfleld Branch 

Calais and Baring (and Branches) . 

Damariscotta 

European and North American. . . . 

Great Falls and South Berwick 

Franklin 

Newport and Dexter 

Kennebec and Portland 

Lewistown and Topsham 

Oldtown and Lincoln 

Penobscot and Kennebec 

Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth . . . 

Sebago Branch 

York and Cumberland 

Somerset and Kennebec 

Saco Valley 

Vassalboro' and China 

Maryland : 

Annapolis and Elkridgo 

Baltimore, Carroll, and Frederick. . 

Baltimore and Ohio 

Baltimore and Su>quehanna 

Cumberland Coal Company's 

Cumberland and Pennsylvania .... 

George's Creek ' 

Georgetown and Catoctin 

Franklin 

Frederick Branch 

Metropolitan 

Mount Savage 

Newcastle and Frenchtown 

Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Balti 

more 

Washington Branch 

Westminster Branch 

MASSACIIirSETTS : 

Agricultural Branch 

Amherst and Belcherlown 

Barre and North Brookfield 

Berkshire 

Boston, Barre, and Gardner 

Boston and Lowell 

Branch 

Boston and Maine 

Branches 

Boston and' Providence 

Branches 

Boston and Worcester 

Branches 

Cape Cod Branch 

Branches 

Charles Eiver Branch 

Charles Ptiver 

Cheshire 

Connecticut Kivcr 

Branch 

Dorchester and Milton Branch 

Dan vers and Georgetown 

Eastern 

Branches 

Essex 

Branch 

Fall Eiver .'.,', 

Fitchburg " .* 

Branches 

Fitchburg and Worcester ..." 

Grand Junction and DepSt Company 

Hartford and New Haven 

Harvard Branch 

Lexington and West Cambridge . 



20 
55 
149 



153 

IS 



6 

ST 

173 
18 

20T 
26 

52 

55 

149 

13 

12 
33 



164 

57 



26 
2 

74 
9 
41 
12 
45 
24 
28 
2 
12 

54 
50 
2 
3 

88 
20 
20 
1 
42 
51 
17 
14 
6 
6 



- ' 7 



Massaohusetts — Continued : 

Lowell and Lawrence 

Marlboro' Branch 

Mod way Branch 

Na>hna and Lnwell 

New Bedford and Taunton 

Branch 

Newbiiryport 

New London, Willimantic, & Palmer 

Norfolk County 

Norwich and Worcester 

Old Colony 

Branches 

Peterboro' and Shirley 

Pittsfield and North Adams . . . 

Providence and Bristol 

Providence and Worcester .... 

Salem ami Lowell 

Saugus Branch 

Soutlibriilge and Blackstone... 

South Reading Branch 

Branches 

South Shore 

Stockbridge and Pittsfield 

Stony Brook 

Stoughton Branch , 

Taunton Branch 

Branch 

Troy and Greenfield 

Vermont and Massachusetts 

Branches 

"Ware River 

Western 

West Stockbridge 

Williamstown and Hancock 

Worcester and Nashua 

MieniGAN : 

Constantine Branch 

Detroit and Pontiac 

Detroit, Monroe, and Toledo 

Erie and Kalamazoo 

Michigan ( 'cnlral 

Michigan 8<Hitlu'rn 

Oakland and Ottowa 

Tecumseh Branch 

Minnesota : 

I Lake Superior 

Mississippi: 

Alabama and Mississippi 

Canton and Jackson 

Canton, Aberdei>n, and Tuscumbia. . 

Columlms Branch 

Mississippi Central 

Mobile and Ohio 

New Orleans, Jackson, and Northern 

New Orleans and Nashville 

New Orleans and Mobile 

Raymond Branch 

St. Francis and Wood ville 

Tennessee River Branch 

Vicksburg, Jackson, and Brandon 
Missouri : 

Canton and Bloomfield 

Hannibal and St. Joseph's 

Iron Mountain 

Lexington and Daviess County . . . 

North Missouri 

Pacific 

Platte County 

South-Western 

New Hampshire : 

Atlantic and St. Lawrence 

Ashuelot 

Boston and Maine 

Boston, Concord, and Montreal ... 

Bristol Branch 

Cheshire 

Cocheco 

Concord 

Concord and Claremont 

Contoocook Valley 

Eastern 

Great Falls Branch 

Great Falls and Conway 

Manchester and Lawrence , 

New Hampshire Central 

Northern 

Peterboro' and Shirley 

Portsmouth and Concord 

Portsmouth and Dover 

Sullivan 

White Mountain 



17 
9 

8 
22 
11 
22 
13 

4 
11 

1 

69 

18 

118 
3 



4 
25 

35 
273 
131 



60 



180 
273 



- 


— 


51 




24 





34 





93 


16 


13 




54 





23 





35 


— 


25 


26 


14 





16 





3 





13 


8 


26 




26 





69 





9 





47 


— 


26 

— 


- 



13 

4 
15 
20 

1 
16 
66 
26 
59 
3T 

8 
14 
19 

25 

17 
9 



118 

3 

17 

46 



S5 
278 
131 

10 

92 

143 



12 
ISO 
273 
823 
230 

7 
28 
2.3 
60 



210 
84 

250 
290 

310 

51 
24 
34 
109 
13 
54 
28 
35 
51 
14 
16 

3 
59 
26 
26 
69 

9 
4T 



— 25 
429 



APPENDIX.— RAILROADS. 



New Hampshire — Cuntinued : 



Wilton 

Worcester and Nashua 

New Jki-.sev : 

Belvi<U're Delaware 

Burlington anil Muiiiil Holly 

Camden and Ambny 

Camden and Aini"iy IJraiich 

Camden an 1 Atlantic 

Camden and ('ar>e M;iy 

Fleniiiirrtiin llram-h 

Morris and K.vsex 

New I5nin3« ick and Trenton 

New Jersey 

New Jersey Central 

Trenton Branch 

Union 

Warren Braneli 

Woodbury Branch 

New York : 

Albany Northern 

Albany and I'iattslnirg 

Albany and Susquehanna 

Albany and .•^elienectady 

Albany and West Slocl<bri<lge 

Attica and Alleghany Valley 

Batavia Branch 

Black Biver and Utica 

Buffalo and Alleghany Valley 

Bufifalo, Corning, and New York . . 

Buffalo and New York City 

Buffalo and Niagara Falls 

Buffalo and Loek|iort 

Buffalo an<l State Line 

Buffalo and Eochester 

Buffalo and Black Rock 

Canandaigua and Elniira 

Canandaigua and Niagara Falls . . . 

Cayuga and Susquehanna 

Corning and Klossburg 

Danville Branch (B. aVid N. Y. City) 

Eighth Avenue, New York '. 

Erie and New York City 

Genesee Valley 

Ghent and Troy 

Hamburg and Erie 

Hartford, Providence, and FishkiU . 

Hempstead Branch 

Hudson River 

Hudson and Berkshire 

Lake Ontario, Auburn, and Ithaca. 

Lebanon Springs 

Lewistiin 

Long Island 

Mohawk Valley (South Side) 

Newburg Branch 

New York and New Haven 

New York and Krie 

New York and Flushing 

New York and Harlem 

New York and Western 

Northern (i>;idi'nsbnrg) 

Osweg') and ,'^vr:iciise , 

Plattsl)urg and" Montreal 

riattsburg and Whitehall 

Potsdam and W'atertown 

Rensselaer and Saratoga 

Rochester. I>o<-k[)ort, &; Niagara Fall: 

Rocliesler ami Luke (Ontario 

Rochester ami lloneoye Falls 

Rochester an^l Piti.sburg 

Rochester and Syracuse (direct) 

Roclieslcr and Syracuse 

Rutland and Washington 

Backett's Harbor and Elli.sburg 

Baratoga and Sackett's Harbor 

Saratoga Branch 

Baratoga and Schenectady 

Baratog.-i and Washington 

Bcheneclady and Troy 

Sixtli A veinie. New York 

Skanealeles and Jordan 

Bodus I'oint and Southern 

Btaten Island 

Syracuse and Binghampton 

Syracuse and Utica 

Thinl Aveinie 

Troy and (Jreenbush 

Troy and lienninglon 

Troy and lioston 

LTtica and Schenectady 

Utica and Syracuse (air line) 

430 



2 
144 
U 



3 
95 

19 

IT 

446 



118 
35 
23 



80 
104 
38 



75 



153 
IT 
3S 
T4 
11 

100 
30 

1.33 
91 
22 
20 
G9 
GS 
3 
6T 
92 
33 
14 



2 

144 
34 
SO 
50 
3 
95 
78 
19 
IT 

44G 
6 

130 

SIS 

lis 

35 
23 

T5 
82 
76 



80 

104 

38 

IS 



New YoiiK — Coiitinued : 

Utica and Binghampton 

Watertown and Home 

Williamsport and Elniira 

NoKTii Cakolina: 

Atlantic and North Carolina 

Charlotte and Soulli Carolina 

Gaston and Raleigh 

Greenville and Riianoke 

North Carolina 

Roanoke Valley 

Seaboard and Roanoke 

Wilmington and Weldon 

Wilmington and Manchester 

Ohio: 
Ashtabula and New Lisbon 

Atlantic and Ohio 

l!ainl)ridge Branch 

Beaver Extension of C. and P 

Bellefontaine and Indiana 

Carrolton Branch 

Central Ohio 

Cincinnati and Dayton 

Cimdnnati, Hamilton, and Dayton.. 

Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Columbus 

Cincinnati and Fort Wayne 

Cincinnati, Hillgboro', & Parkersburg 

Cincinnati, Lelianon, and Xenia. . . 

Cincinnati W'estern 

Cini-innati.Wilunngton, & Zanesvi 

Cleveland and Mahoning 

Cleveland. Medina, and Tu.scarawas 

Clevel.and, PainesvilU-, & Ashtabul 

Cleveland, Wooster,ct Muskingum V 

Cleveland, Zanesville, and Cincinnati 

Cleveland and Pitt.sburg 

Clinton Line 

Columbus and Lake Erie 

Columbus and Parkersburg 

Columbus and Xenia 

Cohnnbus, I'iqna, and Indiana 

3 Branches (46, 32, and 24 miles). 

Dayton and Michigan 

Dayton and Western 

Dayton and Springfield 

Dayton and Xenia 

Erie and Kalam.azoo 

Findlay Branch 

Franklin and Warren 

Frfemont and Indiana 

Gallipoiis 

Greenville and Miami 

Hamilton and Eaton 

Hanover Branch 

Iron 

Junction 

Little Miami 

Mad River and Lake Erie 

Mansfl<dd ami Sandusky 

Marielt.a and Cincinnati 

Newark and Mansfield 

Ohio and Indiana 

Ohio and I'ennsvlvania 

Ohio and Mississippi 

Owl Creek Valley 

Pomeroy Branch 

Pittsburg. M;iysville, and Cincinnati 

Sandusky and Indiana 

Scioto arid Hocking Valley 

Springfield, Mt. Vernon, & Pittsburg 

Stcubenville and Indiana 

Springfield and London 

S|irini;lield aTid Xenia 

Tol.do. Norwalk. and Cleveland.... 

Toleilo and Illinois 

Twin Creek 

Wheeling Extension of C. and P 

Pennsylvania: 

Alleirhany Portage 

Alleghany Valley 

Allentown .and Pottstown 

Baltimore and Susquehanna 

Beaver Meadow and Branches 

lilairsville Branch 

Carbondale and llonesdale 

Catawissa. Williamsport, and Erie . . 

('harliers Valley 

t'liestnut Hill and Doylestown 

Chester Valley 

Columbia Branch 

Cornwall and Pino Grove 

Cumbcrlaad Valley 



8T 

21 

223 



118 


_ 


118 





20 


20 


S9 


82 


141 


— 


52 


52 


fiO 


— 


60 


135 





135 


— 


84 


84 


3T 


137 


174 


_ 


_ 


75 





126 


126 








102 


— 


— 


130 


71 


— 


71 


28 


86 


114 


100 


— 


100 


CO 


- 


60 


55 


_^ 


55 


46 


50 


102 


102 


— 


102 


20 


121 


141 


36 


— 


36 


24 


— 


24 


— 


15 


15 


16 





16 





1(16 


106 


— 


66 


66 


27 





27 


44 


— 


44 


13 


— 


13 


13 


14 


27 


— 


— 


110 


84 


— 


84 


134 


— 


1.34 


56 


— 


56 


— 


— 


237 


61 


237 


61 


— 


1:32 


1.32 


187 


— 


1S7 





10 


16 





— 


37 


— 


10 


10 


32 





32 


20 


105 


125 


— 


112 


112 





149 


149 





19 


19 


20 


— 


20 


87 


— 


87 





20 


20 


— 


88 


3S 


36 





86 


z 


103 


108 


S3 


— 


38 


3 


— 


8 


24 


— 


24 


— 


25 


90 


— 





89 


15 


— 


15 


10 


13 


23 


13 


^_ 


18 


— 


27 


27 


50 




56 



87 

21 

223 

32 

162 



APPENDIX.— RAILROADS. 



l*itNNSTLVANiA — Cmtiiiiied : 

DanviUo and rottsvillo 

Danville and Sliaiiiokin 

Daupliiii anil Siisqnohanna 

Delaware, Liliiiili. i Wjom. Valley 

Erie and North-East 

Franklin Canal 



Fra 



Germantown Branch 

Gett\ shiirg 

Harrijburg and Lancaster 

Hazelion and Lehigh 

Ilempfield 

Hollidaysliurg Branch 

Hunliiigton and Broad Top Mountain 

Lackawanna and Western 

Lebanon Valley 

Lehigh and Susquehanna 

Lehigh Valley 

Lewisburg, Centre, and Spruce Creek 

Little Schuylkill 

Little Schuylkill and Susquehanna . . 

Lykens Valley 

Mahonoy and Wisconisco 

Mauch Chunk and Summit Ilili 

Mill Creek 

Mine Hill 

Mount Carbon 

Nesquehoning 

Ni-rristown, Doyleston, & New Hope 
Norristown and Freemansburg . . . 

Octarara 

Pennsylvania 

Pennsylvania Coal Company's 

Phoenixville and Cornwall 

Philadelphia City 

Philadelphia, Kaston, and Water Gap 
Philadelphia and Columbia ... 

Philadelphia and Heading 

Philad.. Germantown, & Norristown 

Philad. Iphia niid Trenton 

Philadcliiliia ami Westchester. 
Philadel., Wilmington, & Baltimore 

Pine Grove 

Pittsburg and Connellsville 

Piltsburg and Krie 

Pittsburg and Steubenville 

lioom liim 

Schuylkill 

Schuylkill Valley and Branch 

Strasburg 

Sunbury and Erie 

Sunhury and Pottsville 

Sunbury and Shamokin 

Susquehanna 

Tioga 

Trevorton and Mahonoy 

Valley 

Westchester and Philadelphia . . . 

White Haven and Wilkesbarre . . 

Williamsport and Elmira 

York and Cumberland 

York and Wrighlsville 

Rhode Island: 

New York and Boston (air line) . 

Providence and Bristol 

Providence and Plainfield 

Providence and Stonington 

Providence and Worcester 

South Carolina: 

Abbeville Branch 

Anderson Branch 

Camdi-n Branch 

Charlotte and South Carolina 

Cheraw and Darlington 

Columbia Branch 

Greenville and Columbia 

King's Mountain 

Laurens 

North-Eastern 

Rabun Gap or Blue Eidge 

South Carolina 

Spartanburg and Union. 

Wilmington and Manchester .... 
Tennessee : 

Bowling Green and Tennessee . . 

Chattanooga, Harrison, & Charleston 

Cleveland and Chattanooga . . 

East Tennessee and Georgia . 

East Tennessee and Virginia . 

Edgefield and Kentucky 

Florence and Nashville 



44 

IG 

19 

26 

22 

6 

.33 
HI 

6 

50 
20 



221 
47 



50 
18 

12 

10 

37 

109 

67 
117 
22 
15 



137 
121 



82 



141 
42 



32 



30 

23 
122 



44 

20 
IC 

19 
26 
22 

6 
41 
38 
10 
S2 

6 

50 
56 
40 
46 

20 

114 

16 

17 



12 

7 

5 

28 

63 

267 

47 

56 

6 

80 
93 
17 
29 

9 
20 

4 

141 

42 

6 

13 

25 

7 

240 
40 
20 
52 
26 
15 
20 
26 
20 
77 
25 
13 



32 
50 
18 

12 
10 
37 

109 
40 
67 

143 
22 
31 

103 
38 

137 
70 

162 



30 
110 
122 



Tennbssek — Continued : 
Ktioxville and Charleston 
Knoxville and Danville 
Knoxvilleand N. Carolina Junction 
M-Mimiville and Manchester 
Memphis and Cliarleston 
Mobile and (ilii( 
Nashville and Cli.attanooga .. 
Nashville and ('incinnati 
Nashville and Henderson 
Nashville and Mi'mphis 
Nashville and Mississippi 
Nashville and New Orleans 
Sbelbyville ISranch 
South'- Western . 

SV 

Tennessee V alley 

^\'estern and Atlantic 

Winchester and Alabama .. . 
Texas : 
Brownsville and Pvio Grande 

Galveston and Houston 

Galveston and Red River ... 

Harrisburg and Brazos 

Houston and Austin 

Houston and Red River 

N. t>rleans. Opelousas, & G. Western 

San Antonio and Gulf 

Texas Central 

Vehmont : 

Bennington Branch 

BrattU iioro' Branch 

Burlington Branch 

Connecticut and Passumpsic Riven 

New York and Bennington 

Rutland ami Biirliriglon 

Rutland and Washington 

South Vermont 

Troy and Rutland 

Vermont and Canada 

Vermont Central 

Vermont Valley 

Western Vermont 

Virginia : 
Alexandria, Loudon, and Hampshire 

Appomattox 

Baltimore and Ohio 

Blue Ridge 

Chesterfield 

Chesterfield and James River 

Clover Hill 

Covington and Ohio 

Greenville and Roanoke 

Dee|i Run 

Ilempfield 

Manassas Gap 

Morganlown and Independence . . . 

Norfolk and Petersburg 

North- Western 

Oranire and Alexandria 

Port Walthall Branch 

Petersburg 

Pittsburg and Steubenville 

Richmond and Danville 

Ricbuioiid, Freilerick, and Potomac. 

Richmond an<l Petersburg 

Richmond and York River 

Seaboard and Roanoke 

South Side 

Tuckalioe and .James River Branch 

Virginia Central 

Virginia and 'I'ennessee 

Warrenlon Branch 

Waterford and Point of Rocks 

Williamsport and Norlh-Western . . . 

Winchester and Potomac 

Wisconsin : 

Beloit and Madison 

(Chicago, Mihvaukie, & Fond du Lac 

Fond du Lac and Oshkosh 

Fond du Lac and Rock River Valley 

Fox River Valley 

Kenosha and Beloit 

La Crosse and Mihvaukie 

Madison and Portage City 

Mihvaukie and Mississippi 

Mihvaukie and Watertown 

Mineral Point 

Racine, Janesville, and Mississippi. . 

Rock River Valley Union 

Wisconsin Central 



120 
24 



47 
117 
24 
53 



10 
216 

12 
4 
15 

21 

4 



02 
3 
64 

73 

76 
22 

80 

62 

5 

107 

135 

10 






45 


— 


146 





30 


50 


91 


119 


119 


46 


151 


— 


120 


— 


143 


— 


100 


— 


,8 



70 



431 



100 



53 
704 



6 

IS 
T 
114 
11 
120 
24 
9 

47 
117 
24 
53 

70 
10 

216 

13 

12 

4 

215 
23 
21 
4 
11 

101 

79 

120 
98 
3 
64 

147 
76 
22 
35 
80 

122 
5 

206 

204 
10 



33 
52 

240 
36 
50 

102 

196 
32 



APPENDIX.— TELEGRArHS AND CANALS. 



TELEGRAPHS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Names of Companies. 



New York and Boston Telegraph Co. 

Merchants' Til. Co.. N. Y. and Boston 

House's Printintr Telegraph 

Boston and I'orlland 

Merchants' Tel. Co., Boston and Portland 

Portland to Calais 

Boston to Burlington, Vt., and thence to 
Ogdensbiirg, N. Y 

Bo9t6n to Newl)ury|)ort 

Worcester to New Bedford 

Worcester to New London 

Now York, Albanv, and Buffalo 

N. Y. State Tel. Co'., New York to Buffalo 

Syracuse to Og<lensburg 

Troy to Saratoga 

Syracuse to Oswego 

House Tel. Co., New York to Buffalo 

N.Y. and Erie Tel., New York to Dunkirk 

N. Y. and Erie Railroad Telegraph, New 
York to Dunkirk , 

Magnetic Tel. Co., N. Y. to Washington 

House Line, New York to Philadel|ihia 

Troy and Canada Junction Telegraph 
Co., Troy and Montreal 

Erie and Michigan Telegraph Co., Buf- 
falo to Milwaukie 

Cleveland to Cincinnati 

Cincinnati to St. Louis, via Indianapolis. 

Cincinnati to St. Louis, via Vincennes . . 

Cleveland and Pittsburg 

Cleveland and Zanesville 

Lake Erie Tel. Co., Buffalo to Detroit 

Cincinnati and Sandusky City 

Toledo and Terre Haute 

Chicago and St. Louis 

Milwaukie and Green Bay 

Milwaukie and Galena 



250 
2.50 
250 
100 
100 
350 

350 
34 
97 
74 
513 
550 
150 
36 
40 
55" 
440 

4G0 
2C0 
100 

260 

800 
250 
400 
410 
150 
150 
400 
21.S 
300 
400 
200 
250 



750 
500 
250 
loo 
100 
850 

350 

34 

97 

74 

1,539 

1,100 

150 

36 

40 

1,100 

440 

460 

1,820 

100 

260 

1,600 
500 
400 
410 
300 
150 
400 
218 
300 
400 
200 
250 



Names of Companies, 



Chicago to Galena, Whitewater, & Dixon 

('liieagoand .Tamosville 

Buffalo and Canada Junction Tel. Co. . . 
N. York and New Orleans, by Charleston 

Harper's Ferry to Winchester, Virg 

Baltimore to Cumberland 

Baltimore to Harrisburg 

York an<l Lancaster 

Philadelphia and Lcwistown, Del 

I'liiladeljihia and New York 

Philadel|diia and Pittsburg 

Philadelphia and Pottsville 

Reading and Harrisburg 

Troy and Whitehall 

Auburn and Elmira 

Pittsburg and Cincinnati 

Columbus and Portsmouth, Ohio 

Columbia and New Orleans 

New Orleans to Balize 

Cincinnati and Maysville, Ky 

Alton and Galena 

St. Louis and Independence 

St. Louis and Chicago 

Newark and Zanesville 

Mansfield and Sandusky 

Columbus and Lancaster, Ohio 

Lancaster and Logan 

Cincinnati to Dayton 

Zanesville and >i[arietta 

Dunkirk, New York, and Pittsburg 

("aniden and Cape May, N. Jer 

Camden and Mount Holly, N. Jer 

New York and Sandy Hook 

Cleveland and N. Orleans, by Cincinnati 





310 


310 




100 


100 




200 


200 




1,966 


1,966 




32 


32 




824 


824 




72 


T2 




22 


23 




12 


12 




120 


720 




809 


309 




98 


98 




51 


51 




72 


T2 




75 


75 




810 


620 




90 


90 




638 


633 




90 


90 




60 


60 




380 


3S0 




25 


25 




830 


830 




40 


40 




40 


40 




80 


30 




26 


26 




100 


100 




66 


66 




200 


200 




100 


100 




25 


25 




SO 


SO 




1,200 


1,200 



89 16.735 23,281 



CANALS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Names of Canals. LeiigUi m Miles. 

Maine : 

Cumberland and Oxford 20.5 

Songo River Improvement 30.5 

New ilAMPsniBK : 

Bow Falls 75 

Hookset Falls 13 

Amoskeag Falls 1. 

Sewell's Fulls 25. 

Union Falls 9. 

Middlesex — 

Vermont : 

White Kiver Falls 5 

Bellow's Falls 16 

Waterqucchy 4 

Massachusetts : 

Middlesex 27. 

Pawtucket 1.6 

Blackstone 4.5. 

Hampshire and Hampden 22. 

Montague Falls 3. 

South Hadley Falls 2. 

Rhode Islano: 

Blackstone — 

Connecticut: 

Farmington (filled in) 56. 

Enfield Falls 5.5 

New York : 

Erie 364. 

Champlain Junction 64. 

Waterford Junction 2. 

Oswego 33. 

Cayuga anrl Seneca 21. 

Crooked Lake 8. 

Chemung 89. 

Chemung Feeder 16. 

Chenango 97 

Genesee Valley 108.5 

Danville Branch 11. 

Black River 77.5 

Feeder 10. 

Delaware and Hudson 83. 

Harlem (not used) 3. 

Croton Aqueduct 40.5 

432 



Names of Cane-. I., n^lli in Mile.s 

Oneida 8. 

New Jersey: 

Delaware and Raritan 42. 

Morris 101.7 

Salem 4. 

Pennsylvania : 

Delaware Division 59.7 

Eastern do 44.5 

Susquehanna do 39. 

Juniata 127.5 

West Branch 75. 

North Branch 73. 

Western Division 105. 

Franklin 22. 

Erie and Beaver 136. 

French Creek Feeder 27. 

Lackawaxen 22. 

Bald Eagle 25. 

Susquehanna, or Tide SVatcr . 45. 

Conestoga 18. 

Codonis 11. 

Union 82. 

Schuylkill 103. 

Lehigh Navigation 47 

Dei-aware: 

Chesapeake and Delaware ... 14. 
Maryland : 

Chesapeake and Ohio 184. 

Ches.ipeake and Delaware — 

District of Cohtmbia : 

Chesapeake and Ohio — 

Virginia : 

Alexandria 7.2 

James Kiver and Kanawha . .143. 

Dismal Swamp 23. 

Branches 11. 

North Carolina: 

Weldon 12. 

Club Fort and Harlow 1.5 

I>i9iual Swamp — 

South Carolina: 

Santee 22. 

Winyaw 7.5 



Names of Canals. Length in Miles 

Saluda 6.2 

Drehr's 1.3 

Lorick 1. 

Lockhart's 2.7 

Wateree 4. 

Catawaba 7.8 

Georgia : 

Savannah and Ogeechee 16. 

Brunswick 12. 

Alabama : 

Muscle Shoal 85.7 

Huntsville 16. 

Louisiana : 

Orleans Bank 4.2 

Canal Carondelet 2. 

Barataria 85. 

Lake Veret 8. 

Kentcckt: 

Kentucky Eiver Navigation . .100. 

Licking do. . . 94. 

Gceen do. . . 190. 

Barren do. ..100. 

Louisville and Portland 2.5 

Illinois : 

Illinois and Michigan 118. 

Indiana ; 

Wal>ash and Erie 468.7 

Whitewater — 

Ohio: 

Ohio and Erie 307. 

Zanesville Branch 14. 

Columbus do 10. 

Lancaster do 9. 

Hocking Valley 56. 

Walhoiiding Branch 25. 

Eastport, do 4. 

Dresden do 2. 

Miami and Branches 87.7 

Miami Extension and do 189. 

Wabash and Erie — 

Muskingnm Improvement 91. 

Sandy and Beaver, Mahoning. 86 



p 


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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 





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